TOPIC: Effect of rate of evaporation in

water cycle

Name = P.Pone sorna mugesh

STD = XII
Sec = A
Roll no. =
School name = Amrita vidyalayam Tuticorin

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 I would like to express my grateful thanks to the god who
create all of us and also bless all of us with food, shelter and
water etc.
 I would like to express my thanks of gratitude to our principal
Smt. M.Nidhya mam for giving the opportunity to do this
project
 I would extend my heartiest thanks to my Chemistry mam
Smt. Padma priya for her guidance and providing me support
I required at all times
 I would like to gratefully thank my parents for providing me
with all facilities and favorable environment at home
 I would also like to thank my friends who had given me
support and helped me in finalizing the project in given time

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INDEX
S.no. Topic Page No.
I. Abstract 4

II. Certificate 6

III. Rate of Evaporation 7

IV. Effect of rate of evaporation 9

V. Water cycle 12

VI. Factors affecting the rate of evaporation 14

and water cycle

VII. Graph 16

VIII. Conclusion 17

IX. Bibliography 20

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 ABSTRACT
Water is always on the move. Rain falling today may have been
water in a distant ocean days before. And the water you see in a
river or stream may have been snow on a high mountaintop.
Water is in the atmosphere, on the land, in the ocean, and
underground. It moves from place to place through the water
cycle, which is changing as climate changes. Below are examples
of some changes that are happening as global temperatures rise.
Climate change is likely causing parts of the water cycle to speed
up as warming global temperatures increase the rate of
evaporation worldwide. More evaporation is causing more
precipitation, on average. We are already seeing impacts of higher
evaporation and precipitation rates, and the impacts are expected
to increase over this century as climate warms.

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Higher evaporation and precipitation rates are not evenly
distributed around the world. Some areas may experience heavier
than normal precipitation, and other areas may become prone to
droughts, as the traditional locations of rain belts and deserts shift
in response to a changing climate. Some climate models predict
that coastal regions will become wetter and the middle of
continents will become drier. Also, some models forecast more
evaporation and rainfall over oceans, but not necessarily over
land.
Warmer temperatures associated with climate change and
increased carbon dioxide levels may speed plant growth in regions
with ample moisture and nutrients. This could lead to increased
transpiration, the release of water vapor into the air by plants as a
result of photosynthesis.

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 CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the project entitled “Attitude
of students towards Agriculture” is the bonafide
research work done by Master PONE SORNA
MUGESH. P (Reg.No: 20676678) student of class
XII, Amrita Vidyalayam Senior Secondary School,
Thoothukudi during the year 2021-2022 under the
guidance of Smt. Padma priya. K in partial
fulfillment of the requirements for the subject
CHEMISTRY and that the project has not previously
formed the basis for the award for any degree,
diploma, fellowship or any other similar title. It’s
an original and independent project done by him
under our Teachers guidance and supervision.

Place: Thoothukudi Signature of the Principal

Date:

Rate of Evaporation
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For molecules of a liquid to evaporate, they must be located
near the surface, be moving in the proper direction, and
have sufficient kinetic energy to overcome liquid-phase
intermolecular forces.[1] Only a small proportion of the
molecules meet these criteria, so the rate of evaporation is
limited. Since the kinetic energy of a molecule is proportional
to its temperature, evaporation proceeds more quickly at
higher temperature. As the faster-moving molecules escape,
the remaining molecules have lower average kinetic energy,
and the temperature of the liquid thus decreases. This
phenomenon is also called evaporative cooling. This is why
evaporating sweat cools the human body. Evaporation also
tends to proceed more quickly with higher flow rates
between the gaseous and liquid phase and in liquids with
higher vapor pressure. For example, laundry on a clothes
line will dry (by evaporation) more rapidly on a windy day
than on a still day. Three key parts to evaporation are heat,
humidity and air movement
If evaporation takes place in a closed vessel, the escaping
molecules accumulate as a vapor above the liquid. Many of
the molecules return to the liquid, with returning molecules
becoming more frequent as the density and pressure of the
vapor increases. When the process of escape and return
reaches an equilibrium, [1] the vapor is said to be
"saturated," and no further change in either vapor pressure
and density or liquid temperature will occur. For a system
consisting of vapor and liquid of a pure substance, this
equilibrium state is directly related to the vapor pressure of
the substance, as given by the Clausius-Clapeyron
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relation:Where PI, P2 are the vapor pressures at
temperatures Tl, T2 respectively, ?Hvap is the enthalpy of
vaporization, and R is the universal gas constant. The rate of
evaporation in an open system is related to the vaj or
pressure found in a closed system. If a liquid is heated,
when the vapor pressure reaches the ambient pressure the
liquid will boil.
The ability for a molecule of a liquid to evaporate is
largely based on the amount of kinetic energy an
individual particle may possess. Even at lower
temperatures, individual molecules of a liquid can
potentially evaporate if they have more than the
minimum amount of kinetic energy required for
vaporization
EVAPORATION = Evaporation is the process by which water
changes from a liquid to a gas or vapor. Evaporation is
the primary pathway that water moves from the liquid state
back into the water cycle as atmospheric water vapor.

