Modeling and Evaluating a Cloudlet-based
Architecture for Mobile Cloud Computing
Hayat Routaib * Mouna Elmachkour
MIS Team, ENSIAS MIS Team, ENSIAS
Mohammed V-Souissi University Mohanuned V-Souissi University
BP 713 Rabat, Morocco BP 713 Rabat, Morocco
Email: routaib.hayat@gmail.com Email: mouna.elmachkour@gmail.com
Elarbi Badidi
College of Information Technology
UAE University
PO Box. 15551, AL-AIN, UAE
Email: ebadidi@uaeu.ac.ae
Abstract-With the rising popularity of Internet-enabled mo­
bile devices, users are increasingly demanding better quality
of service (QoS). However, the resources of these devices and
their connectivity levels remain insufficient, even though they are
improving, for offering acceptable levels of QoS to users. Cloud
computing infrastructures offer large and scalable resources that
allow shifting the physical location of computation and storage
to the cloud. Nevertheless, the integration of mobile computing
with cloud computing would not guarantee adequate levels of
service for mobile users. It rather delivers scalability at the cost
of higher delay and higher power consumption on the mobile
device. Instead, using local resources based on users geographical
locations has the potential to improve the performance and QoS
for mobile users. In this paper, we present and study a centralized
architecture that relies on the concept of local clouds, cloudlets, to
leverage the geographical proximity of resources to mobile users
and offer them a better user experience. We use a continuous
time Markov-chain (CTMC) to model the different nodes of
the architecture: user nodes, cloudlets, and the main cloud.
We estimate the delay incurred in the proposed architecture
by simulating search engine queries generated by mobile users
using the CTMC state models. Initial simulation results show that
the usage of a cloudlet-based architecture especially centralized
architecture has an efficient gains in terms of latency delay and
synchronisation mechanisms.
Keywords
Mobile Cloud Computing, Cloudlets, Markov chain.
I. INTRODUCTION
As a result of the proliferation of mobile devices (e.g.,
smartphones, tablets, PCs, laptops, etc), the progress in wire­
less and sensing technologies, and the growing base of mobile
applications, mobile users increasingly require services that
can meet their functional and non-functional requirements.
This phenomenal progress of Mobile Computing (MC) [1]
greatly impacts the development of IT technology and is
affecting nearly many application domains such as healthcare,
business, and industry fields.
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Essaid Sabir
RTSE Team, GREENTICIENSEM
Hassan II University AC
BP 8118 Oasis Casablanca, Morocco
Email: e.sabir@ensem.ac.ma
Mohammed EIKoutbi
MIS Team, ENSIAS
Mohammed V-Souissi University
BP 713 Rabat, Morocco
Email: elkoutbi@ensias.ma
In parallel with the growth of mobile computing, the
cloud computing paradigm has been extensively known as the
next generation computing infrastructure. It provides several
benefits by enabling consumers to use computing resources as
utility (e.g., servers, networks, and storages), platforms (e.g.,
middleware services and operating systems), and softwares
(e.g., application programs) offered by cloud providers (e.g.,
Google, Amazon, and Salesforce) at low cost. Furthermore,
cloud computing allows users to consume services in an elastic
way and access them in an on-demand fashion. Examples
of services include mobile web search and location-aware
marketing.
Taking into consideration the benefits leveraged by the
improvement of resource allocations and the progress of com­
puting platforms, and the increasing support of cloud services
for mobile users, the Mobile Cloud Computing (MCC) concept
is presented as an integration of various cloud computing
services into the mobile environment. For example MCC can
be considered as an additional service in which computational
intensive data processing and storage services are accessed
remotely by a mobile user via wireless networks [2]. Neverthe­
less, the mobile devices are encountering many challenges in
their resources (e.g., battery life, storage, and bandwidth) and
communications (e.g., mobility and security) [3], these limited
resources may significantly hamper the amelioration of quality
of services.
MCC can lead to amplified battery life owing to the
fast ability of data processing in the cloud, the pervasive
storage and the efficient workload offtoading. The sophisticated
availability of Internet access on mobile devices has allowed
different consumers to access several cloud applications while
on the go. The amount of mobile data traffic generated by
tablets in 2017 (1.3 exabytes per month) will be 1.5 times
higher than the total amount of global mobile data traffic in
2012 (885 petabytes per month) [4], it means that mobile de­
vices are rapidly becoming the dominant computing platform.
For that reason, optimizing these devices in order to better
assist access to cloud services will be very crucial.
 Moreover, most of MCC applications are created upon the
standard web based cloud architecture with mobility support
extensions. In such architecture, mobile users have to access
cloud services via the Internet by setting up a connection to
a cellular wide area network (WAN) such as 3G. This might
lead to high latency, expensive service access, and significant
energy budgets due to devices batteries. Radio and battery
technologies will improve over time but are still expected to
be the bottlenecks in future systems [5].
To deal with these challenges, we propose the usage of
small clouds known as cloudlets [6], in accessing mobile cloud
services. A cloudlet is a soft state cloud-based application
service, that contains a data center virtual box, cache copies
of data or codes and has the ability of self-management with
faster access control [7].
In this paper, we propose a centralized cloudlet-based
architecture that can be configured to respond to the needs
of mobile users. Our proposed cloudlet architecture provides
