Frteawins) Conpreace ose Mstoeus Fn Seismic Motion Selection Criteria for Dam Design G. Rodolfo Saragoni Director of Civil Engineering Department, University of Chi Gee ohne Bry neoury 7 6-4, ey Oncreen of Minus — Molle Bolte « evra SYNOPSIS In recent years, new seismic design methods for earthdam, based on finite element hat been used. ‘These nethods gonerally require selection criteria of seisaie ground motion to be used for the design. Most standard criteria used are maximum ground acceleration and linear response spectra. ‘These criteria fail to predict seismic dam response due to strong nonlinear soil Behavior characterized by large permanent displacement, shear sodulus degradation and dasping increasing with shear atrain deformation vartation, increase of water pore pressure and large variation of natural Persod of dam. A criterion based on the potential destructiveness of earthquake motion is proposed. This criterion can isolate the effect of the maximum ground acceleration, strong motion duration and characteristic Frequency of real earthguakes. The criterion have been developed through the Gessgn of six dams in Chile, 3 earthdans and 3 large tailing dams and its baseion the nonlinear behavior of soil Vastly used: QUADé (Iariss et al. (1973) and FLUSH (Lyanex et al. (1975) stgoovcrron ‘these results shown that use of maximin ground Soceleration ay" eurthaueke destructiveness cri The future development of the soil dynanic its erie is hgnly Ineaeduats actually controlled by our eapscity fo taprove inthe future tho definition bf gold behecior ono oF nan roRt tinder cyetie Loads and’ the description of me (ith Synante® loads, epectaliy tn the selene cane. oy eee g iP mis paper deals vith the second problem, in i notin see pareivulariy, with criteria of selection of Eelenic input ground motion for" Sesign of earth z ane In’ recent years, now seienic design nathods, oS Nee es Srowtice, Flatts tament have heestaccs foc f SLO eet ness earthdeaas, eo finfee etawane program soe i ase eR oe ‘these methods generally require selection cri- teria of seismic ground motion to be used for ine zat cal earthquake accelerogram to a given maximum - eee aethe fact that its maximum ground acceleration is three tine larger and its Arias intensity is two time larger than 824¢ Orion accelerogran as it is shown in Table I, es} — 20 soe 7 jes g g 3 a A} of Fig. 2° Strain Dependent shear Modulus and Danping Ratio of Soils. shear steain deformation due to Seed and 1ériss {is70) used by Einite element proyeans at ie gnthi ‘he she dali ff soil Enthis figure Gaqy {2,the shear edulis of 20% at sual strain Sd Cis the shear modulus. Since influence of Frequency content a8 well as strong motion duration of accelerograns in the hon linear response of soils has become evident the criterion of selection of earthquake sc- colerograns haa changed to scale naxinim ground acceleration and strong motion duration of hystorieal earthquake accelerograns. ‘These method produces unrealistic artificial accolerograms since independent variables of ac- celerograns! characteristic frequency and strong motion duration, turn to be dependent by using tine axie sealing. In this paper two criteria of selection of seis- nic ground accelerogran are presented. These methods have beon developed in the last five years through the design in Chile of three earth~ dans. (Los Angeles, Convento Viejo and Pirgue) and 3 large tailing dans (tos Leones, Pérez Cal- Gera and La Paula) sia & sre nocnEg a cinmactentetzes EARSIQUAKE ——=sDATE——~—ssTanTon conponenn GHENT, SS MAGNITUDE “(m/sec) _ ACCEL. (q) ea 5-18-40 El Centro NS. 7.0 1.92 0,342 Senifemmames ons Borys atte aaa 2 ema “ uw, mm 2 Asoo? Where | | = absolute maximum nonlinear dis- ine “aax| placement of elastoplastic oscil- a lator, and a ¥ plastic oscillator. 