Effect of rate of evaporation

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 COUNTRY = AMERICA
AMAZON =
 Since we know about the amzon (lungs of an earth)
 It is situated at the country called Brazil.
 It is found in the south American continent which is found at an nearest to the
equator which has better climatic condition for the growth of other plants and
animal species.
 We all know that one hand of sand in the amzon forest has an large number and
diversified number of species are present in it.

The Amazon rainforest is home to 10% of the world’s species,

generates significant amounts of global oxygen, and creates half of
its own rain through an intricate water cycle dynamic.
It’s a natural system that’s a world unto itself — and it faces
potentially catastrophic levels of deforestation under the new
administration of Brazil’s president-elect Jair Bolsonaro, who
has vowed to allow industrial interests to have more access to the
forest.
If that happens, the effects would be felt far beyond Brazil. In
particular, countries around the world could face droughts and
water shortages, according to National Geographic.
Take Action: Urge Governments And Businesses To Invest In
Clean Water And Toilets
That’s because the Amazon influences global rain patterns and is
itself a major source of water. The push and pull of the water cycle
throughout the 2.125 million square mile forest creates a “giant
flowing river in the sky,” Nat Geo reports, which eventually feeds
rivers and lakes around the world.
The Amazon is also a major carbon sink and its ongoing absorption
of greenhouse gas emissions helps to mitigate global warming and
climate change. As temperatures rise, precipitation patterns get
skewed — some countries receive more rainfall, while other get
less. This is already playing out in the world as many countries face
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increasingly dry conditions, which undermines agricultural systems
and leads to water shortages.
These effects are expected to be felt as far as away as Africa and
North America, Nat Geo reports.
Read More: Brazil Federal Court Blocks President’s Effort to
Open Amazon to Gold Mining
If the Amazon continues to decline, it could enter a dangerous
feedback loop, where chainsawed trees release greenhouse gas
emissions causing temperatures to rise and the forest to dry,
weakening the water cycle, and causing further drying.
Earlier in the year, a study showed that the Amazon is very close to
reaching this point and could even resemble a desert within the next
few decades.  
The world is already facing a severe water crisis. More than 30% of
the global population is unable to access clean drinking water and
the UN estimates that more than 5 billion people could be affected
by water shortages by 2050.
Read More: 10 Pictures of How People Get Water Around the
World
A large part of this problem is due to mismanaged natural
resources.
In Latin America, Africa, and Asia, for example, most rivers are
compromised by pollution from industrial runoff, the UN reports.
Further, 80% of global wastewater and sewage is discharged
directly into bodies of water, rendering it unsafe. Around two-thirds
of forests and wetlands, which are essential to cleaning and
maintaining water supplies, have been lost or degraded.
The continual damming of rivers throughout the world, which is
common in Brazil, also disrupts water systems.
Read More: Pope Francis Says Selling Water Is 'Incompatible'
With Human Rights
In various countries, water has become scarce.
For example, Lake Chad has shrunk by 95% in recent
decades, putting millions of people at risk of famine. In Shanghai,
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85% of the city’s drinking rivers are too polluted to draw water
from. Melting glaciers throughout Asia, meanwhile, could deprive
millions of people of drinking water.
Earlier this year, Cape Town narrowly averted becoming the first
major city in the world to run out of water.
Read More: Photos of Cape Town in Crisis as the City's Water
Runs Out
Emerging water insecurity could eventually lead to conflicts. Some
analysts argue that the civil war in Syria was partially fueled by
a devastating drought linked to climate change.
The good news is that these consequences are not inevitable. If
forests like the Amazon are protected rather then cut down, rivers
are cleaned rather than polluted, and greenhouse gas emissions are
curbed rather than released, then water sources could remain robust
well into the future.

COUNTRY = INDIA
India is a country with a population of around 1.2 billion
people. Nearly 80 percent of India’s water is polluted as people
dump waste, silt, and garbage into the water bodies. It has led
to the contamination of water and rendered it unsafe for
drinking and cooking purposes.
One has to think of ways and means to reverse this damage by
providing safe and effective means of supplying pure and clean
drinking water everywhere
Chennai =
 Increasing in pollutants due to the increasing population
due to the metrocity.
 Lowering of rate of evaporation due to lodging of high
pollutants.

