Ŷ $ (',725$ )25(16( VH UHVSRQVDELOL]D SHORV YtFLRV GR SURGXWR QR TXH FRQFHUQH j VXD HGLomR Dt
FRPSUHHQGLGDVDLPSUHVVmRHDDSUHVHQWDomRDILPGHSRVVLELOLWDUDRFRQVXPLGRUEHPPDQXVHiORHOrOR
2V YtFLRV UHODFLRQDGRV j DWXDOL]DomR GD REUD DRV FRQFHLWRV GRXWULQiULRV jV FRQFHSo}HV LGHROyJLFDV H
UHIHUrQFLDVLQGHYLGDVVmRGHUHVSRQVDELOLGDGHGRDXWRUHRXDWXDOL]DGRU
$VUHFODPDo}HVGHYHPVHUIHLWDVDWpQRYHQWDGLDVDSDUWLUGDFRPSUDHYHQGDFRPQRWDILVFDOLQWHUSUHWDomR
GRDUWGD/HLQGH

Ŷ 'LUHLWRVH[FOXVLYRVSDUDR%UDVLOQDOtQJXDSRUWXJXHVD
&RS\ULJKW‹E\
(',725$)25(16(/7'$
8PDHGLWRUDLQWHJUDQWHGR*(1_*UXSR(GLWRULDO1DFLRQDO
7UDYHVVDGR2XYLGRU±7pUUHRHžDQGDU±±5LRGH-DQHLUR±5-
7HO;;±)D[;;
IRUHQVH#JUXSRJHQFRPEU_ZZZJUXSRJHQFRPEU

Ŷ 2 WLWXODU FXMD REUD VHMD IUDXGXOHQWDPHQWH UHSURGX]LGD GLYXOJDGD RX GH TXDOTXHU IRUPD XWLOL]DGD SRGHUi
UHTXHUHU D DSUHHQVmR GRV H[HPSODUHV UHSURGX]LGRV RX D VXVSHQVmR GD GLYXOJDomR VHP SUHMXt]R GD
LQGHQL]DomRFDEtYHODUWGD/HLQGH
4XHPYHQGHUH[SXVHUjYHQGDRFXOWDUDGTXLULUGLVWULEXLUWLYHUHPGHSyVLWRRXXWLOL]DUREUDRXIRQRJUDPD
UHSURGX]LGRV FRP IUDXGH FRP D ILQDOLGDGH GH YHQGHU REWHU JDQKR YDQWDJHP SURYHLWR OXFUR GLUHWR RX
LQGLUHWRSDUDVLRXSDUDRXWUHPVHUiVROLGDULDPHQWHUHVSRQViYHOFRPRFRQWUDIDWRUQRVWHUPRVGRVDUWLJRV
SUHFHGHQWHV UHVSRQGHQGR FRPR FRQWUDIDWRUHV R LPSRUWDGRU H R GLVWULEXLGRU HP FDVR GH UHSURGXomR QR
H[WHULRUDUWGD/HLQ

Ŷ &DSD5RGULJR/LSSL
Ŷ 3URGXomRGLJLWDO*HHWKLN

Ŷ 7tWXORDWpDHGLomR9RFrFRQKHFHVRFLRORJLDMXUtGLFD"
HGLomR±

Ŷ &,3±%UDVLO&DWDORJDomRQDIRQWH
6LQGLFDWR1DFLRQDOGRV(GLWRUHVGH/LYURV5-

&Y
&DYDOLHUL)LOKR6HUJLR

3URJUDPDGH6RFLRORJLD-XUtGLFD6HUJLR&DYDOLHUL)LOKR±HG±5LRGH-DQHLUR)RUHQVH

,6%1
,QFOXLELEOLRJUDILD

6RFLRORJLD,7tWXOR
&'8±

Abreviaturas e siglas usadas

Apresentação

Capítulo 1 – Gênese do direito
 (VFRODMXVQDWXUDOLVWDRXGRGLUHLWRQDWXUDO
 2ULJHPGRMXVQDWXUDOLVPR
 (VFRODWHROyJLFD
 2ULJHPGD(VFROD7HROyJLFD
 (VFRODUDFLRQDOLVWDRXFRQWUDWXDO
 $FRQFHSomRGRGLUHLWRGRSRQWRGHYLVWDUDFLRQDOLVWD
 (VFRODKLVWyULFDGRGLUHLWR
 (VFRODPDU[LVWD
 2ULJHPHFRQFHSomRGRGLUHLWR
 (VFRODVRFLROyJLFDGRGLUHLWR
 2ULJHPHFRQFHSomRVRFLROyJLFDGRGLUHLWR

Capítulo 2 – Função social do direito
 $SUHVHQoDGRGLUHLWRQDVRFLHGDGH
 $WLYLGDGHVGHFRRSHUDomRHGHFRQFRUUrQFLD
 &DUDFWHUtVWLFDVGDDWLYLGDGHGHFRQFRUUrQFLD
 2FRQIOLWRGHLQWHUHVVHHDVXDFRPSRVLomR
 )XQomRSUHYHQWLYDGRGLUHLWR
 )XQomRFRPSRVLWLYDGRGLUHLWR
 &ULWpULRVGHFRPSRVLomRGHFRQIOLWRV
 2FULWpULRGDFRPSRVLomRYROXQWiULD
 2FULWpULRDXWRULWiULR
 2FULWpULRGDFRPSRVLomRMXUtGLFDHVXDVFDUDFWHUtVWLFDV
 $IXQomRVRFLDOGRGLUHLWRQDDWXDORUGHPMXUtGLFDEUDVLOHLUD

Capítulo 3 – Conceito sociológico do direito
 1RUPDVGHFRQGXWD
 &DUDFWHUtVWLFDVGDVQRUPDVGHFRQGXWD
 $REULJDWRULHGDGH
 $VDQomR
 2ULJHPGDVQRUPDVGHFRQGXWD
 $HVFRODPRQLVWD
 $HVFRODSOXUDOLVWD
 3URYLVRULHGDGHHPXWDELOLGDGHGDVQRUPDVGHGLUHLWR
 &RQFHLWRVRFLROyJLFRGRGLUHLWR

Capítulo 4 – Fatores da evolução do direito
 )DWRUHVHFRQ{PLFRV
 ,QIOXrQFLDGRIDWRUHFRQ{PLFRVREUHRGLUHLWRURPDQR
 ,QIOXrQFLDGRIDWRUHFRQ{PLFRVREUHRGLUHLWRPRGHUQR
 )DWRUHVSROtWLFRV
 )DWRUHVFXOWXUDLV
 2TXHpFXOWXUD"
 )DWRUHVUHOLJLRVRV
 ,QIOXrQFLDGDUHOLJLmRVREUHRGLUHLWR
 2XWURVIDWRUHVVRFLDLV

Capítulo 5 – Fontes do direito
 &RQFHLWRVHHVSpFLHV
 )RQWHVPDWHULDLVRXGHSURGXomR
 $VIRQWHVPDLVLPSRUWDQWHVGRSRQWRGHYLVWDVRFLROyJLFR
 2FRVWXPH±FRQFHLWRHHOHPHQWRV
 2ULJHPHH[SDQVmRGRFRVWXPH
 2SDSHOGRFRVWXPH
 (VSpFLHVGHFRVWXPH
 $MXULVSUXGrQFLD
 3DSHOGDMXULVSUXGrQFLDHP5RPD
 2SDSHOGDMXULVSUXGrQFLDQDVVRFLHGDGHVPRGHUQDV
 2SDSHOGDMXULVSUXGrQFLDQDVVRFLHGDGHVOHJDOLVWDV
 ([HPSORVGHMXULVSUXGrQFLDWUDQVIRUPDGDHPOHL
 5HODomRHQWUHDMXULVSUXGrQFLDHRFRVWXPH
 $OHL
 6HPHOKDQoDHGLVWLQomRHQWUHDOHLHRFRVWXPH
 6LVWHPDSUHIHULGR±2FRVWXPHRXDOHL"

Capítulo 6 – A autonomia da sociologia jurídica como ciência e suas relações com outras ciências
sociais
 $XWRQRPLDFLHQWtILFDGDVRFLRORJLDMXUtGLFD
 $WHRULDWULGLPHQVLRQDOGRGLUHLWR
  'LIHUHQoDHQWUHDVRFLRORJLDMXUtGLFDHDFLrQFLDGRGLUHLWR
 'LVWLQomRHQWUHDVRFLRORJLDMXUtGLFDHDILORVRILDGRGLUHLWR
 $HILFiFLDDYLJrQFLDHRIXQGDPHQWR
 $HILFiFLD
 $YLJrQFLD
 2IXQGDPHQWR
 2VHUHRGHYHUVHU
 $KLVWyULDGRGLUHLWR
 5HODomRGDVRFLRORJLDMXUtGLFDFRPRVGHPDLVUDPRVGRGLUHLWR

Capítulo 7 – Importância do estudo das ciências sociais e da sociologia jurídica em especial
 2GHVHQYROYLPHQWRFLHQWtILFR
 (IHLWRVGRSURJUHVVRFLHQWtILFRQRPXQGRVRFLDO
 $LPSRUWkQFLDGDVFLrQFLDVVRFLDLV
 ,PSRUWkQFLDGDVRFLRORJLDMXUtGLFD

Capítulo 8 – Objeto da sociologia jurídica
 2REMHWRGDVRFLRORJLDMXUtGLFD
 2HQWHQGLPHQWRGHePLOH'XUNKHLP
 2SHQVDPHQWRGH*HRUJHV*XUYLWFK
 2REMHWRGDVRFLRORJLDMXUtGLFDQDFRQFHSomRGH(GPRQG-RULRQ
 2REMHWRGDVRFLRORJLDMXUtGLFDVHJXQGR5HFDVpQV6LFKHV
 $SRVLomRGH5HQDWR7UHYHV

Capítulo 9 – Eficácia das normas jurídicas e seus efeitos sociais
 $QRomRGHH[LVWrQFLDHGHYDOLGDGH
 $QRomRGHHILFiFLD
 (IHLWRVGDQRUPD
 (ILFiFLDGDOHL
 (IHLWRVSRVLWLYRVGDOHL
 2FRQWUROHVRFLDO
 (IHLWRHGXFDWLYRGDQRUPD
 (IHLWRFRQVHUYDGRUGDQRUPD
 (IHLWRWUDQVIRUPDGRUGDQRUPD
 (IHLWRVQHJDWLYRVGDQRUPD
 (IHLWRVQHJDWLYRVSHODLQHILFiFLDGDOHL
 (IHLWRVQHJDWLYRVSHODRPLVVmRGDDXWRULGDGHHPDSOLFDUDOHL
 (IHLWRVQHJDWLYRVSHODIDOWDGHHVWUXWXUDDGHTXDGDjDSOLFDomRGDOHL