a framework for managing data caches and uses new routing
algorithms for mobile search engine applications which allow
users to find mobile content on websites and show a media shift
toward mobile multimedia. Using cloudlet-based architecture
has the potential to reduce the high latency, facilitate data
access and data synchronization between the cloudlets and
mobile users.
The remainder of the paper is organized as follows. Section
2 describes related work on the issues of Mobile Cloud
Computing (MCC) and different cloudlet-based architectures.
Section 3 presents our proposed cloudlet-based architecture,
defines its caching algorithm and describes our proposed math­
ematical model of latency delay. Section 4 presents numerical
results. Finally, Section 5 concludes the paper and presents
future work.
II. BACKGROUND AND RELATED W ORK
Several researchers have investigated the adoption of mo­
bile cloud computing. Also, many research works have pro­
posed Cloudlet-based architectures [7, 11, 12]. As discussed
by Sakr et al. [8], many issues such as scalability, availability,
reliability and self-awareness need to be addressed to enable
and adapt mobile computing to cloud environments. A Mobile
Cloud (MC) needs to dynamically scale the resources require­
ments of different mobile devices with the demands of cloud­
based mobile applications, and guarantee a minimum level of
availability and quality of service. To take advantage of the
cloud, mobile users need to define and specify their acceptable
levels of Quality of Service. However, these requirements are
not enough to satisfy mobile cloud needs for additional aspects
such as mobility, low connectivity, and finite sources of power
[9]. These aspects might lead to high latency and expensive
access to cloud services. The cloudlet-based architecture can
address and alleviate these issues. Sogata et al. [10] implement
MOCHA cloudlet-based architecture, which aims to improve
the response time for face recognition applications. However,
the MOCHA architecture does not take into account the
possible failure of one or more cloudlets, which can hamper the
execution of applications. Verbelen et al. [11] propose a more
dynamic cloudlet concept where mobile devices in the cloudlet
network cooperate together. They also present a new cloudlet
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architecture where applications are managed at the component
level. The application components can be distributed among
the cloudlets. This work, however, does not take into account
communication scenarios between cloudlets. Kashif et al. [7]
introduce a new network architecture that integrates distributed
and local cloudlets to bring cloud resources much closer to
end users. The architecture benefits from the advantages of
wireless mesh networks in terms of cost, efficiency, rapid
deployment, self-organization, and low-latency access to cloud
services. LifeNet [12] is an ad-hoc routing method that can
treat different aspects such as node- mobility, obstructions
and node failures. However, LifeNet does not use the concept
of cloudlets and does not distinguish between the different
types of nodes. Besides, LifeNets main focus is reachability
at the expense of throughput. Amazing store [l3] is a low­
cost P2P cloud storage system that offers high data availability
and protection against correlated failures. Huaming et al. [14]
have proposed an analytical model for cloudlet-based ofoading
systems which is characterized by cloud unreachability, long
disconnection time or even small speedup factor, this scheme
will not benet from reduced application execution time. The
analysis results provide useful guidance for the design of
efcient ofoading systems. Fesehaye et al. [15] have investigated
the impact of cloudlets on interactive mobile cloud applications
by using cloudlet networks and services such as file editing,
video streaming, and collaborative chatting. But they have not
considered scenarios where a network of cloudlets is used for
search engine applications on mobile devices. Also, they did
not investigate centralized cloudlets architectures.
To the best of our knowledge, none of the existing ap­
proaches suggests a centralized architecture that relies on the
concept of local clouds, cloudlets, to leverage the geographical
proximity of resources to mobile users and offer them a better
user experience and attempts to ameliorate the synchronization
data between several cloudlets. For this reason, we propose
in this paper a centralized cloudlet architecture that can be
configured by a cloud provider using new routing algorithms
for mobile search engine applications. This architecture aims
to: 1) reduce the high latency; 2) facilitate data access; 3) fa­
cilitate data synchronization between the cloudlets and mobile
users. The architecture provides a framework for managing
data synchronization and offloading certain tasks traditionally
performed at the cloud onto the cloudlets. We focus in this
work on the routing algorithm to study its performance and
efficiency of the architecture. Our goal is to demonstrate the
advantages of using a cloudlet-based architecture and evaluate
its performance, service reliability, and availability.
III. CLOUDLETS ARCHITECTURE
In this section, we describe our proposed cloudlet-based
architecture, which aims to reduce the latency and facilitate
access to data stored in the cloud by mobile users as opposed to
the classical architecture., Figure 1 illustrates a classical archi­
tecture, where mobile nodes communicate with the cloud via a
3G/4G connection. This communication scheme exhibits many
disadvantages. For example, the delay of the conununication
between two mobiles located in different geographical regions
through 3G networks is higher than the delay of the commu­
nication through local cloudlets with high wireless bandwidth
(WIFI). Cloudlets play the role of intermediaries between users
and the cloud. They facilitate communication and offtoading
 @ Router device Super Cloudlet
:e�:�k
��X � (

