𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑏𝑢𝑐𝑖ó𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑎 𝑑𝑒 𝑐𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑎𝑐𝑖ó𝑛

𝐷𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑒𝑙 𝑐𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑜 𝑒𝑙é𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑜 𝑑𝑒 𝑢𝑛 𝑎𝑛𝑖𝑙𝑙𝑜 𝑐𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑎𝑑𝑜 𝑒𝑛 𝑢𝑛 𝑝𝑢𝑛𝑡𝑜 𝑠𝑜𝑏𝑟𝑒 𝑒𝑙 𝑒𝑗𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑙 𝑎𝑛𝑖𝑙𝑙𝑜

𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑜 𝑒𝑙 𝑎𝑛𝑖𝑙𝑙𝑜 𝑒𝑠𝑡á 𝑠𝑜𝑏𝑟𝑒 𝑒𝑙 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑜 𝑥𝑧 𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑠 𝑎𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑚𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑎𝑑𝑎𝑠 𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑠 𝑒𝑛 𝑒𝑠𝑒 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑜
𝑥 = 𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝜃), 𝑧 = 𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜃)

𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑠 𝑥 2 + 𝑧 2 = 𝑟 2
𝑃𝑜𝑟 𝑙𝑜 𝑞𝑢𝑒 𝑒𝑙 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑒𝑙 𝑐𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑜 𝑒𝑙é𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑜 𝑒𝑠:
𝑘𝜆𝑟𝑑𝜃
𝑑𝐸 = 3 (−𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝜃), 𝑦, −𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜃))
(𝑟 2 + 𝑦 2 )2

𝐸𝑛𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑠

−𝑘𝜆𝑟 2 2𝜋
𝐸𝑥 = 3 ∫ cos(𝜃) 𝑑𝜃 = 0
(𝑟 2 + 𝑦 2 )2 0
2𝜋
𝑘𝜆𝑟𝑦 𝑘𝜆𝑟𝑦2𝜋 𝑘𝑄𝑦
𝐸𝑦 = 3 ∫ 𝑑𝜃 = 3 = 3 𝑑𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑒 𝑄 𝑒𝑠 𝑙𝑎 𝑐𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑎 𝑑𝑒𝑙 𝑎𝑛𝑖𝑙𝑙𝑜
(𝑟 2 + 𝑦 2 )2 0 (𝑟 2 + 𝑦 2 )2 (𝑟 2 + 𝑦 2 )2

𝑘𝜆𝑟 2 2𝜋
𝐸𝑧 = − 3 ∫ sin(𝜃) 𝑑𝜃 = 0
(𝑟 2 + 𝑦 2 )2 0

𝐸𝑛𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑠 𝑒𝑙 𝑐𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑜 𝑒𝑙é𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑜 𝑒𝑛 𝑒𝑙 𝑎𝑛𝑖𝑙𝑙𝑜 𝑒𝑠

 𝑘𝑄𝑦
𝐸 = (0, 3 , 0)
(𝑟 2 + 𝑦 2 )2

¿ 𝑄𝑢é 𝑝𝑎𝑠𝑎 𝑠𝑖 𝑒𝑛 𝑣𝑒𝑧 𝑑𝑒 𝑢𝑛 𝑎𝑛𝑖𝑙𝑙𝑜 𝑒𝑠 𝑢𝑛 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑐𝑜?

𝐸𝑙 𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑦𝑎 𝑡𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑒 𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒

𝑃𝑜𝑟 𝑙𝑜 𝑞𝑢𝑒 𝑠𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑙𝑎 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑎𝑑 𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑒 𝑐𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑎
𝑄 𝑑𝑞
𝜎= →𝜎=
𝐴 𝑑𝐴
𝐸𝑛𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑠
𝐸𝑛 𝑒𝑙 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑐𝑜 𝑠ó𝑙𝑖𝑑𝑜
𝑑𝑞
𝜎= → 𝑑𝑞 = 𝜎𝑑𝐴 = 𝜎𝑟𝑑𝑟𝑑𝜃 → 𝑝𝑜𝑟 𝑙𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑎𝑑𝑎 𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑠
𝑑𝐴
𝑘𝜎𝑟𝑑𝑟𝑑𝜃
𝑑𝐸 = 3 (−𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝜃), 𝑦, −𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜃))
(𝑟 2 + 2
𝑦 )2
𝐸𝑛𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑠
2𝜋 𝑅
𝑟 2 cos(𝜃)
𝐸𝑥 = −𝑘𝜎 ∫ ∫ 3 𝑑𝑟𝑑𝜃 =0
0 0 (𝑟 2 + 𝑦 2 )2

𝐸𝑧 = 0
2𝜋 𝑅 𝑅
𝑟𝑑𝑟𝑑𝜃 𝑟 1 0
𝐸𝑦 = 𝑘𝜎𝑦 ∫ ∫ 3 = 2𝜋𝑘𝜎𝑦 ∫ 3 𝑑𝑟 = 2𝜋𝑘𝜎𝑦 [ ]|
2
√𝑟 + 𝑦 2 𝑅
0 0 (𝑟 2 + 𝑦 2 )2 0 (𝑟 2 + 𝑦 2 )2