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  High release of increase of co2 in the air due to the
increase in using of auto mobiles and production of high
amount of co2 by an automobile industries
 Some times the dams get dried in the summer season due
to the irregular rainfall due to the irregular water cycle.

WATER CYCLE
Evapotranspiration is the sum of evaporation from the
land surface plus transpiration from plants. 

The typical plant, including any found in a landscape, absorbs

water from the soil through its roots. That water is then used for

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metabolic and physiologic functions. The water eventually is
released to the atmosphere as vapor via the plant's stomata —
tiny, closeable, pore-like structures on the surfaces of leaves.
Overall, this uptake of water at the roots, transport of water
through plant tissues, and release of vapor by leaves is known as
transpiration.Water also evaporates directly into the atmosphere
from soil in the vicinity of the plant. Any dew or droplets of water
present on stems and leaves of the plant eventually evaporates as
well. Scientists refer to the combination of evaporation and
transpiration as evapotranspiration, abbreviated ET.

Credit: Salinity Management Organization

If you search for the definition of evapotranspiration, you

will find that it varies. In general, evapotranspiration is the
sum of evaporation and transpiration. Some definitions
include evaporation from surface-water bodies, even
the oceans. But, since we have a Web page just about
evaporation, our definition of evapotranspiration will not
include evaporation from surface water. Here,
evapotranspiration is defined as the water lost to
the atmosphere from the ground surface, evaporation from
the capillary fringe of the groundwater table, and the
transpiration of groundwater by plants whose roots tap the
capillary fringe of the groundwater table. The banner at the
top of this page offers an even more simple definition.
The transpiration aspect of evapotranspiration is essentially
evaporation of water from plant leaves. Studies have
revealed that transpiration accounts for about 10 percent of
the moisture in the atmosphere, with oceans, seas, and other
bodies of water (lakes, rivers, streams) providing nearly
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90 percent, and a tiny amount coming from sublimation (ice
changing into water vapor without first becoming liquid).
 
Transpiration: The release of water from plant leaves
Just as you release water vapor when you breathe, plants do,
too – although the term "transpire" is more appropriate than
"breathe." This picture shows water vapor transpired from
plant leaves after a plastic bag has been tied around the stem
for about an hour. If the bag had been wrapped around the
soil below it, too, then even more water vapor would have
been released, as water also evaporates from the soil.
Plants put down roots into the soil to draw water and
nutrients up into the stems and leaves. Some of this water is
returned to the air by transpiration. Transpiration rates vary
widely depending on weather conditions, such as
temperature, humidity, sunlight availability and intensity,
precipitation, soil type and saturation, wind, and land slope.
During dry periods, transpiration can contribute to the loss
of moisture in the upper soil zone, which can have an effect
on vegetation and food-crop fields

Factors affecting the rate of

evaporation and water cycle
How do you know if the quality of water is good or not?
Pure water is a rare commodity found in nature, as water by
its nature, tends to dissolve all the foreign particles in its
fold. The water that you swimming and fishing may not be
suitable enough for cooking and drinking purposes. So, one
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cannot estimate by appearance alone.
Polluted water can contain particles from many sources.
Though most of the pollutants emerge from two kinds of
sources – point and dispersed
1 – Point source
A point source can be any pipe or channels that are in use
for the discharge of industrial waste or a city sewage
system
It is essential to note that the point source of water pollution
is easy to control as compared to a dispersed source of
pollution. In the case of the point source of pollution, the
contaminated water collects and passes from a single point.
It is easy to treat dirty water at this source or end.
2 – Dispersed source
As the name may suggest, a dispersed source has no
particular point of emergence. The pollutants can come in
from a vast and unregulated area. The distributed source
can be any point, agriculture, or something else

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 GRAPH
Rate of evaporation

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 CONCLUSION
Evaporation takes place when a liquid turns into a gas. It is
also known as vaporization. It usually happens on the
surface of the water. It is known to be a slow process and
occurs at all temperatures. The rate of evaporation is
affected by many factors. These are given below:
1.) Effect of the Surface area: Evaporation increases with the
increase in surface area. It is because, the larger the surface
area that is exposed to air, the more molecules will escape
into the air.
2.) Effect of Temperature: Evaporation increases with the
increase in temperature as more molecules get kinetic
energy to convert into vapor. When the water is heated, the
water molecules tend to move rapidly. This makes the
molecules escape faster.
3.) Effect of Humidity: Evaporation increases with a
decrease in humidity. The air around can only hold a certain
amount of vapor at a certain time and a certain temperature.
If the temperature increases and the wind speed and
humidity stay constant, then the rate of evaporation will
increase since warmer air can hold more water vapor than
colder air.
4.) Effect of Wind Speed: Evaporation increases with the
increase in wind speed. Particles of vapor move away when
the speed of wind increases. This leads to a decrease in the
amount of water vapor in the atmosphere and thus an
increase in evaporation.