Base stations (X �X
M h\
/
' At\.
�I I
/
I '
I / ,\ 11 "
1\
I I / I \\ "
\ I \

Mobile
devices i J, �! \:tJ1 �! �'\fJ
i;; '-b ' �
Fig. 1. Standard MC Communication.

the cloud from some tasks such as synchronization in a Fig. 3. Tree topology for MC Communication.
transparent way for the users. Mobile users do not need to
know where their requests and tasks are executed. Some tasks
might be executed on the main cloud, while others are partially nodes, one cloud node and one mobile node). This
executed on the cloudlets. This partitioning depends on the describes a communication scenario for a mobile user.
availability of data and application on the cloudlets. • The Markov chain is in state i 0,1,2,3,
=for central­
To demonstrate and illustrate the importance of cloudlets i
ized architecture where is the level of transmission
and the advantages of cloudlets with regards to latency and i
request. In the tree topology, represents the level of
easy access to cloud services, we propose a centralized the node on the tree.
cloudlet-based architecture in which, mobile users are con­
• The processes ;::: are mutually indepen­
{Nt(i) , t O}
dent homogeneous Poisson Processes with rate A ;:::
nected to their closest cloudlet(s) through wireless network
(WIFI) connection. Like-wise, cloudlets are connected to each
0
which counts the number of arrival requets and the
other through WIFI.
time that these requests occur in a given time interval.
In this work, we use Continuous-Time Markov Chains Nt(i) is a node at level i at instant t
for a given
(CTMC) to represent and model the different states of mobile request, with N(i + 1) N(i) + 1
= and N(O) 1.
=

users and cloudlets as well as their interactions. Mobile users

and cloudlets are represented by nodes. Mobile users' nodes
may change over time according to the information they
receive and cloudlet nodes may change depending on their
current state that could be on or off. Wireless communication
may be hampered by several factors such as: Fast-Fading,
interferences, mobility pattern, collisions, etc. In our approach,
we model these factors with a parameter that simulates the
influence rate A of the above mentioned factors on cloudlet
communication. Additionally, the model takes into considera­
tion sudden failures of cloudlet nodes
Indeed, when the cloudlet is in the operational status
and goes off instantly, we can describe this situation by a
Continuous -Time Markov Chain (CTMC) with two states as
it's shown in Figure 2. The first state is during the cloudlets
operational status value 1. and the second one is when the
cloudlet becomes un-operational value O. Therefore the proba­
bility of the cloudlets operational status is PF(t) = �(1+e-2t)
and the probability of the cloudlets un-operational status is
Pp(t) = �(1 - e-2t),where t is the time of the periodical
update.

