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 (t is denoted by d . 125

CHAPTER 3 int

rE
/
> The .
«>« lacement can be represented (tZ/ftf ) as a vector that describes
•

.
direction the body has been displaced trorr its original posi-
'

ICS
ms
MOTION AND FORCfc /
*tion-
ara
The ° J -
) f the displacement vector lies at initial ( c ) ) position and
lies a the final
» gy INTRODUCTION OF MOTION:- riD or .
af roW head 0/ 1/ / )
* position where the displacement

DU We are living in such universe ) which is alwaysj

cont nual ) motion . The atoms of every matter (»JI ) are in a state E
,
amP |e ;'
Suppose a body is moving from point A to another point B along a curve

- .
of motion which will never come to an end( fcr
^) . For example

around the Earth’s surface, while the earth moves its orbit around tn e $
in
( £ j we I

. lacemen
in the
>
fig

ltd of
-
(

the
3.1 )

body
The
is
The stars and the sun also are in continual motion. As a result , everV thing disP by the straight
lepresfTU ted
in a state of continual motion . Every physical process
tne universe is

related with some kind (( ) of motion. Thus , it becomes

(
necessary (0 line AB . Ifr
is ,
the initial
of A and r2 is o
attention to the study of motion. vector
position
the final position vector of B
n ,,„ „
»» >PP vi 9 the head to tail
UREST:
^
)
A body is said to be at rest if it does not change its positionw
of (he body
rulewecansee
displaced with respect to orfain
9 ’O'
from the fig 3.1.
he
° " '"
respect to' ) its surroundings (( Isitluhs / ). OA + AB = OB

MOTION:- ( ^ /7 ) Wherfe ->

.-4
OA = r , AB = d

A body is said to be in motion if it changes its position with respeci and OB = r 2

its surroundings. Putting these values, we get 1
All Rests And Motions are Relative: -
Consider the example of a man sitting in the compartment ( J ) of
.A
r + d = r0
3
or d = r 2 ~ ri
moving a train. The man is at rest with respect to the objects present inlfc is equal to change of position vector
Thus it results that displacement
compartment but he is in motion relative to the things outside the train. Th difference
we can say that rest and and motion are relative to each other.
* from initial position to final position . In other words , displacement is the

between final position vector and initial position vecto

3.1. DISPLACEMENTS ( ) The magnitude of the displacement is given by e straight line distance

DEFINITION:- between the initial and final positions of the body .

The displacement is a change in the position of a body from its NOTE:-

initial position to its final position. It is denoted by d^.— ^ If the body moves along curve
displacement is different from the
OR
It is defined as the shortest distance Path of motion.
given by the length of the straight
between two points, its magpl
11
^
line while its direction is from initial P 0
"
1
1N P
*
(2) If a body moves along a
path of motion as shown in fig 3.2
str
.
aig
Th e
ht
ma
lin
gn
e, the
itu de
dis
of
pla
the
ce
dis
Y
me nt
pla ce
is
m
alo
en t
nn
js •
,

f
, id P.M IE N S IO N S :-

Velocity =
Displacement
127

dent (J / ) of the path of

1 the bo dy co ve re d fro m po sit ion A Time
d
TE Physical Quantity ( AA rJj ' ) 8
.
- 1C si
UNIT:-
Displacement is a ve cto r qu an tity
r .
Velocity =

m d kil om ete r (km) VELOCITY

;
( jlbL' ji )
Its units are me ter (m) an gE
]
gyi SPEED:- (J )
AVE^Definition:-
P ^
DEFINITION:-
«3- 3.2 * s
\is
as the ratio o
It defined
.
time taken to

ie It is defined
in
as the
tim e
dis
7 th
tan
en
ce
ma
co ve
the
re
ma
d
tic
( tA
all y
L
it
)
ca
by
n
a
be
bo
wr
dy
itte
in
n
a
as
unit tini
eLe , ( MlS
rQ\je
di sp la ce m en t
d be the distance
'
distance d to ta l dis pla ce me nt co ve re d by a bo dy in tim e *
t \ the n its
If d'
* is the
CS v= •c

Iif I
time t
average velocity du rin g the tim e int er va l '
t ' is m at he m at ica lly { c n
-
31)
?/
I Type of Quantity:-

rection.
It is a sc ala r qu an tity be ca us e it is on ly the ma gn itu de of velocity but notf . written as

d
UNIT:- v
av
Its unit is ms - 1
t
VELOCITY ( )
It is defined as the rate of change of displacement of a body.
Symbol: - Kj im
/ . L
OR Its is re pr es en te d ( tf/ ; li ) by vav
It can also be defined as the distance covered by a body in unit time in a I tAPLANATION:-
particular direction. |IJ I l us ab ou t the m ot ion be tw ee n the po int s
Average velocity does not tel
Let d ' be change of displacement of a body in time f , then the I A and B in the fig 3. 1 wh et he r it is ste ad y ( 6
^ ) or va ria ble (i/rC U ). It do es no t
ed
velecity Vis given by / V . . .. w - tell us about the sh ap e of th e pa th wh et he r ( >i >) it ma y be str aig ht or cu rv
its
sq ua sh co ur t re tur ns to
(bj' jl ) ) . For example, if a squash ball in the
d f ij /) th e wa ll se ve ra l tim es , its to ta l
straight point after boun cin g of f
v= - Rate of change of displacement. di sp la ce m en t in go ing an d co mi ng
t dis pla ce m en t is zero because the re su lta nt
- —y
rL Symbol: —> ve loc ity
its av er ag e
back of a ball becomes zero ( d d) = 0), so also is
-
, It is denoted by v
In such cases of motion we co ns id er th e in
i st an ta no us ( ) ve loc ity J
Ty pe of Physical Quantity:-
Velocity is a vector quantity
SI UN/ T:-
»
II is measured in metre/ Sec i e . ms-1

r I
 -5. •*

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7
So rd
—
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Coi ercjal er
airfinef
32
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37 Falcon r a d / e
3 jnn ng
29 cheetah
10 100 - metres dash
(max)
3orpofse
9 swimming
5 Flying bee
4 Human running
2 Human swimming
001 Waling ant
^
erto ( >
/ y findtt!? tanous velocity at a point A , At is made

INSTANTANEOUS VELOCITY ( W) ^
srrallerand smaller T hus \ d wiH a!^o become smaller and point B will reach near
DEFINITION:- A. If we continue th s process (J ) , the point B approaches A’. As At and

The instantaneous velocity is defined as the limiting value of Ad/At as continue to decrease but never disappear completely . When At approaches
the time interval At, following the time t, appraches ( Of& ) zero.
At will reach to a
^limiting value of V which is said to be instantaneous
OR to zero , Ad /
The instantaneous velocity can be defined as the velocity of a body a![ velocity .
any particular instant of time. Direction of Instantaneous Velocity:-
MATHEMATICAL FORM (
Mathematically it can be written as
0
J JL* ) In the above fig as B approaches A , the chord ( U iaty jj/ » ) AB
becomes tangent to the path at the point A. Thus, the direction of the instantano* j$ ^^
velocity at A is along the tangent at A.
v = Lim Ad NOTE:-
ms At- 0 > —At If the instantaneous velocity does not change, the body is said to be
Where Ad small value of displacement , At is small time taken; and Lim . moving v/ith uniform velocity.
s ews f r a l the * me interval
^ B If a body is moving v/ith uniform velocity , average and instaritaneous
is very small that boff Ad and At approach zero
Ifc3.3^
ties have the same value at every point (or at any instant )
"e ' ce '
\ sar t a r t o u s / ek>c » / s sa d a s the limiting value of Ad / At as >
. ACCELERATION ( V/ )
Zero
DEFINITION .
approaches
:
EXPLANATION
File lime rale of change of velocity of a body is called acceleration
o rr tr -e ’.o' fjtof tjy r* instantaneous velocity dear *
) rjt
'

OR
* ** *
' rA a r,
+- movviq a ong 3 path ABC in / y plane Cof * ^ It can be defined at tha change In velocity per unit time
’/ Af v 0 ' * /• at a< / brr
** " -
f a . WAvn the ftg 3 2 fb; The mtial P^
^
''
EW P
SYMBOL;. r , < ery&I brne AT .
small
further ‘ Th j
*
DTEJ EXPLANATION:-
it rs denoted by a
Lv / )njti3i
velocity
=
= v1
v2
finalvelocrty ^ ^ ^
Whenever the velocity of a body changes, so any char
/sics may be due to change in rts magnitude , or change in direction
9e jn change in velocty = dv = v -
2
em / s 0r
both Si
interval for change = y
said to be moving with an acceleration . i
W|. ^ Time
log FORMULA :-
«0- 3 3
acceleration ,
average
^
—> 'js mathematically
np Let AV be the change of velocity of a body during the
time
The g !=

'Htervai V . Av -
• •
1
'
then its acceleration is given by
At At
/ EC a =
Av
0) Av
SICS At
aav =
ms TYPE OF QUANTITY:- At
Since AV is a vector quantity, so the acceleration is Quan!lty :'
also a v TyPe of
quantity. a is thediffer ence of two vector quantities divided by a scaler
ier Since
UNITS : -
It In SI Units , the unit of acceleration is or msmeter/sec 2 *' 2 quantity , therefo re '
aav
' must also be a vector quantity . Its direction is the
n C. G :
system, its unit is centimeter / sec 2 or cm s~2 .
•

* | s3me as that of Av
P J
DEMENSIONS : -
change of velocity
' DEFINITION
INSTANTANOUS ACCEL ERATI ONS /I )

Acceleration = The acceleration of the body at any particular instant ( J ) during its
time to be an instantan ous acceleration.
ll 0 ^ aid
Distance
i

Length OR
=r =
TimexTime (Time) 2 When time interval At approaches L ) zero, the average
m
— = [LT 2J "
Ans.
acceleration will approac h the value known as instantan eous accelera tion at the

instant T. Therefore, it is mathematically expressed as

Y
r 2j
_
Thus, Instantanous acceleration = a ,ns = Lim Ai-> 0 AV (2)

Its dimensions are (LT 2) '

AVERAGE ACCELERATION POSITIVE ACCELERATION:- ( P/ /) its acceler ation will be positive

DEFINITION :- If the velocity of a body is increasing, then
NEGATIVE ACCELERATION:- jD
Itis defined as the change in velocrty divided by the time intern
during which the change takes [dace. If the velocity of a body is *^ /
decreasing , then its acceleration
or declaration
will t>e nega
(IV )
SYMBOL : - ^ The negative acceleration is also called retardat ion

lt ts

MATHEMATICAL FORM :
der (Had by aav
- i '
/
r ^
UNIFORI CCELERATION ( V / \ £ )
If the velocity of a body changes *
by egual amoun t ) n ,

Let us teke a body whose inrhal velocity at any instant t ’ ch 3f r '

, j
SIEW P
intervals of time, the body is said to have uniform acceleration. Distance By velocity - time
jnC The Graph:.
133
CONDITION FOR UNIFORM MOTION:- )
tot help of the same f aures 3410 3
wnhthe out by using ‘ 6 • the diM
uniform acceleration , its average mce covered by a
When the body is moving with
acC0| pe found velocity time graph
JOTESI .
tion is equal to instantaneous acceleration ydi the figure 3 4 it Is clear that the body
moves at constant velocity
hysicsi; t 3.4. VELOCITY - TIME GRAPH:- * The distance covered by the body , acCOrdim| to
curved line ) which shows V (0f time ^. the equation ot
hemisl Graph is a straight or
quantities . The
the isVxt
nf also be found by calculating the area

^
)
iKe can
(
oloqvi relationship (
of velocity of a
)
body ^
between
with
two
time
variable
can be shown
/
with the help
variation ( \
of velocity - time
gra egraPh -
under the velocrty -
time can be shown ^
^
The velocity - time graphs of a body with making tim
«e 1
road are shown in the figures 3.4 to 3.6 Ca covered by a body is given as
ather different Journeys along a .
Distance
BJEC3* Case 1: - as a car which moves with the constant (same)
Distance = Area of shaded rectangle
S = vxt ( A = Length x breadth)
Consider the body
vsics1 velocity , the acclereation of the car is zero .
or
This area is shown shaded in fig 3 4 and is equal to vxt

emis I The velocity - time graph is a horizontal

Case H
- another example shown in fig 3.5
J o g>I straight line but parallel to the time axis Let us take
': e ri as shown in fig 3.4
u
(n this case, the velocity of the body increases from 0' to V in tme r
Case M ^ e
‘ of its average velocity is given by
-vf of the car increases at a constant rate , the car is . IhetiTiagn
1

0+v
<Vher re vefooty

EE oe rovrng with uniform or Vav =

2
scnstart acc&eraccr The v eicoty -

«
=1/2 V
'- •
z ~acr s a straight fne indineo
A
**
:
'*
re a —
-e - i t s ~hs straight fne \ a know

-ses
^ * re sa ~e '•eight for 1 lL
Distance covered = Average
S = 1/2 vxt
velocity time
*
20^5! nfers a s of as shown - 35 .
velocity - tme g'ar tn r s
Now we calculate the a 'ea under the
Zase ® triangle as shown m 3 5
equal to the area of the shaded
vz' - . -A - : eei ; '
e* . - r - ""

Area of shaded triangle = 17 * base * height

2cca «rancr re re trape zf # a cc */ - 2me ^rar'" a a as r 3c
*
* = 1/21 * v
*e consider
* a part A sc the graph corresponding to ( -S =1/2v *t
e rJ stantancus acceleration
^
examples e d ' ar a :e'e a*
' •
r Te zrj -r -*• sc re cur/ e car Ce found
In the light of the above two * *
condusioiL
!T J
r fi s> j’ zrsj~
'

^draw a tangent
CONCLUSION:- ars s
: :* e e acre pcirr > s coa of the nme graph and the lime
The area between the ve ocrty

- * -
mertyerr r re pore ;r r - /eicofy fl a -
t
-umetical equal to the distance covered - 1 ^ ^ (body)

gracr 3 * » an re uLe gf nOarta - ecus «AMPLE:-3.1

«c»erartonff; . *

The velocity - time graph of a car moving on a straight

and
road
find
is

the
0 th
shown in tig. 3.7. Describ* th
* *
a distance covered.

