Unit 1 - Functions : expressing opinion

Asking about opinion Expressing opinion Agreeing disagreeing

I think…
As far as I’m concerned,..
To my mind,…
According to me,…
As I see it, … I’m afraid. I can’t agree with you.
What do you think about….? I agree with you / I do
It seems to me that… I disagree with you.
What’s your opinion….? agree
In my point of view / my opinion,…. I don’t agree with you.
Are you for or against…..? You’re definitely right
From my point of view… I’m not sure I agree with you
Do you think that …..? I share the same view
I am of the opinion that… I think you’re wrong
I take the view that. ..
My personal view is that…
In my experience…
As far as I understand / can see/see it,…

Unit 2 - Functions: Expressing lack of understanding and asking for clarification

show lack of understanding Ask for clarification
What do you mean by…?
Do you mean…?
I beg your pardon?
Could you say that again, please?
I beg your pardon, but I don’t quite understand.
Could you repeat please?
I’m not quite sure I know what you mean.
Could you clarify that, please?
I’m not quite sure I follow you.
Would you elaborate on that , please?
I don’t quite see what you mean.
Could you be more explicit?
I’m not sure I got your point.
Could you explain what you mean by…?
Sorry, I didn’t quite hear what you said.
Could you give us an example?
Sorry, I didn’t get your point.
I wonder if you could say that in a different way.
I don’t quite see what you’re getting at.
Could you put it differently, please?
Could you be more specific, please?
Functions / communication: making request
request is asking someone politely either for something or to do something .
Making request and responding
Making request Accepting Declining / refusing
Can /could you+infinitive…
Would you mind+gerund… Feel free Yes, I am awfully sorry
I wonder if you can/could … of course With pleasure No , YOU/I can’t
Do youmind if …

Unit 3 -Functions : expressing Purpose

Use to , so as to, and in order to to express purpose in the affirmative form.
Examples:
 He is working hard to have a good grade in his exam.
 Leila plays sports in order lose weight.
 The journalist met the president so as interview him .
Use so as not to and in order not to to express purpose in the negative form.
Examples:
 They woke up early in order not to be late.
 She exercises regularly so as not to get fat.
 He helped the new policewoman so as not to fail in her first mission.
Purpose with so that + modal
Examples:
 He turned down the music so that he wouldn’t disturb the neighbours.
 He got a visa so that he can travel to the USA.
 He decided to stay in England for a while so that he could practice his English.
Purpose with for
Purpose can be also expressed by using for.
For may be followed by either a noun or a verb + ing.
Examples:
 I stopped there for a chat.
 This mop is for cleaning the floor.
Unit 4 -Functions : expressing cause and effect
cause (Y) effect (X)
the result/effect/consequence of…(y)… is…(x)…
The cause of/the reason for …(x)…. is…(y)…. ……(Y)……….Consequently……(X)……….
…(x)… is / are caused by /due to …..(y) ……(Y)……….As a result , ……(X)……….
……(Y)……….As a consequence , ……(X)……….
……(Y)……….So , ……(X)……….
Unit 5 - Functions :expressing addition and concession
Expressions of addition Examples
 Educated women have a big influence on society ,moreover , they contribute to
 In addition to – moreover
the welfare of their families
– also
 Moroccan rural women need education as well as health care
 As well as – besides
 Along with studying ,Loubna helps her mother in the house work
 Along with +verb(ing)
 Loubna not only studies but she also helps her mother in the house work
 Not only…but …also….
Expressions of concession Examples
· Although – though· However – · Although women’s situation have improved , it still needs more·
yet· Despite – in spite of + verb Many girls can attend school , yet their situation is far from perfect·
(ing) In spite of being blind , Helen Keller wrote famous novels
Unit 6 - Functions :
define your concept
Here are some expressions that you may use to introduce or give a definition of a word:
….(X)… can be defined as ……(Y)….
….(X)… refers to ….(Y)…
….(X)… designates ….(Y)…
….(X)… means ….(Y)…
….(X)… can be described as ….(Y)
Complaining and Apologizing or saying sorry :
Complaining Apologizing Accepting apology
Sorry to say it ,but you …. I do apologize It’s ok
Enough is enough Sorry about that It’s not important
I’ve been patient long enough , but … I do express mu apology Never mind
I am not satisfied with the way …. I am very sorry Don’tworry about that
Unit 7- Functions : ask for and give advice
Ask for advice Give advice
may be / I think you should ……
what do you advise me to ?
If + subject +(simple past)+subject+would+(infinitive)
what do you think I should do ?
You’dbetter+ verb (infinitive)
what do you suggest to …
You ought to/should……
what would you do in this situation
I advise you to
Unit 8 - Functions : Expressing Good news and bad news
Good news bad news
Soundsgreat
My goodness
Sorry to hearthat
Superb
Oh ,my Lord
Great news
Are you kidding
Are you kidding
I can’t believe it
I can’tbelieveit
Really
Really?
Incredible
Unit -9 Functions :Expressing certainty and uncertainty
Certainty is the state of being sure about something.It’s when you have no doubt about it.
Uncertainty is the antonym on certainty .It is when you are unsure or doubtful about something .
certainty uncertainty
 Undoubtedly  I doubt
 It is crystal clear  May + verb
 No one can deny  Guess + verb
 Will not be  Probably
 To be sure  Think
 Certainly  Assume
 Must  Can verb +
Unt 10 - Functions : expressing regret
Present situation Regret in present
 I regret not knowing How to use computer
 I don’t know how to use computer .  If only I knew how to use computer
 I wish I knew how to use computer
Past situation Regret in past
 I regret not knowing How to use computer
 If only I had known how to use computer
 I didn’t know how to use computer
 I wish I had known how to use computer