1.

2 24 (60 )
2. 1 !" !# $ 20 (# 30 )
2 !" $ 4 (# 30 )

1 ( " # 30 & )
1 2 3 4 5 6
1. & ' (' A = 3 4 , B = 5 6 , C = 7 8 1' 2 1 |ABC|4 1

&. 1 . 41 . 18 1. 1
8
2. & ' (' A 5 B !" #6&78( 9 : 2 !" #6&78;< $8 = |A| = 3, |B| = 1 1' 2 1 |AB|4 1
&. 13 . 13 .3 1. 43
3. 1' 2 !# x, y, z 1# & # 2 :!
x + 2y 4 z = 0
2x + y + z = 3
x + y + 2z = 5
&. x = 0, y = 0, z = 1 . x = 1, y = 2, z = 3 . x = 0, y = 1, z = 2 1. x = 1, y = 3, z = 2
1 2 3 4
2 3 4 1
4. 1' 2 1 3 4 1 2
4 1 2 3
&. 0 .1 . 41 1. ' 2 : :2
5. & ' (' A !" #6&78 &5&BC8, B !" #6&78 D# , C !" #6&78 '5$ , D !" #6&78
;< $8 5 A, B, C, D n x n ( =<& 1
&. |A| = 0 . |B| = 0 . |C| ' 2 : 1. |D| ' 2 : :2
6. 1 &# &# w+x+y+z = 12
2w 4 x + y 4 z = 44
w + 2x 4 y + z = 6
w + x 4 2y + z = 0

w x y z
&. 0 1 2 3
. 0 2 4 6
. 1 2 1 2
1. 1 3 5 7

1 1 0 C11 ( A ) C11 ( A ) C11 ( A )

7. & ' (' A = 0 1 1 , B = C (A) C (A) C (A) 1' 2 1 B4 1
21 22 23
1 0 1 C (A) C (A) C (A)
31 32 33
t
&. B2 . B2 . B2 1. : 2 6 #8
8. ( =<& 1 I A, B !" #6&78 6 6 m x n 5 m n
1. (A + B)2 = A2 + AB + BA + B2 2. |AT| = |A|
3. A4 1 = 1 adj( A ) 4. adj(A) = [Mij(A)]T
A T

5. = |A| = |B| : 2 #= #D!: 2 A = B

&. 1, 2, 3 2 . 1, 2, 5 2 . 1, 2, 3, 5 1. 1 2
9. ( =<& 1 I A, B !" #6&78 nxn
&. |A4 1| = |A|4 1 . |A + B| = |A| + |B| . |A 4 B| = |A| 4 |B| 1. Cij(A) = (4 1)i + jMij(A)
10. ( : 2(T2 6 1 #6&78
&. 6& # 5 1& # C< . 6& # & 1
. 6& # !5$ &5D2 1& # & 1. &5&BC8& # <C
11. 1 &# & # 2 :! A+B+C4D = 11
2A + B 4 3C 4 D = 48
3A 4 B + C + D = 3
4A + 3B 4 C + D = 4 10
A B C D
&. 1 41 5 46
. 2 4 6 41
. 3 41 2 47
1. 3 6 9 3
2
x 2x 1
2
12. & ' (' A = 1 2x x 1' 2 1 x !" U (' #6&78 A : 2
2
2x x 1
6 #8
&. 4 1 .0 .1 1. 2
13. = det(CTAB4 1) = 4 2, det(A) = 4 1, det(B) = 3 1' 2 1 det(C)
&. 2 .4 .6 1. 4 2
14. = det(A) = 12 , det(B) = 4 1 5 det(AB)4 1 2 2(
&. 1 .2 .3 1. 4
15. 1 &# &# 2x + y 4 z = 1
x 4 2y + z = 12
x + y 4 2z = 12
x y z
&. 1 1 1
2 2
. 1 1 1
2 2
. 1 1 1
2
1. 1 1 1
2 2