]-0 A. Centralized Architecture

Figure 3 depicts our proposed integrated architecture,
which is organized in a centralized multi-tiered tree topology.
Figure 4 illustrates a 4-tier centralized topology that we have
]-0 used in our simulation experiments. In Figure 3, cloudlet nodes
are organized into a tree structure. The root or top level is
Fig. 2. Markov chain of cloudlet status. reserved for a designated cloudlet called the super-cloudlet.
This cloudlet is connected to several regional cloudlets. The
Throughout the paper the following assumptions will hold regional cloudlets are the child nodes of the super-cloudlet.
for both architectures: Depending on the availability of resources and the size of the
covered geographical area, regional cloudlets can be organized
• Let N+1 be the total number of nodes (N-1 cloudlets into multiple levels on the tree. In such cases, each region

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 then it transmits it to the requesting node. Otherwise, it asks
the central cloudlet (i.e. another secondary cloudlet) to search
the requested data in its super-catalog. If the central cloudlet
does not have the requested data, then it forwards the request
to its siblings and to the general cloud.

Furthermore, when a mobile node sends a data request to

its secondary (or to the central cloudlet), this latter searches
in its super-catalog for a suitable response if it has not one.
Regional Cloudlet Then, it forwards the request simultaneously to its siblings
� and to the general cloud. The central cloudlet periodically
requests from its siblings the status of each cloudlet along
�net� with their recent catalogs and, saves them into its super-catalog
Cloudlets
� 0 ........
as depicted in Figure 5. When, a primary cloudlet returns to
operation after being un-operational for some time, it notifies
�\
",I Xb //11\\,' its central cloudlet that it is alive. Then, this later sends back
to the primary cloudlet its last catalog that was saved in the
Mobile devices
�: � �: \� central super-catalog. All these steps facilitate data access
and data synchronization through the caching of the users's
� catalog in the coverage of the cloudlets. For example, if a some
�t! mobile nodes submit a data request to its primary cloudlet 1 C
Fig. 4. Central topology for MC Communication. and joines another appropriate cloudlet C2
before receiving
requested data from 1 . C C2 will ask the central cloud to get
C
the response from response of 1 using, its super-catalog.

C. Latency Expression

Consider a Markov Chain is in state i=0 , 1 , 2 , 3

where is i
Superu ers
j
the level of transmission request, and E {I, . . . , n 3}
is the
-

catalog occurrence number of the parallel cloudlets at the third level.

The central cloudlet is a major cloudlet that monitors all its sub
Sub user.;
cloudlets and is the only one that is connected to the general
catalog cloud. We assume that the central cloudlet does not go off
and the general cloud is at the same level as parallel cloudlets
when j=C (i.e the occurence number j
is pointed on the
Mobile
general cloud). Each other cloudlet may be in operational or
devices
1
un-operational status having a value or in damage status with
o value. For that reason we use a two-Dimensional Markov
Chain as it is shown in Figure 6.

To simplify this Markov chain model, we introduce a

Fig. 5. Central topology for caching approach.
system of equations. These equations describe several trans­
mission rates between mobile user, general cloud and every
is managed by a designated regional cloudlet, which in turn cloudlet which is in operational status.
manages other cloudlets. Each regional cloudlet, at the lower
level of the tree structure, manages multiple mobile users. i=j=O
When mobile users connect to the cloud their connection a=b=l
requests are automatically routed to the appropriate regional
cloudlet based on their geographical location. Cloud providers i=l;j=0
specifie and configure the different geographical partitions. a=b=l
R(N(i),a),(Nj(i+1),b) = ).,,3PF(t) i=2;j E [L.n 3]
B. Caching algorithm for the centralized topology -

a=b=l
Mobile users are registered into the user's catalog of their
primary cloudlet. The catalog contains the mapping between i=2;j=C
each users data and its location. Besides, the central cloudlet a=b=l
periodically requires replicas of each cloudlet catalog to update
its super-catalog. When a mobile node submits a request for (1)
data to its primary cloudlet (resp. secondary/central cloudlet), When the appropriate cloudlet of mobile user goes off then the
this latter looks-up in its catalog. If it has the requested data, transmission rate between each node change immediatly and

