C@B@I@H
C@KD@@_ \E\_NC EKDJWC@\E O@I@C _@_@K@K BIEKE\,
]NKOEOEB@K, C@\U@W@B@_ O@K WE\N_

Oesusuk Jinh 6

@lhc`o @b
@bg`r @r
@redek (050?7=0==?4)

]WJAW@C \_^OE \0 BN]NW@Q@_@K

\NBJI@H _EKAAE EIC^ BN\NH@_@K

KA^OE@ H^\@O@ C@O^W@

7=7=
 

B@_@ ]NKA@K_@W 

  ]ufe o`k syubur pnkuies p`kf`tb`k bn h`oer`t _uh`k U`ka C`h` Ns` y`ka tni`h
cniecp`hb`k gnrb`t r`hc`t o`k b`ruke`-Ky` snhekaa` b`ce sni`bu pnkuies o`p`t
cnkyusuk
cnkyusuk o`k cnkynins`eb
cnkynins`eb`k
`k c`b`i`h
c`b`i`h eke cnsbepuk
cnsbepuk onka`k w`btu
w`btu y`ka lubup .
C`b`i`h eke cncg`h`s cnkank`e ’ C`kd``t \estnc Ekdjrc`se t`t`k`k Biekes, ]nkoeoeb`k,
C`sy`r`b`t o`k Wesnt–.

C`b`i`h eke oegu`t onka`k tufu`k `a`r bet` o`p`t cncpnrjinh pnkant`hu`k
 g`ru o`i`c \estnc Ekdjc`se Bnsnh`t`k y`ka gnrauk` o`i`c geo`ka stuoe
bnpnr`
bnpnr`w`t
w`t`k
`k o`k onka`k
onka`k `o`ky`
`o`ky` c`b`i`
c`b`i`h
h eke oe h`r`pb
h`r`pb`k
`k o`p`t
o`p`t cncg`kt
cncg`ktu
u o`i`c
o`i`c
 prjsns pncgni`f`r`k o`k o`p`t cnk`cg`h pnkant`hu`k p`r` pncg`l`.
]nkuies cnky`o`re w`i`upuk suo`h gnrus`h` onka`k bnc`cpu`k b`ce y`ka
c`bsec`i, cnklur`hb`k sna`i` peber`k o`k bnc`cpu`k y`ka b`ce ceiebe, c`b`i`h

eke c`seh g`ky`b bnbur`ka`k o`k bninc`h`kky`, g`eb o`re snae g`h`s`, pnkaji`h`k
c`upuk o`i`c pnkyusuk`k.^ktub etu, pnkuies s`ka`t cnkah`r`pb`k breteb o`k s`r`k
y`ka
y`ka sed`tk
sed`tky`
y` o`p`t
o`p`t cncg`ka
cncg`kauk
uk once
once tnrl`p`
tnrl`p`eky
eky`` su`tu
su`tu bnsncp
bnsncpurk
urk``k
``k.. \ncja`
\ncja`
c`b`i`h eke o`p`t cncgnreb`k c`kd``t bnp`o` bet` snb`ie`k.

G`kab`i`k, <0 \nptncgnr 7=7=

]nkuies

7
 

O@D_@W E\E

B@_@ ]NKA@K_@W...............................................................................................................7
]NKA@K_@W...............................................................................................................7
O@D_@W E\E....................................................................................................................
E\E..............................................................................................................................<
..........<

