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    13 views275 pages

    Mulyadi H 2002

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    Javier Guerrero Arrieta

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    500700 Department of Petroleum Engineering DETERMINATION OF RESIDUAL GAS SATURATION AND GAS-WATER RELATIVE PERMEABILITY IN WATER-DRIVEN GAS RESERVOIRS Henny Mulyadi ‘This thesis is presented as part of the requirements for the award of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy of the Curtin University of Technology July 2002 ABSTRACT The research on Determination of Residual Gas Saturation and Gas-Water Relative Permeability in Water-Driven Gus Reservoirs is divided into four stages: literature research, core-flooding experiments, development and application of a new technique for reservoir simulation. Overall, all stages have been completed successfully with several breakthroughs in the areas of Special Core Analysis (SCAL), reservoir engineering and reservoir simulation technology. Initially, a literature research was conducted to survey all available core analysis techniques and their individual characteristics. The survey revealed that there are several core analysis techniques for measuring residual gas saturation (Sgr) and hence, the lack of a commonly agreed method for measuring Sgr. The often-used core analysis techniques are steady-state displacement, co-current imbibition, centrifuge and counter-current imbibition. In this research, all centrifuge tests were y of replacing gas with a ‘model fluid’ to minimise errors due to gas compressibility. Furthermore, Sgr performed with a decane-brine system to investigate the possil is a function of testing temperature and pressure, types of fluid, wettability, viscosity, flow rate and overburden pressure. Consequently, large uncertainties are associated with measured Sgr and the recoverable gas reserves for water-driven gas reservoirs. Due to the lack of a common method for measuring Sgr, the first important step is to clarify which is the most representative core analysis technique for measuring Sgr. In Stage 2 of the research, core analysis experiments were performed with uniform fluids and ambient temperature. In the core flooding experiments, four different sets of core plugs from various gas reservoirs were selected to cover a wide range of permeability and porosity. Finally, all measured Sgr from the various common core analysis techniques were compared. The evidence suggested that steady-state displacement and co-current imbibition tests are the most representative techniques for reservoir application. Steady-state displacement also yields the complete relative permeability (RP) data but it requires long stabilisation times and is costly. In the third stage, a new technique was successfully developed for determining both Sgr and gas-water RP data. The new method consists of an initial co-current imbibition experiment followed by the newly developed correlation (Mulyadi, Amin and Kennaird correlation). Co-current imbibition is used to measure the end-point data, for example, initial water saturation (Swi) and Sgr. The MAK correlation was developed to extend the co-current imbibition test by generating gas-water relative permeability data. Unlike previous correlations, MAK correlation is unique because it incorporates and exhibits the formation properties, reservoir conditions and fluid