16. = AT = (a ij ) 5 A2 I ( 2 :!
m× n
()
2
&. a ij
n× m
. (2 a ij )
m× n
()
. 2 a 2ij
m× n
( )
1. a 2ji
n×m
17. & ' (' A, B, C !" #6&78 n x n ( W6
&. = det(A) = det(B) det(C) 5 A = BC
. = cAB = cA B I c !" 2 1 ( 9
. (AB)T = BTAT
1. AT + BT = (A + B)T
2 1
41 3 3
18. = A = 1 2 1' |A|
3 3
&. 4 1 . 42 . 43 1. 1
3
19. ( =<& 1 &$ & YBZ #8 6 8 I A !" #6&78 D# ( 9
&. = <C = '#I '5&( 9 1 #6&78 A $ 2 1 c 5 #8 6 8 1 #6&78(' 2 2
2 & c det(A)
. = #6&78 A ( 9 = ( = ' 1'#I [ '5&( '5&' 1[ T6& 2 & ;< $8' &D 5 A !"
#6&78 &\
. = & T6&( = i ('#I '5& j) $ = I 9 ('#I '5& I 9) : 2(T2 = i ('5& j) 5
5 :! 2 ( = : 2(T2 = i ('5& : 2(T2'5& j) 1 #6&78 A 5 #8 6 8 1
#6&78(' 2 2 & det(A)
1. =<& D&
1 1 1
20. & ' (' A = 1 2 1 1' 2 1 |A4 1|
2 1 2
&. 1 . 41 .0 1. ' 2 : 2:

2 #) ( " # 30 & )
1. 1 12 #6&78;< $8 !" #6&78 : 2 6 #8 (5 )
p 11 p 12 p 13
2. & ' (' P = p p p 5 P : 2 !" #6&78;< $8 = PT !" #6&78 # _` 1
21 22 23
p p p
31 32 33
#6&78 P 1 1 2 P = (PT)T (5 )
3. 1(T&Z 1 # #8 &# & # 2 :! (10 )
w4x+y4z = 44
4w 4 x + 3y + z = 48
2w + x + y 4 z = 0
3w + 2x + y 4 3z = 1
a 11 a 12 a 13
4. & ' (' A = a a a = A !" #6&78 6 #8
21 22 23
a a a
31 32 33
41
1 1 6a ' A (10 )
 1
1 2 3 4 5 6
1. A= , B= , C= |ABC| 1
3 4 5 6 7 8
! "# $%& ' '()* + ',- '()* +
./ |ABC| 1 = 1 = 1
ABC A B C
= ( 4 6)(18 120 )( 40 42 )
= ( 2 )( 12 )( 2 )
= 18 .

2. A *"& B ! ( ') 1 2 /3( ! ( ') 145 6 |A| = 3, |B| = 1 |AB| 1

./ |AB| 1 = 1
A B
= (3)(1 1)
= 13 .

3. +#8* ' x, y, z '&<<=( '+ 3

x + 2y z = 0 ----------
2x + y + z = 3 ----------
x + y + 2z = 5 ----------
/ B5 &*= 8)C ' + < '&<<=( ' 5 2 8)C
8)C*' 8)C D, %)+ ((.3 *+ F 8)
=( ' + &3
3x + 3y = 3 &3 8 x + y = 1 - - - - - - - - - -
* =( ' " =( ' &3 8
1 + 2z = 5
2z = 4
D' &I& # z = 2
* z = 2 " =( ' *"&=( ' &3 '&<<=( ' ( .
x + 2y 2 = 0 - - - - - - - - - -
 2x + y + 2 = 3 - - - - - - - - - -
5%=( ' 8 2 &3
2x + 4y 4 = 0 - - - - - - - - - -
=( ' &3 8
3y 6 = 3
3y = 3 + 6 = 3 /# . y = 1 *"& x = 0