G@G E ]NKO@H^I^@K................................................................................................
]NKO@H^I^@K..........................................................................................................?
..........?
0.0 I`t`r Gni`b`ka...................................................................................................
Gni`b`ka.............................................. ...............................................................?
..........?
0.7 Wucus`k
Wucus`k C`s`i`h.....
C`s`i`h...........
.............
..............
..............
.............
.............
..............
..............
.............
.............
..........................
.....................
............?
..........?
0.< _ufu`k.......
_ufu`k.............
.............
..............
..............
.............
.............
..............
.............
.............
..............
..............
.............
.............
..............
..............
...........
..............>
..........>
0.<.0
0.<.0 _ufu`k
_ufu`k ^cuc..
^cuc.....
......
.......
.......
......
.......
.......
......
.......
.......
......
.......
.......
.......
.......
......
.......
.......
......
.......
.......
......
........
..........
..........
.......
............>
..........>
0.<.7
0.<.7 _ufu`k
_ufu`k Bhusus
Bhusus...
......
......
.......
.......
.......
.......
......
.......
.......
......
.......
.......
......
.......
.......
.......
.......
......
.......
.......
.......
.........
..........
..........
.......
............>
..........>
0.? C`kd``t.....
C`kd``t...........
.............
..............
..............
.............
.............
..............
.............
.............
..............
..............
.............
.............
..............
..............
...........
..............>
..........>
G@G EE _EKF@^@K _NJWE......................................................................................................4
_NJWE......................................................................................................4
7.0 C`kd``t
C`kd``t \EB o`i`c t`t`k`k
t`t`k`k biekes......
biekes.............
.............
.............
..............
.............
.............
..............
..............
................
...................4
..........4
7.7 C`kd``
C`kd``tt \EB o`i`c t`t`k`k
t`t`k`k pnkoeo
pnkoeoeb`
eb`k..
k......
.......
.......
.......
......
.......
.......
......
.......
.......
......
.......
.......
........
..........
.........
..............1
..........1
7.< C`kd``t
C`kd``t \EB o`i`c t`t`k`k
t`t`k`k c`sy`r`b`t.
c`sy`r`b`t........
.............
.............
..............
..............
.............
.............
..............
............
...............1
..........1
7.? C`kd``t
C`kd``t \EB o`i`c t`t`k`k
t`t`k`k resnt.......
resnt.............
.............
..............
..............
.............
.............
..............
..............
.................
....................1
..........1
G@G EEE ]NK^_^]..........................................................................................................
]NK^_^]....................................................................................................................8
..........8
<.0 Bnsecpui`k.
Bnsecpui`k........
.............
.............
..............
..............
.............
.............
..............
.............
.............
..............
..............
.............
.............
..............
.........
............8
..........8
<.7 \`r`k........
\`r`k...............
..............
.............
.............
..............
..............
.............
.............
..............
.............
.............
..............
..............
.............
..............
............
..............8
..........8
O@D_@W ]^\_@B@......................................................................................................
]^\_@B@................................................................................................................5
..........5

<
 

G@G 0
]NKO@H^I^@K

0.0 I`t`r Gni`b`ka

Gni`b`ka C`s`i`h
C`s`i`h
\estnc Ekdjrc`se Bnsnh`t`k cnrup`b`k s`i`h s`tu g`ae`k pnkteka y`ka teo`b 
o`p`t oepes`hb`k o`re \estnc Bnsnh`t`k oe su`tu kna`r`. Bnc`fu`k `t`u bncukour`k
\estnc Ekdjrc`se Bnsnh`t`k sni`iu gnrbjrni`se o`k cnkaebute pnrbncg`ka`k \estnc
Bnsn
Bnsnh`
h`t`
t`k,
k, bn
bnc`
c`fu
fu`k
`k _n
_nbk
bkji
jija
jaee Ekdj
Ekdjrc
rc`s
`see o`
o`k
k Bjcu
Bjcuke
keb`
b`se
se (_
(_EB
EB)) g`
g`hb
hb`k
`k
cncpnka`ruhe \estnc ]ncnrekt`h`k y`ka gnri`bu oe su`tu kna`r`. \u`tu systnc y`ka
tnrbjksnp o`k tnrstrubtur onka`k g`eb `b`k cnkah`seib`k Jutput y`ka g`eb fua`.
\estnc ekdjrc`se bnsnh`t`k cnrup`b`k s`i`h s`tu gnktub pjbjb \estnc Bnsnh`t`k
 K`sejk`i (\BK) y`ka oepnrauk`b`k sng`a`e o`s`r o`k `lu`k o`i`c pnkyusuk`k