Capítulo 10 – Aspectos sociojurídicos de algumas áreas do sistema jurídico brasileiro
 2VHQWLGRVRFLROyJLFRGD&RQVWLWXLomR
 &RQVWLWXLomRHGHPRFUDFLD
 &DUDFWHUtVWLFDVGD&RQVWLWXLomR%UDVLOHLUDGH
 'LUHLWRGHIDPtOLD
 'LYyUFLR
 $VLWXDomRGDFRPSDQKHLUDHGRVILOKRVLOHJtWLPRV
 6ROXo}HVOHJDLVSDOLDWLYDVDQWHVGRGLYyUFLR
 $LQWURGXomRGRGLYyUFLRQDOHJLVODomREUDVLOHLUD
 $VLWXDomRGDFRPSDQKHLUDHGRVILOKRVDSyVD&RQVWLWXLomRGH
 8QLmRGHSHVVRDVGRPHVPRVH[R
 'LUHLWRSHQDO
 9LROrQFLDXUEDQDHSRGHUSDUDOHOR
 $VPtOLFLDV
 8QLGDGHVGH3ROtFLD3DFLILFDGRUD±833V
 2$OHPmRHUDRFRUDomRGRPDO
 $V833VVmRDSHQDVRSULPHLURSDVVR
 &ULPLQDOLGDGHGHFRODULQKREUDQFRwhite collarFULPH
 $PDFURGHOLQTXrQFLD
 2FDRVGRVSUHVtGLRVEUDVLOHLURV
 3DUFHULD3~EOLFR3ULYDGD333QDFRQVWUXomRHDGPLQLVWUDomRGHSHQLWHQFLiULDV/X]QRILPGR
W~QHO
 $/HL6HFD±HIHLWRVSRVLWLYRV
 &RQVLGHUDo}HVJHUDLV
 'LUHLWRILQDQFHLURHWULEXWiULR
 'LUHLWRGRWUDEDOKR
 ,QWHUIHUrQFLDGDVIRUoDVVLQGLFDLVQRSURFHVVRGHIRUPDomRGRGLUHLWRGRWUDEDOKR
 /HLVSURWHWLYDVGRVPDLVIUDFRV
 2&yGLJRGR&RQVXPLGRU
 $UHVSRQVDELOLGDGHREMHWLYDGRIRUQHFHGRUGHSURGXWRVRXVHUYLoRV
 $FRQFHSomRVRFLDOGRFRQWUDWRQR&yGLJRGR&RQVXPLGRU
 2(VWDWXWRGR,GRVR
 $/HL0DULDGD3HQKD
 $VOHLVGHFRWDVUDFLDLV$o}HVDILUPDWLYDV
 $o}HVDILUPDWLYDVDHYROXomRGRLQVWLWXWRQRGLUHLWRFRPSDUDGR
 $/HLGH&RWDVQR(VWDGRGR5LRGH-DQHLUR

Capítulo 11 – Instrumentos humanos de realização da ordem jurídica
 3RGHU/HJLVODWLYR
 (OHLomRGRVOHJLVODGRUHV
 2SDSHOGHVHPSHQKDGRSHOD-XVWLoD(OHLWRUDO
 $/HLGD)LFKD/LPSDpOLomRGHGHPRFUDFLD
 3RGHU-XGLFLiULR
 (VWUXWXUDGR-XGLFLiULREUDVLOHLUR
 (VWUXWXUDGD-XVWLoD(VWDGXDO
 2UJDQL]DomRGD-XVWLoD)HGHUDO
  (VWUXWXUDGD-XVWLoD(VSHFLDO
 )XQomRGR6XSHULRU7ULEXQDOGH-XVWLoDHGR6XSUHPR7ULEXQDO)HGHUDO
 $FULVHQR-XGLFLiULRHPQRVVRSDtV
 &DXVDVGDFULVHGRMXGLFLiULREUDVLOHLURUHSHUFXVVmRJHUDOHUHFXUVRVUHSHWLWLYRV
 $DVFHQVmRLQVWLWXFLRQDOGR-XGLFLiULR

Capítulo 12 – Sistemas de escolha dos magistrados
 6LVWHPDHOHWLYR
 6LVWHPDGDQRPHDomR
 6LVWHPDGRFRQFXUVRS~EOLFR
 2VLVWHPDXWLOL]DGRQR%UDVLO
 $SULPRUDPHQWRGRQRVVRVLVWHPD
 3HUILOGDPDJLVWUDWXUDEUDVLOHLUD
 /LPLWHVGDDWLYLGDGHFULDGRUDGRMXL]QR(VWDGR'HPRFUiWLFRGH'LUHLWR

Capítulo 13 – Razões sociais das garantias constitucionais dos magistrados
 $YLWDOLFLHGDGH
 2REMHWLYRGDYLWDOLFLHGDGH
 $LQDPRYLELOLGDGH
 $LUUHGXWLELOLGDGHGHYHQFLPHQWRV
 20LQLVWpULR3~EOLFRDGHIHQVRULDS~EOLFDHRDGYRJDGR
 2HQVLQRVXSHULRU

Capítulo 14 – A opinião pública
 &RQFHSomRGHRSLQLmRS~EOLFD
 2SRGHUGDPtGLDQDIRUPDomRGDRSLQLmRS~EOLFD
 ,PSRUWkQFLDGDRSLQLmRS~EOLFD
 2VHQWLPHQWRFROHWLYRGHMXVWLoD
 $RSLQLmRS~EOLFDVREUHRGLUHLWRHVXDXWLOLGDGHVRFLDO
 $RSLQLmRS~EOLFDVREUHDVLQVWLWXLo}HVMXUtGLFDV

Capítulo 15 – O método da sociologia jurídica
 &RQFHLWRGHPpWRGR
 2PpWRGRXWLOL]DGRSHODVRFLRORJLDMXUtGLFD
 $REVHUYDomR
 $REVHUYDomRQDVVRFLHGDGHVFRQWHPSRUkQHDVGHWLSRSULPLWLYR
 $REVHUYDomRQDVVRFLHGDGHVGHVDSDUHFLGDV
 $,QWHUSUHWDomR
 $&RPSDUDomR

Capítulo 16 – Direito e anomia
 1RomRGHDQRPLD
 &DXVDVGRFRPSRUWDPHQWRDQ{PLFRRXGHGHVYLR
 2SHQVDPHQWRGH'XUNKHLPVREUHDDQRPLD
 2SHQVDPHQWRGH5REHUW.0HUWRQVREUHDDQRPLD
 7LSRVGHFRPSRUWDPHQWRLGHQWLILFDGRVSRU0HUWRQ
 &RPSRUWDPHQWRVGHGHVYLR
 ,JXDOGDGHQDSDUWLGD

Bibliografia






Nota da Editora: o Acordo Ortográfico foi aplicado integralmente nesta obra.

 DUW ± DUWLJR
&'& ± &yGLJRGH'HIHVDGR&RQVXPLGRU
&87 ± &HQWUDOÒQLFDGRV7UDEDOKDGRUHV
'$6 ± 'LYLVmR$QWLVVHTXHVWUR
'$63 ± 'HSDUWDPHQWRGH$GPLQLVWUDomRGR6HUYLoR3~EOLFR
'HF ± 'HFUHWR
'HF/HL ± 'HFUHWR/HL
HG ± HGLomR
(G ± (GLWRUD
(0(5- ± (VFRODGH0DJLVWUDWXUDGR5LRGH-DQHLUR
(1(0 ± ([DPH1DFLRQDOGH(QVLQR0pGLR
(8$ ± (VWDGRV8QLGRVGD$PpULFD
,&(36 ± ,QWHUQDWLRQDO&HQWHURI(FRQRPLF3HQDO6WXGLHV
,&0 ± ,PSRVWRVREUHD&LUFXODomRGH0HUFDGRULDV
,1$036 ± ,QVWLWXWR1DFLRQDOGH$VVLVWrQFLD0pGLFDGD3UHYLGrQFLD6RFLDO
,136 ± ,QVWLWXWR1DFLRQDOGH3UHYLGrQFLD6RFLDO
,3, ± ,PSRVWRVREUH3URGXWRV,QGXVWULDOL]DGRV
,66 ± ,QVWLWXWRVREUH6HUYLoRV
2$% ± 2UGHPGRV$GYRJDGRVGR%UDVLO
2EFLW ± REUDFLWDGD
218 ± 2UJDQL]DomRGDV1Do}HV8QLGDV
S ± SiJLQD
3( ± 3HUQDPEXFR
318' ± 3URJUDPDGDV1Do}HV8QLGDVSDUDR'HVHQYROYLPHQWR
3URI ± 3URIHVVRU
5HY ± 5HYLVWD
67) ± 6XSUHPR7ULEXQDO)HGHUDO
670 ± 6XSHULRU7ULEXQDO0LOLWDU
75( ± 7ULEXQDO5HJLRQDO(OHLWRUDO
757 ± 7ULEXQDLV5HJLRQDLVGR7UDEDOKR
76( ± 7ULEXQDO6XSHULRU(OHLWRUDO
833V ± 8QLGDGHVGH3ROtFLD3DFLILFDGRUD
 (VWHWUDEDOKRIRLHVFULWRQRLQtFLRGDGpFDGDGHVRERWtWXORVocê Conhece Sociologia Jurídica?QR
SURSyVLWR GH IDFLOLWDU R HVWXGR GHVVD FDGHLUD LQWHJUDQWH GR FXUUtFXOR GR &XUVR GH 'LUHLWR GD 8QLYHUVLGDGH
(VWiFLR GH 6i 7DOYH] WHQKD DOFDQoDGR D VXD ILQDOLGDGH SRUTXDQWR D REUD QmR REVWDQWH GHVSUHWHQVLRVD IRL
YiULDV YH]HV UHHGLWDGD HVWDQGR DJRUD HP VXD  HGLomR 'H Oi SDUD Fi HQWUHWDQWR YDOHQGRPH GD IHOL]
LPDJHP GH $QWXQHV 9DUHOOD ³PXLWD iJXD FRUUHX GHEDL[R GDV SRQWHV GR GLUHLWR H LQ~PHURV GLSORPDV IRUDP
SURGX]LGRV QDV RILFLQDV OHJLVODWLYDV´ LQFOXVLYH XPD QRYD &RQVWLWXLomR TXH SRU VXD YH] Mi VRIUHX YiULDV
PXGDQoDV R H[WUDRUGLQiULR &yGLJR GH 'HIHVD GR &RQVXPLGRU H R QRYR &yGLJR &LYLO (UD SUHFLVR DWXDOL]DU
HVWHWUDEDOKRRTXHSURFXUHLID]HUDJRUDVRERQRYRWtWXOR±Programa de Sociologia Jurídica
2 VHX REMHWLYR WRGDYLD QmR PXGRX FRQWLQXD VHQGR XPD WHQWDWLYD GH WUDQVPLWLU aos  estudantes  uma
visão  sociológica  do  direito Mi TXH QR H[DPH GLXWXUQR GD QRUPD SHUGHVH PXLWDV YH]HV R VHQWLGR GH VXD
ILQDOLGDGHVRFLDO
2 -XUtGLFR VH FRPS}H GH IDWR QRUPD H YDORU LQGLVVRFLDYHOPHQWH GH VRUWH TXH VH RV RSHUDGRUHV GR
GLUHLWRQmRWLYHUHPHVVDYLVmRWULGLPHQVLRQDOGRGLUHLWRQmRHVWDUmRDSWRVDDSOLFiORGHIRUPDDUHDOL]DUDVXD
IXQomR VRFLDO $ LGHLD GH TXH R GLUHLWR p QRUPD QDGD PDLV GR TXH D QRUPD DUGRURVDPHQWH GHIHQGLGD SRU
.HOVHQ Ki PXLWR HVWi XOWUDSDVVDGD WDQWR p DVVLP TXH Ki QRUPD H[SUHVVD GHWHUPLQDQGR DR MXL] DWHQGHU QD
DSOLFDomRGDOHLaos fins sociaisDTXHHODVHGLULJHHjVH[LJrQFLDVGREHPFRPXP
6H GH DOJXPD IRUPD HVWH WUDEDOKR FRQWLQXDU FRQWULEXLQGR SDUD D PHOKRU SUHSDUDomR GRV QRVVRV
RSHUDGRUHVGRGLUHLWRHVWDUiUHFRPSHQVDGRRHVIRUoRGDVXDUHYLVmR
 Escola  Jusnaturalista  ou  do  Direito  Natural:  a  origem  do  jusnaturalismo.  Escola  Teológica:  origem  da
Escola Teológica. Escola Racionalista ou Contratual: a concepção do direito do ponto de vista racionalista.
Escola  Histórica  do  Direito.  Escola  Marxista:  origem  e  concepção  do  direito.  Escola  Sociológica  do
Direito: origem e concepção sociológica do direito.