8)C =/ ', - ' ( ' ((.5) ' '&<<=( ' / 5 '5

( ') 1 =#( '&=) C)K (A) ( ') 1 +#8* ' (X) *"& ( ') 1 / (B)3 #
1 2 1 x 0
2 1 1 y = 3 & M 8 =( ' 5 '5 AX = B
1 1 2 z 5
'()* + ( ') 1=#( '&=) C)K ' '& *N + ' (cofactor) + (*68 =/ (
2 1 1 1 1 2
det(A) = (1) (1) + (2)
1 1 2 1 2 1
= (1)(2 + 1) (1)(1 + 2) + (2)(1 4)
= 3 3 6
= 6
'()* + ( ') 1 / ) '* / "# / i ( ') 1=#( '&=) C)K 8 "#
( ') 1 / (det(Ai))
det(A1) = '()* + ( ') 1 / ) '* / "# / 1 ( ') 1
=#( '&=) C)K 8 "# ( ') 1 /
0 2 1
= 3 1 1
5 1 2
2 1 2 1
= (3) + (5)
1 2 1 1
= (3)(4 + 1) + (5)(2 + 1)
= (3)(5) + (5)(3) = 0
 det(A2) = '()* + ( ') 1 / ) '* / "# / 2 ( ') 1
=#( '&=) C)K 8 "# ( ') 1 /
1 0 1
= 2 3 1
1 5 2
1 1 1 1
= (3) (5)
1 2 2 1
= (3)(2 + 1) (5)(1 + 2)
= (3)(3) (5)(3) = 6
det(A3) = '()* + ( ') 1 / ) '* / "# / 3 ( ') 1
=#( '&=) C)K 8 "# ( ') 1 /
1 2 0
= 2 1 3
1 1 5
1 2 1 2
= (3) + (5)
1 1 2 1
= ( 3)(1 2) + (5)(1 4)
= ( 3)( 1) + (5)( 3) = 12
D' &I& # &3 8
det( A ) 0 = 0
x = det( A1) = 6
det( A ) 6 = 1
y = det( A2) = 6
det( A )
z = det( A3) = 12 = 2
6
& M 3 8 # 2 8)C3 + < (. # .
 1 2 3 4
2 3 4 1
4.
3 4 1 2
4 1 2 3
XY ! Z$-< /[ '()* + / " 88 \ ( ') 1 #+F'#= nxn
2 6 =( ,) ( ') 1 # (. # F *68 ( '. "# ) *"8 '()* + ( ') 1 #
& #<45 =( ^ (< D)=5 Z$-< = ( '6 3 # =. D, %)+ ,) =
'& <# F (4[ $ ) .

5. A ! ( ') 1 "# $%, B ! ( ') 1 #+F'#=, C ! ( ') 1= ( "/ (, D ! ( ') 145

*"& A, B, C, D ( nxn 65 + ( 5+#8 ". )
+#8 ". . B) 8 ( ') *"8 ( ') 1 "# $%( '()* + #< 1 =(
+#8 ". . B) ( ') 1 #+F'#=3( ! + ( '()* + #< 0
+#8 ". . 65 + ,# *"8
5
+#8 ". . ( ') 145 ( '()* + #<45 =( (*= 8 3 ) .