 gnrg`a`e bngef`b`k, pnojc`k o`k `r`h`k pnkyninkaa`r``k pncg`kauk`k bnsnh`t`k

snrt` pncg`kauk`k gnrw`w`s`k bnsnh`t`k.
Onka`k sestnc Ekdjrc`se bnsnh`t`k y`ka g`eb c`b` `b`k cncgu`t c`sy`r`b`t
teo`b gut` onka`k sncu` pnrc`s
pnrc`s`i`h`k
`i`h`k bnsnh`t`k.
bnsnh`t`k. O`k c`u cncg`w` bniu`ra` ky`
 gnrjg`t onka`k cuo`h gub`k i`ae onka`k gerjbr`se y`ka rucet y`ka cncgu`t
c`sy`r`b`t nkaa`k cncg`w` `kaajt` bniu`ra`ky` gnrjg`t oe pni`y`k`k bnsnh`t`k
y`ka
y`ka oesnoe
oesnoe`b`k
`b`k jinh
jinh pncnre
pncnrekt`
kt`h.
h. Onka`k
Onka`k c`r`bk
c`r`bky`
y` pnrbnc
pnrbncg`ka
g`ka`k
`k cnoe`
cnoe` o`k
tnbkjijae snh`rusky` cncgu`t c`sy`r`b`t o`k bhususky` p`o` c`h`sesw` bnsnh`t`k
c`sy`r`b`t
c`sy`r`b`t cninb `b`k bnc`fu`k
bnc`fu`k gnrekjv`se
gnrekjv`se tnrh`o`p sestnc
sestnc ekdjrc`se
ekdjrc`se bnsnh`t`k
Ekojknse`.
Gnri`ko`sb`k onka`k d`bt` y`ka tnrf`oe oe c`sy`r`b`t p`o` s``t eke snh`rus ky`
 ges` oef`oe`b`k g`h`k nv`iu`se o`k pnrtecg`ka`k uktub o`p`t cncgnktub sestnc
ekdjrc`se
ekdjrc`se bnsnh`t`k
bnsnh`t`k y`ka snsu`e onka`k y`ka oegutuhb`k
oegutuhb`k jinh c`sy`r`b`t,
c`sy`r`b`t, onka`k
 g`ky`bky` rndnrnkse y`ka `o` p`o` s``t Eke snhekaa` ges` oef`oeb`k rucus` y`ka tnp`t
o`k cncgu`t sestnc ekdjrc`se bnsnh`t`k y`ka tnp`t auk`.
au k`.

0.0 Wucus`k C`s`i`h

0. @p` s`f`
s`f` c`kd
c`kd``t
``t \EB o`i`c
o`i`c t`t`
t`t`k`k
k`k biekes
biekes :

?
 

7. @p` s`f`
s`f` c`kd`
c`kd``t
`t \EB
\EB o`i`
o`i`c
c t`t`k
t`t`k`k
`k pnkoe
pnkoeoeb
oeb`k
`k :
<. @p` s`f`
s`f` c`kd`
c`kd``t
`t \EB
\EB o`i`
o`i`c
c t`t`k
t`t`k`k
`k c`sy
c`sy`r`
`r`b`t
b`t :
?. @p` s`f`
s`f` c`kd
c`kd``t
``t \EB o`i`c
o`i`c t`t`
t`t`k`k
k`k res
resnt
nt :

0.7 _ufu`k
0.7.0 _ufu`k ^cuc
C`h`sesw` c`cpu cnknr`pb`k c`kd``t seb o`i`c t`t`k`k biekes, pnkoeoeb`k,
c`sy`r`b`t o`k resnt.
0.7.7 _ufu`k Bhusus
0. C`h`sesw` o`p`t cnkant`hue c`kd``t \EB o`i`c t`t`k`k biekes
  7. C`h`sesw` o`p`t cnkant`hue c`kd``t \EB o`i`c t`t`k`k pnkoeoeb`k
  <. C`h`sesw` o`p`t cnkant`hue c`kd``t \EB o`i`c t`t`k`k c`sy`r`b`t
  ?. C`h`sesw` o`p`t cnkant`hue c`kd``t \EB o`i`c t`t`k`k resnt

0.7 C`kd`
C`kd``t
`t
0.<.0 C`kd``t _njre
\ng`a`e rndnrnkse o`i`c cnkancg`kab`k eicu bnpnr`w`t`k oec`s` y`ka `b`k
  o`t`ka bhususky` p`o` c`kd``t \EB.
0.<.7 C`kd``t ]r`btes
  0. G`ae pnkuies
Cnk`cg`h w`w`s`k o`k sng`a`e g`h`k `lu`k g`ae pnkniete sni`kfutky`

  o`i`c cnkancg`kab`k pnkniete`k i`kfut`k tnrh`o`p p`senk.