1RVVDSULPHLUDWDUHIDFRQVLVWHHPFRQKHFHUDJrQHVHGR'LUHLWRHVWDEHOHFHUDVXDIRQWHRXRULJHPSDUD
TXHGHSRLVSRVVDPRVFRPSUHHQGHUDVXDUD]mRGHVHUHDIXQomRTXHGHVHPSHQKDQDVRFLHGDGH
$QWHVSRUpPpSUHFLVRGL]HUGHTXHGLUHLWRYDPRVWUDWDUMiTXHDSDODYUDGLUHLWRSRGHVHUXWLOL]DGDFRP
VLJQLILFDGRV GLIHUHQWHV )DODVH HP GLUHLWR SDUD LQGLFDU R FRQMXQWR VLVWHPiWLFR GH QRUPDV FRQVWLWXFLRQDLV
FLYLV SHQDLV DGPLQLVWUDWLYDV HWF GHVWLQDGR D RUJDQL]DU D VRFLHGDGH H GLVFLSOLQDU D FRQGXWD KXPDQD QD
FRQYLYrQFLDVRFLDO0DVWDPEpPHQFRQWUDPRVDSDODYUDGLUHLWROLJDGDDRGLUHLWRGHFDGDSHVVRDSRUH[HPSOR
TXDQGRDOJXpPGL]TXHWHPRGLUHLWRDLVVRRXjTXLORGHID]HURXQmRID]HUDOJXPDFRLVD1RSULPHLURFDVR
WHPRV R 'LUHLWR 2EMHWLYR WDPEpP FKDPDGR GH 'LUHLWR 3RVLWLYR RX VHMD R FRQMXQWR GH UHJUDV OHLV
UHJXODPHQWRVFRVWXPHVTXHSUHVLGHjQRVVDYLGDHPVRFLHGDGH(VVDVQRUPDVVmRGHGLUHLWRREMHWLYRSRUTXH
YLYHP H VREUHYLYHP IRUD H LQGHSHQGHQWHV GDV SHVVRDV D TXH FRQIHUHP IDFXOGDGHV GH DJLU 1R VHJXQGR D
SDODYUDGLUHLWRLQGLFDRdireito subjetivoGHFDGDSHVVRDItVLFDRXMXUtGLFDFRPRRGLUHLWRjYLGDjOLEHUGDGH
jSURSULHGDGHjHGXFDomRjVD~GHHDVVLPSRUGLDQWH
&RVWXPDVH GL]HU TXH R 'LUHLWR 2EMHWLYR p D QRUPD GH DJLU norma  agendi H R GLUHLWR VXEMHWLYR p D
IDFXOGDGH GH DJLU facultas  agendi (VVD IDFXOGDGH FRUUHVSRQGH D HVSDoRV GH OLEHUGDGH RX D SRGHUHV SDUD
DWXDU RX H[LJLU XPD DWXDomR DOKHLD e XPD VLWXDomR MXUtGLFD VXEMHWLYD GH YDQWDJHP D TXH R GLUHLWR REMHWLYR
FRQIHUH SURWHomR GLUHWD SOHQD H HVSHFtILFD $ SDODYUD 'LUHLWR p QRUPDOPHQWH HVFULWD FRP OHWUD PDL~VFXOD
TXDQGRVHUHIHUHDR'LUHLWR2EMHWLYRHFRPPLQ~VFXODTXDQGRLQGLFDRGLUHLWRVXEMHWLYR
(P QRVVR HVWXGR YDPRV WUDWDU GR 'LUHLWR 2EMHWLYR YDOH GL]HU GDV UHJUDV TXH RUJDQL]DP D VRFLHGDGH H
GLVFLSOLQDPRFRPSRUWDPHQWRVRFLDO
&RPRQDVFHR'LUHLWR"
(P WRUQR GHVVD TXHVWmR H[LVWLX H DLQGD H[LVWH D PDLV DFLUUDGD FRQWURYpUVLD HQWUH MXULVWDV ILOyVRIRV
WHyORJRV VRFLyORJRV HWF GH PRGR D QmR SHUPLWLU XP HQWHQGLPHQWR XQLIRUPH DWp R -Xt]R )LQDO $ UD]mR
SULQFLSDOGHVVDFRQWURYpUVLDHVWiQRIDWRGHFDGDTXDOSURFXUDUYHUHFRQFHLWXDUR'LUHLWRSHORkQJXORGHYLVmR
GHVXDFLrQFLDHVTXHFHQGRVHTXHSRGHVHUHOHHQIRFDGRDWUDYpVGHSHORPHQRVWUrVDVSHFWRVGLIHUHQWHVFRPR
WHUHPRVRSRUWXQLGDGHGHDVVLQDODU
3RUHVVDVUD]}HVHQWHQGHPRVQHFHVViULRDQWHVGHDSUHVHQWDUPRVRHQIRTXHGDVRFLRORJLDMXUtGLFDVREUHD
RULJHP GR 'LUHLWR ID]HU XP VXFLQWR DSDQKDGR VREUH DV YiULDV WHRULDV RX HVFRODV H[LVWHQWHV DWp FKHJDUPRV
jTXHODTXHPDLVVHDMXVWDDRFRQWH~GRGDQRVVDPDWpULD

1. ESCOLA JUSNATURALISTA OU DO DIREITO NATURAL

3DUD RV MXVQDWXUDOLVWDV R GLUHLWR p XP FRQMXQWR GH LGHLDV RX SULQFtSLRV VXSHULRUHV HWHUQRV XQLIRUPHV
SHUPDQHQWHV LPXWiYHLV RXWRUJDGRV DR KRPHP SHOD GLYLQGDGH TXDQGR GD FULDomR D ILP GH WUDoDUOKH R
FDPLQKRDVHJXLUHGLWDUOKHDFRQGXWDDVHUPDQWLGD6HULDFRPRXPVRSURpWLFRFRPTXHD'LYLQGDGHEDIHMRX
DVXDFULDomR$VSULQFLSDLVFDUDFWHUtVWLFDVGRGLUHLWRQDWXUDOVHULDPSRUWDQWRDHVWDELOLGDGHHDLPXWDELOLGDGH
Mi TXH VH WUDWD GH SULQFtSLRV LPDQHQWHV DR SUySULR FRVPRV FXMD RULJHP HVWDULD QD 'LYLQGDGH (P VXPD DR
WUD]HU j H[LVWrQFLD D FULDWXUD R FULDGRU WHULD LQFXOFDGR HP VXD FRQVFLrQFLD XP FRQMXQWR GH SULQFtSLRV
VXSHULRUHVHWHUQRVHLPXWiYHLVTXHFRQVWLWXLULDPRGLUHLWRQDWXUDOSRQWRGHUHIHUrQFLDSDUDVHVDEHURTXHp
MXVWRRXLQMXVWRERPRXPDXHEDVHGHWRGDVDVOHLV