6. * '&<<=( '
w+x+y+z = 12 ----------
2w x + y z = 4 ----------
w + 2x y + z = 6 ----------
w + x 2y + z = 0 ----------
/ &,- ' ( '1[/ 8 '&<<=( ' / = ( '6 5 '5
=( ' ( ') 13 #
1 1 1 1 w 12
2 1 1 1 x 4
=
1 2 1 1 y 6
1 1 2 1 z 0
' + 2 = ( '6 3 8 # #< 3 8)C / 2 /# .
 1 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1
det(A) = (1) 2 1 1 (1) 1 1 1 + (1) 1 2 1
1 2 1 1 2 1 1 1 1
2 1 1
(1) 1 2 1
1 1 2
= (1)(1) (1)(3) + (1)(3) (1)(-8) = 9
12 1 1 1
4 1 1 1
det(A1) =
6 2 1 1
0 1 2 1
12 1 1 12 1 1
= (1) 4 1 1 + (2) 4 1 1
6 1 1 6 2 1
12 1 1
+ (1) 4 1 1
6 2 1
= (1)( 4) + (2)(8) + (1)( 12) = 4 + 16 12 = 0
1 12 1 1
2 4 1 1
det(A2) =
1 6 1 1
1 0 2 1
12 1 1 1 12 1
= ( 1) 4 1 1 ( 2) 2 4 1
6 1 1 1 6 1
1 12 1
+ (1) 2 4 1
1 6 1
= ( 1)( 4) + (2)( 18) + (1)(50) = 4 36 + 50 = 18
 1 1 12 1
2 1 4 1
det(A3) =
1 2 6 1
1 1 0 1
1 12 1 1 12 1
= ( 1) 1 4 1 + (1) 2 4 1
2 6 1 1 6 1
1 1 12
+ (1) 2 1 4
1 2 6
= ( 1)( 8) + (1)( 18) + (1)(46) = 8 18 + 46 = 36
1 1 1 12
2 1 1 4
det(A4) =
1 2 1 6
1 1 2 0
1 1 12 1 1 12
= ( 1) 1 1 4 + (1) 2 1 4
2 1 6 1 1 6
1 1 12
( 2) 2 1 4
1 2 6
= ( 1)( 12) + (1)( 50) + (2)(46) = 12 50 + 92 = 54
D' &I& # + < '&<<=( ' .
det( A ) det( A )
w = det( A1) = 09 = 0, x = det( A2) = 189 = 2
det( A ) det( A )
y = det( A3) = 369 = 4, z = det( A4) = 549 = 6 .
 1 1 0 C11 ( A ) C12 ( A ) C13 ( A )
7. A= 0 1 1 , B = C 21 ( A ) C 22 ( A ) C 23 ( A ) B1
1 0 1 C31 ( A ) C32 ( A ) C33 ( A )
adj( B )
B 1 = det( B)
1 1 1
./ B = 1 1 1 *"& &3 det(B) = 0
1 1 1
/# . B 3(( ) 8 '= .

8. 65 + (./ A, B ! ( ') 1 /(()+) m x n *"& m n ( 5 (5"*"&+#8 ". )

1 65 + /. ! Z$-< +#8 ". 2 *"& 3 B) ./ 8 3( , ( ') 1 #+F'#=
3(= ( '6 '()* +3 = '#< 4 MB) , # /. ) ( ( ') 1B5 B# .
Transpose of Cofactor 3( , Transpose of minor =8 5 M3(65 + ./ 8 ( ') 1 /
3( , ( ') 1 #+'F #= [ 3(= ( '6 '()* +3 .

9. 65 + (./ A, B ! ( ') 1 n x n ( 5+#8 ". )

. B) *
.+ . ! ') h + /. 3 < #
. ! ') +" D' & ! Z$-< .

10. 3( ,=(<#+) ( ') 1 ( 5+#8 ". )

. 3( ,=(<#+) ( ') 1 #/83 (*+h + ./ 3 < (=(<#+) 3 )
., . *"& . ! =(<#+) ( ') 11[/ " <# '&<< 8 ') *"& ,3 /8# 3 .
11. * '&<<=( '+ 3 A + B + C D = 11 ----------
2A + B 3C D = 8 ----------
3A B + C + D = 3 ----------
4A + 3B C + D = 10 ----------
"/ '&<<=( ' / ! =( ' ( ') 1 #
1 1 1 1 A 11
2 1 3 1 B 8
=
3 1 1 1 C 3
4 3 1 1 D 10
1 1 1 1
2 1 3 1
det(P) = = 72
3 1 1 1
4 3 1 1
- ' ( ' &3 8
11 1 1 1 1 11 1 1
8 1 3 1 2 8 3 1
3 1 1 1 3 3 1 1
10 3 1 1 4 10 1 1
A= 72 = 1, B = 72 = 1
1 1 11 1 1 1 1 11
2 1 8 1 2 1 3 8
3 1 3 1 3 1 1 3
4 3 10 1 4 3 1 10
C= 72 = 5, D = 72 = 6 .