*
MEW P and time - axis Thus 135
graph
I* eiflCHV P‘*"
JOTEJ
SOLUTION:-
From the velo city - time grap h,
uniformly accelerated motion, BC portion shows
the uniform velocity (i. e zero
we see that AB
>
portion <
'

or
5
^ nce cov
'
ere d = Area of triangle ABF +
BCEF + area of & COE
S = 1/2 » 20 x 5+ 20 *10+1/2 x 20 x 4
200 + 40 = 290 m
area of rectangle

=~ SO +
hysics acceleration) and third portion | s = 290 m | Ans .
,

^
hemig CD shows the negatively Hence
ol og
ompi
athe
BJE
accelerated motin (decreasing
velocity) .
DATA:-
The values of the moving car on a road are taken from the fig.
In the initial portion AB
initial velocity of car = Vj = 0
Fig. 3.7
X 3 S
-

astrai 9
sr
ht lin6 Let
Suppose a body is
the initi al velo city of the bod y be V
rD
rru ving with constant acceleration a' along
*

and final veloaty be '

- nterval T during which distance covered is S\ Then the
vf
*

ysics -1
*

emif
final velocity of car = vf = 20 ms
change in velocity = Av = 20 - 0 = 20 ms
time interval = t = S = ?
1
• after
R
equation
imear
vf
mo
= v
tion
, + at
are &
iven fol low s :
(1)
. 0)
•log Acceleration = a = ? =
S vf ( + v ,) * t = Ave rage velo city x time (2)

the / Using the formula

(ii)
—2
+ 1/ 2 at 2 (3)
Av 20 = Vjt
ivitj 2
(iii) S
,
2 = 2aS .. (4
a= = 4 ms '

(iv ) - v )
EE IL 2 are use d only whe n the dire ctio n of mot ion of body
At These equations
'2
a = 4 ms d) along the sam e stra ight line.
remains
In the second portion BC NOTE:
city is take n as pos itive and any othe r vec tor
The graph tells us that the velocity of the car remains constant from 5th The direction of initial velo
dire ctio n is opp osit e to that of initi al
15 th second. It means that the value of acceleration is zero. That is quantity is give n neg ativ e sign whe re
a=0 (2)
velocity.
FO R FR EE FA LL ING BO DIE S
For the third portion CD EQ UA TIO NS OF MO TIO N
Here , the velocity decreases uniformly to zero from 16 th to 19th second UNDER GRAVITY:-
Initial velocity = v { = 20 ms-1
For ver tica l dow nw ard mo tion:-
(i)
final velocity = vf = 0 (D = Vj + g t
1
vf
change in velocity = Av = 0 - 20 = -20 ms ‘

(2) s = Vjt + 1 2 / gt2

Time interval = t = 4 s
Acceleration = a = ?
Using the formula
a = Av/ j = -20/4 = -5 ms 2
a = -- 5 ms'2 I
The negative sign indicates that the velocity of the car decreases
these four seconds.
TO FIND DLSTANCE:-
(3) ,
v 2 - V j2 = 2gS
(<i) For vertical upward motion -
' V{ = Vj - gt
2
S = Vjt - 1/2 gt
(3)
. .
_
v 2 v.2 = - 2gS
Here X = 9 = acceler
average value of g' hear the " »is taken as 9 8 m- s-2 in the

The total distance covered by the car is equal to the area between the

~
EW Pi Note:- In the absence of air resistance, all objects in free fall

—
of lawS of motion
Earth , move towards the Earth with a uniform acceleration. Thus free
neartheSl 1
fn %
n the f rm
° These iaws of .
,, 137

3 an example of uniform accelerated motion.

Q. Do objects of different weights fall with the same acceler
Nd ^ '
, ,
bv

, ,° ,
b 0ok
Isaac Newton . He published ajfc
called " Principia"
These lavL ^
were s a ed for the
1687 ln h|s world

)T E S
|
m ' ' Earth ? Of
e<Pf , " ' .
>
ac s ' he e ' he» «

sicsl Ans : - .
Yes objects fall with the same acceleration regardless (££ jJ

=
/

5= = S=*=S
i i
) of
? rTi | S l their weights at the surface of earth, in situations ai

og -M
np
is negligible(>t<^l<L ; )
FRAME OF REFERENCE: (
DEFINITION : -
*-
- ) sled of ligM
Forf
, aS
are comparable

he A set of reference axis required to locate ( t /fl? ) the position

of a
1- the
velocity Of light, relativist mechanics developed by Albert Bmstein

^ f
is

IE in space is called a frame of reference. Z 1 used

OR TON'S FIRST LAW OF MOTIOH:-
Ng
*
^
lies

^
A set of co - ordinate axis attached to a :
n15 certain object is called a frame of reference.
S TATBMENT body at rest will remain at rest and a body moving with
o A uniform
J9 J This frame is usually represented v veiociity will continue to do so , unless acted on by some unbalanced )
7
by three mutually (tAji ) perpendicular X )
ier ^ Fig. 2.3 external force
:-
it lines such as OX . OY and OZ as shown in fig. EXPLANATION consists of ( ttfjr ) two parts
This law
The frame of reference is a co - ordinate system, consisting ofj )
E ^ pj The first part is that a body at rest will remain at rest unless acted

c
tx x -axis y - axis and 2 - axis , in which measurements and made.
upon ( t / y ) by some unbalanced force . This part is according to our
INERTIAL FRAME OF REFERENCE ( (L/ fUffr )
DEFINITION : - * P*
;
common
unless it
experience
is lifted or
. For example , a book lying on table remains at rest
pushed by exerting ( CtC ) a force .
A frame of reference which is not being accelerted and it may be atresia
The second part of this law states that a body in motion with uniform
moving with uniform velocity is called inertial frame of reference
velocity will continue to do so unless a certain unbalanced force is applied on it
Newton's first law of motion is valid ( l # / i) ) in the inertial frame ofrefe-
to stop the motion.
ence It is the property of this frame to have zero acceleration.
This part is not clear because a rolling ball pushed once does not continue its
NON - INERTIAL FRAME OF REFERENCE ( £yV<U4 J %
^f) comes
f motion for ever ) . For example , a rolling ball on the ground to
DEFINITION : rest after covering some distance. The ball has not contradicted ) the '

A frame of reference which has non - uniform motion but certain accelera- stopped due to the friction of
first law of motion because the ball has been
tion is called non - inertial frame of reference. forces once the ball
ground and resistance of air. If we remove these frictional ,
Newton s first law of motion is not valid in non - inertial frbme of reference set into motion will continue its motion for ever
It is the property of this frame to have
3.5. NEWTON’S LAWS OF MOTION:-
some acceleration . iNERTIA ( )/ ) .
DEFINITION:-
-
Galileo studied the cause (w> ) of motion of bodies in an experiment
The property of an object (or body ) that tends ( t / J ) t 0 ^
main
manner . He was very close to discover ( t #1 s inert
) the laws of motion but he slate of rest or state of uniform motion is known as object
m 1642 After his death, sir Isaac
Js
Newton developed (fcj ) Galileo's
^ plANATION:-
body . The
to the mass of the
Inertia of body is directly proportional
NEW P
ntena depends upon the mass of a body, the greater the mass the 'l
a OC F 139
inertia Thus. v (D
—>
The mass of the object ( body ) is a quantitative a 1/m
JOT Ei * (2)
' measure (~ L) of inertia .
L><r
^ ' Ui &
rnb ning the equations ( 1) and (2) we can
hysics Law of inertia - ' e: s the second law
3S
hemisj . 0tioh - »

ologJ
All the matenal bodies poss ess the prope rty of opposing a /
in the state of rest or of uniform motion when some external ( j, _ of * t*-

: zJ
''
applied upon them It means that the state of rest or of uniform
mot
'
\ \
- ^
* or a = Constant
not change by rtself unless some external force acts upont it,
which is sirr- °
= e
*
4 to :ne statement of fhe first law of motion. Therefore, the first law of
otion
*
or
= K.
m
• :’

BJE also called law of inertia. W

or F (3)
First law of motion or law of inertia holds good ( tx /tf )/ jn a
ysics \ •
frame of reference A frame of reference located ( tx ir ) 0 n ^
dn irw
k is cons tant of propo rtiona lity , whos e value can be calculated
Whe re
emis approximately
is neglected (c /J s )
) an mterial frame of reference if the rotation of ^E- *
the £
-
25 N -
whic h produ ces
M
acce lerati on of 1 m 2 in a mass of 1kg
log '
Let F 1
2
$ '

NEWTON S SECOND LAW OF MOTION:- Thus

1 N = Kx 1 kgxim s *

the K=1
vit
STATEMENT: - equa
or
tonQ] can be written as
A force applied on a body produces acceleration in its own Hence
direct
EE The aceleration produced is directly proportional ( > ^0 ) to the F = ma (4)
force and inversely proportional
^ ^
to the mass of the body .
aPplie:
math ema tical expre ssion of Newt on ’s second law of
SIC This is the
Til
EXPLANATION: - *
,
’ _> I motio n
.
wher e is the net?
"

force appli ed on the body , a is the resulting

Consider a body of mass m’ on which a force F' is applied The body and m is the inerti al mass of the body . In equat ion (4 )
bou acceleration of the

pi
will be accelerated in the direction of force and let the acceleration produced
m appears I as prop ortio nalit y cons tant .
be a \ If we double the applied force, the acceleration will be doubled ana FORCE:-
) whic h caus es a body to chang e its
increasing the force three times , the corresponding ( jflfc Zl ) acceleration wii Force is that agency
'
be three times of the initial value. It means that the acceleration produced in a state of motion or of rest .
body is directly proportional to the applied force and we can write It is denoted by F . It is a vecto r quan tity .
-> -) UNIT OF FORCE:-
aoc F (1)
Its SI unit is called Newton.
If , now, we apply a constant force * F* on bodies having different
DEFINITION OF NEWTON:- acce lera tion
masses , the acceleration produced on heavier bodies will be smaller as " the force whic h prod uces an
0 Newton
ne is defin ed as
compared to ) the lighter ) bodies. It means that - tr of 1 ms ’2
in a mass of 1 Kg . It is den oted by N .
acceleration produced by a fore i is inversely proportional of body Since Newton = Kilog ram * mete r
to the mass
Thus s2
'2

a 1/m (2)
= kg m $

2 (5)
MATHEMATICAL FORM:- Hence 1N = 1kg ms '

Accordmg to o statement of second law DIMENSIONS OF FORCE:-

Force = Mass * Acceleration
 \ wx
:
NEW PJ
= Mass * Distance k called reactl0n which is eaiiai , 141
°
he t>
°
i
actl0n
f rce° nour - °
life our walking ,s,
walking on the ground:
NOTE
(Time) 2
= [M] * [L/T2]
0
(2) |n our daily , he mos ,
n exar pte of third law
! When we walk , we exert a force 0n "
Physics! = (MLT 2)
'

actio n. But this force cannot produce K!

Ward This
" ,
ChemisB -2
[FJ = [MLT ]
'
o called heavy mass In return ground
to its
"
n he
'
- Bio log ym NEWTON'S THIRD LAW OF MOTION d due
9 " fofCe is
'fn> call ed reac tion of the groun d Due to m “
forw ard
1
, we
STATEMENT:- 5
w
Comp
*
.—
-

.,, ,
ftffi in space ( i )
Mathe!
r
Action and reaction are equal and opposite. Flight of rock et
*
OR 0cket engin e , liquid oxygen is stored in
addition to (,njtL ) the
OBJECT
l

~n
To OV 0 action hf ) thara lo always an equal anu opposite I IZ »« ojkt» !C°iti
Physic
Chemii *lIS
Bio log ) i
expL

bodies, each body exerts (CI0 ) the

w
same
force on the other, but in the
^^
we
J
oppj
e 01 9
* * '"
>
^^ JR
to

) The rocket moves upward due to this thrust

)
a reaction

direction and for the same length of time

:5 c 3
lled t thru st
m
(
ny
,
exam ples like pullin g a Ji
,

Mathei H For example, when a body A exerts a force on

another boC) S 1 the
- ^ cart ( ) by a horse, firing a

<\ cti vit ) t i n B, it is called the action of the body A on the body B. The body B will
also I bullet from ** *
3 9 and throw ing a shell ( j/ ) from a cannon J )
a force on body A , which will be equal in magnitude but opposite in ^
<VZEEIJI This force is called the reaction of body B on body A .
dire cts
A
IVr
3.6 OMENTUM ( OR Lin ear Momentum)
’hysic Forces in nature always occur ( t &b ) in pairs. An action Definition:-
* - readier The mom entu m of a body is defined as the product of mass and
pair consists of forces equal in magnitude but opposite in direction
hemi actii%
* of the body .
two different bodies . It means that each force in action - re, - veloc ity
acts onfr
iolog on one of the two bodies , the action and reaction forces nevi ' OR
ompr The quan tity of linea r motion of a body is called its momentum
body
—^
MATHEMATICAL FORM:- SYMBOL - : It is deno ted by p .

jfyl ) between two bodies A and B

Let us consider the interaction (
MATHEMATICAL FORM:-
The force exerted by A and B is given — > —^
as F and the force exerted by Let m be the mass of the mov ing body with velo city v , its linea r
B on A is FBA
^
momentum is given by
. *
Srnce is opposite to F AQ in direction , so according to Newton’s third law p = mv (D
mom entu m is also a vecto r
since velocity is a vector quantity, so
FAB = FBA *
Quantity. Its direction is the same as that of velocity
Action and reaction forces never balance each other because they act
on two different bodies But the forces
acting on the same body can balance
EXPLANATION:-
and velo city , ther efor e
each other As the momentum depends upon the mass
velo city may be equal to
EXAMPLES: - * J
momentum of a massive ( ; ) body with slow
exam ple , a road * roller
mov ing fast , for
1. Book lying on the table. rnomentum of a lighter (£ ) body
i>

sam e mom entu m.

When the cook is lying on a table,
it exerts a downward force on * r:
l * i|feiL
* ) and a fire bull et ( j/ ) may have the
table (due to its weight ) This force
is called action. The table exerts an up 2 '
*
NEW Pf
UNIT OF MOMENTUM:*
is Kgm s -1
In SI unit, the unit of momentum the two equation (1) and (2) we
Comparing have
JOTESI
This unit can be expressed as
Kgm x sec
F
vf - v, «' •

Kgms 1 = '
m t
hysicsl sec x sec
'2 x F x t - mvf - mVj
hem / sM pr
= Kgms s
or
olo gJ
But Kgms 2 - Newton = N

^ -^ ^
fha, JJ k he final momenturn
'

jmpiM DIMENSIONS : -
1
Kgms = Ns '

V" The
of ,
abo ve
forc e
equ
and
atio
the
n sho
tim e for wh ch jj jj g jj n equal to
(2) can be

a th e M Momentum = Massxvelocity
= Massxdistance = MassxLength
got ten a 5
m\7f nfii
3 JE t (3)
time Time t
= [ M*L/T]
1
= [MLr ]
1
Dimensions of momentum are [MLT ] *
This
,f change
;

0f
equ
mo
atio
me
n
ntt
sho
"
ws
It
tha
pro
l
ves
r
the sec ond ^
' forcn applied on a body

law of
is equal to the rate
motion in terms of linear

log
(b) NEWTON ' S SECOND LAW OF MOTION IN TERMS OF MOMENTUM ,C
DEFINI TI ON:-
>
STATEMENT: - a forc e acts on a body for a very shod time , the product of the
Time rate of change of momentum of a body equals When
the tim e for wh ich the forc e act s , is call ed the imp ure ( or imp ulse
applied force jce an d the
SIC OR of force)
FO RM :-
ni The rate of change in momentum of a body is equal the app' e: MATHEMAT ICAL
~
act ing on the bod y for a sho rt tim e t\ the n imp ulse
force and the change of momentum takes place in the direction < Let F be the force
PROOF:- (I) is given by
Impulse = Force * time