1.1. Origem do jusnaturalismo

$FRQFHSomRGRGLUHLWRQDWXUDOVXUJHFRPRVILOyVRIRVJUHJRV±+HUiFOLWR$ULVWyWHOHV6yFUDWHV3ODWmR
HWF±HIRLDGRWDGDHP5RPDSRU&tFHURRPDLVHQWXVLDVWDLQWpUSUHWHGDILORVRILDJUHJDHQWUHRVURPDQRVTXH
D H[S{V HORTXHQWHPHQWH HP VXD REUD De  República ³([LVWH XPD OHL YHUGDGHLUD UHWD UD]mR FRQIRUPH D
QDWXUH]DGLIXVDHPWRGRVFRQVWDQWHHWHUQDTXHDSHODSDUDRTXHGHYHPRVID]HURUGHQDQGRRHTXHGHVYLD
GR PDO TXH HOD SURtEH TXH QR HQWDQWR VH QmR RUGHQD QHP SURtEH HP YmR DRV ERQV QmR PXGD SRU VXDV
RUGHQVQHPSRUVXDVSURLELo}HVRVPDXVeGHLQVWLWXLomRGLYLQDTXHQmRVHSRVVDSURSRUDEURJDUHVVDOHLH
TXH QmR VHMD SHUPLWLGR GHUURJiOD 1HP R 6HQDGR QHP R SRYR SRGH OLEHUWDUQRV GHOD WDPSRXFR p SUHFLVR
EXVFDUIRUDGHQyVTXHPDH[SOLTXHHDLQWHUSUHWH(ODQmRpGLIHUHQWHHP5RPDRXHP$WHQDVQmRpGLIHUHQWH
KRMHQHPVHUiDPDQKmPDVVLPlei únicaeternaHimutávelUHJHUiWRGDVDVQDo}HVHPWRGRVRVWHPSRV´
apud Chaim Perelman,/yJLFD-XUtGLFD0DUWLQV)RQWHVS
(VVHWUHFKRGH&tFHURVLQWHWL]DFRPSUHFLVmRDFRQFHSomRMXVQDWXUDOLVWDSRULVVRTXHFRORFDHPGHVWDTXH
DRULJHPGLYLQDGRGLUHLWRHRVHXFDUiWHUSHUPDQHQWHHLPXWiYHORQWHPKRMHDPDQKmHPWRGDVDVQDo}HVH
SDUDWRGRVRVWHPSRV
$SULPHLUDUHIHUrQFLDjLGHLDGRGLUHLWRQDWXUDOHQFRQWUDPRODQDEHOtVVLPDREUDAntígonaGRGUDPDWXUJR
JUHJR 6yIRFOHV 1HOD VmR UHWUDWDGRV DOJXQV GRV PDLV FDURV YDORUHV KXPDQRV FRPR DPRU OHDOGDGH H
GLJQLGDGH$OpPGLVVRHVVDREUDpXPYHUGDGHLURPDUFRSDUDDILORVRILDGRGLUHLWRDRHQIRFDUMiQRVpF9
D& DOJXQV GH VHXV SUREOHPDV PDLV IXQGDPHQWDLV R FRQIOLWR HQWUH WUDGLomR H OHL HQWUH OHL QDWXUDO H OHL GRV
KRPHQVDOpPGHWUDWDUGDVUHODo}HVHQWUHRSRGHUHRGLUHLWRRSRGHUHDIDPtOLDRGLUHLWRSRVLWLYRHDVOHLV
SRVLWLYDV
$ SHoD LQLFLD FRP $QWtJRQD GLVFXWLQGR FRP D LUPm ,VPrQLD R pGLWR EDL[DGR SHOR WLR &UHRQWH UHL GH
7HEDV1RUHIHULGRGLSORPDOHJDOSURLELDVHDFHOHEUDomRI~QHEUHHPKRQUDGH3ROLQLFH,VWRSRUTXHHVWHHR
RXWUR LUPmR GH $QWtJRQD (WpRFOHV KDYLDP PRUULGR HP FRPEDWH ± (WpRFOHV QD GHIHVD GH 7HEDV H 3ROLQLFH
SRU$UJRVFRQWUD7HEDV&UHRQWHWLRGH$QWtJRQDTXHFRPDPRUWHGRVLUPmRVDVVXPHRSRGHUHP7HEDV
SURPXOJDXPDOHLLPSHGLQGRTXHRVPRUWRVTXHDWHQWDUDPFRQWUDDOHLGDFLGDGHHQWUHHOHV3ROLQLFHIRVVHP
HQWHUUDGRV 7DO GHFLVmR DFDEDYD SRU FDUDFWHUL]DU XPD JUDQGH RIHQVD SDUD R PRUWR H VXD IDPtOLD SRLV VH
HQWHQGLD TXH QHVWDV FLUFXQVWkQFLDV D DOPD GR PRUWR QmR SRGHULD ID]HU D WUDQVLomR DGHTXDGD DR PXQGR GRV
PRUWRV)LHODRVODoRVGHIDPtOLD$QWtJRQDTXHDFRPSDQKDUDRSDLeGLSRDWpDPRUWHLQIULQJHRGHFUHWRGH
&UHRQWHDOHJDQGRRIDWRGHKDYHUXPDOHLGLYLQDXQLYHUVDOTXHWUDQVFHQGHRSRGHUGHXPVREHUDQR3RULVWR
RIHUHFH HOD DR LUPmR PRUWR DV FHULP{QLDV I~QHEUHV WUDGLFLRQDLV FRP LPSUHVVLRQDQWH GHVWHPRU $ SHoD VHJXH
VHX FXUVR PRVWUDQGR UHODo}HV IDPLOLDUHV SDVVLRQDLV &RPR FRQVHTXrQFLD DR DWR GH GHVUHVSHLWR j RUGHP GR
GpVSRWD &UHRQWH $QWtJRQD p SUHVD H FRQGX]LGD D XPD FDYHUQD TXH OKH VHUYLUi WDPEpP GH W~PXOR DLQGD HP
YLGD6HPFRQVHJXLUGLVVXDGLURSDL+rPRQQDPRUDGRGH$QWtJRQDHILOKRGH&UHRQWHVHPDWDTXDQGRRUHL
MiHVWDYDGLVSRVWRDDEULUPmRGDOHLHGLWDGDSDUDVDOYDUDYLGDGH$QWtJRQD
2 FRQFHLWR GH GLUHLWR QDWXUDO YDULRX QR FXUVR GR WHPSR 8OSLDQR MXULVWD GR VpFXOR ,,, GLVVH TXH ³R
GLUHLWRQDWXUDOpDTXHOHTXHDQDWXUH]DQRVHQVLQRX´

2. ESCOLA TEOLÓGICA

$ (VFROD 7HROyJLFD HP PXLWR VH DVVHPHOKD j -XVQDWXUDOLVWD SRLV WDPEpP FRQFHEH R GLUHLWR FRPR XP
FRQMXQWRGHSULQFtSLRVHWHUQRVSHUPDQHQWHVHLPXWiYHLV1RVHXHQWHQGHUHQWUHWDQWRDRULJHPGRGLUHLWRQmR
HVWDULDOLJDGDDSHQDVLQGLUHWDPHQWHj'LYLQGDGHPDVVLPGLUHWDPHQWHMiTXHDVSULPHLUDVOHLVQmRWHULDPVLGR
VLPSOHVPHQWHLQVSLUDGDVSRU'HXVPDVHVFULWDVHRXWRUJDGDVSRU(OH(PVXPDDSUySULD'LYLQGDGHWHULDVH
HPSHQKDGRHPHODERUDUDVSULPHLUDVOHLVHQWUHJDQGRDVDRKRPHPSDUDVHUHPREVHUYDGDVFRPRSRUH[HPSOR
RGHFiORJRTXHVHJXQGRDQDUUDomREtEOLFDIRLHVFULWRSHORSUySULRGHGRGH-HRYiHPGXDVWiEXDVGHSHGUD
VREUHR0RQWH6LQDLHHQWUHJXHD0RLVpV

2.1. Origem da Escola Teológica

$(VFROD7HROyJLFDFRH[LVWLXFRPD-XVQDWXUDOLVWDGXUDQWHWRGDDDQWLJXLGDGH(PTXDVHWRGRVRVSRYRV
DQWLJRVHQFRQWUDPRVOtGHUHVSROtWLFRUHOLJLRVRVFRPR0RLVpV+DPXUDEL0DQX6yORQHWFGHRULJHPTXDVH
OHJHQGiULD VHPLGHXVHV TXH IRUDP RV LQWHUPHGLiULRV HQWUH D 'LYLQGDGH H R SRYR QR TXH GL] UHVSHLWR DR
UHFHELPHQWRGDVSULPHLUDVOHLV
&RP R DSDUHFLPHQWR GR &ULVWLDQLVPR R HVWXGR GR GLUHLWR YROWRX D VHU DEUDQJLGR SHOD UHOLJLmR H
FRQWLQXRX D VHU FRQVLGHUDGR PDQLIHVWDomR GD YRQWDGH GLYLQD $ FRQFHSomR GR GLUHLWR VH H[SODQD GHQWUR GR
VLVWHPDILORVyILFRGH6mR7RPiVGH$TXLQRSDUDRTXDOH[LVWLULDPWUrVFDWHJRULDVGHGLUHLWRDVDEHURGLUHLWR
GLYLQREDVHDGRQDV(VFULWXUDVHQDVGHFLV}HVGRV3DSDVHGH&RQFtOLRVRGLUHLWRQDWXUDODOHLGDFRQVFLrQFLD
HVFULWD QR FRUDomR GRV KRPHQV SRU RUGHP GLYLQD H R GLUHLWR KXPDQR SRU FXMR LQWHUPpGLR DSOLFDPVH RV
SULQFtSLRVGDOHLQDWXUDO
5HXQLQGRHVVHVWUrVWLSRVOHLGLYLQDOHLQDWXUDOHOHLKXPDQD6mR7RPiVGH$TXLQRWUDWRXGHH[SOLFDU
TXH D SULPHLUD SRU SURYLU GH 'HXV Vy H[LVWH QR HVStULWR GLYLQR D VHJXQGD p H[LVWHQWH HQWUH RV KRPHQV SRU
LQWXLomRHDWHUFHLUDHPERUDWHQKDFRPRFRQWH~GRDOHLQDWXUDOpSURGXWRGRVKRPHQV

3. ESCOLA RACIONALISTA OU CONTRATUAL

-XVUDFLRQDOLVPRpRQRPHTXHVHGiQDKLVWyULDGRSHQVDPHQWRMXUtGLFRDRGLUHLWRQDWXUDOGRVVpFXORV
;9,,H;9,,,TXHVREDLQIOXrQFLDGDUD]mRFLHQWtILFDSURFXUDVXSHUDURGRJPDWLVPRPHGLHYDOHHVFDSDUGR
DPELHQWHWHROyJLFRHPTXHVHHQYROYHX$SUR[LPDQGRDOHLGDUD]mRDJUXSDYiULRVILOyVRIRVDXWRUHVGHREUDV
QRWiYHLVDFRPHoDUSRU+*URWLXVDe Iure Belli ac Pacis SXEOLFDGD SHOD SULPHLUD YH] HP  VHJXLGR
SRU7KRPDV+REEHVDXWRUGHRLeviathan-RKQ/RFNH3XIIHQGRUI7KRPDVLXV0RQWHVTXLHXEspírito das
leisFXOPLQDQGRFRP-HDQ-DFTXHV5RXVVHDXDPDLVLPSRUWDQWHILJXUDGROLEHUDOLVPRGHVVDpSRFDDXWRUGD
FRQKHFLGDREUDContrato Social

