𝐷𝑖𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑜𝑠 𝑒𝑙é𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑜

𝑈𝑛 𝑑𝑖𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑜 𝑒𝑙é𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑜 𝑒𝑠 𝑢𝑛𝑎 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑏𝑢𝑐𝑖ó𝑛 𝑑𝑒 2 𝑐𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑎𝑠 𝑜𝑝𝑢𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑠 𝑑𝑒 𝑙𝑎 𝑚𝑖𝑠𝑚𝑎 𝑚𝑎𝑔𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑 𝑠𝑒𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑎𝑠 𝑝𝑜𝑟
𝑢𝑛𝑎 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑎 𝑙
𝑆𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑒𝑙 𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑜 𝑑𝑖𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟

𝑝⃗ = 𝑞𝐿⃗⃗

𝑑𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑒 𝐿⃗⃗ 𝑒𝑠 𝑒𝑙 𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑐𝑖ó𝑛 𝑞𝑢𝑒 𝑣𝑎 𝑑𝑒 𝑙𝑎 𝑐𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑎 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑎 ℎ𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑎 𝑙𝑎 𝑛𝑒𝑔𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑎

𝐶𝑢𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑜 𝑒𝑙 𝑑𝑖𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑜 𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑎 𝑒𝑛 𝑢𝑛 𝑐𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑜 𝑒𝑙é𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑜 𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑒 𝑟𝑜𝑡𝑎 𝑠𝑜𝑏𝑟𝑒 𝑠𝑢 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑖𝑜 𝑒𝑗𝑒

𝐸𝑙 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑜 𝑑𝑒 𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠𝑖ó𝑛 𝑠𝑒 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑜

𝜏⃗ = 𝑝⃗𝑥𝐸⃗⃗
𝐴𝑛𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑧𝑎𝑚𝑜𝑠 𝑒𝑛 𝑑𝑖𝑛á𝑚𝑖𝑐𝑎 𝑟𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑞𝑢𝑒

𝑊 = ∫ 𝜏 𝑑𝜃

𝜏 = |𝑝||𝐸|sin (𝜃)
𝑊 = −𝑝𝐸𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝜃)
𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑜 𝑠𝑎𝑏𝑒𝑜𝑠 𝑞𝑢𝑒 𝑙𝑎 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑖𝑎 𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑎𝑙

Δ𝑈 = −𝑊 = 𝑝𝐸𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝜃) = 𝑝⃗ ∙ 𝐸⃗⃗
 𝑄𝑢𝑒 𝑝𝑎𝑠𝑎 𝑐𝑢𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑜 𝑢𝑛𝑎 𝑐𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑛 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑎 𝑚 𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑎 𝑎 𝑢𝑛 𝑐𝑎𝑚𝑜 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑜
𝐸𝑥𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎 𝑢𝑛𝑎 𝑓𝑢𝑒𝑟𝑧𝑎 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑎 𝑞𝑢𝑒 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑜𝑐𝑎 𝑞𝑢𝑒 𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑎 𝑐𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑎 𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑟𝑒
𝑝𝑜𝑟 𝑠𝑒𝑔𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑎 𝑙𝑒𝑦 𝑑𝑒 𝑛𝑒𝑤𝑡𝑜𝑛
𝐹𝑒 = 𝐹 = 𝑚𝑎
|𝑞||𝐸| = 𝑚𝑎
|𝑞|
|𝑎| = |𝐸|
𝑚
𝑑𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑒 𝑙𝑎 𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑖ó𝑛 𝑡𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑒 𝑙𝑎 𝑚𝑖𝑠𝑚𝑎 𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑐𝑖ó𝑛 𝑑𝑒𝑙 𝑐𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑜 𝑒𝑙é𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑜 𝑠𝑖 𝑙𝑎 𝑐𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑎 𝑒𝑠 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑎
𝑦 𝑡𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑐𝑖ó𝑛 𝑜𝑝𝑢𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑎 𝑠𝑖 𝑙𝑎 𝑐𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑎 𝑒𝑠 𝑛𝑒𝑔𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑎
 2𝑘𝑞 2𝑘𝑞 1 1 −𝑎2
𝐸𝑥 = 2 − 2 = 2𝑘𝑞 ( 2 − ) = 2𝑘𝑞 ( 2 2 )
𝑥 + 𝑎2 𝑥 𝑥 + 𝑎2 𝑥 2 𝑥 (𝑥 + 𝑎2 )
1
𝑎𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑚𝑜𝑠 𝑝𝑜𝑟 𝑢𝑛𝑎 𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑒 𝑑𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑦𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑙𝑎 𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖ó𝑛
𝑥2 + 𝑎2
1
𝑠𝑖 𝑓(𝑥) =
𝑥2 + 𝑎2
2𝑥
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = −
(𝑥 2 + 𝑎2 )2
𝑃𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑟𝑜 𝑎𝑛𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑜𝑠 𝑒𝑙 𝑐𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑜 𝑒𝑙é𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑜 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑑𝑜 𝑝𝑜𝑟 𝑢𝑛 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑜 𝑑𝑖𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑜
𝐸𝑙 𝑐𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑜 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑜 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑑𝑜 𝑝𝑜𝑟 𝑢𝑛 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑜 𝑑𝑖𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑜 𝑒𝑠
2𝑘𝑞
|𝐸| =
𝑥2 + 𝑎2
𝐸𝑥𝑝𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑚𝑜𝑠 𝑒𝑛 𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑒 𝑑𝑒 𝑇𝑎𝑦𝑙𝑜𝑟
 1
𝑓(𝑎) =
𝑥 2 + 𝑎2
𝑠𝑖 𝑥 ≫ 𝑎, 𝑝𝑜𝑑𝑒𝑚𝑜𝑠 𝑑𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑟 𝑞𝑢𝑒 𝑎 ≈ 0
𝑃𝑜𝑟 𝑒𝑠𝑜 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑧𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑚𝑜𝑠 𝑢𝑛𝑎 𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑒 𝑑𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑦𝑙𝑜𝑟 𝑒𝑛 𝑙𝑎 𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑎 𝑎𝑙𝑟𝑒𝑑𝑒𝑑𝑜𝑟 𝑑𝑒 𝑎 = 0
1
𝑓(0) =
𝑥2
−2𝑎
𝑓 ′ (𝑎) = =0
(𝑥 2 + 𝑎2 )2
𝑝𝑜𝑟 𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑒 𝑑𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑦𝑙𝑜𝑟 𝑠𝑒 𝑝𝑢𝑒𝑑𝑒 𝑎𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑟
1 1
≈ 2
𝑥2 +𝑎 2 𝑥
𝐸𝑛𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑠
𝑠𝑎𝑏𝑒𝑚𝑜𝑠 𝑞𝑢𝑒 𝑒𝑙 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑜 𝑑𝑖𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑒𝑠

2𝑘𝑞 2𝑘𝑞 2𝑘𝑝

|𝐸| = = 2 = 3
𝑥2 +𝑎 2 𝑥 𝑥
𝑓(𝑎) = 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑎3

𝑓 ′ (𝑎) = 𝑥 2 + 3𝑎2
𝑓 ′′ (𝑎) = 6𝑎
𝑓 ′′′ (𝑎) = 6
𝑥≫𝑎
𝑎→0
𝑓 ′ (0)
𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑎3 ≈ 𝑓(0) + (𝑎) + ⋯ +≈ 𝑥 2 𝑎 =
1!
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑎3
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 2𝑎𝑥
𝑄𝑢𝑒𝑑𝑎 𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒
8𝑘𝑝
𝐸𝑦 = 3
(4𝑥 2 + 𝐿2 )2
𝑎=0
1 1 1
(4𝑥 2 + 𝐿2 )2 ≈ (4𝑥 2 + 𝐿2 )−2 (8𝑥 2 )
2
 𝑘𝑞 𝐿 𝑘(−𝑞) 𝐿 𝑘𝑞𝐿
𝐸= 3 (𝑥, − 2) + 3 (𝑥, 2) =− 3
𝐿2 2 𝐿2 2 𝐿2 2
(𝑥 2 + 4) (𝑥 2 + 4) (𝑥 2 + 4)

1
1
𝐿2 2
(𝑥 2 + 4 )

𝑎𝑙 𝑟𝑒𝑑𝑒𝑑𝑜𝑟 𝑑𝑒 𝑥 = 0

2𝑥 2 𝑥2
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = − 3 = 3
𝐿2 2 𝐿2 2
2 (𝑥 2 + ) (𝑥 2 + )
4 4
𝑃𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑜 𝑞𝑢𝑒 𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑚𝑜𝑠 𝑢𝑛𝑎 𝑐𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑎 + 𝑞 𝑒𝑛 (0, 𝑎), −2𝑞 𝑒𝑛 (0,0) 𝑦 + 𝑞(0, −𝑎)
𝐸𝑡𝑛𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑠
𝑘𝑞 𝑘(−2𝑞) 𝑘𝑞
𝐸= 3 (𝑥, −𝑎) +
𝑥3
(𝑥, 0) + 3 (𝑥, 𝑎)
(𝑥 2 + 𝑎2 )2 (𝑥 2 + 𝑎2 )2