^
'
Consider a body of mass m' moving with velocity , 4 (1)
t
or I= F » t
Suppose an external force F acts upon it for time t ' after which ~
as the ave rag e forc e tha t acts dur ing time t .
con sid ere d
velocity becomes vf . Thus
Initial velocity of body = v,
We her
IMPULSIVE FORCE:-
F is

ver sho rt inte rva l of time it is

When a force acts on a bod y for a ?
final velocity = vf forc e of blo w ) of a
called as an impulsive forc e , for exa mp le , the
Change in velocity = vf - v( ket bal l hit by a bat
hammer , tennis ball hit by a racket and a cric
Time interval = t TYPE OF QUANTITY:- It is a vec tor qua ntit y .
jX I
From , the definition of acceleration, we can write
UNIT:- 1
se co nd) or Kgms-
x
or a = change ir velocity im pu lse is NS (Ne wto n
In IS uniLt he unit of
Time interval CH AN GE OF
SHOW THAT IMPULSE IS EQUAL TO def(ned as
or v,f - vi ; (V According to Newton's second law of mo tion ^
a= the rate of change of momentum.
t rhanaes its momentum .
acting on a bo dy for tim e
By Nowton’s second's law of motion the Thus, if a force F
acceleration is given by
Sj EW PI
T from pt to pf , then the force is written as 2
1 F = - 2500 Kgms
of = -2500 ( Kgms'2

IOTESI
- = Pf - Pi
* t
where pf and p are final and initial momentum respect
(2)
A/
negatiVe
SYSTEM : - (
^
B e sign indicates that the force jS re,
. '
i
ardin9 ^
(dec reas ing)
' lys ics m (

le m is M equation (2) can be written as

Vely
' Thft I
*
0
*"
pgp lNl TlO N :-
,
Fxt = p ,- pf
nUmbe
'3
°f b d es are 0
fhaf (hey can e > prf
‘ ,
ilogyg or Ft=
mvf - mv ( 3)
„
and no external (fa.
ope another
are said to form an isolated ~ ^
'
e e sa
* ?
J, ) force

^lorce they
(
d
fl them
on lhem’
, svste m of
^
nter ng ;
i the
But Fxt is known as impulse Y. Therefore equation (3) js
written ood^ LE;_ -
^
IJSCT I = mvf mv( |- ( 4)
mol ecu les of a gas end in vesse (c?/ ) at constant
a
The
*
'SICS
/ I Hence, impulse is equal to change of momentum.
SECOND DEFINITION OF IMPULSE:- erature
ca„ vwth
form an isolated syste
ide one ano
^ r due
bodies The
, Th enclosed
their r^ndorr t - } m «on but no
‘mi
og
5

;
It can be defined as the change in momentum produced by
of impulse
the f
8

R/ extoernutalesCONSERVATtON
force acts upon them
OF M
MOM
WEC MTUM:.
‘
°
he UNITS: -
EXAMPLE 3.2:-
Its units are also the same as that of momentum i e
kgms4 , ItASTWATOFEMENT:-
f
°
/it)
El
/ A 1500 kg car has its velocity reduced from 20 ms -1to
15 ms4 in
an IS0 ated system
OR '
3.0 S. How large was the average retarding force ?
n Cx ems
' ' • . i
J

'
10 Warn the Mai linear
SOLUTION:-
momentum of 1
that
* °
system remains constant.
/

DATA:-
MATHEMATICA L FOR M: -
Mass of the car = m = 1500 kg ,
sVstem consis s of two masses m and m2 with velocities v and ,
Initial velocity of the car = vi. = 20 ms 1 "
lf
v 2 respectively
^ ‘
the tota||inear momentum is given by
final velocity = vf = 15 ms 1 "

^
Ptotal
^ +P2

—
Time = t = 3.0 S
_f
TO FIND : = m1v 1< + m2V 2 = constan1
, W

Average rearding force = F = ? = cons tant (D

Ptotal
FORMULA:-

CALCULATIONS:-
F=
mvf1 - mvi,
t
I
,
-> ->
an isoiatad system e nniy
.
m and m2 moving aiong the same snaigh line in tne same d e ®
, .
velocities v and v2 respectively { / \ ) Roth the
^
balls colli
,
de (t
.>
*
) and
,
att
££
,
' -
£"*

Using the above formula, and we can write

Fxt = mv f - mv:
,
collision, ball of mass m moves with velocity v a 2
mov es with veloc ity

or Fxt = m(vf - Vj)

i v2 in the same direction as shown in the fig 3.8.
In order to chan ge of mom ent mas s m we , ,
putting the values, we get ;
| use the equation of impulse of the two balls as fo ^
Fx 3 0 = 1500 (15 20)
,
-
F = 1500 x( 5) -
3.0
 r -

NEW P

V; < , e 3-3:' 147

sp rical balls of 2.0 kg ar> d 3.0 kg
V

TWo ^
with velocities of 6.0ms "1 basses are moving
JOTE! pother

hysics m m
AS ea
t be
°the velocity of the
ms 1
snd 4
Ml after
m
1
,
respecti vely ,

, if the velocity
^
i nat ball is 3.0 ? '

er
hemisl ^0fthe big 9
:-
olog » $ 0^
UTIO N'A pA
,
"

V' . V*
Mass of smaller ball = m = 2.0 kg

erJ
s:-' ©© m m-
Mass of bigger ball =.m = 3;Q kg
velocity of small ball before collision = v
= 6.0 ms 1 , "

3J E C Fig. 3.8 velocity of bigger ball after collision = v / =

3 0 -i '
2 ms
/ sic
?mi
log
Fxt = m
^ 1
Similarly for the ball of mass m2, we have

F'* t = m2v2 - m2v2

'

y
mivi

(3)
(2)
To ?

foR^
TL
ulA:‘
;
ind '
Velocity of smaller
,
ball after collision = v = ?
It
1 '
n of s / stem before collision = Momentum of system after
Momentu
rei I Adding these two expressions of equation (2) and (3) , we get collision. *

1
?* , 1 ,) +(m2 2 -mj2)
T ,
^ ^
/ /- . :-
Frt * t = (m v m CULAHON
or (F + F )t = (m17rm,v1) + ( m2vl2-m2v 2 ) (4)
^ As both the balls are , towards one another , so their velocities
moving

5; Newton's third lav / of motion, of oppos e sign to each other . Suppose that the direction of motion of
kg) is positive and that of bigger ball (3.0 kg) is negative
" ’

S nee the action force F is equal and opposite to the reaction force ?
1
J
-mailer ball ( 2 0

Puffing ft in equation (4), we get.

Thus .
thus we rave F = -F. Momentum of system before collision=m1vl+m2v 2=m1v 1 - m2v 2
_ r
(F F )t = (m,v / - m,V,) + (m v - m v )
/ T
2 2
/
2 2
(v 2 = negative)
Putting the values , we get
,
0 = (my - mlVl) * ( m2v 2 - m2v2) ...J........
' (5; = 2 x6 3 x 4 -
This equation (5) shows that change in momentum of 1st ba ! + Chare - = 12 - 12 = 0 d)
momentum of the 2nd ball = 0 / /
Momentum of the system after collision = m1v 1 m2v 2 -
Now equation ( 5 ) can be written as
Putting the values, we get
Tv
miv 1 mivi = - (m2v2 - m2v2)
'
/
= 2 x v - 3 0 x 3.0 /
or mivi ,
7*1 - m vj = - m +m v
2 2 272 = 2v - 9 / (2)

Now, from law of conservation of momentum,

or m1v1 + m2v2 - +m7 v* 1 (6) syetem after
2 2
The equation (6 ) shows that total initial momentum of the system
IjMementum of the system = Momentum of the
L before collision collision
collision is equal to the total final momentum of the system after collision.
0 = 2vJ - 9i i
/ _

..
As a result, the total change in momentum of the isolated two ball 5 /: 1
or 2vi 9
n
-
is zero .
or I Vi = 4 5
/ ms M Ans . ’

RESULT: -
sec nd (4.5
The velocity
^tST ST afle coltisioh is 4 5 mcie pe

° ms *

' )
 J

NEW pj Q.1 . Why do you wear seat belts? . :

Ans:- When a moving car stops quickly , the passengers mov 6 f0 COLUSION
Sell S’fli n
towards the windshield. Seat belts change the forces of m % ^ .NeL>sT, gFiNiTI0N:'
in which the K. E. of fhe system is no(
NOTE ! prevent the passengers from moving. Thus, the chance of 9Hj Vision conserved, is called the
iniJUry
hysics
’hemis greatly reduced. Is Vision -

^ ° R
"
Q .2 . Why do you wear helmet ?
,% « on
,
dUnn9 Wh Ch th&‘ t0tal momen um
‘ ,
io / ogyj Ans:- A motorcycle’s safety helmet is padded so as to extend the
collision to prevent serious injury / i
4 Jrf * co
''
S

" CO S/0n S
'

' "* °
C nSefVed 6 >es
is conserved but total

* *
KE
Remain constant ,,
s cafled
ompuj 3.7. ELASTIC AND ^
INELATSIC COLLIS|QN:.
fot*stic collision-
lather
BJEC * DEFINITION: -
When two or more bodies come very close to ^
alTlpl
When two tennis balls
less
collide
than
then after collision, they will
the velocities before the
rebound
eQchoth ith velocities collision. During the
! ysics j
that there is some kind of interaction ( i / ) frf
between them, With 5:
kinetic energy is lost, partly ( j% ) due to friction as the
or Kith
the presence of external force , we say that collision has taken piace n some .
emis He ,
*
cCl l i S l in °
the ball move past one another and some part of energy is lost due
the bodies.
""^ and sound

J into heat energies .

hange
g> HEAD - ON COLLISION : - l<) itSC and total energy are conserved (remain constant) in all types
Momentum
ther |j DEFINITION : - '
Note *
but the K . E . is conserved only in elastic collisions.
ivit If the centres of the colliding bodies remain moving along
th e $ad IC cOLLISION
" IN ONE DIMENSION : -
.
straight line the collision is said to be head - on collision.
IQ take the case of a head - on collision in which all motions take place
EE TYPES OF COLLISION : - ^
straight line ,
a
sic
mi
There are two types of collision (i) Elastic collision
(ii) Inelastic collision.
r , . ) along
^
I ' j^et us consider two smooth non-rotating balls of masses mt and m2 ,
with velocities vl and v 2 (vl > v 2 ) respectively, in the same direction. They collide
nn
moviny
•

ELASTIC COLUSION : - they move along the same straight line without rotation. *

jg rd after collision ,
DEFINITION : - velocities after collision be vl / and M2 I respectively as shown in
Let their
P
'St In the ideal case when no k . E . is lost, the collision rs said to
perfectly elastic. * fig 3.9
As the collision is perfectly elastic , so applying the law of conservation of
OR we have
E momentum,
Elastic collisions are those in which both linear momentum and kirn
energy are conserved ) i. e remain constant.
Explanation : -
The above statament means (hat two conditions must be satisfiedfo ' V, V
.
V' . V \

elastic collision . Firstly, total momentum before and after collision must rents'
the same and secondly, total r%
kinetic energy before and after collision mtf m m,
m m,

also remain the same. After collision

Before collision
Example : - Fig . 3 9

,
When a hard ball is dropped on a hard smooth marble floor fro T
certain height , it rebounds
where rt was dropped Thus, the ball
) to very nearly the initial he ght f
loses negligible ( r t L M )
. ^
{
T Momentum of the system!= t Momentum
L befor collision
+ m
mlvi 2 2 V = m1V 1
J [
/+m v /
2 2
after
of the
collision
system

0 )
!
J

energy in the collision with the floor

 NEW P
or / _= m v / - m v the value of v 2 from equation (6) im equal ,on (7),
mtvi “ mivi 2 2 2 2 'i;
pu« ln9 e get
*
NOTE !
Of ( v ~
mi 1 vi
/
)=m
2
(V2 -
' 2V )

As the collision is elastic, so the K.E is also conserved.

(2 ) --, +
nrv i 1101 2 2
V 1 m V m2 v1"v +v )
2
“
^ /
m1 i mivi 2v 2-» 2V 1+rn2v 2-rruv
v = +m
- Physics From the conservation of K.E we have or /+m l m _ " I

- Chemisj (
,
k E of the system ! = f K E of the system l
.
of
m v1
1 2vi 1v 1~m2v + 2m v 1 2
L before collision J L after collision j
/
v ( rni'fm2 ~
^m vi ( mrm2^2m2v
- BiologJ 'A m , vt
2+ VJ m v22 = /
’*
2
m, / + / m v v 2 1
2
2 2
' 2 or
m1 ' 2i!
?.

Multiplying both sides of equation by 2 we get 0<

/
'

CompJ v = V
1
- 12 /2 m1+m2
MatheJ or
mtV
.
m11
12
+ m V
2 2
2 m

v 2 - mivi /2 = m2v
„
riv m
- m2 V
v
2 2

22
*
22 aga,n from the
' ,
equat on t 4 ) we get ,
OBJECT y

Physics 1
or /2
-v1 ) = m2 (v2 /2 v )
- 22 /
v = v2
,, / / ) m (v + v )(v /
- equation (2) that
Chemii I
,
or m ( v + v )(v 1-v 1 = 2
Dividing equation (3) by equation (2) we get
2 2
^ v2)
( 3) As we know

Vi
"m
from

- m1v 1' = m2v 2 - m 2v / y

0

Vlathel
fL
Biolog ) ,
/ -
m1(v1+v )(Vi v 1) /
m2 v2
( + v
'A
2 v2 v2)
)( - or V
^
2 2
=m + m2v 2 - mri
«v

tct /Vitj
m1 ( v1 - / )
/)
, m2
^ 2 - v2) putting the value cf / from v

m 2v 2 = mHv1+m2v 2 - m1(v 2 + v 2 - v )
/
equ. (9) in equation (10) we get

' ,
.

\ ZEEI>
or /
(v1+v ) = ( v2 + v2 _
,-v / - v / ) = .. (v /. v or m v
2 2
/= m v + m v -m
1 1 2 2 j IT VJ + m.v
^ /-
hysic
or (v
2
) =( v
/) W
or m 2v 2
I + m1v 2 /
= 2m v + m v - m.v
1 1 2 2 1
It is to be noted that before collision ( v 1 - v2) is the velocity of first t-
he mi or (m1+m2)v2' = 2m1v1+(m2 m1)v2 -
O
/ elative to the second ball . Similarly, ( v
' / - v?
relative to the second ball after collision. It means that relative velocities
) is the velocity of the first ball
or 2m1 m2

) mpi before and after the collision has the same magnitude but are reversed v2/ = V .+
1
after the collision. In other words, the magnitude of relative velocity of m1+m2
approach is equal to the magnitude of relative velocity The equations ( 8 ) and ( 11)) give the values of v / '
and v 2 in terms of the

known quantities ,
2 1mvm
v and v 2
.