properties (for example, permeability, porosity, interfacial tension and gas density) to generate the RP curves. The accuracy and applicability of MAK correlations were investigated with several sets of gas-water RP data measured by steady-state displacement tests for various gas reservoirs in Australia, New Zealand, South-East Asia and U.S.A. The MAK correlation proved superior to previously developed correlations to demonstrate its robustness. ‘The purpose of the final stage was to aggressively pursue the possibility of advancing the application of the new technique beyond special core analysis (SCAL). As MAK correlation is successful in describing gas water RP in a core plug scale, it is possible to extend its application to describe the overall reservoir flow behaviour. This investigation was achieved by implementing MAK correlation into a 3-D reservoir simulator (MoReS) and performing simulations on a producing field. The simulation studies were divided into two categories: pre and post upscaled application. ‘The case studies were performed on two X gas-condensate fields: X1 (post upscaled) and X2 (pre upscaled) fields. Since MAK correlation was developed for gas-water systems, several modifications were required to account for the effect of the additional phase (oil) on gas and water RP in gas-condensate systems. In this case, oil RP data was generated by Corey’s equations. Five different case studies were performed to investigate the individual and combination effect of implementing MAK correlation, alternative Swi and Sgr correlations and refining porosity and permeability clustering. Moreover, MAK correlation has proven to be effective as an approximation technique for cell by cell simulation to advance reservoir simulation technology. BIOGRAPHY OF THE AUTHOR Henny Mulyadi completed a Bachelor of Engineering (Chemical) degree with Honours at Curtin University of Technology between 1995 and 1998. As an undergraduate, she received several awards including 1" Prize Asia-Pacific Society of Petroleum (SPE) Undergraduate Research and 2"! Prize Intemational SPE Undergraduate Research. Furthermore, she was also awarded 1" and 2 Prize for Asia Pacific and Intemational SPE Doctorate Research respectively. All awards are attached in Appendix A. She received a scholarship to conduct this research for her Doctorate of Philosophy at Curtin University of Technology. The research is sponsored by ExxonMobil, Chevron, Core Laboratories, Fletcher Challenge (NZ) and Woodside. She is currently working as a Reservoir Engineer at ChevronTexaco Australia Pty Ltd. Papers written in support of this thesis are given below and details of each publication are included in Appendix A: SPE #71523: Practical Approach to Determine Residual Gas Saturation and Gas- water Relative Permeability In Water-Driven Gas Reservoir. SPE #64710: Measurement of Residual Gas Saturation in Water-Driven Gas Reservoir ~ Comparison of the Various Core Analysis Techniques. MH#576H: Sequestration of Supercritical CO2 in Deep Brine Formation. SPE# 68733: A New Approach to 3D Reservoir Simulation — Effect of Interfacial Tension on Improving Oil Recovery. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to express my appreciation by thanking the following people and organisations for their generous support and advice during this research: My supervisor, Professor Robert Amin and Anthony F. Kennaird for their continuous support and generosity; Professor Ashok Khurana for initiating this research; Professor A. Firoozabadi, Dr T. Tang and Ross Jahanian at the Reservoir Engineering Research Institute (RERI) in California, U.S.A; Professor Raj Rajeswaran and all staff at the Petroleum Engineering Department of Curtin University of Technology. Special thanks to the following sponsoring companies and their respective representatives; . Woodside — Goos G. Bakker, David Steer and Dr Tom L. Mason; Core Laboratories — Anthony F. Kennaird; West Australian Petroleum (WAPET) — Erik Van Der Steen and Danny Van Nispen; Fletcher Challenge — Ian. Palmer; and ExxonMobil. ‘Their detailed comments, advice, compliments and criticisms have added significant value to the completeness of this research. Finally, I would like to acknowledge my family for their tremendous support and understanding which is received with the warmest thoughts and respect at all times. NOMENCLATURE ABBREVIATIONS D Darcy FZI Flow-zone-indicator Gp ‘Cumulative gas production HU Hydraulic Unit IFT Interfacial tension Ka ‘Absolute gas permeability Korw _Oil relative permeability in the presence of water Krg Gas relative permeability Krog _Oil relative permeability in the presence of gas Krw _ Water relative permeability Np Cumulative oil production Pe Capilllary pressure PV Pore volume Q Production rate RP Relative permeability RQI Reservoir-quality-index Sg Gas saturation Sgi Initial gas saturation Ser Residual gas saturation Sorg Residual oil saturation in the presence of gas Sorw Residual oil saturation in the presence of water Sw Water saturation Swi Initial water saturation Wp Cumulative water production SUBSCRIPTS e Effective g Gas ° Oil r Residual w Water TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT BIOGRAPHY OF THE AUTHOR ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS NOMENCLATURE ABBREVIATIONS ‘SUBSCRIPTS LIST OF APPENDICES LIST OF TABLES LIST OF FIGURES CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background 1.2 Motivation and significance of this work 1.2.1 Motivation 1.2.2 Objectives 1.2.3 Significance 1.3 Thesis Outline CHAPTER 2: HisTORICAL OVERVIEW 2.1 Pertinent Research 2.2 Available Core Analysis Techniques 2.2.1 Steady-State Displacement 2.2.2 Centrifuge Technique 2.2.3. Co Current Imbibition 2.2.4 Counter Current Imbibition 2.3 Factors Influencing Sgr Measurements 2.3.1 Effect of Core Dimensions vw ey a ee ce 10 u 13 13 2.3.2 Effect of Porosity and Permeability 14 2.3.3 The Effect of Wettability 15, 2.3.4 Effect of Overburden Pressure 15 2.3.5 Effect of Temperature 16 2.3.6 — Effect of Interfacial Tension and Density 17 2.3.7 Effect of Viscosity 17 2.3.8 Effect of Flow Rates 19 2.3.9 Effect of Pressure Gradient 2 2.3.10 The Effect of Gas Type (Compositions) 21 CHAPTER 3: EXPERIMENTAL TESTS 24 3.1 Objectives 25 3.2. Rock and Fluid Properties 25 3.3. Core Plugs and Composite Core Arrangement 26 33.1 Hydraulic Units (HU) 26 3.3.2 Huppler Calculations 21 3.4 Steady-State Displacement 28 3.4.1 Set-Up 28 33.2 Procedures 28 3.4 Co-current Imbibition 31 34.1 Set-Up 31 3.4.2 Procedures 31 3.5 Counter-Current Imbibition 31 35.1 Set-Up 31 3.5.2 Procedures 32 3.6 Decane-Brine Centrifuge 33 3.6.1 Set-Up 33 3.6.2 Procedures 34 3.7 Discussions 36 CHAPTER 4: THE NEW PRACTICAL DETERMINATION OF SGR AND GAS-WATER RELATIVE PERMEABILITY 41 4.1 Proposed Strategy 41 4.2 New Technique 42 43 Laboratory Experiments 43 43.1 Co-current