How does the range of sky-

wave propagation compare to ground-

wave propagation?

What type of solar radiation is most

responsible for ionization in the outer
atmosphere?

Meteor scatter is most effective on what

band?

Where in the ionosphere does auroral

activity occur?

What is the main reason the 160, 80

and 40-m bands tend to be useful only
for short-distance communications
during daylight hours?
A major problem of space wave
propagation is interfering effect of waves
traveling via different paths (direct and
reflected paths) from one source arriving
at a point for they might cancel each
other resulting to destructive
interference. If the system is operating at
6 GHz frequency with path distance of
25 km, determine the resulting electric
field strength when the transmitting and
receiving antennas are 10 m above
earth’s ground. Assume a relatively flat
earth and a direct field strength of 2
mV/m.
That portion of the radiation kept close
to the earth's surface due to bending in
the atmosphere is called the _____ wave.

What causes the ionosphere to absorb

radio waves?

When is the ionosphere least ionized?

What effect does the D region of the

ionosphere have on lower
frequency HF signals in the daytime?
Polarization change often takes place on
radio waves that are propagated over
long distances. Which of these does not
cause polarization change?

What is the maximum distance along

the earth's surface that is normally
covered in one hop using the F2 region?

Propagation cycles have a period of

approximately 11 ____.

The distance travelled by ground waves:

What usually happens to radio waves

with frequencies below the maximum
usable frequency (MUF) when they are
sent into the ionosphere?
A certain tropospheric system has
scatter angle components of 0.2 and 0.3
radians respectively. Determine the
scatter angle oftentimes called the
angular distance between antennas.

Why is the F2 region mainly responsible

for the longest distance radio-
wave propagation?

What type of propagation usually occurs

from one hand- held VHF transceiver to
another nearby?

What causes selective fading?

Skip distance is a term associated with

signals from the ionosphere. Skip effects
are due to:
In tropospheric scatter propagation, if
the surface refractivity at the
transmitting section is 205 and at the
receiving section is 201 then what is the
actual surface refractivity?

In the northern hemisphere, in which

direction should a directional antenna
be pointed to take maximum advantage
of auroral propagation?

For radio signals, the skip distance is

determined by the:

Which of the following is not a scatter

mode?

What causes the maximum usable

frequency to vary?