2 and is the viscous damping. a4 Argola et al. (1976) and Ortigosa (1982) have a3 shown that suductive southamerican earthquake 3 oa as ate kesponse of atructures and soils is controlled ote te 18 aa ab 90 eA earthquake accelerograns. ‘The influence of characteristic frequency as well "a8 strong motion duration becone more important in non Linear sistens with degradation of their stiffness or shear modulus and with inerease of their viscous damping. In Pig. 2 the degradation of shear modulus and the inéreasing of viscous damping of soils with 392 and 8244 orion, EM. Blastoplastié Non~ Lnear Oscillator. «= 0.67, CHARACTERIZATION OP EARTHQUAKE GROUND MOTION USING aBy metHOD. Using the wethod aBy proposed by Saragoni (1977) ‘The d,8 and y parangters of the chi-square function of the expected square acceleration Function ean be estimated,183 (e)) @ denotes expected value ground acceleration tine intensity paraneter Shape paraneters The chi-square function of Eq. (2) its 1s charac~ terized to have two inflection points at o a ‘The time interval between both inflection points is approximately the strong motion dura~ Eion sty: 2F at (5) The total energy of the accelerogram f(t) 1s defined as weg = fF sgeerae © celerogPam, ‘The total energy and the Arias intensity are related through the structural factor 1/29 (arias (1965) 1, Wie) om 23 The frequency content of accelerograns 1 defined by a power spectra T,.{u) defined by Saragoni and hart (572) © x00 308 YP u (a) The constants P and Q can be estimated using Peg) = 8, the relations due to Saragoni and Hart (1972) a fee ry yee fs oy aa ae 1 (wae ef (ao) ae e where + intensity of zero crossings per Second of scceleroyean Incenssty of maximum per second of accelerogran 493 PIRS? CRITERION OF SELECTYON OF EARTHQUAKE ACCELEROGRAMS FOR DESIGN OF EARTHDAK, the first criterion of selection of earthquake accelerograns for design of earthdan developed Was to consider the accelerogram which produce the maxinun expected displacement response spectra for the natural period of the dam, ‘The average @isplacenent response spectra #(5,} can be estimated using Crempien and Saragoni (1578) methoa 8l5p) = Fy + Fy + Pe ay wnere wy = aac /ecas (X)) a2) is tho earthquake accelerogram amplitude factor. = [ed (w is the earthquake strong motion duration factor, 0.8772 a3) ho ea an i Anti " se an[onrsee™}) ay dan content in the strong motion dur tion at, of Ue). In earthdams with n = 0.15 to 0.20 A- and the earthquake strong motion duration factor F, of Eq-(13) 4s reduced to Anne oy as asim nis an 1 An the enrthasake frequency factor Hpi ee eS) an BT an ae an the chilean Ferent type of in the seismic case of seismic dam design, aif- earthquake accelerogram cah occu Associated area toa dam site. Since Pact#ic coast of Chile is the border of the Southaneriean plate which has subductive in teraction with the Nazca plate, different type Of subductive earthquake Of intermediate focal Septh as well a2 shallow crust earthquake ae celerograms can be recorded at the dam site. order £0 choose which artificial accolerogram anong all one generated at different epicenters, Incharacterized by their Richter Magnitude, focal depth and epicentral distance, mat be used in the dynamical analysis of the dam their average Aisplacenent response spectra ratto is consider ed FIs, 7 Sue as BES) Pay Foy Fey where i and 3 identify diferent possible epi- For the finite element dynamical analysis the Araya and Saragoni (1984) and Saragont have define an earthquake destructivene: measurenent basis on the strong nonlinear behav ior of simple elastoplastie structures, They Use dynanieal probabiliatie solution of the Fokker-Planck equation considering large family of possible artificial earthquake accelerograne and clastoplastic structures. Prom the expected ‘ ductility requirenent of earthquake accelerograns they dofine a new parameter P, that measures the gen) destructiveness potential factor or the capacity to produce structural damage of earthquake ground notion. horizontal accelerograms which produce the lar~ Bp getteectvmeans potential fenton 2, ts de~ jet E(S,} 18 used in conjunction with its fined as to, sent 3 : ffeupeerae Corresponding vertical accelerogram. 7 . eee (20) For oxample for the design of a talling dan of Pe 2 copper mine located in the central part of 7 Eniie"to be pulre an two stages the vetoes ES iven in fable If were obtained for sech'dan Sete. oa) saw Senos Ea rere Fy epioawene sec dag geati/2 = = ¢ La Ligua 1 0.2070 0.0030 2.668 15.79 0.390 2.58 2.64 : Wyrparates 2010310 O:0020 tian tala Gi3a9 RSE ; Pérez Caldera 3 © 0.5860 0.0058 81220 7:79 «1.495, 2.27 2.57 1 (shaliss) San Felipe 40,1900 0.0000 2.570 36.56 9.652 2.61. 