3.1. A Concepção do direito do ponto de vista racionalista

2V ILOyVRIRV UDFLRQDOLVWDV TXHULDP HODERUDU XP VLVWHPD GH GLUHLWR MXVWR XPD MXULVSUXGrQFLD XQLYHUVDO
inteiramente  fundada  em  princípios  racionais LQGHSHQGHQWHV HP VXD IRUPXODomR H HP VXD YDOLGDGH GR
PHLRWDQWRVRFLDOTXDQWRFXOWXUDOTXHRVYLXQDVFHUHGDTXHOHTXHGHYHULDPUHJHU3HUHOPDQREFLWS
&RQFHELDP GXDV FDWHJRULDV GH GLUHLWR RX yUELWDV MXUtGLFDV D VDEHU D GR GLUHLWR QDWXUDO H D GR 'LUHLWR
SRVLWLYR
4XDQWR DR GLUHLWR QDWXUDO FRQWLQXDULD VHQGR XP FRQMXQWR GH SULQFtSLRV SHUPDQHQWHV HVWiYHLV H
LPXWiYHLVQmRVHGLVWLQJXLQGRQHVWHSRQWRGRMXVQDWXUDOLVPR$RULJHPGHVVHGLUHLWRHQWUHWDQWRQmRPDLV
VHULD D GLYLQGDGH PDV VLP D QDWXUH]D UDFLRQDO GR KRPHP ± LPXWiYHO GLDQWH GH TXDOTXHU YRQWDGH GLYLQD RX
KXPDQD
2FDUiWHUSHUPDQHQWHHLPXWiYHOGRGLUHLWRGHFRUUHULDGRIDWRGHVHUDQDWXUH]DUDFLRQDOGRKRPHPLJXDO
SRUWRGDDSDUWHHPWRGRVRVWHPSRVHGDTXDOGHFRUUHULDPSULQFtSLRVTXHHPFRQVHTXrQFLDQHQKXPSRGHU
GLYLQRRXWHUUHQRDOFDQoDULDPXGDU
2 'LUHLWR SRVLWLYR SRU VXD YH] GHFRUUHULD GR SDFWR VRFLDO D TXH R KRPHP IRUD OHYDGR D FHOHEUDU SDUD
YLYHUHPFROHWLYLGDGH
1R LQtFLR R KRPHP WHULD VLGR LVRODGR FRPR IRL LOXVWUDGR SRU 'DQLHO 'H )|H QD FRQKHFLGD KLVWyULD GH
5RELQVRQ&UXVRp3DUDVDLUGRLVRODPHQWRRVKRPHQVWLYHUDPDLGHLDGHYLYHUMXQWRVIXQGDQGRDVRFLHGDGH
DWUDYpV GH XP SDFWR R FpOHEUH ³FRQWUDWR VRFLDO´ TXH VHUYH GH WtWXOR D XP GRV OLYURV PDLV IDPRVRV GH
5RXVVHDX$VUHODo}HVGRVKRPHQVHPVRFLHGDGHVHULDPGLVFLSOLQDGDVSHODVUHJUDVGRGLUHLWRSRVLWLYR
(QWUHRGLUHLWRQDWXUDODTXHOHFRQMXQWRGHSULQFtSLRVLPXWiYHLVGHFRUUHQWHGDUD]mRHR'LUHLWRSRVLWLYR
KDYHULD HQWUHWDQWR XPD tQWLPD H HVWUHLWD UHODomR WDO FRPR Ki HQWUH R HVStULWR H R FRUSR D VRPEUD H D
UHDOLGDGHYLVWRTXHRSULPHLURpDQWHULRUVXSHULRUHVHUYHGHIXQGDPHQWRSDUDRVHJXQGR
(TXLYDOHLVVRDGL]HUTXHR'LUHLWRSRVLWLYRGHYHUHVSHLWDURVSULQFtSLRVIXQGDPHQWDLVGRGLUHLWRQDWXUDO
SRU OKH VHUHP VXSHULRUHV QmR SRGHQGR GHOHV VH DIDVWDU VHP VH WRUQDU LQMXVWR H LQtTXR (P RFRUUHQGR WDO
DIDVWDPHQWRLPS}HVHDLPHGLDWDUHIRUPXODomRGR'LUHLWRSRVLWLYRDILPGHDMXVWiORDRVLPXWiYHLVSULQFtSLRV
GRGLUHLWRQDWXUDO
$ VtQWHVH GR SHQVDPHQWR GHVVD HVFROD p TXH ³H[LVWH XP GLUHLWR XQLYHUVDO H LPXWiYHO IRQWH GH WRGDV DV
OHLV SRVLWLYDV QmR p PDLV TXH D UD]mR QDWXUDO QR TXH GL] UHVSHLWR DR JRYHUQR GH WRGRV RV KRPHQV´ 6H R
OHJLVODGRUVHDIDVWDGRGLUHLWRQDWXUDOID]XPDOHLLQMXVWDHPi$RDGPLWLUTXHRGLUHLWRQDWXUDOWHPRULJHPQD
QDWXUH]D UDFLRQDO GR KRPHP GHVORFRX SHOD SULPHLUD YH] D VXD IRQWH ± GH 'HXV SDUD D SUySULD UD]mR GR
KRPHP

4. ESCOLA HISTÓRICA DO DIREITO

$(VFROD+LVWyULFDGR'LUHLWRVXUJLXQD$OHPDQKDQRILQDOGRVpFXOR;9,,,HFRPHoRGRVpFXOR;,;
WHQGRFRPRSULQFLSDLVSURWDJRQLVWDV*XVWDYR+XJRH)UHGHULFR&KDUOHVGH6DYLJQ\HVWH~OWLPRFRQVLGHUDGRR
VHX IXQGDGRU $ HVFROD LQLFLD DV VXDV DWLYLGDGHV HP SOHQR DSRJHX GR QHRKXPDQLVPR TXDQGR R GLUHLWR HUD
FRQVLGHUDGRSXUDFULDomRGDUD]mRKXPDQD
3HOD SULPHLUD YH] HVVD HVFROD UHEHORXVH FRQWUD D H[LVWrQFLD GH XP GLUHLWR QDWXUDO SHUPDQHQWH H
LPXWiYHO(PYH]GHLQGDJDURTXHGHYHULDVHURGLUHLWRSDVVRXDSHVTXLVDUFRPRVHIRUPDYDQDVVRFLHGDGHV
3DUD HOD R 'LUHLWR HUD XP SURGXWR KLVWyULFR GHFRUUHQWH QmR GD GLYLQGDGH RX GD UD]mR PDV VLP GD
consciência coletivaGRVSRYRVVolks geistIRUPDGRJUDGDWLYDHSDXODWLQDPHQWHSHODVWUDGLo}HVHFRVWXPHV
$ IRUPDomR GR 'LUHLWR VHULD WmR QDWXUDO H HVSRQWkQHD FRPR D RULJHP GD OLQJXDJHP (PERUD VH WHQKD
SHQVDGR TXH D OLQJXDJHP IRUD FULDGD SRU 'HXV RX HUD UHVXOWDGR GH XP DFRUGR HQWUH RV KRPHQV D ILORVRILD
GHPRQVWUDYD TXH VXD JrQHVH R SURFHVVR GH VXD IRUPDomR IRL JUDGDWLYR H SDXODWLQR GHFRUUHQWH GDV
QHFHVVLGDGHVHXVRVGRSRYRVXMHLWRDWUDQVIRUPDo}HVSURJUHVVLYDV
,Q~PHURV YRFiEXORV VXUJHP HP XPD OtQJXD j PHGLGD TXH YmR VH WRUQDQGR PDLV FRPSOH[DV DV UHODo}HV
VRFLDLVDRSDVVRTXHHPRXWUDVRQ~PHURGHSDODYUDVpDLQGDUHGX]LGRSRUFDXVDGDHVWDJQDomRGDYLGDVRFLDO
7DPEpPR'LUHLWRVHFRQVWLWXtUDQDWXUDOPHQWHFRPRDOLQJXDJHPSRUIRUoDGDVQHFHVVLGDGHVHXVRVGR
SRYR
6HJXLQGR HVVD OLQKD GH UDFLRFtQLR HQWHQGLD 6DYLJQ\ TXH HP YH] GH XP GLUHLWR JHUDO H XQLYHUVDO FDGD
SRYR HP FDGD pSRFD WHULD R VHX SUySULR GLUHLWR H[SUHVVmR QDWXUDO GH VXD HYROXomR KLVWyULFD GH VHXV XVRV
FRVWXPHVHWUDGLo}HVGHWRGDVDVpSRFDVSDVVDGDV
$JUDQGHSUHRFXSDomRGD(VFROD+LVWyULFDFRPRVHYrIRLDIDVWDUDFRQFHSomRGRGLUHLWRQDWXUDOSHOR
TXH VH HVIRUoRX HP GHPRQVWUDU TXH R GLUHLWR HUD XP SURGXWR KLVWyULFR VXMHLWR D SHUPDQHQWH H QDWXUDO
HYROXomRQHPHVWDEHOHFLGRDUELWUDULDPHQWHSHODYRQWDGHGRVKRPHQVQHPUHYHODGRSRU'HXVQHPSHODUD]mR
PDVVLPSHODFRQVFLrQFLDQDFLRQDOGRSRYR
&RPRDVVLQDOD+HUPHV/LPDIntrodução à ciência do direitoS³eFRQTXLVWDGHILQLWLYDGD(VFROD
+LVWyULFD D QRomR GR FDUiWHU VRFLDO GRV IHQ{PHQRV MXUtGLFRV FRP VHXV GRLV HOHPHQWRV HVVHQFLDLV
FRQWLQXLGDGHHWUDQVIRUPDomR$HVFRODPRVWURXTXHRVIXQGDPHQWRVGRGLUHLWRVHHQFRQWUDPQDYLGDVRFLDO
(UDPHVVHVIXQGDPHQWRVTXHDVWHRULDVSUHFHGHQWHVLDPEXVFDUQDUD]mR´

5. ESCOLA MARXISTA

$WHRULDPDU[LVWDVXUJLXHPPHDGRVGRVpFXOR;,;HQXQFLDGDSRUGRLVSHQVDGRUHVDOHPmHV±.DUO0DU[
H)ULHGULFK(QJHOV±GRLVJUDQGHVUHIRUPDGRUHVVRFLDLVPDLVHFRQRPLVWDVGRTXHMXULVWDV0DU[HQWUHWDQWR
IH]VHXVHVWXGRVQD)DFXOGDGHGH'LUHLWRGH%HUOLPVHQGRLJXDOPHQWHILOyVRIR6HGX]LGRSHORVHQVLQDPHQWRV
GH+HJHOIRLQHOHVTXHVHLQVSLURXSDUDIRUPDUVXDVLGHLDVVREUHRGLUHLWR