^
PECIAL CASES:
CASE (i)
when the masses of two balls are equal i. e.
m 1 =m2
so equation (8) becomes
Calculation of and v 2 : ,
(m - m 2) vf 2m2 v 2

Equation ( 4 ) can be writen as

v1 =
' (m « + m2
/
v2 = vrv +
2 Vf
/
(6) ^
and equation (? ) can be written 0 x v1

/« -- m.v

n / nnnrx
 NEW P Case (i) !
v
* ij
v / = 0 + V2
, 2m 1 * v 1
or Vl ° V2' (12) ©©m m
v = 2 4-
( 0) » (0)

NOTE! From equation ( 11) Before collision

2 m1 2m 1
2m1 /rr - rrO /= v1
Physics
v2 /= .
v: + ^ V
2 :'
v2 (151

Chemis ,ruUS oN
3 iologJ
m 1 + m2 m ,I + m
Putting the values m 1 = m2 . we get
I

>V
V
C N
k
'
° rest equations
v
I. e. 2 = 0
(14) and (15)show th
, then the first ball

rompul 2m v , ,
(0) v2 is at
n d ball of mass m 2 whid

/latherl v2 =
' +
2m 1
w
m.
After
m
"Vine sec ° *
v ’ (that of first ba collision as shown shown in tig
collision
)BJEC
tysics ^
' f or v2 =
CONCLUSION ( JT )
V
1
( 13) F >9 - 3.10 3.11 - ,
mp e *‘
that
1
wfv na biltfard ba v mov*n9 on table collides with exactly
We see C
-
H
The above two equations ( 12) and ( 13) prove that the two
lemif It? change their velocities after collision as shown in the fig 3.10 .
balls
Dlog) ,
ithei i
CASE (ii)
When the mass m2 is at rest i.e. v2 = 0 and m 1 = m 2 CASESUD
•ssSS |n this case , initial velocity v 2
= 0
° "
Wh6n 3 h9ht b dy C° ldeS With a massive b°dy at rest

l
l
. IVlt ) Now using the equation (8) and m 2
» m 1

EEI\ I f
m1 m2 2m2 very large as compared to m 1 , so can be neglected i . e . m = 0. <

Asm2 is

SIC
v1
' « V, +
1
V
2 Using the equation (8 )

mi
lm1 +m2 >/
Putting the values m 1 = m2 and v2 = 0 we get
l m 1 +m2 )
vJ1 =
m1 + m 2 V
m1 ~m2
^ v.1 +
2m2

m 1+ m2 V
v2

v = 0 and m , = 0 mn
Case (ii) v ’, = 0 v' j = V Putting the values 2
, 1 Case

r
—^ )|v fonjP
-m2 v =0
V v2 = 0
V1 = 1 + ^ * (0)
©
m V m2; m
m . . >•
; 2 m
Belore collision
m m2 After collision
or /
v = - v1 + 0
(16)
v' * 0
v, •
Before collision Fig. 3 11 K equation
vi - ~

(11 )
v’ * *v
am
Similarly , by using
0 v1 2m , x (0) f 2m1 ,
mj- m \
,

'-
rrt

v 1/ =
2m1 2rn1
v2
m «1+m
V ,1
h Attei collision
Fig 312

v / |
= (14 , Puttting the values , = 0 we have
°
Again using equation (11)
m =
2 x (0)
0 , v 2
(m 2 - 0) * (0)

2m1 m2 - rn 1 J
V = +
2
r / (0) + m2 0 + m2
f- v2 s
.
VI + V
* 2
m2 )
or v7 = 0 + 0 = 0
(17)
2 2
,
Putting the values m * m and v = 0 we have |
r
^ | s Q
that first ball of mass ml after
°
MCLUSI0N Equations (16) and (17) show

JL &
EW P,
* collision will bounce back with the same velocity while second ball
of
remain stationary as shown in fig (3.12) maSs
CASE ( iv) When a massive body collides with light stationary ( /
^
c u ) b0cj
In this case m 1»m and v =0 As ml is very large as v
/ sics 2 2 compar Mass
so m2 can be neglected i. e . m = 0 edt0 0 f the secon d ball = m = HOg = 0.1
2
? mi
2 MaSS first ball befor e _
Using the equation (8) city of the collis ion = v k
vein
m , +rh2J 2m2 ) veincity of the second bail before collision
v = / .
v: + V

C00
2
lm1 +m2 velocity of 1 st . ball aft v1V =
vmt m2 /
+
Siting the values m2 = 0 and v2 = 0 we get velocity of 2nd . ball r
v2 . ?
m1 2 x0 otA:
)

v.1 fo»« ‘

2m2
* x 0
Im ' *0 J
m1
,+ m
or vJ = v. - 0

. E = ., ~ 08) CALCUL(0ATIONSUsing
•
_ the ab ove formula
i >
, we put the values and get as
S ~ a' .s ': equator *
1
2m to #5 -
'

v-i ,- h * : — — * H/ (0.07 - 0.14) x 9 2 x 0.14

re sa ^ e /a
m m2 y 1

we r a v e
Im
1 ^m2 >*
i* v •
=
(0.07 + 0.14)
+
0 07 * 0.14
X (0)

or - 0.07 x 9 +(0)
V
2m.
- v1 II +
<
fI ° |IX O
-
Cas (W)
7, =
v1
021
*
JD. +0 / , Im.+ O ,/
*
v
V =0 y / =-3ms" ‘
Ans.
X 2 *
= /* J

. 2 v. j
’s - (5) FORMULA:-
CONCLUSION;- 2m 1 m2 m1
equations (18;
m
V
'
2
= V +
1 . V
2
Before co sion
m1+ m 2 m 1+m2
and (1 show that the hear/ V = vf
ood / of mass m, after collision Putting the values, v/ e get
2 *0.07 (0.14 - 0.07)
w i corfjnue to move with the
r 6
same velocity in the same
direction , while the light body
m
m,
After collision
v 2 -=
'(0.07 +
x
0.14
9
)
+
(0.07 + 014 )
* (0)

of mass m after collision will or 0.14 0.14

2 Fig. 3.13
move in the same forward
velocity of the first body of mass r ! , i.e 2v
”
direction with nearly (U./ ) twice the
' '
vV2 =
0.21
x 9 + (0)

|. as shown in the fig 3.13. y .

EXAMPLE 3.4;- *
<

— Hence /
V = 6 ms 2
- 1 Ans
]
4 A 70 g ball collides with an other
velocity of the first ball is 9 ms-1 to
ball of mass 140g. The initial
the right while the second ball is at
EXAMPLE 3.5:-
A 100g golf ball is mov ng to the . ngj
velocitv of 20ms
tially at rest. Comp ute
'1. It

' rest. If the collision were perfectly

two velocities after collis
ion ?
elastic what would be the velocity ofthc makes a head on collision with an » g
*
velocities of the balls after collision.
^ %
 NEW P
* SOLUTION:-
DATA :-
Mass of the golf ball = m 1 = 100g = 0.1 kg 3,0
NOTES 1
velocity of golf ball before collision = v 1 = 20 ms
'

Physics Mass of steel ball = m2 = 8kg SJf'

Chemisj velocity of steel ball before collision = v2 = 0
1fron
m , * A force
is exerted ( c 6 ) on the wall.
^ I * S ®S a wall

5 o oq J TO FIND:- v Mine velocity I

"C I 0)
00
0)
velocity of golf ball after collision = =?
velocity of steel ball after collision = \/2 = ?
FORMULA:-
^
c0
e5 tO
rest on striking the wall. Thus.
change in .
velocity = FinaUeioc ty - - initial
=0-v
1 .
velocity
and

M
N
sJ ^
7 ^

DBJECJ m m2 ^ —
2m2 > or
,
velocity = - v
change in
J

' m.+m Mlm,+m p

= - -
Jj|
V the water
'nys / cs 1
mass nV of strikes the wall in time % then according to "J
1 2 1
f
law cf momentum, the force F; on the water is given
hemi; CALCULATIONS : - peon's second by
Putt ng the va ' ues the formula , we get HHI I ^
change in momentum i
ofog|
; in
_' F=
(0.1 - 8) 2 x8 Time V'
athe| L v =
(0.1 + 8 )
x 20 +
*
(0.1 +8)
( 0) = mx (-y) = - mv
Ail
‘
t t
- 7.9 x 20 - 7.9 x 20 ~(m) v
v
ZEEP v =
'_ 8.1
+ ( 0) =
8.1
or
F=
t
0) J

ysic
( ii )
or
FOR
£
MULA:-
/
= - 19.5 ms -1
Ans.
or Force = - (mass per second) x (change in velocity) l
emi This is formula for the force exerted by the wall on water.
(2m , 1
logf (vn,+m ) .1 +
According to Newton's third law of motion, the reaction force exerted

CALCULATIONS : -
- V =
2
/

2
V
by the water on the wall is equal but opposite .

Thereforce, equation (1) can be written as

Putting the values in the formula we get - (-mv)
F=
2 x 0.1 8 - 0.1 t
v2 =
V
'
(0.1+ 8) .
* 20 +
(0.1 + 8)
x (0) Hence,
F=
mv
(2)
or 0.2 x 20 t
v =
2 '8.1
+ (0)
Thus, force can be calculated from the product of mass of water striking

or normally per second and change in velocity .

0.2 x 20 ms -1
v2/ = — - 0.49 ms 1 Example:- 1
8.1 a ine
pipe at 3 kgs and its
Suppose the water flows out from
Hence j /
v2 = 0 5 ms 1 '

J Ans 1
velocity changes from 5 ms to zero on ' striking the wall , the
RESULT : -
CALCULATIONS:- -1
0) Velocity of golf ball after collision Mass per second - m - 3Kgs
is, - 19.5 ms-l -1
5 m
(< o Velocity of steel ball after
collision is 0.5 ms 1 '
change in velocity = V - 3 0
.
 V
Al P
m*v In
Force = = 3 x 5 = 15N I
159
t
F = 15 N Ans. [B PLOSION OF A SHELL:-
(JytfjiA ) explodes
in When a shell
;ics EXAMPLE 3.6 : - According to the law of conservator
ctions - !7" *V '
S pieces
% « in ditfw -
°
^ '
A hose pipe ejects ) water at a speed of 0 3 m ? -i entdife hat 1
• otal mo-
nis f all its pieces = Initial momentum of the slfc
2
hole of area 50 cm . If the water strikes a wall normally c ^\ menturT we suppose that the falling bomb ap|odes
T 1 0

^ gy If
ipu
ie
force on the wall, assuming the velocity of water normal
zero after striking.
SOLUTION:-
DATA: -
tyi I

!
into

^
bom
two
the
6
pieces
momenta
combine
as

by
shown
of the
vector
in
two
the (fig 314
.
.
pjece Qf
a Son 0 «
^
, °J
Speed of water = 1 0.3
v = ms - 1
,he original momentum
OF A RIFLE :.
1 '

speed of water normal to the wall = v 2 = 0 FIRING

Area of the hole of pipe = A = 50 cm 2
= 005 m 2
(2 ) ,
considerano fler example

IB
,

'3 the mass of a bullet

Density of water = p = 1000 kgm a gun . Let m ' be
of firing
TO FIND:- rifle of mass M' with a velocity V. mv
a
( j/) fired from
Force exerted by water on wall = F =
' ?
firing ,the gun and bullet are at
Before
FORMULA: - the momentum of the both is zero . That is
1

E Mv = Momenentum change per sec firing = 0 (D

Total momentum before
t velocity of the Fig. 3.14
IC After firing , suppose the
CALCULATIONS: - v and the velocity of the rifle become v1
1\ volume of water per jl = Areaxdistanc e = 0.005 x 0.3 bullet becomes
7 (2)
firing = mv + Mv
!
second striking the wall J = 0.0015 m 3 Total momentum after
of momentum ,
Knowing the formula, Density = Mass/ volume According to the law of conservation
Total momentum after firing
we can write Total momentum before firing =
(1) and (2) we get
Mass per second striking the wall = voumexDensi! / Putting the values from equations
= 0.0015 x 1000 = 1.5 kg
velocity change of water on striking the .vail = 0.3- 0 = 0.3 ms 0 = mv + M\/
(3)
Mv = - mv ..
Force = Momentum change per second ( v F =rnv/t) or
or
'_
y/ = mv ... W
Putting the values , we get
2 -A
F = 1.5 0 3 = 0.45 kgms
x 2 (kgms M equal and oppo
'

of the rifle is thus

Equation (3 shows
) that the mome ntum
much greater than
Hence F= 0.45N Ans. of the rifle is
bullet . Since mass only a
^ the SJ
.
3.9 MOMENTUM AND EXPLOSIVE
^
to the momentum of
6 bullet, it results that the rifle moves back or recoils (tt? £
£ * )
* '
FORCES:- ( Ji fraction of the velocity of the bullet.
)
There are many examples which prove that momentum change -
But
produced by explosive ( Jb JfS^ system
) forces within an isolated
we shall discuss with two examples only.
IEW P
I
' 3.11. ROCKET PROPULSION ( p if)

PRINCIPLE OF ROCKET MOTION:- change in momentum per 161

gut second i13 e aj to
OTE ?
lysics
The motion of a rocket is an application of the law of conse
mentum and Newton's third law of motion. A rocket has a combustion
Nation
) is burnt and jets ( L- /f )of hot qases
Cha
0f e|eC
ed
*K
gases in downward direction
F=
.
Therefore,
_
^
(1) '
the force P of

lemis
(
which liquid or solid fuel c/ *
out ( inb& A ) with a very high velocity from an opening ( tby J ) .
s
are 6|ec|W
t
^I , According
jn the
upward
to Newton ' s third law

direction This upward

of motia an
*
force is known as hrust
ce acts on the
olog j produced

) mp ^ if, ) of the rocket The gases rushed out ( t 5

downward momentum and the rocket moves upward to balance ( c -
*) from the
rocket |
i
^ I
Lgte
W
rfc rSail
en 9 lne on the body f the_ ck t
°
Thrust F = M ^
? ft M
!
be mass of the rock
et . Then
,
^ 2
ath
momentum of the gases; as shown in fig 3.15 .
WORKING :-
The rocket gains momentum equal to the momenti
^
a HiH HLl But
Therefore
or
F = mv JI
, a M - mv
^
mv
^
(tf> ) from the backside of the engine M ( 3)
but in oposite direction according
RESULT :- j
to the law of conservation of As the times passes the mass M’ of the rocket decreases due to the
,

momentum The rocket engines burning of fuel end ejec on of gases . Hence , the value of acceleration of the

continue to expel(Ir’ tfxl ) gases of the rocket increases .

rocket when the rocket has started

3.12. PROJECTILE MOTIONs-
moving As this process continues,
DEFINITION OF PROJECTILE:- ( JUf )
the rocket gains more and more is thrown upward making a certain a e
body ' 9' with the
'
When a .
i g
/SIC momentum with the time and speed horizontal and moves freely under the action of gravity , it is called a projectile
of (he rocket goes on (tuijjlr ) increasing TRAJECTORY:-
?m i
bll the engines operate ( cf' t ) . / DEFINITION:-
Fuel in the form of liquid or solid Fig 3.15 0X5 The path followed by the projectile is called its trajectory The
and oxygen is stored in a rocket engine . Therefore , it can work at great hep trajectory (path) of a projectile is usually (1/ ) a parabola . Such a m e t o'
where no air is present. In order to provide (It /i? ) enough upward thrust the body is called projectile motion .
typical L'V* )rocket consumes ) about 1000kg- s 1 of fuel to overcome
'
EXAMPLES OF PROJECTILE MOTION:-
1 This
( : ; i J ) gravity and ejects ( t ) the burnt gases at seeds of 4000 ms- . (I ) A football kicked off by a player
Si shows that most of the mass of rocket, that is 80% ,is due to its fuel. (ii) A ball thrown by a cricketer
m In order to solve the problem of mass of fuel , several rockets joined (iii) A missile fired from a launching pad
together are used Thus if one rocket finishes its fuel, then it is discarded (iv) A thrown base ball
and at the same time other rocket starts working to carry the space craft (v ) Bullet (ii / ) fired from the gun at some
These are examples of projectiles because all of them are projected
) further up at very great speed
angles with the
FORMULA FOR THE ACCELERATION OF ROCKET:- horizontal.
NOTE : not act on the projectile
y relatjVf , is assumed that air resistance does
Let m be the mass of the gas ejected per second with velocity
'
P
to the rocket Then 4 Ik
- ®- -> *OJECTILE
DEFINITION:-
MOTION:-
change in momentum per second of the ejected gases = mv that is th with an initial
Projectile motion is the motion of a body
v
then moves under the action of gravity
 OR vertical distance y covered by ball k
e fore ^ jnf
3 vertical direction
Projectile motion is defined as two dimensional motion rne ' is gwe n by
undercon 0 « y -3 y=
V+ 1/2 gt 2
celeration due to gravity.
(a) Special case of Projectile Motion:- But viy = 0
y = 0 + 1/2 gt2
(0 When body is projected horizontally:- 2
, y = 1/2 9 {
(2) /
Consider the example of a ball thrown horizontally with a CM * Hence
from a certain height. It is observed that the ball moves forward t . T>
well as ( J $ ) falls downwards, until it strikes the ground. ° fiHMfl Horizontal distance covered by the projectile (ball) in
, any time ‘f
Suppore the ball leaves the en as
hand of the thrower at point A as *
Y
^ x = v x t
Vert ical distance covered bv th« k