2.86 : hs, denotes ghe duration factor for stage 4 Fis the ratio between Arias intensity zy and i awe the intensity of zero crossings v,. Fhy denotes the duration factor for stage 2 (iat. 00 ech: Araya and Saragont (1904) have shown that # ean In this particular case the frequency content of earthquake accelerogran was considered the same for the four possible accelerogram: Di to this assumption the frequency factor Pe, Were not computed since they are the same for the four families of possible accelerograns. Computing Ry, of Eq. (19) it ts found that the large value it is obtained for the shallow earthquake at Pérez Caldera for both dan stages, Application of this first criterion assuming Linear s0i1 behavior of earthdan to four dan eases shown to be Linited since St does not in~ elude strong noniinoarity of the oil behavior characterized by large permanent displacement, shear modulus degradation and damping inereas~ ing with shear strain variation, increase of water pore pressure and large variation of the initial natural period of dams (up to 508) « SHCOND NON LINEAR CRITERION OP SELBCTION OF BARVHIQUAXE ACCELEROGRAMS, DESTRUCTIVENESS POTENTIAL FACTOR, 494 be given in terms of the main earthquake acceler ogram i.e., the duration of strong motion region ts, the mixinum ground acceleration 8, (C)ne, 7 and the frequency content measured by the sero Grossing ratio vy. beg (yaa)? Py = 0.2679 » BE max (22) This definition of destructiveness allows 0 Compare earthquake of different characteristics Fecorded in different regions of the vorld. "As GFiterion for selection of earthquake seceier™ Ourune for carthdan design the comparison Detween destructiveness potential factor of earthquake accelerograns is used; ie. Yos. Where indexes i and 4 denote two dicferent fam~ lies of earthquake accelerograms.‘This second criterion selects for dam design the horizontal accelerogram family with the larger Py, since it produces the larger non~ Linear deformations. In thie criterion the nonlinear behavior of elastoplastic simple. structures and soil are assumed to be similar with regard to Shear modulus degradation (stiff ness degradation in the structural case) and — permanent deformation (auctility requirement in the structural case) Considering again Ortigosa (1982) results of Liquefaction for the 12 meter sand deposit shown in Pig. 2. ‘The characteristics of the five accelerograms considered in the Ortigosa (1382) analysis are given in Table IIr, deposit in Fig. 1, There is an small difference in order between La Ligua 1965 and Lima 1966. These results shown the goodnass of the non- Linear proposed criterion. Finally, the use of this eriterion to choose the artificial accelerogran to verify the design of the built Pérez Caldera Ne1 tailing dan te reported. For this case the two accelerograns shown in'Pig. 4. were recomended for the design. ‘The first one corresponding to a shallow local. earthquake has a maxinun ground acceleration of 0.502q and ®, = 0.0052 x 109 sec", the second one a far field earthquake has a maximum ground Sceeleration of 812g and Py = 0.0147 x 10° bed? According with standard practice the first ac- eelerogran due to ite relative very large maxi- ‘TABLE IIT DESPRUCTIVENESS POTENTIAL FACTORS OF EARTHQUAKE ACCELEROGRAMS USED FOR THE SAND DEPOSE®. (ortigosa 1582)) a 7, i, F ACCELEROGRAM nee . a 3 sO eroNeI geo ay oct 104s vod Orion nadia @20 5.43 42 4139 azo Pate 1982, 469% oar lao ute El Genero'1980, rm) O1a2n Bua im 392g lane a tigua i965, cow 811002952 6.86 oles Toa i986, Nason alm dna 93 tisn arabe Accetenanion 9 {gpa 3808 MiG gee fam fet eamTuauane Tepes 8129 oe ie tSSgsec? Fig. 4 Artificial Acceleroyrans Considered in the Analyeiu of the YaLliny Dam, In Table TIT the values G,..47 Yor At, and Py were obtained from Araya and Saragons (1903) The values Pj correspond to the sane acceler- ograms scaled to Uy, = 0.09g as used by Orti- gosa (1962). the order of the Pf of scaled ac~ celerograns 1s: Orion Radial, #1 Centro, Tatt, Lina and La Ligua which 18 the sama