5.1. Origem e concepção do direito

3DUDDWHRULDPDU[LVWDR'LUHLWRSUHVVXS}HR(VWDGR6XUJHVRPHQWHTXDQGRKiXPDVRFLHGDGH±SROtWLFD
MXUtGLFD H HFRQRPLFDPHQWH RUJDQL]DGD FRP XPD IRQWH HPDQDGRUD GR SUHFHLWR MXUtGLFR H XP yUJmR FDSD] GH
LPSRURFXPSULPHQWRGHVXDVSUHVFULo}HV
,VVR VLJQLILFD TXH R 'LUHLWR DSHQDV VDQFLRQD XPD UHODomR Mi H[LVWHQWH DSOLFDQGR XPD UHJUD D XPD
VLWXDomR SUHH[LVWHQWH UHJUD HVVD ~QLFD TXH LQFLGH VREUH GLIHUHQWHV SHVVRDV DLQGD TXH VHMDP HP WXGR
GHVLJXDLV)L[DR'LUHLWRDFLPDGHWXGRDVUHODo}HVHFRQ{PLFDVTXHSUHGRPLQDPHPXPDVRFLHGDGHHPFHUWR
PRPHQWR KLVWyULFR UD]mR SHOD TXDO 0DU[ R FRQVLGHUDYD D H[SUHVVmR GR LQWHUHVVH GD FODVVH GRPLQDQWH
LQVWUXPHQWRLGHROyJLFRGHGRPLQDomRGDEXUJXHVLDVREUHRSUROHWDULDGR
(VVDFRQFHSomRGR'LUHLWRGHYHPXLWRD+HJHOTXHWDPEpPXQHLQWLPDPHQWHR'LUHLWRDR(VWDGRFRPD
GLIHUHQoD HVVHQFLDO GH TXH R (VWDGR SDUD HOH p XPD LQVWLWXLomR HPLQHQWHPHQWH UHVSHLWiYHO TXDVH GLYLQD TXH
WHP SRU PLVVmR PDQWHU D RUGHP H D SD] QD VRFLHGDGH DR SDVVR TXH SDUD 0DU[ R (VWDGR p LQVWUXPHQWR GH
SUHVVmR TXH GHYH VHU FRPEDWLGR SRU WRGRV RV PHLRV H ILQDOPHQWH GHVWUXtGR SHOR PHQRV QXP SULPHLUR
PRPHQWR SDUD LQLFLDUVH XP SURFHVVR GH WUDQVLomR SRVWHULRUPHQWH FRQKHFLGR FRPR XP VLVWHPD GH JRYHUQR
FRPXQLVWD7DOSRVLomRHPJUDQGHSDUWHVHQWLPHQWDOpH[SOLFDGDSHORHVSHWiFXORGDPLVpULDTXHJUDVVDYDQD
pSRFDVREUHWXGRQDVUHJL}HVLQGXVWULDLVTXH0DU[S{GHFRQKHFHUHSHORDSRLRTXHDFODVVHGLULJHQWHFRQFHGLD
DRVFDSLWDOLVWDVEHQHILFLiULRVGHVVHUHJLPH
1D VtQWHVH GD WHRULD PDU[LVWD R 'LUHLWR WHP RULJHP QmR HP 'HXV QHP QD UD]mR RX QD FRQVFLrQFLD
FROHWLYDPDVQR(VWDGRQmRH[LVWLQGR'LUHLWRVHP(VWDGRQHP(VWDGRVHP'LUHLWRVHQGRHUU{QHDDLGHLDGH
TXH GHVGH TXH DSDUHoD D VRFLHGDGH Dt IDWDOPHQWH HQFRQWUDUHPRV R 'LUHLWR ubi  societas,  ibi  jus 1mR WHP
YDORULJXDOPHQWHRSUHVVXSRVWRGHTXHKDMDXPVXEVWUDWRHWHUQRTXHFRQVWLWXDRFHUQHHVVHQFLDOHSHUHQHGR
GLUHLWR
(PERUD QmR VHMD QRVVR SURSyVLWR QHVWH PRGHVWR WUDEDOKR ID]HU FUtWLFDV D TXDOTXHU GDV WHRULDV
H[DPLQDGDV HQWHQGHPRV QHFHVViULDV DOJXPDV FRQVLGHUDo}HV VREUH D WHRULD PDU[LVWD D ILP GH IDFLOLWDU GHVGH
ORJRDFRPSUHHQVmRGHTXHVW}HVTXHRSRUWXQDPHQWHVHUmRDERUGDGDV
eIDOVRSRUH[HPSORDILUPDUTXHWRGR'LUHLWRHPDQDGR(VWDGRHTXHQmRH[LVWHGLUHLWRQDVVRFLHGDGHV
FKDPDGDV SULPLWLYDV 4XDOTXHU REVHUYDGRU p FDSD] GH FRQVWDWDU TXH PXLWR DQWHV GH H[LVWLU R (VWDGR PXLWR
DQWHVGDVRFLHGDGHVHRUJDQL]DUSROtWLFDHMXULGLFDPHQWHMiH[LVWLDPUHJUDVGLVFLSOLQDGRUDVGRUHODFLRQDPHQWR
VRFLDO(VVHGLUHLWRpYHUGDGHDSUHVHQWDFDUDFWHUHVSDUWLFXODUHVPDQLIHVWDQGRVHHVVHQFLDOPHQWHDWUDYpVGRV
FRVWXPHVPDVLQGLVFXWLYHOPHQWHpGLUHLWR(PWHPSRDOJXPXPDVRFLHGDGHSRUPDLVKRPRJrQHDTXHWHQKD
VLGRPHVPRDQWHVGHH[LVWLUR(VWDGRS{GHYLYHUVHPQRUPDVGHFRQGXWD
1mR PHQRV IDOVD H WUXQFDGD p D DILUPDomR GH VHU R (VWDGR LQVWUXPHQWR GH SUHVVmR GD FODVVH GRPLQDQWH
VREUHDPHQRVIDYRUHFLGDHSRULVVRGHYHQGRVHUFRPEDWLGRHGHVWUXtGR1mRpHVWDHIHWLYDPHQWHDILQDOLGDGH
GR (VWDGR $R ODGR GD PDQXWHQomR GD RUGHP HVWDEHOHFLGD R (VWDGR VREUHWXGR R (VWDGR PRGHUQR DVVXPH
XPDLQILQLGDGHGHIXQo}HVTXHYLVDPREHPHVWDUS~EOLFRDGLVWULEXLomRGDMXVWLoDDGLYXOJDomRGDLQVWUXomR
DSURWHomRGDVD~GHHGDVHJXUDQoDS~EOLFDVHWF6HDTXLRXDFROiR(VWDGRGLYRUFLRXVHGHVXDVYHUGDGHLUDV
ILQDOLGDGHV QHP SRU LVVR GHYHVH HOLPLQDU D LQVWLWXLomR PDV VLP FRUULJLOD ID]HQGRD YROWDU DRV VHXV UHDLV
REMHWLYRV6LPSOHVPHQWHSRUTXHH[LVWHPRHGDIDOVDQmRVHGHYHDFDEDUFRPDYHUGDGHLUD

6. ESCOLA SOCIOLÓGICA DO DIREITO

$ 6RFLRORJLD H R 'LUHLWR GXUDQWH PXLWR WHPSR LJQRUDUDPVH PXWXDPHQWH KRVWLOL]DUDPVH PHVPR 2

HQFRQWUR HQWUH DV GXDV FLrQFLDV RFRUUHX SDXODWLQDPHQWH D SDUWLU GH  TXDQGR IRL SXEOLFDGD D REUD GH
+HUEHUW6SHQFHUPrinciples of SociologyRQGHKiXPFDStWXORGHGLFDGRjVOHLV3DVVDQGRSRUYiULRVDXWRUHV
FXOPLQD QRV ~OWLPRV DQRV GR VpFXOR ;,; FRP ePLOH 'XUNKHLP D TXHP FRXEH R WUDEDOKR GH IL[DU
GHILQLWLYDPHQWH DV UHODo}HV HQWUH R GLUHLWR H D VRFLRORJLD 6HP VHU MXULVWD PDV VLP ILOyVRIR FRXEHOKH R
PpULWRGHWHUUHFRQKHFLGRHHYLGHQFLDGRDQDWXUH]DHPLQHQWHPHQWHVRFLDOGRGLUHLWR
$OpP GH 'XUNKHLP PHUHFHP GHVWDTXH /pRQ 'XJXLW H 1RUGL *UHFR HQWUH RV IXQGDGRUHV GD (VFROD
6RFLROyJLFD 'HSRLV GD 6HJXQGD *XHUUD 0XQGLDO YHULILFRXVH XPD OLJDomR PDLV DWLYD H IHFXQGD HQWUH
VRFLyORJRVHMXULVWDV