—
proje ctile (ball ) in any time T is
shown in the fig3.16 (a ). It is seen 00
that its velocity is completely given as y= gt2.
^ £ „

--
d

-
.
Gen eral case of Pro iect ile Moti on whe n th h
# body B Projected
at som e
»
V ,

horizontal. Let this veloc ity be vx '

0
'

with the hori zont al

, ,, ,
rrrv
The ball continues to move with angle
C
Supp ose that a proje ctile is fired from a point ( wfth

mzrrr
the same horizontal velocity throughout
Fig . 3.16(a)
its motio n , if the air resis tance
(or friction ) is neglected. At the same time the ball falls due to the
is stud ied by reso lving it into
attraction of earth ( i .e gravity) and it has an acceleration
'g ' in the downward proje ctile
.
direction It means that the vertical veloc vy ity of the veloc ity s
increase at ever hoz
e
.
onta
comp
l and
onen
veriti
ts of
ca ! comp
initia l
onen
veloc ity
ts
along
- »v
*
7
t
instant Such a motion of the ball is called projectile motion. are given
iv ,
hot ? onta l and vertic al direc tion V.
Hence, at any insta nt ( J ) the veloc ity of the proje ctile has two V, h

components (W ).
as follows:
y
,0 1
^
(
Horizontal component of velocity - vjx = v cosO [
Horizontal component ( z j 1 ) i .Q . component along x - axis
*

.
(J) veloc ity = v = v . sinO V , v , CM 0
Vertical component of (y
» v,«oe
v
yert/cal component ( Z j ) / ) i .e vertical component along y - axis .
1. Horizontal Component:
force actin g
-
along the horiz onta
¥

l direc tor
.
it has been observed that the horiz onta l com pone nt of velo cjfly // As there is no
honz onta
throu ghou t the motio n , thus
, comp onen t of veloc ity cons tant
" -
r - e n > unchanged since no force is acting on the bail |
ini the hori zont al
cele ratio n is zero I.e a * 0
remai ns
. .
L® alon g x am , so acce lera tion in this direc tion is zero i « veloc ity at any irrsta n » Q
^
Horizontal component of
ax “
horizontal distance V cove °
red by ball In time T is give n Vertical Component : -
vx
v
* |X Vj COf 0

vert ical dire ction the verti cal

X / 1 /» , acc eler
Now
atio n
we
due
cons
to grav
ider
ity
the vert
ic given by
ical moti on Along

but a / •0
IX V >
|M
L
tfuttutttrtr IlfltflttltHllt
(
,
D
g
*y velocity in the upward direction h
component of the

-
It
/•
' / <• hell aoc > rites f Ju ,? / £ / ) downward und er " (4)
v y v sinO by
yawt / along the vertical ffirKCiD Ht nco, - _
Uvh vertical component vf of the velocity at any insta nt is given

-* * « * /
vfy.
VA m v ~ gt
* >
' c <: ' *- / - i
/ vertical direction r. / oro I e
 1 C
EW P

It Sim j Putting the value of v |y from equ. ( 4 ) we get

vfy = V sine - gt ( 5 ) or - 2gh = - y2 sin2e 165
3 TES |
Magnitude of Resultant velocity:- or
h-
V,2
sin20
ysics The magnitude of rusultant velocity of a projectile 2g
(9)
al any |lnS ,
emis found by using the formula
’
:

V =

Putting the values of v

^ vfx
2+
Vfy
2

and v in equation (6) we get

(6)
' tlSthet0talti
^ forwhichthe
,, ,
OR
til ins in air.
'
^ 2
v = V (vjcos8) + (vt ^ sine - gt )2
Time
back
taken
to the ground is
I ,
by the project e 0 reach the
denQ (e<j
maximum height and then
to
bne
2 2 2 2
= vvi cxDS e+v| sine +g2t2-2v sirie r FOR TIME OF FLIGHT

= vv
2^ 2
2
cose +
2
2
sine ) + g 2
^ -
(

2v , ^ EXPRE
r «« SSI O N
Ucal distance
bod same level, so it covers no

or v = \ v + g ! - 2v -gt sine =h=0

P)
Th s equation (7) gives the magnitude of resultant , •

Ve ccir W vertical
;? , .
. t. due I ^
„A
velocity of projectile = vry = u Clinf
instant to gravity = a = -g
—> izeieration n
D>ection of Velocity v. .-
ys xa! distance = S =
resultant velocity v makes an angle o with the
* fireeffngM = t - /

horizonta
:s ejection is gven by the equation of motion
y
v sin© - gt s = Vjy t+ 1/2 gt2
Tan? =— - =
V . V cos9 Putting the values , we get
or / Vj sin© - gt (8) 0 =v ( sin6t - !4 gt2
1
9 = Tan 1 -
V, cos 0 J or 2
1/2 gt =V| sinOt

MAXIMUM HEIGHT OF THE PROJECTILE:- (n or t 2 = 2v

sin8t
;

Q_
In order to find the maximum height h ‘ attained1 ( t /ft )
Drc ec : e dunng its motion, we use the followi g data
* )
t = 2 v ; sine (10)
R
RANGE OF THE PROJECTILE:-
Initial vertical velocity of projecti e = vjy = v sinG
' ^ DEFINITION:-
Acceleration = a = -g
Maximum distance covered (brj/2- ) by the projectile in the horizunta .
(because body moves upward Section is called the range of projectile. It is denoted by R .
final velocity of projectile = =0 OR
from the pout ci
(because the body comes to rest at the highest point ) The horizontal distance covered by the projectile
projection to the point projection , /s called
where it returns .o l volof
’

Maximum height reached = S = h horizontal range ( J lfj1 )

' * •

Using the equation of motion EXPRESSION FOR RANGE:- body rem ins
As the horizontal component of t ® 0f projected
2gs = vf2 - v 2
c n$ range is covete V
Fufting the values , we get ° tant throughout the motion , so the
2(- g ) (h ) = 0 - v 2 sin 20 °°nstant component of velocity.
I ln order to
) find the range 0 projectile , we use the to
^
 Range ( distance ) R = Horizontal component of velocity x \ \ v THE MAXIMUM HEIGHT
rne
' '•
or R = v(/ t ( 11 )
where t ' is the total time taken by the body to hit the 9r 1^
P^ Ef "9 the projectile reaches the maximum height I
veiocity at the top becomes zero i.e
=Q
, then tte vertical
pen
°
Uri(j
*° m
ucs leaving the point of projection i.e. time of flight

iv ic Ji
velocity of projectile = = vi sinO .
fproiectile = v = 0 , ^
ni s
As we know that
,
v x = v ( cos0 ^ | era
^° maximun height = = ?
>9 t = 2 V.i sine Acce to r each the
taken
g Time Using the eqation:
»p putting the values in equation (11) we get = “ ai
vfy viy
R = v cos0 * 2 v:i sin0 the value s , we get
;
putting
g 0 = v sin0 -- Q\!
(

2 x (2 sin0cos0)
or R= v or ;
A
g
2
(2 sin0cos0=
,
sin2e
or 1
R = vI sin20
, ( 12 )
AL = »
THA T TWO RAN GES ARE EQU AT 30 AND 60
g TO PROVE of range
i < Using the form ula
rim.
- r I This is formula for the range of projectile. 2
R v sin20
F The above equation (12) shows that range R ' of projectile depen-

.r
g
upon the velocity of projection and the angle of projection .
°
Putting 0 = 30 , we get
2 sin60
MAXIMUM HORIZONTAL RANGE (Rmax ) 2 °
I
' R 1< = v1 sin(2 30 =
x ) v ° g
C The horizontal range of projectile is given by ¥
2
R = vi sin20 or R1„ = v. xQ.866 . (D

9 g
If the velocity . Vj' and g' are constant , then the horizontal range R
'
the value 6 = 60 ° , we get
And putting
R 1 2 sin(2 60) = v,2 sint 10
depends upon the value of sin20’ (i. e. R varies with sin20 ) It means that
* i s R 2 = Vl *
S 9
maximum ( oAJ^ sAJ ) when sin20 is maximum. Then 2 x 0.866 (2)
or R2 = V ,
The maximum value of sin20 = 1 g
(1) and (2) we get
Comparing equations
But °
sin90 = 1
(3)
R1 = R 2 angle s of
sin20 = sin90° rang es are sam e at the
Equation (3) shows that two
or 20 = 90° Ejection , 30 " and 60°
or 0 = 45° NOTE: (i) - Range = R = 0 when 0 = 0 and 90
°
LAW OF MO TIO N:-
Hence, for maximum horizontal range , the angle of projection should »
()
ILLUSTRATIONS ^ ( l >» ) OF THE FIRS T
•
s first law clear som e
conc ept clear of New ton
Put R = R max In order to make the
2
v sin(2 x 45) v sin90 12 common —
examples of inertia are given as hplOW.
bus the bus com es to rest .

£
'
Rmax 1) app lied to a fas ) will
When brakes are objects
but sin90 = 1°
g g
but, due to inertia , the passengers
inn at
^
the sam e spe ed and in the
(end (txrjl ) to continue their motion
= 9 2/ ( 13)
'
Rmax vi
i
 W 01

VP
T same direction Therefore, all of them will be thrown forward Hi 168
(2) A car standing on the road without petrol remains at rest Th

anuds ' ng

^
peed
rE
require a lot of effort to start it moving but once starts movin
n
* ° t cannot be
slight push ) will keep it rolling ). ° |
^
ICS ( 3) When we hit the carpet with a stick, the dust particles 3re re
ov
^ d 85 ) ) vertical
6 motions .
m This is due to the reason that when the carpet is hit, the carpet
comes in motion, but the dust particles continue to stay in their
e I* " '
The
shooting ( t «f ) of a missile on a selected distance spot jJ
_ _ L
( ) an im-
•g positions due to inertia of rest. Hence, the particles are rernov T t major '
(
* ) element ( /
» ) of
* warfare (
rfgj £ .
>),

p the carpets- rQrri Portant

The air friction and wind make difficult to calculate the correct angle of pro-
missile at the moment cf launching (Ut ). The actual flights are
dropped from an aeroplane does not fall vertically (i,/ j b ieClion f r ballistic ,
( 4) A bomb
describes a curved or parabolic path. This is so because the d out ° ) to h 9h de9ree of accuracy (J' ») and the results are kept in
bomb worke
has two velocity components. :-
BALLIST IC MISSILES
O)'
A horizontal component equal to the velocity of the aero
plane USES ballistic missiles are useful only for short ranges for which the initial
The
at the time it was dropped. large .
is not very much
component in the downward direction velocity
00 The vertical is due to
For long ranges and greater accuracy , powered and remote control
gravitational pull. The resultant of these two velocities leads

(5)
to the motion of the dropped bomb in a curved path.
A body put into motion will continue moving with constant velocity if air
guided missiles
Interesting
are
information
used
s:
of
-
.

two balls released simultane ous

_ from a
1 A photograph
resistance and friction are totally eliminated. allows one ball to drop freely while the other is projected horizon -
APPLICATION TO BALLISTIC MISSILES
BALLISTIC FLIGHT:-
mechanism
,
ism that
(a At any time the two balls
of air
are at
friction
the
,
same
the
level .
2 In the presence For Your Information
DEFINITION: - trajectory of a high speed projectile falls
Ideal Path
A flight in which a projectile is given an initial push and is then allow : short of a parabolic path.
-
to move freely due to inertia ( JS ) and under the action of gravity is called

^
Actual Path
ballistic flight
BALLISTIC MISSILE: - is called
;
a ballistic missile . EXAMPLE 3.7: the
An un lowered and unguided missile 30 ms - 1 in a direction 30 o above
A ball is thrown with a speed of
BAL LISTIC TRAJECTORY:- time of flight and the
which it risest , the
The path followed by the ballistic missile is called ballistic trajectory . horizon . Determine the height to

EXPLANATION OF BALLISTIC MISSILES: - horizontal range.

the superp 05 ® 0 S0LUTION :-
A ballistic missile moves in a way that is the result of
) of two independent ( ijT ) motions. First motion is a straight line in - DATA :-
* Speed of the ball = v, = 30 ms -1

flight ) in the direction of launch ( ti ) arid second motion

vertically gravity fall. ^ Angle = 0 = 30
Accelerat ion due
°
to gravity = g = 98 ms
' 2

According to lav/ of inertia, an object should move straight offin

partiesiculariy Find
* : - nses h »?
direction thrown , at constant speed equal to its initial speed ball '

--
(i) Height upto which the
empty space U * th downward force of gravity will change its straight I) Ft ?
Horizontal range
arth aS ^
FO MULA: (i) "
iri|n a curved path. or short ranges (distances ) considering the
:

the path r, parabolic l : it the f irth is actually (&,£ ) considered as sPheri

£
* - For Height:-
N P
vi 2 sin20
h=
(« > Angle of projection = e =
60 °
2g Acceleration due to gravity = g = 9 8 ms-2
TES CALCULATIONS: - nD ' °
;ics Using the formula and putting the values, we get
' 2
(3O) «(sin0) 2 900 x (0.5) 2
TOF ' Case I when 0 = 45
range = R max
Til h=
Maximum by balf = h = ?
2 x 9.8 19.6 Height reache d
or h = 11.48 = 11.5 m nearly 0 II when 6 = 60 °
Cas range = R max = ?
P h = 11.5 m Ans Maximum
'ie (ii) Time of Flight Height reache d Ly
:-For Height
FORMULA: -
EC 2V:1 sinO Case I
t= Using the formu
g
CALCULATIONS:-
h =v £
Putting the values in the above equation, we get
Putting the values, we get
I, t = 2 x 30 *(sin 30) 2 ( sin45)2
h = ( 30) *
9.8 2g
= 60 x 0.5 = 3.1s 2
or h = 900 * (0 707 )