order of liguefaction levels reported for the sand un ground acceleration mst be used for the tailing dam verification, However by using the nonlinear proposed cri~ tortion the second accelerogram must be used in the design. it must be noticed the maxinan ground acceleration is four time lower than the Hirst one.Portes) Fig. 5 Result of the Dynamical Pinite Element Analy Finite element analysis shown in Pig. § gave tat second accelerogran with larger Py, produce partial liquefaction in the tailing dan. tho first accelerogram with the larger naxiaun ac- celeration did not produce liquefaction. Results obtained from Finite element analysis of @ real tailing dam shown again the yoodness of the proposed criterias ‘concLUSIONS , Iwo criteria of selection of earthquake ac~ celerograns for earthdam design ware presented. The first one is a linear criterion that uses the maxinun expected displacement response apactra for the natural period of the dam. Since this method can not include strong non Linear behavior of soLls, a second non lincar eriterion was proposed. “‘Thia second criterion considers the destructiveness potential factor B, which {8 a measurenont of the level of shear modulus soil degradation and permanent displace, Definition of the destructivenasa patantial factor Py in also given in terme of the main parameters of an earthquake accelerogran {.0. the duration of the strong motion region ess the ftaxdeun yround adveieration Uy tigen and the froquency contents measured by tha intenui~ ty of zero crossings v,. The goodness of the nonlinear criterion of selection of earthguake accslerograna it 1s Alustrated through two examples: the maximum Pore pressure increment of a sand deposit and fhe finite clenont analysis of a real tailing 196 2-50 stenath fr Se detormation ‘and for pote pressure ot 26cjles fos equnalnt union stress at 28 jes due tothe Leet earthquake sequin uniform stress ot 28 ‘jles de tothe fr field earthquake Liguafied element ‘sis of the Tatling Dam ~ Liquefaction Analysis. REFERENCES. Avaya, R. and GR. Saragont, (1984), "Earthquake Aecélerogran Destructivenéss Potential Pactor Eight World conference on Earthquake Engineer ing, San Francisco, U.o.A. Arias, A, (1969), "A Measure of Earthquake In- tensity*, itassachusetts Institute of Technolo- gy, Canbriage Argola, &., Hl, Garcta and G.R. Saragond, (1976), "analyuis of Maximum llowponue of Sinple Strut ture to U.S.A. and Southanerican Accelerogeans (tn spanish) , “Second Chilean Neeting on Seisno logy and Earthquake Engineering, Santiago, Chi. aes Grompien, J. and G.R. Sarajoni, (1976), “Inlue ‘ence of the Duration of Lartiqueke Ground Motion in Average Response Spectra", Sixth Luropean Conference on Earthquake Bhgineer ing, Dubrovnick, Yugoesiavia. Tdrise, I.M., J, Lysmer, R. lwang and WD, Seed, (2973), “*“GUab“~4: a Computer Program for Evalu! ating the Seisnic Response of Soil structures by Varinble Dauping Findte Rlement Procedures, Noport W° uEKG 73-16, University of California, Berkeley. Lysner, J.) 7. Udaka, C. Tealand M.D. seed, (1975); "‘ridsur A Computer Program for Apcoxi~ mato 3D Analyudu of Goi] stzucture Intoruo™ tion Problems". Neport N* ENG 75-30, Untvar~ sity of California, Berkeley. Ortigosa, P., (1962), "Modeling soit Under cyeiic Loads" (in Spanish), international, Conference Past, Present afd Future of Soil Mechanics, Nexi¢an Society of S011 Mechanics, Mexico, Mexico.Saragont, G.R. and G.c. Hart, (1972), *Nontata- ‘tionary Analysis ahd’ simulation of ‘Farthquake Ground Yotions", UCLA-Eng-7238, Earthquake Engineering and’ structures Laboratary, Univer sity of California, Los Angeles. Saragont, G.x., (1977), “Dhe afy Method for the ‘Characterization of Earthquake Aecelerograns". 6 World Conference of Earthquake Engineering, New Delni, India, Saragoni, G.R., (1961), "Influence of Maximum Ground Accelération,'buration and Frequency Content in the Farthquake Danage, (In Spanish) Boletin de Informacién de Carreteras y Geo- tecnia, N*idd, Garzo-abril, Madyid, Spain. Seed, Ul.B. and T.M. Tdriss, (1970), “sos1 Moduli and Dawping Pactora for bynamie Response Analysis", Roport LXKG 70-10, University of California, Berkeley, Califor~ ala. w7