7. G`ae Ekstetuse ]nkoeoeb`k
H`sei ]nkniete`k eke o`p`t oeauk`b`k sng`a`e g`h`k `lu`k g`ae
  pnkancg`ka`k bneicu`k bhususky` oe prjar`c stuoe eicu bnpnr`w`t`k

>
 

G@G EE

_EKF@^@K _NJWE

7.0 C`kd``t \EB O`i`c _`t`k`k Biekes

 _nbkjijae `b`k cncg`ktu pnr`w`t uktub cnkaniji` ekdjrc`se o`k cncgu`t

bnputus`k tnkt`ka pnr`w`t`k.
 _nbkjijae ekdjrc`se fua` o`p`t cnkekab`t bnc`k`k o`k bnsni`c`t`k p`senk,
snrt` o`p`t cnklna`h bns`i`h`k onka`k cni`bs`k`b`k dukase pnka`cgei`k
bnputus`k y`ka teo`b tnp`t.
 ]nkaa
]nkaauk`
uk``k
`k tn
tnbk
bkji
jija
jaee bjcput
bjcputnr
nr gnrbn
gnrbncg
cg`k
`ka
a pns`t
pns`t,, onka`
onka`k
k sn
snc`
c`be
bek
k
 g`ky`bky` bjcputnr ceieb preg`oe inkab`p onka`k d`seiet`s ektnrkntky`.
]nrbnc
]nrbncg`k
g`ka`k
a`k tnbkji
tnbkjijae
jae ekdjrc
ekdjrc`se
`se eke s`ka`t
s`ka`t cncg`kt
cncg`ktu
u bie
bienk
nk cnko`p
cnko`p`t
`t

ekdjrc`se tnkt`ka bnsnh`t`k y`ka ges` oe`bsns b`p`k s`f`.

 ]nkaauk`
]nkaauk``k
`k \estnc
\estnc ekdjrc
ekdjrc`se
`se ruc`h
ruc`h s`bet
s`bet (\EW)
(\EW) uktub
uktub pnrefe
pnrefek`k
k`k,, l`t
l`t`t`
`t`k
k
cnoes, pnr`w`t`k, i`gjr`tjreuc, r`oejijae, d`rc`se, kutrese/pni`y`k`k c`b`k
 ]nkaauk`
]nkaauk``k
`k \estnc
\estnc Ekdjrc
Ekdjrc`se
`se C`k`fn
C`k`fncnk
cnk Bnpnr`
Bnpnr`w`t
w`t`k
`k (\ECB)
(\ECB) uktub 
uktub 

cnkabi`sedeb`seb`k p`senk, pnkf`ow`i`k, i`pjr`k, oii

 \ng`a`e `i`t g`ktu uktub Wnb`c cnoes gnrg`ses bjcputnr (Ljcputnr g`sno

 p`tenkt rnljro) y`a oeauk`b`k uktub cnkl`t`t sncu` o`t` cnoes snpnrte

l`t`t`k p`senk, oii.

 Bjcputnr
Bjcputnr cncpnrcuo`h
cncpnrcuo`h ojbtnr o`k pnr`w`t
pnr`w`t o`i`c cncjketjr
cncjketjr bnsnh`t`k
bnsnh`t`k

 p`senk, cjketjr ont`b f`ktuka p`senk inw`t cjketjr bjcputnr, `ier`k o`r`h,

cncnrebs` jra`k o`i`c p`senk onka`k sek`r X.

 Bjcputnr fua` cncukabekb`k o`t` bnpnr`w`t`k i`y`k`k teko`b`k p`senk oe-

sh`rn snl`r` cuo`h o`k lnp`t.

4
 

7.7 C`kd``t \EB O`i`c _`t`k`k ]nkoeoeb`k

 ]nkoeoeb o`p`t cnceiebe v`re`se cnka`f`r onka`k cnkaauk`b`k bjcputnr.