1 1
= 2𝜋𝑘𝜎 𝑦 [ − ]
𝑦 √𝑅 2 + 𝑦 2

𝑄
𝑠𝑖 𝜎 =
𝜋𝑅 2
𝐸𝑛𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑠
2𝑘𝑄𝑦 1 1
𝐸𝑦 = 2
[ − ]
𝑅 𝑦 √𝑅 + 𝑦 2
2

𝑠𝑖 𝑦 → ∞ 𝐸𝑦 → 0

𝐸𝑛𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑠 𝑒𝑙 𝑐𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑜 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑜 𝑒𝑛 𝑢𝑛 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑐𝑜 𝑒𝑠:

2𝑘𝑄𝑦 1 1 1 1
𝐸 = (0, 2
[ − ] , 0) = (0,2𝜋𝑘𝜎 𝑦 [ − ] , 0)
𝑅 𝑦 √𝑅 2 + 𝑦 2 𝑦 √𝑅 2 + 𝑦 2
𝐸𝑛𝑐𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑒 𝑢𝑛𝑎 𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖ó𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎 𝑢𝑛 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑐𝑜 𝑞𝑢𝑒 𝑒𝑠𝑡á ℎ𝑢𝑒𝑐𝑜 𝑐𝑜𝑛 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑜 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑟 𝑅1 𝑦 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑜 𝑒𝑥𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑟 𝑅2
𝐿𝑎 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑐𝑎 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑎 𝑒𝑠 𝑞𝑢𝑒 𝑒𝑙 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑜 𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎 𝑑𝑒 𝑅1 𝑎 𝑅2
𝐷𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑒𝑙 𝑐𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑜 𝑒𝑙é𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑜 𝑑𝑒 𝑢𝑛𝑎 ℎ𝑜𝑗𝑎 𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑎 𝑜 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑜 𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑜

𝑘𝜎𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝐸 = 3 (−𝑥, −𝑦, 𝑧)
(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 )2

𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑠
∞ ∞
𝑥𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
𝐸𝑥 = −𝑘𝜎 ∫ ∫
−∞ −∞ (𝑥 2 + 𝑦2 + 𝑧2)

𝐶𝑎𝑚𝑏𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑜 𝑒𝑛 𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑠

𝑥2 + 𝑦2 = 𝑟2
𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 = 𝑟𝑑𝑟𝑑𝜃
𝐸𝑛𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑠
2𝜋 ∞ 2
𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝜃)𝑑𝑟𝑑𝜃
𝐸𝑥 = −𝑘𝜎 ∫ ∫ 3 =0
0 0 (𝑟 2 + 𝑦 2 )2
𝐸𝑦 = 0
2𝜋 ∞
𝑟𝑑𝑟𝑑𝜃 1 0 1 1
𝐸𝑧 = 𝑘𝜎𝑧 ∫ ∫ 3 = 2𝜋𝑘𝜎𝑧 [ ]| = 2𝜋𝑘𝜎𝑧 [ − ] = 2𝜋𝑘𝜎
0 0 (𝑟 2 + 𝑧 2 )2 √𝑟 2 + 𝑧 2 𝑅 𝑅→∞ 𝑧 √𝑅 2 + 𝑧 2
 1
𝑆𝑎𝑏𝑒𝑚𝑜𝑠 𝑞𝑢𝑒 𝑘 =
4𝜋𝜖0
𝜎
𝐸𝑛𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑠 𝐸𝑧 = 2𝜖
0

𝐿𝑎 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑎 𝑑𝑒𝑙 𝑝𝑢𝑛𝑡𝑜 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑎 𝑑𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑒 𝑒𝑠𝑡á 𝑒𝑙 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑒 𝑐𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑎 𝑒𝑠:

𝑟⃗ = (𝑥1 − 𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝜃), 𝑦1 − 𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜃), 𝑧1 − 𝑧) = (𝑅1 cos(𝜃1 ) − 𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝜃), 𝑅1 sin(𝜃1 ) − 𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜃), 𝑧1 − 𝑧)
𝑑𝑞 = 𝜌𝑟𝑑𝑟𝑑𝜃𝑑𝑧
𝑃𝑜𝑟 𝑙𝑜 𝑞𝑢𝑒 𝑒𝑙

2 2
|𝑟⃗| = √(𝑅1 cos(𝜃1 ) − 𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝜃)) + (𝑅1 sin(𝜃1 ) − 𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜃)) + (𝑧1 − 𝑧)2

𝑘𝜌𝑟𝑑𝑟𝑑𝜃𝑑𝑧
𝑑𝐸 = 3
(𝑅1 cos(𝜃1 )
2 2
(√(𝑅1 cos(𝜃1 ) − 𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝜃)) + (𝑅1 sin(𝜃1 ) − 𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜃)) + (𝑧1 − 𝑧)2 )

− 𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝜃), 𝑅1 sin(𝜃1 ) − 𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜃), 𝑧1 − 𝑧)