Imbibition 43 432 Interfacial Tension (IFT) 43 44 Generating Gas-Water Relative Permeability 44 (CHAPTER 5: COMPARISON BETWEEN NEW AND STEADY-STATE DISPLACEMENT TECHNIQUES 46 5.1 Case Study Source 46 5.2 Current Experimental Study 47 5.3. Generic Data 49 5.3.1 SPE Publications 49 5.4 Discussions 33 CHAPTER 6: COMPARISON BETWEEN NEW AND PREVIOUS CORRELATIONS 54 6.1 Other Correlations 6.2 Discussions 56 g CHAPTER 7: RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN PETROPHYSICAL PROPERTIES AND SGR 60 7.1 Background 60 7.2. Sgr Correlations 60 7.3 Discussions 61 (CHAPTER 8: APPLYING MAK CORRELATIONS TO NON-HYDROCARBON-BRINE. SysTEeMS 67 8.1 Background 67 8.2 MAK Correlations at Reservoir Conditions 67 8.3 MAK Correlation for Non-Hydrocarbon-Brine Systems 8.3.1 Background 38 va 84 83.2 Experimental Set-Up Discussions CHAPTER 9: APPLICATION OF THE NEW TECHNIQUE FOR RESERVOIR 91 92 9.4 95 9.6 SIMULATION Background MoReS Simulator General Application 9.4.1 — Implementation Options 94.2 Cell-By-Cell 9.4.3 Clustering of Cells Possible discontinuity Automating MAK Correlations in Reservoir Simulator (MoReS) 69 10 2 3 14 14 14 15 78 82 CHAPTER 10: APPLYING MAK CORRELATIONS TO Gas CONDENSATE SYSTEMS 10.1 10.2 103 10.5 10.6 Objectives Original Field Model Assumptions 10.2.1 No Condensate Dropout in Reservoir 10.2.2 Formation Properties 10.2.3 Relative Permeability APPLYING MAK Correlations FoR GAS-CONDENSATESsystems 10.3.1 Assumptions 10.3.2 Modification of Krw for Three-Phase Systems 10.3.3 Modifying Krg for Three-Phase Systems Reservoir simulation with MAK correlations Post-Upscaled Application 10.6.1 General Note 10.6.2 Case Study One 10.6.3 Case Study Two 10.6.4 Case Study Three 10.6.5 Case Study Four 88 88 89 89 90 1 92 92 93 94 96 98 98 99 109 107 116 10.7 Pre-Upscaled Application CHAPTER 11: ConcLusions & RECOMMENDATIONS 11.1 Conclusions and Key Findings 11.1.1 Summary of Research 11.12 Key Findings 11.2 Recommendations REFERENCES 125 133 133 133 134 139 140 LIST OF APPENDICES Appendix A Appendix B Appendix C Appendix D AWARDS & PUBLICATIONS ‘(CORE FLOODING EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS COMPARISON OF GAS-WATER RP MODELLING BETWEEN MAK CORRELATION AND STEADY STATE TEST PERMEABILITY AND POROSITY CLUSTERING CALCULATIONS xi LIST OF TABLES Table 2.1 Table 3.1 Table 3.2 ‘Table 3.3 Table 3.4 Table 5.1 Table 8.1 Table 8.2 Table 83 Table 8.4 Table 9.1 Table 9.2 Table 9.3 Table 9.4 Table 9.5 Table 10.1 Table 10.2 Table 10.3 ‘Table 10.4 ‘Table 10.5 Table 10.6 ‘Table 10.7 Table 10.8 ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF THE VARIOUS CORE ANALYSIS ‘TECHNIQUES CORE PROPERTIES ‘TesTED ComPostre CORE PROPERTIES EFFECT OF TYPE OF IMBIBING FLUID ON MEASURED SGR BY COUNTER CURRENT IMBIBITION SUMMARY OF CORE ANALYSIS EXPERIMENTS INTERFACIAL TENSION (IFT) MEASUREMENTS FOR BRINE-METHANE SYSTEM AT AMBIENT CONDITIONS CORE PLUG PROPERTIES INTERFACIAL TENSION MEASUREMENTS AT RESERVOIR CONDITIONS GAS DENSITY MEASUREMENTS AT RESERVOIR CONDITIONS GAS VISCOSITY MEASUREMENTS AT RESERVOIR CONDITIONS MEMORY STORAGE REQUIREMENT FOR CELL-BY-CELL, IMPLEMENTATION ORIGINAL PERMEABILITY CLASS FOR X. PERMEABILITY CLASSES POROSITY CLASSES ‘PERMEABILITY AND POROSITY MATRICES CALCULATED CORRELATIONS’ EXPONENTS FROM ESTIMATED PORE SIZE DISTRIBUTION (A) SUMMARY AND COMPARISON FOR CASE STUDY ONE ‘SUMMARY OF RESULTS FoR CASE STUDY TWO. SUMMARY OF RESULTS FOR CASE STUDY THREE PERMEABILITY