x2 2x 1
12. A= 1 2x x2 x / ! 8 +M( / A 3(( ) 8 '=
2x x2 1
/. A ! ( ') 1 /(()+) 3 x 3 I& # (./ det(A) = 0 & 3(( ) 8 '=
 x2 2x 1
/# . 1 2x x2 = 0
2x x2 1

x2 2x 1
1 2x x2 = 0
(2x x 2 ) 2x x 2 0

2
2x 1
2 x2 1
(2x x ) ( 2x x ) = 0
2x x2 1 x 2

(2x x2)(2x3 2x) + (2x + x2)( x4 + 1) = 0

(4x4 2x5 4x2 + 2x3) + ( 2x5 x6 + 2x + x2) = 0
x6 4x4 + 2x3 3x2 + 2x = 0
x( x5 4x3 + 2x2 3x + 2) = 0
# # x=0 ( ') 1 A 3(( ) 8 '= + 3 D) '% x5 4x3 + 2x2 3x + 2 = 0
1 5%+" =( ' &3 8 x5 + 4x3 2x2 + 3x 2 = 0
# # (1 + x2)(x3 + 3x 2) = 0 & M 3 ,# 8 3(( x / ! 8 +M(*"8 =( '
! ') D' &I& # + < =( ' [ ( D 8 8 . 0
&3 8 0 ! 8 +M( / ( ') 1 / 3(( ) 8 '= .

13. 6 det(CTAB 1) = 2, det(A) = 1, det(B) = 3 det(C)

det(CTAB 1) = 2
&3 det(CT) det(A) det(B 1) = 2
det(C) ( 1) ( 13 ) = 2
D' &I& # det(C) = 2 = (2)(3) = 6 .
( 1)( 13 )
14. 6 det(A) = 1 , det(B) = 1 *"8 det(AB) 1 &(
2
./ det(AB) 1 = det(1AB )
= det( A )1det( B)
= 1
1
( 2 ) ( 1)
= 2 .

15. * '&<<=( ' 2x + y z = 1

1
x 2y + z =
2
x + y 2z = 12
"/ '&<<=( ' 5 '5 =( ' ( ') 1 #
2 1 1 x 1
1 2 1 y = 1
2
1 1 2 z 1
2
', - ' ( ' ' &+ '()* + ( ') 1 # + 3
2 1 1 1 1 1
det(A) = 1 2 1 = 6, det(A1) = 12 2 1 = 3
1 1 2 1 1 2
2
2 1 1 2 1 1
det(A2) = 1 1 1 = 6, det(A3) = 1 2 1 = 6
2 2
1 1 2 1 1 1
2 2
D' &I& # x = 12 , y = 1, z = 1 .

16. 6 AT = a ij *"8 A2 . +3
mxn
/. AT = a ij &3 8 A = a ji
mxn mxn
D' &I& # A2 = a 2ji .
mxn
17. A, B, C ! ( ') 1 nxn + 3 B) ( 5+8# ". )
D) '% +#8 ". .
& M 8 6 A = BC ' &3 # 8 det(A) = det(B) det(C) *+3( ! 8 6
det(A) = det(B) det(C) *"8 A = BC B5 &D)=5 8 ' +#8 #
1 3 0 2 1 2
A= ,B= ,C= & M 8
2 4 1 1 3 1
6 2
det(A) = det(B) det(C) *+ BC = A D' &I& # +#8 ". . B)
2 1

., . *"& . ! Z$-< ' 5% ( ') 1 8 = " ' ' 5% ( ') 1 8 ( ') 1 *"&
'<8 ( ') 1 + (" <# .