 Bnc`cpu`k gni`f`r pnsnrt` oeoeb o`p`t cnkekab`t onka`k `o`ky` d`seiet`s

bjcputnr.
 Bnln
Bnlnro
ro`s
`s`k
`k ps
pseb
ebjc
jcjt
jtjr
jreb
eb c`h`
c`h`se
sesw
sw`` o`
o`p`
p`tt tn
tnr`
r`ka
kas`
s`ka
ka on
onka`
ka`k
k `o`ky
`o`ky``
 pnkoeoeb`k y`ka gnrg`ses tnbkjijae.
 Bntnrsnoe``k g`h`k-g`h`k pncgni`f`r`k y`ka ges` oe`bsns onka`k cuo`h
Ljktjh 6
- n-in`rkeka
- o`k oec`kd``
oec`kd``tb`
tb`k
k `oceke
`ocekestr
str`se
`se uktub cnka`tu
cnka`turr burebu
burebuiuc
iuc pnka`f`r
pnka`f`r`k,
`k,
 f`ow`i buie`h, cncgu`t o`dt`r k`c` c`h`sesw`, cncgu`t o`dt`r kei`e
c`h`sesw`, cncgu`t `gsnk c`h`sesw`, oii.

7.< C`kd``t \EB O`i`c _`t`k`k

_`t`k`k C`sy`r`b`t
C`sy`r`b`t

 Cncuo`hb`k p`senk cnko`p`tb`k pni`y`k`k bnsnh`t`k

 Cncuo`hb`k d`seiet`s bnsnh`t`k (d`sbns) o`i`c cnko`t` snte`p p`senk y`ka
cnko`dt`r uktub gnrjg`t
 Cnkajktrji sncu` bnae`t`k y`ka gnrikasuka oe o`i`c d`sbns tnrsngut

7.? C`kd``t \EB

\EB O`i`c _`t`k`k Wesnt

  ]nkahnc`t`k ge`y` o`re pnkaauk``k bnrt`s uktub pnkl`t`t`k

   ]nkahnc
]nkahnc`t`
`t`k
k ru`ka`
ru`ka`k
k b`rnk`
b`rnk` teo`b
teo`b oegutu
oegutuhb`k
hb`k tncp`t
tncp`t y`ka
y`ka gns`r
gns`r o`i`c
o`i`c
 pnkyecp`k`k `rsep.
   ]nkojbuc
]nkojbucnkt
nkt`se
`se`k
`k gnrg`s
gnrg`ses
es bjcput
bjcputnr
nr y`ka
y`ka oer`kl
oer`kl`ka
`ka onka`k
onka`k g`eb
g`eb `b`k
cnkoubuka jtjkjce y`ka o`p`t oepnrt`kaauka f`w`gb`k.
   Cncg`k
Cncg`ktu
tu o`i`c
o`i`c cnkl`r
cnkl`ree ekdjrc
ekdjrc`se
`se y`ka
y`ka lnp`t
lnp`t snheka
snhekaa`
a` o`p`t
o`p`t cncg`k
cncg`ktu
tu
 pnka`cgei`k bnputus`k snl`r` lnp`t
  Cnkekab`tb`k prjoubtevet`s bnrf`.

  Cnkaur`kae bns`i`h`k o`i`c cnkaektnrpprnt`seb`k pnkl`t`t`k.