9.8 19.6
Hence t = 3.1s Ans . or h = 22.9 m

OH ) Horizontal Range Maximum Range -

formula for maximum range
FORMULA:- using the
2
2 2 sin90 = v,
2
R = 2v sin20 Rmav = v sin20 = v, 1
ifc » 7 Mia X

g 9 .9
CALCULATIONS:- # Putting the values , we get
2 = 91.8 m
Using the above formula and putting the value we get
2
R
' max
= (x 301
9.8
) = 900
—98
R = (30) sin (2 x 30) = 900 xsin60
I- 9 Hence Rmax = 91.8 m
9.8 98
Case II For Height when 0 = 60°
or R = 90MLfifi6
Using the formula
98
v sin20
2
R = 79 5 rn Anc h=
2g
EXAMPLE 3.8 -
Putting the values, we get
In e / ample 3.7 calculate the maximum range and the
heigh
' 2
h = (30) «(sin60 )2 = 900 « ( 866)2
reached by the ball i\ the angle of projection are (i) 45° (ii) 60 ' 196
SOLUTION - 2 *9 8
h = 34 4 m)
DATA - Speed Fof
*Uxlm um Range
the b<; V( 30 ms 1 '
range is given by

Ar , 'e of ( protect •0 = 45
Formula used for maximum
CO °
 ^
vi2sin26
;

nit of Accelerati
a w
on :-
ol occeleiMon m .
„ „,
Vs ?r=?=
max “
* TM * (sMW)1
*^
=..
9
fE
;ics
Putting the values, we get

^ max “
2
(30) * sin 120 (6=60 )
° 3 i
i
.
98 object is thrown vertically upward
B| H |
^^ Jal^r
an p against the
ms or Rnax = 900 xQ 866
9A
An :
*
*
When
direction of grevCT !?sRf? Jtion
ce|
,I
& velocity, is taken as negative because the direction 0
[
Hence Rmax = 79 7m Ans .
the direction
Hp ,
of
•
velocity of the object moving upward

° ^
QUESTIONS WITH " T Z7 * 1 hen f acc n relative

Q.1. What is the difference between uniform and variable

ANSWER; velocity
to velocity
acceleration
ti be taken as positive because velocity of the object and
will
g ' ire in the same direction.

direction when acceleration

the velocity of an object reverse
y Can
From the explanation of variable velocity , define acceleration
Give SI units of velocity and acceleration.
0.3
is constant ? Tf so give. an example ?
reverse direction with
>g. Ans > UNIFORM VELOCITY:- ( tijJiZ ) Ans:-
Yes the.velocity an object can
acceleration.
If a body covers (LJk- ) equal displacements in equal mte-
constant vertically upward under
ie For example, when a body is thrown
^ due to gravity
)of time however ) small may be , the body is sac tc
nave uniform velocity Its motion is said to be uniform
grav ty .
the velocity of the body
the
goes on
body reaches
decreasing
the maximum height , its
actin downward
j When
.

E in other worsts the velocity of a bod)' is said to be unfa — f

vel >city becomes zero , and then the body reverses
During the
its director
whole
and
process
tc both its magnitude arc director dc no! change moving back vertically downward
starts due to gravity
VARIABLE VE^OOrTY:- ( ) magnitude of the acceleration
r
Pa roc * covers u n e q u a l > displacements in eoua interval: tr
J*
( ) of motion, the

. remains constant
-

i time t fs sac to oe moving wrtr anaoie veioc .' and ns molicr s ^ correct statement :-
03-4. Specify the even its speed is
p sac tc oe rer jnlfarm - . (a) An object can have a constant velocity

> * ' -
^ne veccrty o5 the oooy TBI :e t srac ie o. e tc char ge r macnn./3t
changing.
speed even its velocity is
o' drectcr o' cor magnruoe anc drection. An object can have a constant
(b)
ACOEL£RATIOh -
^ changing.
•
acceleration is
even its
.
c'a'rge r -er/;n pen unr tee it
* r aooe<effi.uon Ox %<& (c) An object can have a zero velocity

not zero, can

a
*
ZTJO
*
Pie tec
veocn* * f sr an/ r r.«r *' cr<
vecciy Mfidtos f arc
* .
n rt f-ra tme nfc^
arc ite c a . e n eryut/
v

. * (d) An object subjected to a constant

accetertbon

at ^ reverse A velocity .

correct
r J . ** i<
* .* rr> . •
acute or. »<« rate cX change
* ***** ** > Only the statement
Expbntion ;-
(b ) #

vtlodti •
changng
Terefiv
* ne aroefitrartor o.r . . nr rite /a 'X « green By constant speed even fb
constant
* Afi object can have c de < « m have

a
' example when an object moves along a

due to change
*^
,
flection conlouow
A. •
peed but is vekwty change
*
Si unit of vetoctof.-
7he Si unif of wafec y <t per record or me"1
 p
Q . 3.5. A man standing on the top of a tower throws a ball 8 rai , ,,
with initial velocity v ( and at the same time throws a Sec
0 ht ’^ Motion with constant velocity is a
acc eler atio n,
. Is hls
» « n,« 0„
' •
straight downward with the same speed . Which ball win constant ,
? Discuss
E av . this state men t is true Whe
nenn a bod
K
y mov es
larger speed when it strikes the grou nd Igno re air frjct|
5
.
. Yes '
m °nstam
:s
IS
Ans : - Both the balls will have the sam e spee d on strik ing the
We have already read that when a body is project
°n?
9round

ground^,h
AH 5 ' velocity its acceleration is zero because in th, Mse
cha
scc.. .
nge
e
s
ra
at the sam
ion o me boo wN
e
, ,
rate thro ugh out he , * '
,
veloc

H19 s
^ity
.•
3
upward with certain initial velocity, then it will hit the
same velocity Thus , when the ball is thrown straight uo ^ that is equ al to zero As zero is also a cone quantlty therefore. this
_
"
* spe cial case of moti on .
)
^
_

eilK is a
.. ,
, ,
.
) Ui the sam e velo city v whe n it returns b
velocity v( , it will have change in momentum for an oh C SUbiectod 0 a 0 ven
^ Fin d the
Hence , this ball will strike the ground with the same speed Q .3 - 8 .
a give n time and state law h tens
' '
for
*
.,
force
When a second balf is thrown vertically downward with in .
nd with the sam e " I ^' momentum
Vj, it will also strike the grou spee d It resultsS
u » « c n 7 w
^, C 0 Sider
^ "
3
* 01 an Initia l ve
„,,or tim
us
both the cases, the balls will hit the ground with the same sPeed By
the difference is that both the balls will hit the ground at diffpre
Ans:•
" ,, ,
suppose me n e«ema «
* upo

due to different heights.

Q . 3.6 . Explain the circumstances In which the velocity v and
-4 (1)
acceleration a of a car are -4a = vf ~ V
(») Parallel (II) Anti - parallel (III) perpendicular to ono anothOf t

(iv )
4
*—
v Is zero but a Is not (v) a Is zero but v Is not zero. According to Newton s second taw
' the acce lerat ion is given by
-a4=-4F/m .. (2)
Ans:- (I) When the velocity of the car is increasing along a straight*
— ( 1 ) an L|
| j ve get ,
*
4 Comparing equations
^
I 4
then v and a are parallel to eachother
When the velocity of the car is decreasing along a straight
=> 4.
v -v 7 k
/
'

(» )
line or whenever the brakes are applied on the moving car then m t
(3)
—4 or F *t = mvf - mv
velocity v and acceleration a are anti - parallel is the final mom entu m
, and mv ,
Whe re mv is the initi al mom entu .» m * i
an object
path , acc eleration a is in mom entu m for
( ni When the car moves along a circular sho ws that chan ge
/K The equation ( 3 )
—4 time
along radius and velocity v is along subjected to a given force for a give n
be writt en as
tangent Thus , they become r Now equation ( 3 ) can
perpendicular to each other -F - mv-, - mv
4 4 “4
j (4 )

as shown In the fig

^ . „in ( Arms of momentum
' s sec ond law of mo to equ al to the
This is Newton # body #
j
*
do of mo me n ^ of
(iv)
" °" °3m Vi 9 Caf '
" *' ^ Statement :- Rate of chan ge
in mom entu m
m the dire ctio n
deration in the opposite fd the chan ge

^
and comes to reat to applied force <
^
,* oc y v is zero but acceleration a is not zero applied force . linea r
.
n Thus ( * it is rela ted to
'° '
^
that how
i ( v) 03 S movin Wl ,
9 h uniform velocity
a
^
sir along
1 Define impulse and show
momentum?
. '
. , ->
i
, *
road , then
th
«. »lerJt)0n
^ .. zero
but velocity v Is not zero

*
we.
 IMwwtXv r r „
I

Ant > Impulso : * of Inc om ple te Iso lat ed r,

: 178
4
ettI ct
* , ’7
Impulse Is defined as the product of force a d life wh en
, we ha ve

.
t h » big ,.
*• ^
day 0
time " (nf ry
^ . . *" Wh«
Mathematically, it can be expressed as on he adh or
* |n
, ,J , negfaAjffi*jJ
alr h

^
«W be of
Impulse F t
« x Ihe y
force and frte i0na( 0 '
Relation between im pu lse an d lin ea r momentum .
gravitational
in wh ich external f0rce , J*' *
h® i
Srn3H »» corr in
ns typ e
oi sys tem the
According to Newton's second law of motion, the force i inte rac ting for ces ls noi
ls cJen mu fua Hy , , °' ' ,
'S a ed »W
taw

^
the rate of change of momentum. of momentum s
>• i
of conservator
firin g of gun , ign orin g °bc %# to
* of
Thus, If a force F acting on bod
a y for time At , changes \ \ $
rocket an d ' orc e> Th *' '
us get
m nJ
from mvf to mvf Then the force is written as > °^ approximately
Ex pla in the
acc
diff ere
ura
nce
te results
between a „.„ „,
lli 0n
F = mv,f mv - (D 1
'
0> Explain how would a bouncing ban
, ‘
° £
,, ^
I
,
Where mvf and mv are final and initial momentum respectively
pla us ibl e reasons £ ha K
eaeh
E i« no , conserved
most ca se s ?
The equation (1) can be written as In
Co llis ion -
—Fx t = mv—,f - mv— Elastic
co llis ion is the on e in which both linear
An elastic
:

energy ere conserve (remain the

Impulse = mvf - mv
But Fxt is known as impulse
, (2) **
collision. fjr
*
Hence, impulse is equal to change of linear momentum Thus.equatd Inelastic col lisi on :-
(2) shows the relation between impulse and linear momentum. dur ing wh ich the tota l moment is conserved but
A collision
Q.3.10. State the law of conservation of linear momentum, pointing out ene rgy bef ore and afte r col lisio n is not con ser ved is called
total l> inetic
the importance of isolated system. Explain, why under certain inelastic collosion.
conditions, the law is useful even though the system is not Explanation: -
dropped from a certain hei ght on a har d sm oot h floo r afte r ,
completely isolated? (Mukan 2003) If a ball is
t ) bal l reb oun ds ) to the
(
-
Ans: Statement:- It states that the total linear momentum of an isolati collision if the bou nci ng
s dro ppe d. Th is col lisi on will be
system always remains constant. same hei ght fro m wh ere it wa
the bal l and the floo r. In this
A system which is not acted upon by extern considered as ela stic col lisi on bet we en
Isolated system:-
case a very small K. E. is lost.
m 0

forces (iXSjj# ) is called an isolated system In this system, the dro ppe d on a har d
, wh en the bal l is
bodies may Interact ) with another and ca exe rt ( ttf ) a forc e In the case of inelastic collision reb ou nd
bou ncin g bal l doe s not
floor, after collision with the floor , the
on another but no agency (>vj) can exert a force on them ori gin al hei ght suc h a
*
igh t tha n its
/ at all or rebounds to a smaller he
Its importance: -Its importance can be jnd ers
mo
too
me
d (
ntu
c
m .
) ty

Vision will be called inelastic co llis ion be twe en bal l an d the floo r. In
E
many examples of isolated syster which conserve to fric tion an d so me K . .
is los t due
(0 Molecules of a enck ed ir a vessel at constant this case, a part of kinetic energy , hei ght of
er efo re aft er co llis ion
is converted into heat and so un d . Th
tempers ire
the ball will be lowered )
Oi) Rocket ano its fuel.
ele ctr on an d Non-conservation of K E : . .- exa mp le,
0«) Elem ry panicles of an atom, such as pro ton st ca se s Fo r
ed in mo
rron whe they suffer collision. The kinetic energy cannot be conse d it wil l ro bo un d
ei
dy gro un
if a heavy ball is dropped on the so a lot of ene rgy
GL md bulk t ( i e firing of bullet from gun)
(hr)
uPto a very small he igh t . Th is oc cu rs
^because
^
 ^
mitisMC between ball and ground
“ «1« » in whch toss of
Ta,, -
„ ** HM RICAL PROBLEMS W ,IH
** tonetic energy
^ r ^
SOLUTIONS

^
0 312
*‘ n
Iota
e 0xPr
« s Sms
.* T
/ helicopter ascending
is

.
abovVeeTCa ^ , , y
^1
-
of flight (b) the range of project!, ra e of
* r . xr
;

l ,
hatt th range of projectile is maximum
Show tha
**
9.
'
a - When
*
il
, iS at a hei9ht of 15-8
» » s , s °n
, a stone is

* 31 3 0
wWl the horizontal.
when
Pro ject L **
^ ^IU»°r
H ten s “ " ' ^ . *ih
" ard 198 5 87 ' Gul
‘ ‘*° *** ft
** ^
t 985 ,87 ) S88,

. ® 60 f

ItnTaCTl
g art Cte 3 12 of theory for com

^
)
plete answer
,
. SOLUTIDAONTA:-
^
nt or point in it path does a projectile
C - peed, it maximum speed?
.
fSaryodh 1995, Bshawalpur 1999 Rawalpind
* ,
1998 )
have rt
»
,filial
velocity of the helicopter (upward)
and stone
-
- V - = 19 6 ^
1

Ans - fi) The Speed of projectile is minimum ( fc-Y ) at the

maxh Net vert ica l dist anc e covered by stone (downward) = s MM 8m
-
i
height because at this height verical component of due to gra vity = = - ms
g 9.8
velocity v Acce ler ati on
becomes Zero. I
fo Fin d:**
The speed of a projectile is maximum Tim e = t=?
J at
of projection and also just before it strikes the ground (
level of FO ^RM UL A - *

projection) because the vertical component of velocity v ' Sacond equ atio n of equ atio n
is ma >
at these points * S= +1/2 gt2
Vtt
Q.3.14. Each of the following questions is followed by four -
answers , o i ,ALCULATIONS: Y
of which is correct answer, identify ) that answer. Putting the values in the formula
() g = - 9.8 ms *
*
'
What is meant by a ballistic trajectory? 2
S = Vjt +1/2 gt we get Vs 19.6 ms
(a) The paths followed by an un-powered and unguided projectile ;
- 156 .8 = 19. 6 xt +y 2 x(-9.8 ) x?
called ballistic trajectory ?
(b) The path followed by the powered and unguided projectile is - 156 .8 = 19 - 6t - 4.9 12
called ballistic trajectory. or -
156.8 = 4.9(4t - 12)
(c ) The path followed by un powered but guided projectile.
- - 32 = (4t - 12) X' Slone
O
(d) The path followed by powered anci ;uided projectile. Of t2 - 4t -32 = 0
(li) What happens when two-body system undergoes elastic Making factors, we have = -I56 8 m
collision.
S

(a ) The momentum of the system changes.