2 1
18. 6 A = 1 3 3 det(A)
1 2
3 3
& 3 8 ' ( Z$-< = Y # / 8 #< '()* + ) 8 '= ( ') 1 .
det(A 1) = det(1A )
D' &I& # [ 3 8 det(A) = 1
det( A 1 )
A1 / = ( '6 det( A 1) 3 #
det(A 1) = ( 23 )( 23 ) ( 13 )( 13 )
= 49 + 19 = 13
/# . det(A) = 11 = 3 .
3

19. 65 + / 8 #< Z$- '()* + (./ A ! ( ') 1 #+'F #= 2

+ 4# 8 ( *"& 8 ( Z$- '()* + 1[/ F% &D<8 F
65 + # ( = '#<8)CD)=5 # ( = ( '6 3 # =. D, %)+ ,) = '& #<
F (4[ $ .
 1 1 1
20. A= 1 2 1 |A 1|
2 1 2
XY , Z$- '()* + " 2 #< 18 /# . &3 8
det(A 1) = det(1A )
1 1 1 1 1 0
&3 8 det(A) = 1 2 1 = 1 2 3
2 1 2 2 1 3
1 1 0 1 0 0
= 1 2 3 = 1 3 3
3 0 3 3 3 3
1 0 0
= (3) 1 3 3 = 0 .
1 1 1
 2

1. (5 ! )
# $%
1. (Zero matrices) 0 1 2 3 2 3 4 5 4 0 467 2 467 4 5
78 4
2. $ !4 % 0 87 : 7#
; !<! 87 3% :% =:% 24% %
:$ 8 7#
0 0 0
a 21 a 22 a2n
:24% A = 0 :% 4 :@ !

a n1 a n 2 a nn
@ A : (cofactor) ! %
det(A) = a11C11(A) + a12C12(A) + a13C13(A) + G + a1nC1n(A)
= 0+0+0+G+0
= 0
! % det(A) = 0 7 0 A : :% Q.E.D.

p11 p12 p13

2. J 4 24% P = p 21 p 22 p 23 6! P 3% PT @; $
p 31 p 32 p 33
P P = (PT)T (5 ! )
p11 p 21 p 31
@ J4 P 24% ! % PT = p12 p 22 p 32
p13 p 23 p 33
p11 p12 p13
; !<! 87 (PT)T = p 21 p 22 p 23 = P Q.E.D.
p 31 p 32 p 33
3. 21% M$ % !## : 8 (10 ! )
wOx+yOz = O4
4w O x + 3y + z = O8
2w + x + y O z = 0
3w + 2x + y O 3z = 1
$ !## J 4 24% 2 7 8
1 1 1 1 w 4
4 1 3 1 x 8
=
2 1 1 1 y 0
3 2 1 3 z 1

1 1 1 1 4 1 1 1
4 1 3 1 8 1 3 1
det(A) = = O 4, det(A1) = =8
2 1 1 1 0 1 1 1
3 2 1 3 1 2 1 3

1 4 1 1 1 1 4 1
4 8 3 1 4 1 8 1
det(A2) = = O 12, det(A3) = = O4
2 0 1 1 2 1 0 1
3 1 1 3 3 2 1 3

1 1 1 4
4 1 3 8
det(A4) = =0
2 1 1 0
3 2 1 1
! % w = 84 = O 2, x = 124 = 3, y = 44 = 1, z = 0
 a11 a12 a13
4. J 4 24% A = a 21 a 22 a 23 3% A
a 31 a 32 a 33
V4 AO 1 (10 ! )
: adj( A )
AO 1 = det( A)
T
C11 ( A ) C12 ( A ) C13 ( A )
= det(1A ) C 21 ( A ) C 22 ( A ) C 23 ( A )
C31 ( A ) C32 ( A ) C33 ( A )
C11 ( A ) C 21 ( A ) C31 ( A )
= det(1A ) C12 ( A ) C 22 ( A ) C32 ( A )
C13 ( A ) C 23 ( A ) C33 ( A )
+ (a 22 a 33 a 32 a 23 ) ( a12 a 33 a 32 a13 ) + (a12 a 23 a 22a13 )
= det(1A ) (a 21a 33 a 31a 23 ) + (a11a 33 a 31a13 ) ( a11a 23 a 21a13 )
+ (a 21a 32 a 31a 22 ) (a11a 32 a 31a12 ) + (a11a 22 a 21a12 )