6.1. Origem e concepção sociológica do direito

3DUD D (VFROD 6RFLROyJLFD R 'LUHLWR WHP D VXD RULJHP QRV IDWRV VRFLDLV HQWHQGHQGRVH FRPR WDLV RV
DFRQWHFLPHQWRVGDYLGDHPVRFLHGDGHSUiWLFDVHFRQGXWDVTXHUHIOHWHPRVVHXVFRVWXPHVYDORUHVWUDGLo}HV
VHQWLPHQWRVHFXOWXUDFXMDHODERUDomRpOHQWDHHVSRQWkQHDGDYLGDVRFLDO&RVWXPHVGLIHUHQWHVLPSOLFDPIDWRV
VRFLDLV GLIHUHQWHV UD]mR SHOD TXDO FDGD SRYR WHP D VXD KLVWyULD H VHXV IDWRV VRFLDLV ( R 'LUHLWR QmR SRGH
IRUPDUVHDOKHLRDHVVHVIDWRVSRUVHUXPIHQ{PHQRGHFRUUHQWHGRSUySULRFRQYtYLRGRKRPHPHPVRFLHGDGH
$UD]mRGLVVRpEDVWDQWHVLPSOHVVHQGRRKRPHPXPVHUVRFLDOQmRSRGHYLYHULVRODGRFRPR5RELQVRQ
&UXVRp HP VXD LOKD FXMD KLVWyULD QmR SDVVD GH XWRSLD 2EULJDGRV D YLYHU QHFHVVDULDPHQWH DR ODGR XQV GRV
RXWURV FDUHFHPRV GH UHJUDV GH SURFHGHU QRUPDV GH GLVFLSOLQDPHQWR GD YLGD HP FROHWLYLGDGH $ VRFLHGDGH
FRPSOH[R GH SHVVRDV H FRLVDV QHFHVVLWD GH XPD RUJDQL]DomR TXH RULHQWDQGR D YLGD FROHWLYD GLVFLSOLQH D
DWLYLGDGH GRV LQGLYtGXRV (VWD RUJDQL]DomR SUHVVXS}H UHJUDV GH FRPSRUWDPHQWR TXH SHUPLWDP D FRQYLYrQFLD
VRFLDO2'LUHLWRpMXVWDPHQWHRFRQMXQWRGHQRUPDVTXHUHJXODPDYLGDVRFLDO
$VRFLHGDGHKXPDQDpSRUWDQWRRPHLRHPTXHR'LUHLWRVXUJHHVHGHVHQYROYHSRLVDLGHLDGRGLUHLWR
OLJDVHjLGHLDGHFRQGXWDHGHRUJDQL]DomRSURYLQGRGDFRQVFLrQFLDGDVUHODo}HVHQWUHRVLQGLYtGXRV
3DXOR1DGHUVLQWHWL]DFRPPDHVWULDHVVDYLVmRVRFLROyJLFD³'LUHLWRHVRFLHGDGHVmRHQWLGDGHVFRQJrQLWDV
H TXH VH SUHVVXS}HP 2 'LUHLWR QmR WHP H[LVWrQFLD HP VL SUySULR (OH H[LVWH QD VRFLHGDGH $ VXD FDXVD
PDWHULDO HVWi QDV UHODo}HV GH YLGD QRV DFRQWHFLPHQWRV PDLV LPSRUWDQWHV SDUD D YLGD VRFLDO $ VRFLHGDGH DR
PHVPRWHPSRpIRQWHFULDGRUDHiUHDGHDomRGR'LUHLWRVHXIRFRGHFRQYHUJrQFLD([LVWLQGRHPIXQomRGD
VRFLHGDGHR'LUHLWRGHYHVHUHVWDEHOHFLGRjVXDLPDJHPFRQIRUPHDVVXDVSHFXOLDULGDGHVUHIOHWLQGRRVIDWRV
VRFLDLV TXH VLJQLILFDP QR HQWHQGLPHQWR GH ePLOH 'XUNKHLP PDQHLUDV GH DJLU GH SHQVDU H GH VHQWLU
H[WHULRUHVDRLQGLYtGXRGRWDGDVGHXPSRGHUGHFRHUomRHPYLUWXGHGRTXDOVHOKHLPS}HP´Introdução ao
estudo do direitoHG)RUHQVHS
6H R KRPHP QmR YLYHVVH HP VRFLHGDGH MDPDLV SRGHULD JHUPLQDU HP VXD FRQVFLrQFLD D LGHLD GR GLUHLWR
SRLVRPXQGRGRGLUHLWRpRGDVUHODo}HVHQWUHRVKRPHQV'LUHLWRpUHDOLGDGHGDYLGDVRFLDOHQmRGDQDWXUH]D
ItVLFD RX GR PHUR SVLTXLVPR GRV VHUHV KXPDQRV (P VXPD QmR KDYHULD R GLUHLWR VHP VRFLHGDGH 'Dt D
YHUDFLGDGHGHDQWLJREURFDGRubi societas, ibi jus±RQGHHVWiDVRFLHGDGHHVWiR'LUHLWR0DVDUHFtSURFDp
WDPEpPYHUGDGHLUDubi jus, ibi societas±RQGHHVWiR'LUHLWRHVWiDVRFLHGDGH±DYLQFXODomRHQWUHDPEDVp
WDO TXH XP QmR SRGH H[LVWLU VHP R RXWUR $VVHYHUD R 0HVWUH 0LJXHO 5HDOH ³2 'LUHLWR QmR H[LVWH VHQmR QD
VRFLHGDGHHQmRSRGHVHUFRQFHELGRIRUDGHOD8PDGHVXDVFDUDFWHUtVWLFDVpDsocialidadeDVXDTXDOLGDGHGH
VHUVRFLDO´Lições preliminares de direitoHG6DUDLYDS
2'LUHLWRWHPSRLVXPDUHODomRGLDOpWLFDFRPDUHDOLGDGHVRFLDOFRPRVIDWRVTXHQHODRFRUUHPRTXH
SHUPLWLX TXH VH DILUPDVVH ³1mR H[LVWH R GLUHLWR H R IDWR SRLV VHJXQGR D IRUPD H[DWD GH 6IRU]D R IDWR H R
GLUHLWRH[LVWHPHQTXDQWRFRH[LVWHP´6,/9$-RmR&DOYmRGDResponsabilidade civil do produtor&RLPEUD
$OPHGLQDS
2 TXH FDUDFWHUL]D D (VFROD 6RFLROyJLFD p SRUWDQWR FRQVLGHUDU R 'LUHLWR QmR FRPR WHQGR RULJHP HP
'HXV QHP QD UD]mR QHP QD FRQVFLrQFLD GR SRYR H QHP DLQGD QR (VWDGR ± PDV VLP QD VRFLHGDGH PDLV
HVSHFLILFDPHQWHQDVLQWHUUHODo}HVVRFLDLV1mRpR'LUHLWRPHURSURGXWRGDYRQWDGHGROHJLVODGRUQmRpSXUD
FULDomRGHVXDPHQWHPDVFULDomRGDVRFLHGDGH3RULVVRFDGDSRYRWHPRVHXSUySULRVLVWHPDMXUtGLFR
'RSRQWRGHYLVWDVRFLROyJLFRR'LUHLWRpXPDFLrQFLDHVVHQFLDOPHQWHVRFLDORULXQGDGDVRFLHGDGHHSDUD
D VRFLHGDGH $V QRUPDV GR 'LUHLWR VmR UHJUDV GH FRQGXWD SDUD GLVFLSOLQDU R FRPSRUWDPHQWR GR LQGLYtGXR QR
JUXSRDVUHODo}HVVRFLDLVQRUPDVGLWDGDVSHODVSUySULDVQHFHVVLGDGHVHFRQYHQLrQFLDVVRFLDLV1mRVmRUHJUDV
LPXWiYHLV H TXDVH VDJUDGDV PDV VLP YDULiYHLV H HP FRQVWDQWH PXGDQoD FRPR R VmR RV JUXSRV RQGH VH
RULJLQDP
 'LJQDVGHGHVWDTXHDVSDODYUDVGRLQVLJQH3DXOR1DGHU³$VRFLHGDGHVHPR'LUHLWRQmRUHVLVWLULDVHULD
DQiUTXLFD WHULD R VHX ILP 2 'LUHLWR p D JUDQGH FROXQD TXH VXVWHQWD D VRFLHGDGH &ULDGR SHOR KRPHP SDUD
FRUULJLU D VXD LPSHUIHLomR R 'LUHLWR UHSUHVHQWD R JUDQGH HVIRUoR SDUD DGDSWDU R PXQGR H[WHULRU jV VXDV
QHFHVVLGDGHVGHYLGD´2EFLWS
$GHPRFUDWL]DomRGR'LUHLWRSRGHVHUDSRQWDGDFRPRXPDGDVPDLVUHOHYDQWHVFRQVHTXrQFLDVGD(VFROD
6RFLROyJLFD &RP HIHLWR HQTXDQWR R 'LUHLWR WHYH RULJHP GLYLQD DSHQDV RV QREUHV VDFHUGRWHV H DOWDV FDVWDV
VRFLDLVDHOHWLQKDPDFHVVR(QTXDQWRWHYHSRUIXQGDPHQWRDUD]mRDHOHWLQKDPDFHVVRRVViELRVILOyVRIRVH
MXULVWDV 2 'LUHLWR IRL GHPRFUDWL]DGR TXDQGR SDVVRX D WHU RULJHP QD VRFLHGDGH 2 DFHVVR j -XVWLoD SDVVRX D
VHUDVXDSULQFLSDOILQDOLGDGHRSRYRSDVVRXDWHUFRQVFLrQFLDGRVVHXVGLUHLWRVFRPRDVSHFWRGDFLGDGDQLDR
'LUHLWRJDQKRXDVUXDVDVSUDoDVHIH]VHOLQJXDJHPGHWRGRRSRYR
$ (VFROD 6RFLROyJLFD FRPR QmR SRGHULD GHL[DU GH VHU p DTXHOD TXH VH FRQFLOLD LQWHLUDPHQWH FRP R
FRQWH~GRGHQRVVDPDWpULDUD]mRSHODTXDOOKHVHUYHGHEDVHGRXWULQiULD
 A  presença  do  direito  na  sociedade.  Atividades  de  cooperação  e  de  concorrência.  Características  da
atividade de concorrência. O conflito de interesse e sua composição. Função preventiva do direito. Função
compositiva do direito. Critérios de composição de conflitos: composição voluntária; critério autoritário;
critério da composição jurídica e suas características. A função social do Direito na atual ordem jurídica
brasileira.