2
-
t 8t +4t - 32 =0
(b) The momentum of the system dees not change t(t - 8) + 4 (t - 8) = 0
(c) The bodies come to rust alter collision. or -
(t 8)(t+ 4 ) = 0
or Y'
(d ) The energy conservation law is violated. t= 8 or -
t= 4
Ans: - The statement (a) is com t Because the path followed by lJf1 ne ga tiv e ter m
r
nce we neglect
powereo and unguided is carted ballistic trajectory.
' is aloways +ve , so
thus, t= 8S
"
6
(ii) The fatement b) is correct, because the momentum oft
system does not change.
RESULT:- time taken by a stone
 « vm i '

180
XT
P3 2 lifting the following data , draw a velocity * tint graph fot
,
« A *
Htfr ''
V “ V»
' At ° °*
2 ’'J0 m
" a 30
‘
* ’
i journey on a strotght road of a motorbike .
r *
" s„ ' 0
the
.
value in equation
*
auttmo « .20/ 30 » -0 67 m 2
(3) we get

- .
'
/atoetty *
ER JWLJJL- JL lfl 20 20 20 2SL
\
fcfeL .lv - 0 67 An
*
art [ SiSiMfi. 30. 60 90 120 _ 1so
0
negative sign how that the velocity o mote
* * ,, ,<t C eases
‘
Use the graph fo calculate
JSp ^ 30 secon ds ** * (

(P
*
la
*rotaI Distance coveroc* bY motorblkr..[
*
. If t
s
(a )
( b)
(c )
The Initial acceleration
The final acceleration
The total distance traveled by the motorcyllst.
*III
( )
Now
, he total distance covered la equal to the area under

SOLUTION:- ^ OfPh A 0CD ThU #

'
X X
cs DATA:-
^
Tota dlsta
| nce travailed = Area 0f A ABr Area of 4
9 e BCEF reclan
'
4- Area of A CED (4)
The table of velocity and time Is given above
To Find: - AsW0 Know that
ABF = % x base x height
0) right angled triangle
Initial acceleration ? Area of
00 Final acceleration •? while height = BF = 20 ms
1 -
( 0 Total distance tiavelled ?
30' t H

* ( m ' ) u» *
base AF " 60 s
FORMULA:- *
a AV , F ,
. rea of A ABF = / 60
** * 20 = 600 m
1 (5)
A • 0 60 120 lU BCEF
At
Total distance covered •Total area under the graph
' *)M
— . or rectang e
'
area = Length x breadth
CALCULATIONS here Length = 90 s
The velocity- time graph of the given data Is shown in the fig -1
Breadth = 20 ms
The graph tells us that the motorbike starts from rest, and its velocity in- rectang le BCEF = 90 x 20 = 1800m (6)
Area of
creases uniformly to 20ms- 1 in 60sec.
change in velocity * Dv (20 - 0)
-* 20 ms*1
for triangle CED
Area = Vj*base * height
Time •At 60 s Here base = ED = 30 S
Average initial acceleration is given by the formula height = CE = 20 ms-1

a( » A v / Af (?)
0) Area of A CED = * *
A 30 20 1= 300 m
Putting the values, we get equati on (4) we get
a » 20/60 « 0 33 ms’2
Putting the values of area (5) (6) and (7) in . m = 1km)
2700 m (1000
1800 + 300 s
Total distance covered 600
ai 0 33 n 7 Ann
f Ans ,
00 The graph lurlher teli.. «. that the velocity of motorbike remain s co or l Distanc e = 2.7 km j
from 60 fh to 160 th second After * t it decreases uniformly to zero from 150 ** HE8ULT:-
ms
.2
160th second Th ' fore
* ' ,;ie ; I act . ^ration of the motorbike during
fl) The initial acceleration is 0 33
seconds is given by 01) The final acceleration is - 0 67 ms ^
af * ,
< Av i y • 44414 1
* •4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 (3)
 — '
m\
5ATTj (iii) Total distance covered by motorcyclist is 2.7
p
- A proton moving with a speed of 1.0 x 107 ms'1
km 1| t= 3.33 x 1O'11
s Ans . 182
passes ence >

4 4 — ^ 0.02cm. thick sheet of paper and emerges withia throv ^ „

SE
2.0 106ms . Assuming uniform deceleration
*
1 '

time taken to pass through the paper.

speed o1
find retar
ti0n
a ^
^ Tim ® taken by proton to pass through th6,
,= 3.33* -11
10 s Ans.
Wper ® 3.33X
1O -4
m
asses 1 and m 2 are initi
SOLUTION:-
( Pa
ry (
Initial speed of proton = v(
Distance covered = S = 0 02 cm
= 1.0 x 10'7 ms-1 Y^ pressed
the
between
spring
them . What is the ratio 0{ thejf
has been released? (Multan
2003)
after
( Pa = 0.02 = 0 02 x 10'2m
c 100 & DATA:-
?r
Final speed of proton = vf = 2.0 xl 06ms'1

rv
4
To Find:-
Retardation = a = ?
Time t /ken by proton = t= ?
Formula : -
Third equation of motion
First
Second
mass

initial
= m1
mass = m2
velocity r m1 = v = o
r
,
v
-
n ouw o - V2

velocity of m2 = v( =
Initial
vf -
2 2 = 2as
v
Tf CALCULATIONS : - To FIND -'
fin': velocity of m 1 = Vf = Vi
(D Retardation : -
final velocity of m 2 = V f = V
2
using the above formula, their velocities after release = v /v = ?
Ratio of
i
v 1 2

r
v<-2 2
vI. = 2as, and putting the values, we get 1RMULA:-
106 --
(2 0 / )2 (1 0 x 107) = 2ax 0.02 10'2 Total i ntial momentum = Total final momentum
* m = m V + m 2v 2
4 0 x 1012 - 1 0 x 1014 = 0 04 x 10'2 xa mi i * 2vi 1 1
'
'
r; m or 1012(4- -102) = 0.04 x10 2 xa '
: .CULATIONS
As both the masses m1 and m2 are initially at rest, so
< 1012(4--100) = 0 04 x10 2 xa '
Total initial momentum = m O+m O = 0
or a=- 96 x 1Q 12 =- 24 x 1O10 ms'2 As v1 and v2 are the velocities of two ^ ^
masses after the release of spring.

004 xiQ 2 * therefore ,

( II ) Tlme:-
^
HenceJ a = -2 4 x 10 ms 2 I Ans ' Total final momentum = m1v1 + m2v 2
According to the law of conservation of momentum,
In order to find the time, we use first equation of motion Total initial momentum = Total final momentum
L ,
Putting the values, we get
vf = v( * at
Putting the values, we get 0 = m1v1 + (-m2v 2)
®
2.0 10 = 1 Q 107 2 4 / 101Ci or = m
x
* miV1 2 2 V
or 2 4 / 1017 x( = 1 0 x 107- 2.0 x 10®
,
' or ,
v = m Ans.

or 8 10
x ®
®
= 10 (10-2) 10® x 8 - V
2
m1

ff {L t- 2.4 x 3 33 x 10 '

1017
i
i

L
\
 < 131

A RESULT:
-
P. 3.5: An amoeba (
-
Ratio of velocities of two masses is found
) of mass 1.0 10'12 k
S
<
,V „I the values, we get
* 0 Propel 1l putting 184
10*10
*

> Itself through water by blowing a jet(» /U ) of

10 * 10"5 ms-2
,
water thr 0 =
orifice (U 'y jfA ) The amoeba ejects u9h a ' 0 1 -12

—
s '
4 1
of 1.0 *10' ms and at the rate of 1.0 10'13 kgs'1
'

*
) Wat 8r w
. Ass
a
°
*
iLiJLOjIlo* ms-21
P
( a)
the water is being continuously replenished ( ,
mass of the amoeba remains the same.
If there were no force on amoeba other than
^
th e
/f ) So

^"
6
S
at the
K
:
A
AccelerationoTarrioeba Ti
ULT body places a fire cracker ( ^,
- n
f n° "
^). can (c& ) o f 4 0 g mass. Hg ' ° °0ligidl*
2
j . '

9 in an

(t )
caused by the emerging (
acceleration of the amoeba ? ^ )Jet ,what would

if amoeba moves with constant velocity

be t e

through Wate
^.
00
^ r
: path. If the block shoots out tU
( *
* **
)
firecracker,
at the top of its

SOLUTION :
force of surrounding water ( exclusively of jet)
-
on ha am
‘
'
whati| how fast
--
will the can be going? ^ ' Wlth a speed of 3mr
\

DATA:- SOLUTION
DATA:-
Mass of amoeba = m = 1 0 10‘
*
12 kg Mass of can = m,= 43 g = 4:kg = o .04kg
speed of ejected water = v = 1.0 10
^ ms ' * 1000
*
Mass per second of water = 1 0 10'13 kgs 1
*
'
Mass of wooden block = m2 = 200 g = o 2 kg
To Find : - final sneed of block v = 3 27
ms'1

(«)
(i)
Acceleration of amoeba = a = ?
^ o'- ze o‘water on amoeba = F = ?
fina speed of can = v = ?
FORMULA:- ^
FORMULA
p (m/
- = initial momentum of the system = Total final momentum of the system
- t; V = Mass per second * speed of ejected water (before explosion) (after explosion)
I
(b) CALCULATIONS:- or mlv1 + m 2
v 2 = nyr + m „
2v2 /
-
U&ng the form a Force of surrounding water (i.
= Mass per second * speed of ejected wate
e Reactiori force
Where v 1 and v 2 are the initial velocities of can and block respectively.
CAu ULATIONS:-
/

Of F = m*v As both can and block are initalty at rest so their initial velocities are
I zero i e v1 = 0, v2 = 0
Puttng the /a.' jes we get Total initial momentum = m1* 0+m2 *0 = 0 ... (1)
F = 1 0*10 1\g s'1 1.0 10’4 ns'1
*
Total final momentum = m 7 +m v (2)
17
= 1.0*10 N'

,
* *
2
(1 kg ms = 1 N)
' ^ ^
By the law of conservation of momentum.
or F = 10 «1(T 7 N Ans Total final momentum = Total initial momentum
RESULT:- /
or
miv + /
m v
2 2
= 0
he force of surround/ng water on the amoeba is 1 0 10
1

*
’ 7
N or /
m1v1 = - m2,v 2
i
.
CALCULATIONS 0 OF rERA INE ACCELERATION:
According to Newton s second taw of motion,
- or
/ -
v = m v2 2
mi
F = ma
^ Putting the values , we get
v / = 0 2 * 3 = - 15 ms
- 1

0 04
. = - 15 ms
v1 7 '1 Ans.
 «SJLT
. •

/
fe
Ttoe oaim erf erf ran 5 15 ms '
V ;ts necgg a . of hydrogen atom after cofcswn ® 2 l8 xio4ms 1
** " ,

v ^
cr sfroete *r r tre esapcsite director
*

- O '5 *
kg rav e- JO- C at2 _ 0 » io 7
ms 1 •
#
* A tjuc k we igh t 2500kg and ihoving
.1 c04lides with stationary car weighing
with a
S 1 ‘
>*
.
^* '
*

*-*
*
* V #‘ Od rn 1000kg. The
w s«« * » * 4rog«i atom im=r car move together after the impact (/ y
^ * ** ** ^
*
* ***
1v
* 4
•
«e cr
* s
pfMcsfr « « > $oc a c a
nwt
To
Am
tioa re
nh
be
g
-a
ft
oog a
) the « « )
slight r
«
^ ** * « &
>

e ocjtv of ftqpdragaa atom?

SOtUTtOUtw
* * 0AT A
-
>
of the tru ck = m =,25 00 0kg
Vlas* yelociy (rf truck = v = 21,
-
DATA.
Vtass of aectror = f , = 9
wefoefy of eiectrcr oefcre
1xtO
coi li&
"3

op
kg
= v = 2.0 * 10 7ms'1
, ^
vtass of the car = mj = 1000 kg
Salvekwftyof the car
Mass of hyd rog en ato m = m, = 1 67 *10 ^ kg '
^ ,
. on= v, = v = v = ?
(combiner: veloa after ool . s
'
'

velocity of hyorogen 3tcrr oefore collision v = Q Common 2

To RND>
afte r coi iisi on= v, =? mo me ntu m bef ore co ision - total momentum after collision. *
Ve loc ity of hyd rog en ato m Total
FORMULA: - or + m
mlv1 2 2 miv 1
V
Vi
2miv 1 m2 ~ ml
- CALCULATION S - j:TJ , V
=
m1+m2
+
4
V
. before collision = m v
Totai momentum 1 1
m v
2* 21

*1
= 250 0 x 21 +100 0 x 0 = 525 00 kgm s
CALCULATIONS. - / /
Total mo me nt jm afte r col lisi on = m v + m v = ( m +m )v
But in the data . v 2 = 0 , therefore the above formula can be writtten as / v)
1 1 2 2 1 2

2m1v’1 .
(m 2-m 1 /
( Since v = v =
2
Putting the values, we get
4=
<
m1+m2 .
(m +rrij)
Total momentu m afte r col lisi on = ( 250 0 +100 0 ) xv
Putting the values , we get = 3500kgxv

- 1 1(T 31 2 0 107
2* *
9 * * By the law of con ser vat ion of mo me ntu m
4 27 Total momentum before collision = To tal mo me ntu m afte r col lisio n
9 1* VT
36.4 10
' *
»
3

' 24
1 67 * 1O '

1
52500kgms = 3500kgxv
*

’1
« »
or 52500kg ms = 15ms-i
(9 1 / 10^ + 1 67 ) 1O'27
r-
3500 kg
JL
= 36 4 *10 ~ 24 ^ Hence/' v = 15ms-1 Ans.
1 07 09 1
‘
= 21 78 / 103
KT 27 RESULT yo e
common volocity of tru ck an d ca r mo ve d tog eth er is 15 ms 1
'

d at the two
= 2178* 10^* 10 '-3.9: W k cks of masses 2.0 kg and 0.5 kg are attache
°^ en erg y sto red
100 10
-- 7 176
ds cf a compressed spring The
6 8Prin9 iS 10 J * Find the vo ocitic
ela
8 ,
sti c
of
po
th
ten tia
0 b ock
l
8 ,
if the 8 prl nfl
' . wh en re lea se d.
Heftoe 2 i lO^ rm. i
Ans . deli 0r ) its energy to the blo ck s
' * 20 03 )
(Faisalabad
SOLUTIONS:-
Mass of first block = m1 = 2.0kg
i ,
10 7 2 = 20
Mass of second block = m2 = 0.5 kg , 2
V 2=

v, 12 = 1.41 ms
or
Potential energy of spring = P.E. = 10 J s > 1
'

TO FIND:- v, = 1.41 ms ' 1

Velocity of 1st. block = vt = ? the value of Vl in equation ® we get

putting
Velocity of 2 nd block = v2 = ? v 2 = - 4 x 1.41
FORMULA:- v2 -
= 5.64 ms 1 '

Loss of P. E. = Gain in K. E.
CALCULATIONS:-
j v 2 = - 5.64ms '1

From the law of conservation of energy ,

RESULT:- veloci ty of 1st . block is 1.41 ms *

velocit y of 2nd block is

The k . E . of both the masses of final position is equal to The
the P '1
supplied to the masses. Thus, s
footb aH is thrown up ward with an angle of 30 with °
respect to
Total P. E. is converted into K. E. of blocks.So it can be written as
horizontal . To throw a 40 m pass ( » J ) ) what must be the initial
10 J = 1 2 m
/ 2 + 1/2 m2 v 22
10 = 1/2 2 xv^ speed of the ball? ( Bahawalpur 2003 )
or +1/2 * 0.5 xv22
x