𝑥 1
𝐸 = 2𝑘𝑞 ( 3 − )
𝑥2
(𝑥 2 + 𝑎2 )2
𝑥 1
𝑓(𝑥) = 3 −
𝑥2
(𝑥 2 + 𝑎2 )2
3 1
(𝑥 2 + 𝑎2 )2 − 3(𝑥 3 + 𝑎2 )2 (𝑥 2 ) 2
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = + 3
( 𝑥 2 + 𝑎2 )3 𝑥
(𝑥 2 + 𝑎2 − 3𝑥 2 ) 2
= 5 +
𝑥3
(𝑥 2 + 𝑎2 )2

𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑏𝑢𝑐𝑖ó𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑎 𝑑𝑒 𝑐𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑎𝑠

𝑆𝑢𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑔𝑎𝑚𝑜𝑠 𝑞𝑢𝑒 𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑚𝑜𝑠 𝑢𝑛𝑎 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑟𝑎 𝑑𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑 𝐿 𝑞𝑢𝑒 𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒𝑡𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒 𝑐𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑎𝑑𝑎
𝑆𝑢𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑔𝑎 𝑞𝑢𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑠 𝑒𝑥𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑚𝑜𝑠 𝑑𝑒 𝑙𝑎 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑟𝑎 𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑒𝑛 𝑙𝑎 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑐𝑖ó𝑛
𝐿 𝐿
(− , 0) 𝑦 ( , 0)
2 2
¿ 𝐶𝑢á𝑙 𝑒𝑠 𝑒 𝑐𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑜 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑜 𝑒𝑛 𝑢𝑛 𝑝𝑢𝑛𝑡𝑜 𝑒𝑛 𝑙𝑎 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑐𝑖ó𝑛
(0, 𝑎)
𝑘𝑑𝑞
𝑑𝐸 = 𝑟
|𝑟|3
𝑑𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑒 𝑟 = (0, 𝑎) − (𝑥, 0) = (−𝑥, 𝑎)

|𝑟| = √𝑥 2 + 𝑎2

𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑠
−𝑥𝑘𝑑𝑞
𝑑𝐸𝑥 = 3
(𝑥 2 + 𝑎2 )2
𝑑𝑞 = 𝜆𝑑𝑥

𝑥𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝐸𝑥 = −𝑘𝜆 3
(𝑥 2 + 𝑎2 )2

𝐿 𝐿
𝑘𝜆 2 2𝑥𝑑𝑥 1
𝐸𝑥 = − ∫ 3 = 𝑘𝜆 ( )| 2 = 0
2 −𝐿 2 2 √𝑥 2 + 𝑎2 𝐿
2 (𝑥 + 𝑎 )2 −
2
𝑘𝑎𝜆𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝐸𝑦 = 3
(√𝑥 2 + 𝑎2 )
 𝐿
2 𝑑𝑥
𝐸𝑦 = 𝑘𝑎𝜆 ∫ 3
𝐿
− 2 + 𝑎2 )2
2 (𝑥

a2 sinh2 (𝜃) + 𝑎2 = 𝑎2 cosh2 (𝜃)

𝑥 = asinh (𝜃)
𝑑𝑥 = acos ℎ(𝜃) 𝑑𝜃

𝐿 x 𝐿
2 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝜃 1 1 a 1 𝑥
∫ 3 = ∫ 𝑎2 cosh2 (𝜃) = 𝑎2 tanh(𝜃) = 𝑎2 = 2 | 2
𝐿
− (𝑥 2 + 𝑎2 )2
2
2
√𝑥 + 𝑎 2 𝑎 √𝑥 + 𝑎 − 𝐿
2 2
𝑎 2
1 2𝐿
= 2
𝑎 √𝐿2 + 4𝑎2
2𝑘𝜆𝐿 2𝑘𝑄
𝐸𝑦 = =
𝑎√𝐿2 + 4𝑎2 𝑎√𝐿2 + 4𝑎2