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Evaporation from the oceans is the primary mechanism
supporting the surface-to-atmosphere portion of the water
cycle. After all, the large surface area of the oceans (over 70
percent of the Earth's surface is covered by the oceans)
provides the opportunity for large-scale evaporation to
occur. On a global scale, the amount of water evaporating is
about the same as the amount of water delivered to the Earth
as precipitation. This does vary geographically, though.
Evaporation is more prevalent over the oceans than
precipitation, while over the land, precipitation routinely
exceeds evaporation. Most of the water that evaporates from
the oceans falls back into the oceans as precipitation. Only
about 10 percent of the water evaporated from the oceans is
transported over land and falls as precipitation. Once
evaporated, a water molecule spends about 10 days in the air.
The process of evaporation is so great that without
precipitation runoff, and groundwater discharge
from aquifers, oceans would become nearly empty
If you ever find yourself stranded on an island in need of
some salt, just grab a bowl, add some seawater, and wait for
the sun to evaporate the water. In fact,one way to produce
table salt is to evaporate saline water in evaporation
ponds, a technique used by people for thousands of years.
Seawater contains other valuable minerals that are easily
obtained by evaporation. The Dead Sea is located in the
Middle East within a closed watershed and without any
means of outflow, which is abnormal for most lakes. The
primary mechanism for water to leave the lake is by
evaporation, which can be quite high in a desert—upwards of
1,300 - 1,600 millimeters per year. The result is that the
waters of the Dead Sea have the highest salinity and density
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(which is why you float "higher"; when you lay in saline
water) of any sea in the world, too high to support life. The
water is ideal for locating evaporation ponds for the
extraction of not only table salt, but also magnesium, potash,
and bromine.
We said earlier that heat is removed from the environment
during evaporation, leading to a net cooling; notice how cold
your arm gets when a physician rubs it with alcohol before
pulling out a syringe with that scary-looking needle attached.
In climates where the humidity is low and the temperatures
are hot, an evaporator cooler, such as a "swamp cooler" can
lower the air temperature by 20 degrees F., while it increases
humidity
Evaporation happens when a liquid substance becomes
a gas. When water is heated, it evaporates. The molecules
move and vibrate so quickly that they escape into
the atmosphere as molecules of water vapor.

Evaporation is a very important part of the water cycle. Heat

from the sun, or solar energy, powers the evaporation
process. It soaks up moisture from soil in a garden, as well
as the biggest oceans and lakes. The water level
will decrease as it is exposed to the heat of the sun.

Although the level of a lake, pool, or glass of water will

decrease due to evaporation, the escaped water molecules
dont disappear. They stay in the atmosphere,
affecting humidity, or the amount of moisture in the air. Areas
with high temperatures and large bodies of water, such
as tropical islands and swamps, are usually very humid for
this reason. Water is evaporating, but staying in the air as a
vapor.

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Once water evaporates, it also helps form clouds. The clouds
then release the moisture as rain or snow. The liquid water
falls to Earth, waiting to be evaporated. The cycle starts all
over again.

Many factors affect how evaporation happens. If the air is

already clogged, or saturated, with other substances, there
wont be enough room in the air for liquid to evaporate
quickly. When the humidity is 100 percent, the air is
saturated with water. No more water can evaporate.
So, the water cycle and rate of evaporation is always
dependent.

Bibliography
1) Seminars only (https://www.seminarsonly.com/Engineering-
Projects/Chemistry/To-Compare-The-Rate-Of-Evaporisation-Of-
Water.ph)
2) Bisbo – Youtube channel
(https://www.youtube.com/c/BisboGo/search?query=amazon)
3) Global citizen
(https://www.globalcitizen.org/en/content/amazon-rainforest-
water-crisis/)
4) Teachoo
(https://www.teachoo.com/12537/3423/Evaporation/category/Conc
epts/)
5) The greater kamrup – Youtube channel
(https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v8ebLKF2-kk)

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6) USGS (https://www.usgs.gov/special-topics/water-science-
school/science/evapotranspiration-and-water-cycle)
7) https://i.stack.imgur.com/a3MRh.png
8) National Geographic
(https://www.nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/process-
evaporation/)
9) UCAR (https://scied.ucar.edu/learning-zone/climate-change-
impacts/water-cycle-climate-change)
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