= 2v, + 0.5 v22

1
SOLUTION:-
d)
2 DATA:-
Angle of foot ball ‘with horizontal = 0 = 30°
2 +
v 2 0.5 V = 20 22 (2)
Range of the football = R = 40 m
Also, from the law of conservation of linear momentum, we have 2
Acceleration due to gravity = g = 9.8 ms
*

Total initial momentum = Total final momentum

of system of system TOFIND:-
Initial speed of football = v = ? (

Total initial momentum = 0

FURMULA:- 2
because initial velocities of both the masses is zero vI sin2Q
Hence, 0 = m1v1 + m2v2 Range = R =
9
Putting the values, we get
CALCULATIONS:-
0 = 2v1 + 0.5 v2 in the formu la , we get
Puttin the
g values

^
0
or 2v1+0.5v2 = 0 40 = v 2 sin(2 x 30 ) = v inOO
or 2V1-*-0.5V2 = 0 9.8 98
2 (sin60 = 0 866)
2v1 = 0 5 V2 - or v = 40 x 9.8
i
or -
v2 = 2v1 = -2 10 v1
sin60 °
* * 2 392
0.5 5
—
vV 0.866
= 452.65
or v2 = 4vt - (2) or V;I = 92
.866
Putting e value of J. in equation (1) we get -1
= 21.27 ms
-1 Ans.
2V 12 +0.5 X (16V ) = 20
12 Hence , v = 21.3 ms
2v
^ +8 vfs 2Q
M
 Is * 13.9 ms = u ms'1
* 14 ms approx
> * •*>
t
A
,4

3 S •
«
** **
a
. 1^ *-
1S

N
r* formula for resultant veto
+
v
are the final horizontal
**
> il vertical

' > SC< im

mine wrawa «oote . b
* = v,= 21 «« '1
*,
e^
* ' -
^ nponent respectively As we
throughout the motion
vh = Va = 21 ms
ther
-
remains

man = vh - 0 . values. w
uwica HenCe Putting
^
-
wenca. 3sta ce or height tom g zund =y = 0 m
2
- #
V = (21)2 +
^
Acceleration riue lo gravity = g = S ns
S '
' or - V = »441+ 196 7
1 v = 25 ms'1
I Ans.
dtstanoe = x = ? r
RESULT -
•rtoriZonta :
VUacttytottBe ground = * (a) The ba will hit the ground at a horizontal distance of 30m
FORBlfLA a) The ball Wilt hit the ground with velocity 25 ms 1 *

2 r dropped a bomb at a height of 490m when its velocity

y= < + 1/2 gt
*v 1
- g the horizontal was 300 kmh
*

CALCULATIONS :
p wha distance from the point vertically below the bomber at the
In order to find the time
w instant the bomb was dropped , did it strike the ground?
to 'each the ground during the
vertical moron jse the following M h„ long was it in air ?
equation (GjJranwaia 1984 ,87 , Lahore 1985, 88 1989, .
aargodha 1984, LHR. 2003)

y = V *t 1/2 gt
2
SOUJTION:-
^
Putting the values , we get DATA:-
of bomb )
(Horizontal velocity of bomber = velocity
10 = 0 1 /2 *9 at2
= 4 9t
2
*100 Horizontal velocity of the bomb = = 300 kmh '1

or t = 10 = *1
= 300 x1000 = 83.3 ms
49 49
3600
! = v100/49 = 1CV7 = 1 41 s s 0
Initial vertical velocity of bomb =
HenoeJt = 1 42 s Height of bomber = y = 490 m
As we know thct horizontal distance is given by 9.8 ms 2 *

Acceleration due to gravity = g=

X — Vjf *t
T0 FIND:-
Putting the values, we get = ?
Time taken by bomb in air = t
x * 21«1.42 = 30 m convered by bomb
8 ?
or x = dO m | Ans.
Horizontal distance * 5

ground * ?
Did the bomb hit the
(fc>)
. Fmal vertical veioi ty to bit th# ground
It car be found by using toe formula
FORMULA:-
Y
For vertical motion
2
+ 1 gt this formula »
is
.
used to hod tvne f taken by the bomb

2
PuMirrc. t|
< g values we get
v , * C 9 . 8 142
* * *
" to
 CALCUATIONS: - $A '

EW Using the above fromula and putting the values

2
'
ll
o<
0=
TpoO = 4
76°
192
490 = 0*t + 1/2 9.8
x t o<
f or 490 = 4.912
0 = 76° l Ans.
2
t = 490 = 100
DTE
y s i csl
4.9
t = V100 = 10s
aUL
/
3f
4/-
^
Prove
«
0 gie
that
of

equal
projection of a projectile is 76
fof angles
amounts
of projection, whict
, the ranges ar
°
^ lce
.
all short

^
Ans. by ii
Hence / t = 10 s j
'
emi si 45 ( Sargodha 2003)

^ logJ!» (a)
(i)
To find the horizontal distance covered by the borr i
Using the relation for horizontal distance
For maximum range , o = 45
Tipi) ? = V xt
^
X
.
If we add 5° it exceeds 45°
ther Putting the values, we get
Thus , angle of projection ' '
!) becomes 50
x = 83.3 x10 = 833 m °
JEC If we subtract the same amount of angle 5° from 43<U falls short o
HenceJ x = 833 m Ans.
the angle of projection 'e
' becomes n
SICSJ '
Oi) yes, the bomb will hit the ground.
45 °then 4
°
CULATIONS - : .w
.
;v

P 3.13 Find the angle of projection of a projectile for which its maxing the sanges corresponding to these angles as given
^
height and horizontal range are equal .
(Sargodha 2003)
Now we calc
/
iw:
SOLUTION: - using the formula for range
DATA: - R=
v 2 sin29
Maximum height = horizontal range g
TO FIND: - ln the first case , putting the value of 0 = 50 , we get °
Angle of projection = 0 = ?
2
,
v sin(2 * 50)
R1 “ —
FORMULA:-
9
Maximum height = h = V 2 sin2© 62 2
= v sin100 = v, (0.984) (sin100 = 0.984) °
29 • g g
Range of projectile = R = V2 sin 2
g
' Hence, R = (0 984)
1
v 2 (D
g
CALCULATIONS: - Similarly in the second case
According to the question 2
R 2 v sin(2 *40)
= °
(sin80 = 0.984)

h=R 9
2
- v2 sin80 = v (0.984 )
Putting the values, we get
9
V - sin2© = v 2 sin20

or 2
2g
sin © = sin20
^ g
(sin20 = 2sin0 cos0)
Hence R2 = v 2 (0.984)

Comparing equations (1) and (2) we see that the range

(2)

equal i.e.
2 V R2
or 2
Sin © = 2 sin0. cos0 RESULT-.
2 it is proved that the ranges are equal if angle of projection e
0r fall
Sin0 = 4 s s ort of
COS0
^ °
45 by equal amounts
 . A SLBM ( ,

sobmakr , nfl launched batlisite

^
missile)
I distance of 3000 f the Earth wore flat and
111
the an l 7663.8
is 45° with horizontal, find the time taken by 8 = 782 S
target and the velocity with which the missil
SLBM * 9.8

SOLUTION:- or 782
t= = 13 min.
E DATA:- 60
CS Range of ballistic missile = R = 3000 km Hence, t = 13 min
= 3000 x 1000 = 3
)\ xio6 m
Angle of launch = 0 = 45 ° The initial velocityof ballistic missile
9 TO FIND:-
Time taken by SLBM to hit the grou
) (a) Initial velocity of missile = v ( = ? (W
(b) Time taken by SLBM to hit the target = t = ?
^ 1
FORMULA:-
c 2
v, sin29
B0ARD QUESTIONS
R= Q1
g Hfi) Displacement
or 2
V| = Rg (ii) Average velocity (Faisalabad board
2001 )
(iii) Instantanous velocity (Faisalabad board
sin20 2001 )
(b) Wha: is a averge acceleration and
instantanous acceleration?
CALCULATIONS: - When is the acceleration uniform? (Sargodha 2000 )
Using the above formula and putting the values , we (c) How will you find out the acceleration from velocity
get time
graph?
3000 x 1000 x 9.8 = 3000 x 1000 x 9.8
v Q 2. State and explain Newton's first law of motion. Why this law is called
sin(2 x 45) first law of motion?
= 3000 x 1000 x 9.8
°
sin90
ahawalpur board 2001, 2000, Aiad Kashmir 2001, Sargodha 2002,2003)
Q3 State and explain Newton’s second law of motion show that F = ma.
1 ,

(Gujranwala board 2001, 2000 s , Bahawalpur 2001 , Sargodha 2000 , 2002 , 2003 )
.
v = \ 3000000 x 9.8
J4 State and explain Newton' s third law of motion. Give its examples
= 5422 17 ms 1 '

(Sargodha board 2002, Gujranwala 2001, 1988)

= 5422 17 kms'1 Q.5. (a) What is linear momentum? Define its unit.
(Faisalabad board 2002 , Bahawalpur 2001, Rawalpindi 2001, A.K.2002 )
1000
(b; Define impulse and show that it is change in momentum
v, = 5 42 kms -1 (Faisalabad board 2002 , Bahawalpur 2001, Rawalpindi 2001, A . K 2002) .
(b) To calculate the time taken by SLBM. (c) How force and linear momentum are related? State
FORMULA:- Newton's second law of motion in terms of momentum.
t = 2 v;i sin0
(Falsalabad board 2002, HuKan
. ,.
2000 Rawalpindi 200 tod
^
Q 6.
g 1999
CALCULATIONS
Q 7. Rawalpindi 1998 , 2000, Lahore 2000s) *
Using the formula and putting the values, we get
-
(a) What re elastic and inelastic cotoons

t=
2 x 5.42 103 xsin45
*
9.8
(km = 103)
° (b)
( Sargodha board 2001, Gujran
Discuss the elastic collision in one
speed of approach Speed o P - ^
dimens o
•
.
Lahore 1997
thal
)

2 x 5.42 x 1 03 XQ . 707 OR
. (sin45 = 0.707) Prove that relative velocity of the balls with respect to eachother
9.8

J
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 before collision and after co llis io n ha s the sa m e m a g n jjj
er co llis io n . e b u ti n \
V opposite dir ec tio n aft
. p T C D
Q 8. (a )
(Gu jra
Oenve the
nw ala
fo rm
bo
uia
ar
s
d
of
19
fin
dim
99
al
,

en
La
ve
ho
lel
sio n
re
cit
19
ion s
97
of
nw
, Gu
tw
ala
o
j.
ba
yg 8fl
lls
g «
B
^ “
elastic collision
Discus s the va
in
no us
on
ca
e
se s of ela sti
( Gu
c
jra
co llis io n
board
in one N
^
(b )
rE dimension.
WORK AND ENEI
ICS
(0 W he n the

the
two

tw o
ba

ba
lls

lls
ha

ha
ve
( Gujranwata board 1989, Lahore 1997 )
ve
the

the
sa

sa
m

m
e

e m
m as

as s
s,

bu
m

t
=
1 hi 2

the se - jr d,
irT TIIrtU .
lJ
N : -
m (»•) W he n
be fo re co llis ion . " ba t H e W e co mm on ly (1 / ) u
is at rest
>9 ,
(m = m2 , V2 = 0)
di ffe re nt kin ds of ac tiv itie s ( ) wh i the y y

-
j in ma be mental or

- -— *
19 89 La ho re 19 97 y g(
(Gujra nw al a bo ar d , } ^
p I ly s example ' if some one pushe against ’ii brick wall, it does not

- —
a ve ry lig ht bo dy co llid es wi th a m as siv e ( heaw K i ca l -
^I
(iii) W he n
w/. ) work Similarly
» P its pla ce bu t he sa ys tha t he ha s a lot of (
which is at rest, V2 = 0 an d m 2
m ve fro m
1 0
(Gujranw al a bo ar d 19 89 ) a bo ok for a few ho ur s an d thi nk s tha t he ha s be en do ing wo rk
studies
E (IV )

(a)
S2&2,
Derived relation for the forceanoud eextoplowasivteer flow on the
s
Wsics'
•
the lerm W
, > ”7. ' r
*°*' “ " "
»
. ••
en rely (u? different sense
*
>
»
>
to te do ne by a bo dy wh en it is dis pla ce d (tUlifc ) through a
Write a note on momentum forces. y ork is said
(b)
t ro ck et pr op uls ion ? Fi nd an expression for
^certain distance by an applied force . Similary, when a moving body
Q. 10. wh at do yo u kn ow ab ou
is do ne by
acceleration of the rocket. experiences (cA/r ^ ) an op po sin g for ce su ch as fric tio n, the wo rk

Q . 11. (a ) W ha t is pr oje cti le m ot ion ? Ex pla in pr oje cti le motion. . 9 body t 0 overcome ( tC 6 ) the opposing force In Physics ,
(Faisalabad board 1997, 2001 , Multan 2002 , 1999, D. G. Khan
h
wo rk ,
nv o ! ve s tw 0 th !ngs
2000, 2002 , Ba ha wa lp ur 20 01 , Ra wa lp in di 20 00 , 20 02 , A .
K . 2001, 2002 however'
>

Sargodha 2001 , 2000 s., Multan 2000s ) (i) force

(b) Derive a formula for the magnitude of the result velocity of I (ii) displacement .
a projectile at any instant. Also Find the angle wl A C O N ST A N T FO R C E:
4.1 WORK DONE BY
resultant velocity makes with the horizontal.
(Multan bo ar d 20 02 , D . Q . Kh an 20 00 , 20 02 , Sa rg od ha 20 00 )
an an gle 0 wi th the DEFINITION:- ( wi'/ )
Q 12. A profectile is thrown with initial ve loc ity v - ma kin g
nt fo rc e is de fin ed as th e pr od uc t
The work done on a bo dy by a co ns ta
horizontal. Find an d th e co m po ne nt of fo rc e in the
(a) Maximum height . of the magnitudes of the di sp la ce m en t
, 00, 20 01 Ra wa lp in di 20 00)
( Faisalabad bo ar d 20 00 La ho re 20 , direction of the displacement .
(b) Time of flight *

.
03 , D . G . W EXPLANATION:.
(Faisalbad board 2000, 2001 ,Lahore 2002, Multan 2000 ,20 thr ou gh a
d . b o ar d 2® on a bo dy an d the body moves
. K. rg od ha 20 01 ,Fe If a constant force F ac ts
2001, Rawalpind 20
(CJ
i 00 , 20 01
Range of the projectile
, A

R
20

aw al
02

pi
,

nd
Sa

i 20 01, 2(M
,
%Wen 3 along me direction o
( «)
« e. men me w o ca n oe
*
(Multan board 2003, 2000, D.G. Khan 2001, Work = Fd of the
d the m ag ni tu de
Sargodha 2001, 1999, Federal board 2001) of the for ce an d is
Where F is the magnitude #

Q 13. Define Ballistic flight and Ballistic missile. d

sPlacement.
(a)
Ba ll sti c ' an an gle 0 • wi th th e di re ct io n of the
(b) Describe the application of projectile motion to ‘ d8
If, however , the force makes
co m po ne nt of th e fo rc e in th e di re ct io n of
Missiles. ' Placement, then we take the