𝐿𝑒𝑦 𝑑𝑒 𝐺𝑎𝑢𝑠𝑠
𝐶𝑢𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑜 𝑙𝑎𝑠 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑛𝑜 𝑠𝑒 𝑣𝑢𝑒𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑛 tan 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑙𝑙𝑎𝑠 𝑠𝑒 𝑝𝑢𝑒𝑑𝑒 𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑧𝑎𝑟 𝑙𝑎 𝑙𝑒𝑦 𝑑𝑒 𝑔𝑎𝑢𝑠𝑠 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎 𝑒𝑙 𝑐𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑜 𝑒𝑙é𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑜
𝑆𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑒𝑙 𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑗𝑜 𝑒𝑙é𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑜

Φ𝐸 = ∬ 𝐸⃗⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑆 → 𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑒 𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒

𝑆

𝐿𝑎 𝑙𝑒𝑦 𝑑𝑒 𝑔𝑎𝑢𝑠𝑠 𝑎𝑓𝑖𝑟𝑚𝑎 𝑞𝑢𝑒 𝑠𝑖 𝑢𝑛𝑎 𝑐𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑎 𝑠𝑒 𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑎 𝑠𝑜𝑏𝑟𝑒 𝑢𝑛 𝑐𝑢𝑒𝑟𝑝𝑜 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑙𝑙𝑜 𝑑𝑒 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑒𝑙 á𝑟𝑒𝑎
 𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑠
𝑄𝑒𝑛𝑐
Φ𝐸 =
𝜖0
¿ 𝐶ó𝑚𝑜 𝑙𝑜 𝑝𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑚𝑜𝑠 𝑎 𝑛𝑢𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑜 𝑒𝑗𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑖𝑐𝑖ó?
𝐸𝑙 𝑐𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜 𝑑𝑒 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑜 𝑅 𝑠𝑒 𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑎 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜 𝑑𝑒 𝑜𝑡𝑟𝑜 𝑐𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑟𝑜 𝑑𝑒 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑜 𝑅1
𝐸𝑛𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑠 𝑒𝑙 𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑗𝑜 𝑒𝑠

𝜙𝐸 = ∬ 𝐸 ∙ 𝑑𝑆 = 𝐸2𝜋𝑅1 𝐿
𝑆

𝑃𝑜𝑟 𝑙𝑎 𝑙𝑒𝑢 𝑑𝑒 𝐺𝑎𝑢𝑠𝑠

𝑄𝑒𝑛𝑐
𝐸2𝜋𝑅1 𝐿 =
𝜖0
𝑄𝑒𝑛𝑐
𝐸=
2𝜋𝑅1 𝐿𝜖0
𝑑𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑒 𝑄𝑒𝑛𝑐 = 𝜌𝑉 = 𝜌𝜋𝑅 2 𝐿
𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑠
𝑄𝑒𝑛𝑐 𝜌𝑅 2
𝐸= =
2𝜋𝑅1 𝐿𝜖0 2𝑅1 𝜖

𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑢𝑛𝑎 𝑒𝑠𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑎 𝑠ó𝑙𝑖𝑑𝑎 𝑑𝑒 𝑅𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑜 𝑅, 𝑑𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑒𝑙 𝑐𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑜 𝑒𝑙é𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑜 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎 𝑢𝑛 𝑝𝑢𝑛𝑡𝑜 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜 𝑑𝑒 𝑙𝑎 𝑒𝑠𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑎
𝑑𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑢é𝑠 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎 𝑒𝑙 𝑝𝑢𝑛𝑡𝑜 𝑠𝑜𝑏𝑟𝑒 𝑙𝑎 𝑒𝑠𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑎 𝑠𝑖 𝑒𝑠 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒, 𝑦 𝑝𝑜𝑟 ú𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑜 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎 𝑢𝑛 𝑝𝑢𝑛𝑡𝑜 𝑎𝑓𝑢𝑒𝑟𝑎 𝑑𝑒 𝑙𝑎 𝑒𝑠𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑎
𝑃𝑜𝑟 𝑑𝑜𝑠 𝑚é𝑡𝑜𝑑𝑜𝑠, 𝑙𝑒𝑦 𝑑𝑒 𝐺𝑎𝑢𝑠𝑠 𝑦 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑏𝑢𝑐𝑖ó𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑎 𝑑𝑒 𝑐𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑎
𝐷𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎 𝑙𝑎 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑏𝑢𝑐𝑖ó𝑛 𝑑𝑒𝑙 𝑐𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑜 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑜 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑜 𝑒𝑛 𝑒𝑙 𝑒𝑗𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑜 𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑟 𝑠𝑖 𝑒𝑛 𝑙𝑢𝑔𝑎𝑟
𝑑𝑒 𝑢𝑛𝑎 𝑒𝑠𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑎 𝑠ó𝑙𝑖𝑑𝑎 𝑠𝑒 𝑡𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑒 𝑢𝑛 𝑐𝑎𝑠𝑐𝑎𝑟ó𝑛 ℎ𝑢𝑒𝑐𝑜