1
 

G@G EEE
]NK^_^]
<.0 Bnsecpui`k
_nbkjijae o`i`c bnsnh`t`k cncpuky`e pnr`k y`ka s`ka`t pnkteka,tnrut`c`
o`i`c cncgnreb`k
cncgnreb`k bu`iet`s
bu`iet`s `t`u cutu pni`y`k`k bnsnh`t`k
bnsnh`t`k oe Wuc`h \`bet.
\`bet. \nereka
\nereka
onka`k pnrbncg`ka`k tnbkjijae o`k ekdjrc`se sn`b`k tni`h cncgu`t st`ko`r g`ru
y`ka
y`ka h`rus
h`rus oe pnkuhe
pnkuhe.. H`i tnrsng
tnrsngut
ut cncgu`
cncgu`tt bnpnr`
bnpnr`w`t
w`t`k
`k oe Ekojkn
Ekojknse`
se` cnkf`o
cnkf`oee
tnrt`k
tnrt`kt`ka
t`ka uktub
uktub tnrus
tnrus cnkanc
cnkancg`ka
g`kab`k
b`k bu`iet`
bu`iet`ss pni`y`
pni`y`k`k
k`k bnpnr`
bnpnr`w`t
w`t`k
`k y`ka
 gnrg`ses tnbkjijae ekdjrc`se. _nbkjijae o`i`c bnsnh`t`k cncpuky`e pnr`k y`ka
s`ka`t pnkteka,tnrut
pnkteka,tnrut`c`
`c` o`i`c cncgnreb`k
cncgnreb`k bu`iet`s
bu`iet`s `t`u cutu pni`y`k`k
pni`y`k`k bnsnh`t`k
bnsnh`t`k
oe Wuc`h \`bet. \nereka onka`k pnrbncg`ka`k tnbkjijae o`k ekdjrc`se sn`b`k tni`h
cncgu`t st`ko`r g`ru y`ka h`rus oe pnkuhe.

<.7 \`r`k
]nkaauk``k tnrh`o`p sestnc ekdjrc`se bnsnh`t`k h`rus ingeh oesjse`ies`seb`k
i`ae `a`r teo`b h`ky` ruc`h s`bet o`k pusbnc`s gns`r s`f` y`ka ges` cnkaauk`b`k
sestnc ekdjrc`se eke tnt`pe tncp`t “ tncp`t bnsnh`t`k snpnrte pustu, pjsy`kou o`k
tncp`t-tnc
tncp`t-tncp`t
p`t bnsnh`t`k
bnsnh`t`k i`ekky`
i`ekky` `a`r ges` cnkaauk`b`k
cnkaauk`b`k sestnc
sestnc ekdjrc`se
ekdjrc`se eke. @a`r 
sncu`
sncu` f`reka
f`reka`k
`k o`t`
o`t` c`upuk
c`upuk ekdjrc
ekdjrc`se
`se tnrbjkn
tnrbjknbse
bse onka`k
onka`k g`eb
g`eb hekaa`
hekaa` bn pus`t,
pus`t,
snhekaa` o`t` cnkf`oe v`ieo.

8
 

O@D_@W ]^\_@B@

H`rey`
H`r ey`te,
te, W._.
W._. 7==>.
7==>. ]nc`kd
]nc`kd`t`
`t`k
k tnbkji
tnbkjijae
jae ekdjrc
ekdjrc`te
`teb`
b` o`i`c
o`i`c ouke`
ouke` pnkoeoe
pnkoeoeb`k
b`k..
Furk`i Bnpnr`w`t`k Ekojknse` 5 (0) C`rnt 7==>, p.74<0 Hniven, L. J.
(0558)
(0558).. @ov`kln
@ov`klno o pr`lte
pr`lteln
ln kursek
kursekaa ek thn ljccuk
ljccukety ety.. ^ke
^ketno
tno \t`tn
\t`tn jd 
@cnreb`6 \`an pugiel`tejk.Ekl.
Ekor`f
Ekor`fet
et,, W.N.
W.N. 7==?.
7==?. ]nkanc
]nkancg`k
g`ka`k
a`k burebu
burebuiuc
iuc ekdjrc
ekdjrc`te`teb`
b` bnsnh`
bnsnh`t`k
t`k gnrg`s
gnrg`ses
es
bjcpn
bjc pntn
tnks
ksee p`
p`o`
o` prja
prjar`
r`cc pn
pnkoe
koeoe
oeb`
b`k
k oj
ojbt
btnr
nr o`k ei eicu
cu bn
bnpn
pnr`
r`w`
w`t`
t`k.
k.
\ncek`r o`k wjrb shjp ^AC, Onsncgnr 7==?.
\`g`ra
\`g `rauk`,
uk`,Gjy
Gjy.\,
.\, 7==?.
7==?. \estnc
\estnc Ekdjrc
Ekdjrc`se
`se Bnsnh`
Bnsnh`t`k
t`k Wuc`h
Wuc`h \`bet,
\`bet, W\^ ]B^
Cuh`cc`oey`h, Ujay`b`rt`.