CLUSTERING SCHEMES POROSITY CLUSTERING SCHEMES ‘SUMMARY OF RESULTS FROM CASE STUDY FOUR SUMMARY OF RESULTS FROM CASE STUDY FIVE, xt LIST OF FIGURES Figure 3.1 Figure 3.2 Figure 3.3 Figure 3.4 Figure 5.1 Figure 5.2 Figure 5.3 Figure 5.4 Figure 5.5 Figure 5.6 Figure5.7 Figure 5.8 Figure 6.1 Figure 6.2 FIGURE 6.3 Figure 6.4 Figure 7.1 Figure 7.2 Figure 73 Figure7.4 STEADY STATE DISPLACEMENT SET UP COUNTER CURRENT IMBIBITION DECANE-BRINE CENTRIFUGE SYSTEM COMPARISON OF MEASURED SGR BY THE VARIOUS CORE ANALYSIS TECHNIQUES COMPARISON OF GAS-WATER RP DATA BETWEEN STEADY-STATE EXPERIMENTAL AND MAK CORRELATIONS (CASE 1) COMPARISON OF GAS-WATER RP DATA BETWEEN STEADY-STATE EXPERIMENTAL AND MAK CORRELATIONS (CASE 2) COMPARISON OF GAS-WATER RP DATA BETWEEN STEADY-STATE EXPERIMENTAL AND MAK CORRELATIONS (CASE 3) COMPARISON OF GAS-WATER RP DATA BETWEEN STEADY-STATE EXPERIMENTAL AND MAK CORRELATIONS (CASE 4) COMPARISON OF GAS-WATER RP DATA BETWEEN STEADY-STATE EXPERIMENTAL AND MAK CORRELATIONS (CASE 5) ‘COMPARISON OF GAS-WATER RP DATA BETWEEN STEADY-STATE EXPERIMENTAL AND MAK CORRELATIONS (CASE 6) COMPARISON OF GAS-WATER RP DATA BETWEEN STEADY-STATE EXPERIMENTAL AND MAK CORRELATIONS (CASE 7) COMPARISON OF GAS-WATER RP DATA BETWEEN STEADY-STATE EXPERIMENTAL AND MAK CORRELATIONS (CASE 8) COMPARISON BETWEEN VARIOUS CORRELATIONS AND LABORATORY STEADY-STATE DISPLACEMENT TESTS (CASE 1) COMPARISON BETWEEN VARIOUS CORRELATIONS AND LABORATORY ‘STEADY-STATE DISPLACEMENT TESTS (CASE 2) COMPARISON BETWEEN VARIOUS CORRELATIONS AND LABORATORY STEADY-STATE DISPLACEMENT TESTS (CASE 3) COMPARISON BETWEEN VARIOUS CORRELATIONS AND LABORATORY STEADY-STATE DISPLACEMENT TESTS (CASE 4) RESIDUAL GAS SATURATION VS WATER PERMEABILITY INITIAL WATER SATURATION AS A FUNCTION OF AIR PERMEABILITY RESIDUAL GAS SATURATION AS A FUNCTION OF ABSOLUTE AIR PERMEABILITY ‘RESIDUAL GAS SATURATION AS A FUNCTION OF INITIAL GAS SATURATION xh Figure 7.5 Figure 7.6 Figure 8.1 Figure 8.2 Figure 9.1 Figure 9.2 Figure 93 Figure 9.4 Figure 9.5 Figure 9.64 Figure 9.68 Figure 9.7 Figure 10.1 Figure 10.2 Figure 103 Figure 10.4 Figure 10.5 Figure 10.64, Figure 10.68 Figure 10.6C Figure 10.6D RESIDUAL GAS SATURATION AS A FUNCTION OF POROSITY EFFECT OF FLOW RATE ON RESIDUAL GAS SATURATION SIMULATION WITH MAK CORRELATIONS AT VARIOUS RESERVOIR Conpitions COMPARISON BETWEEN THE EXPERIMENTAL AND SIMULATED SUPERCRITICAL CO2-WATER RPC AT VARIOUS INTERFACIAL-TENSION SCENARIOS RATE OF CHANGE OF WATER RELATIVE PERMEABILITY WITH RESPECT TO AIR PERMEABILITY (DKRW/DKA) WITH CONSTANT POROSITY (PHI) AND INITIAL WATER SATURATION (SW1) RATE OF CHANGE OF WATER RELATIVE PERMEABILITY WITH RESPECT ‘TO POROSITY (PHI) AT CONSTANT INITIAL WATER SATURATION (SW!) RATE OF GAS RELATIVE PERMEABILITY CHANGES WITH RESPECT TO PERMEABILITY (KA) WITH CONSTANT INITIAL WATER SATURATION (SWI) OVERVIEW OF COMPLETE ROUTINES FOR IMPLEMENTING MAK ‘CORRELATIONS IN MORES DETERMINATION OF MAK CORRELATIONS EXPONENTS GENERATING WATER-OIL (WOIJ) RELATIVE PERMEABILITY DATA (GENERATING WATER-OIL (WOIJ) RELATIVE PERMEABILITY DATA (CONT) GENERATING GAS-OIL (GOI4) RELATIVE PERMEABILITY DATA (COMPARISON OF VARIOUS CORRELATIONS IN MORES TO ESTIMATE SCG, SORW AND SORG WATER OIL SysTEMS MOVABLE OM. SATURATION IN WATER-OIL SYSTEMS Gas OIL Systems MOVABLE OIL SATURATION IN GaS-O1L SYSTEMS DISTRIBUTION (4) (CAPILLARY PRESSURE (PC) VS WATER SATURATION (SW) FOR 0

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