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 first appropriate cloudlet goes off:

o i=j=O
"
, .'
/
'" a=1;b=0
�'-;.
,:
A(1-N),
..... p�12],I), �n.J[3],I) ;,.�
�
. , "
:-"� i=l;j=0
P�[I],O),�[2}J)
\.
: � a=0;b=1
..;.�
\ �� Br(N(i),a),(Nj(i+l),b)= A(2-N) 1>, i=2;a=b=1
P�[2],I),�c[3],I) j E [Ln - 3]
i=2;j=C
a=b=1
(4)
N-4 (
1>=PF(t) IT 1 - (k- IJ-?(t) , and
Where
N-4 ( kk=l (t)
) I(
N-
� . 1> = PF(t) D 1 - Prv , and 1> = } 1 - kPrv(t) ,
P�[2],I),N[ ht
.. I ) I )
'
. N-2 ( (k-I F( ) .
J-: t )
"

and <I>= IT 1 -
PN[3],I),N[3],O) k=l
We know that:
Fig. 6. Markov chain model for centralized architecture.
P r[Xc = Nj,F(3)] Nk,F(3)] , Ic/j =I- k, j, k E
[1 N - 3]
,

takes the follow value :

o i=j=O Finally, we can describe the probability that N[i] is a

destination node as follow:
a=1;b=0
i=l;j=O
a=0;b=1
P r[Xc=N(i)]
Q(N(i),a),(Nj(HI),b)= A2PF(t) i=2;j E [L.n - 3]
a=b=1
i=2;j=C
a=b=1 The node N[i] will receive request at time ti , define Ti=
t HI - ti where Ti is exponentially distributed with intensity
AN and Tml,c=L�=l Ti with Tml,c is the delay message of
(2)

Let Ai be the rate of the i-th request transition from mobile centralized architecture which is defined as the time needed
node N [0]
to destination node N
[i] and be the total rate of to send the request from the source node to N[k]
node. By
request transitions scattered in the entire architecture, with the conditioning on the node N[i]
will be the destination node of
only non null one-step transition probabilities being : the request, and using the Laplace Setieljes Tansform (LST)
of Tml,c,
we have the latency delay: For e ;::: let 0
i=j=O
a=b=1 E [e-BTm1,c] (6)
N
i=l;j=O LE [e-BTm1,cIXc= k] Pr [Xc=N(i)]
a=b=1 k=l
N

[ 1
-BLTi
i=2;a=b=1 LE e ;=1 IXc= k Pr [Xc=N(i)]
j E [Ln - 3] k=l k

i=2;j=C N ( AN k P r [X =N(i)]
)
a=b=1 = L >:NB c
k=l +
(3)
We can describe another transition probabilty Br when the Moreover, the results of the expected destination node and

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the expected latency delay can be computed as follow: cloud experience. The proposed architecture relies on a cen­
DE [e-IIeTml,cJ tralized multi-tier topology. We model the delay latency for
DT;;"l,c _

E
[De-IITeml,c ] the cloudlets architecture using bi-dimensional markov chain.
De 111=0 D 111=0 - D 111=0 The results of the simulations we have conducted and show
E [-Tm1,c] -E [Tm1,c]
= the importance of local clouds, or cloudlets, and show that
the centralized cloudlets cloudltes-based architecture allows
Therefore, the expected latency has the following expression: reducing the high access latency and satisfying the users de­
mands. In our future work, we plan to compare this architecture
with a the cloudlets-based architecturethat relies on a ring
E [Tm1,c] (7) topology to study the impact of the topology one on some
mobile applications such as search engine applications. We
The expected destination node is given by: also plan to study the use of hybrid architectures: mutli-tiered
N
topologies consisting of multiple groups of cloudlets organized
into rings. Additionally we plan to test the deployment of
LiP, [Xc N(i)] NP, [Xc N(i)]
= = = (8)
i =l cloudlet architectures using the VM technology with different
mobile applications.
>.NE [Tm1,c]
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In this paper we have presented a cloudlets-based archi­
tecture that exploits users proximity to improve their mobile

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 4.2 ,-------;===,---r---,---,-r====,
--+- 1-;0.13
--+- ,;028
--+- ,;0 5
--+- 1-;0.75

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Number of cloudlets

(a)

16 =0.3 I
--+-,;0.13
--+-1.;0.28
3.5 --+-,; 0.5

�
--+- A; 0.75

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o
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rn
...J

1.5 �
1
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 lC
Number of cloudlets

(a)

3 --+-1.;0.13

16=0.75 I --+-,;0.28
--+-,; 0.5
5 --+-,; 0.75

VJ
� ....

E
o
o 2 � ....

5�
1

r----
o.5
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 1(
Number of cloudlets

(b)

Fig. 7. Latency Delay for centralized architecture.

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