2'LUHLWRGRSRQWRGHYLVWDVRFLROyJLFRpFRQIRUPHYLPRVQRFDStWXORDQWHULRUXPIDWRVRFLDOHFRPR
WDO WHP VXD RULJHP QmR QD 'LYLQGDGH QHP QD UD]mR QHP QD FRQVFLrQFLD FROHWLYD GRV SRYRV WDPSRXFR QR
(VWDGR PDV VLP QD SUySULD VRFLHGDGH QDV LQWHUUHODo}HV VRFLDLV 3RU FRQVHJXLQWH WUDWDVH GH XPD FLrQFLD
HVVHQFLDOPHQWHVRFLDOXPDSHFXOLDULGDGHGDVRFLHGDGHKXPDQD

7. A PRESENÇA DO DIREITO NA SOCIEDADE

1HP WRGRV WrP LGHLD GH TXDQWR R 'LUHLWR VH ID] SUHVHQWH QR PHLR VRFLDO GH FRPR HVWi HQWURVDGR FRP
TXDVH WXGR TXH VH SDVVD QD VRFLHGDGH SDUWLFLSDQGR GDV PDLV VLPSOHV jV PDLV FRPSOH[DV UHODo}HV VRFLDLV e
GLItFLOSUDWLFDUPRVXPDWRTXHQmRWHQKDUHSHUFXVVmRQRPXQGRGRGLUHLWR
&RPROHPEURX5XJJLHURInstituições de direito civilY,SRFDPSRQrVTXHVHPHDQGRRVHX
FDPSRGHL[DFDLUDOJXPDVVHPHQWHVVREUHRFDPSRYL]LQKRSUDWLFDHPERUDLJQRUHXPDWRMXUtGLFRSRLVGi
RULJHP D XPD ILJXUD GH DFHVVmR D satio WRUQDQGR R YL]LQKR SURSULHWiULR GD VHPHQWH ODQoDGD H GRV VHXV
HYHQWXDLV IUXWRV 2 IXPDQWH TXH GHLWD IRUD R UHVWR GR VHX FLJDUUR RX FKDUXWR UHDOL]D XP DWR GH derelicto
DEDQGRQDQGR XPD FRLVD VXD 2 EDQKLVWD TXH DSDQKD QD SUDLD D FRQFKD SUHFLRVD WUD]LGD SHODV RQGDV SUDWLFD
XPDocupatioDGTXLULQGRDSURSULHGDGHGXPDres nullius
7HQKD RX QmR FRQVFLrQFLD GLVVR D GRQD GH FDVD TXDQGR DGTXLUH XPD VLPSOHV FDL[D GH IyVIRUR QR
TXLRVTXH RX JrQHURV DOLPHQWtFLRV QR VXSHUPHUFDGR UHDOL]D XP FRQWUDWR GH FRPSUD H YHQGD 'LDULDPHQWH
TXDQGRPLOK}HVGHSHVVRDVWRPDPRWUHP{QLEXVR0HWU{RXRXWURTXDOTXHUWUDQVSRUWHS~EOLFRUHDOL]DP
DWp LQFRQVFLHQWHPHQWH XP FRQWUDWR GH WUDQVSRUWH DWUDYpV GR TXDO PHGLDQWH R VLPSOHV SDJDPHQWR GD
SDVVDJHPDWUDQVSRUWDGRUDVHREULJDDOHYiORVLQFyOXPHVDRSRQWRGHGHVWLQR(VHSRULQIHOLFLGDGHRFRUUHU
XPDFLGHQWHGRTXDOUHVXOWHOHVmRRXPRUWHSDUDDOJXpPVHJXQGRDVUHJUDVGRGLUHLWRVHUiDWUDQVSRUWDGRUD
REULJDGDDLQGHQL]DURVSUHMXt]RVHQYROYHQGRGDQRVHPHUJHQWHVHOXFURVFHVVDQWHVLVWRpWXGRDTXLORTXHD
YtWLPDHIHWLYDPHQWHSHUGHUHDTXLORTXHGHL[DUGHJDQKDUHPUD]mRGRDFLGHQWHSHORUHVWDQWHGHVXDVREUHYLGD
2XWUR QRWiYHO MXULVWD LWDOLDQR 3LHUR &DODPDQGUHL QRV HQVLQD TXH ³2 'LUHLWR HQTXDQWR QLQJXpP R
SHUWXUED H R FRQWUDULD QRV URGHLD LQYLVtYHO H LPSDOSiYHO FRPR R DU TXH UHVSLUDPRV LQDGYHUWLGR FRPR D
VD~GHFXMRYDORUVyFRPSUHHQGHPRVTXDQGRSHUFHEHPRVWrODSHUGLGR
0DV TXDQGR p DPHDoDGR H YLRODGR HQWmR GHVFHQGR GR PXQGR DVWUDO HP TXH UHSRXVDYD HP IRUPD GH
KLSyWHVH DWp R PXQGR GRV VHQWLGRV R GLUHLWR HQFDUQD QR MXL] H VH WRUQD H[SUHVVmR FRQFUHWD GH YRQWDGH
RSHUDWLYDDWUDYpVGDVXDSDODYUD´Eles, os juízes, vistos por um advogado0DUWLQV)RQWHVS
&RPR VH Yr R 'LUHLWR LQYDGH H GRPLQD D YLGD VRFLDO GHVGH DV PDLV KXPLOGHV jV PDLV VROHQHV
PDQLIHVWDo}HV TXHU VH WUDWH GH UHODo}HV HQWUH LQGLYtGXRV TXHU HQWUH R LQGLYtGXR H R JUXSR VRFLDO FRPR D
IDPtOLDHR(VWDGRTXHUVHWUDWHDLQGDGHUHODo}HVHQWUHRVSUySULRVJUXSRV
Por que o Direito se faz assim presente na sociedade?
Qual é a sua função social?
e R TXH SURFXUDPRV UHVSRQGHU QHVWH FDStWXOR 3DUD EHP FRPSUHHQGHUPRV D IXQomR VRFLDO GR 'LUHLWR
HQWUHWDQWR WHPRV DQWHV TXH DQDOLVDU DV DWLYLGDGHV TXH R LQGLYtGXR GHVHQYROYH QD VRFLHGDGH DV VXDV
FDUDFWHUtVWLFDVHRTXHSRGHPJHUDU

7.1. Atividades de cooperação e de concorrência

$V DWLYLGDGHV KXPDQDV DVVXPHP IRUPDV P~OWLSODV HFRQ{PLFDV RX QmR PDV WRGDV HODV SRGHP VHU
UHGX]LGDVDGRLVWLSRVDWLYLGDGHVGHFRRSHUDomRHDWLYLGDGHVGHFRQFRUUrQFLD
$VSULPHLUDVFDUDFWHUL]DPVHSHODFRQYHUJrQFLDGHLQWHUHVVHV*UDILFDPHQWHSRGHPVHULOXVWUDGDVDVVLP
! (QYROYHP ILQV RX REMHWLYRV FRPXQV 8P LQGLYtGXR GHVHQYROYH XPD DWLYLGDGH TXDOTXHU GH TXH R RXWUR
GLUHWDPHQWHVHDSURYHLWDHjPHGLGDTXHVHHPSHQKDQDUHDOL]DomRGRVVHXVLQWHUHVVHVFRRSHUDQDUHDOL]DomR
GRVLQWHUHVVHVGRVRXWURV
([HPSORGHDWLYLGDGHGHFRRSHUDomRpDGRYHQGHGRUHDGRFRPSUDGRURYHQGHGRUWHPPHUFDGRULDVSDUD
YHQGHU H R FRPSUDGRU WHP LQWHUHVVH HP DGTXLULODV QHFHVVLWD GHODV 2V LQWHUHVVHV GRV GRLV FRQYHUJHP SDUD
XPSRQWRFRPXPFRRSHUDQGRDVVLPFDGDTXDOQDUHDOL]DomRGRLQWHUHVVHGRRXWUR
2PHVPRVHGLJDGRLQGLYtGXRTXHWHPXPSUpGLRHQmRSUHFLVDQGRXViORSDUDVXDSUySULDPRUDGLDRX
LQVWDODomR SURS}HVH D FHGHU VHX XVR D RXWUHP PHGLDQWH R SDJDPHQWR GH DOXJXHO 2XWUR LQGLYtGXR SRU VXD
YH]QHFHVVLWDQGRGHXPSUpGLRSDUDPRUDUMiTXHQmRRSRVVXLSURS}HVHDSDJDURDOXJXHOSUHWHQGLGRSHOR
ORFDGRU +i UHFLSURFLGDGH GH LQWHUHVVHV HQWUH R ORFDGRU H R ORFDWiULR GH VRUWH TXH j PHGLGD TXH FDGD TXDO
GHVHQYROYH VXD DWLYLGDGH FRRSHUD QD UHDOL]DomR GR LQWHUHVVH GR RXWUR 2 PpGLFR R DGYRJDGR H RXWURV
SURILVVLRQDLVOLEHUDLVGHVHQYROYHPHVWHWLSRGHDWLYLGDGHHPUHODomRDRVVHXVFOLHQWHV

7.2. Características da atividade de concorrência

+i SDUDOHOLVPR QDV DWLYLGDGHV GH FRQFRUUrQFLD QXQFD VH HQFRQWUDP SRLV QmR FRQYHUJHP SDUD XP
LQWHUHVVH FRPXP *UDILFDPHQWH SRGHP VHU LOXVWUDGDV DVVLP  1HODV GRLV LQGLYtGXRV HPERUD WHQKDP
REMHWLYRV LGrQWLFRV GHVHQYROYHP DWLYLGDGHV LQGHSHQGHQWHV paralelas TXH RV FRORFDP XP HP UHODomR DR
RXWURHPSRVLomRGHFRPSHWLGRURXFRQFRUUHQWH
'RLVFRPHUFLDQWHVHVWDEHOHFLGRVQDPHVPDUXDHQRPHVPRUDPRGHFRPpUFLRGmRQRVXPH[HPSORGH
DWLYLGDGH GH FRQFRUUrQFLD HOHV SRGHUmR H[SORUDU VHX FRPpUFLR LQGHILQLGDPHQWH VHP HQWUDU HP FKRTXH DLQGD
TXHFRQFRUUDPHQWUHVL2XWURH[HPSORHQFRQWUDPRVHPGRLVSURSULHWiULRVGHSUpGLRVYL]LQKRVFDGDXPSRGH
XVDUVXDSURSULHGDGHFRPRTXLVHUVHPDLQWHUIHUrQFLDRXFRODERUDomRGRRXWUR6mRFRQFRUUHQWHVQRVHQWLGR
GHTXHSHUVHJXHPLQGHSHQGHQWHPHQWHILQVVHPHOKDQWHV
$OLomRGH3DXOR1DGHUEHPVLQWHWL]DRTXHGLVVHPRVDWpDTXL³1DFRRSHUDomRDVSHVVRDVHVWmRPRYLGDV
SRUXPPHVPRREMHWLYRHYDORUHSRULVVRFRQMXJDPRVHXHVIRUoR$LQWHUDomRVHPDQLIHVWDGLUHWDHSRVLWLYD
1D FRPSHWLomR Ki XPD GLVSXWD XPD FRQFRUUrQFLD HP TXH DV SDUWHV SURFXUDP REWHU R TXH DOPHMDP XPD
YLVDQGR D H[FOXVmR GD RXWUD 8PD GDV JUDQGHV FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV GD VRFLHGDGH PRGHUQD HVWD IRUPD UHYHOD
DWLYLGDGHVSDUDOHODVHPTXHFDGDSHVVRDRXJUXSRSURFXUDUHXQLURVPHOKRUHVWUXQIRVSDUDDFRQVHFXomRGH
VHXVREMHWLYRV$LQWHUDomRQHVWDHVSpFLHVHID]LQGLUHWDPHQWHHVREPXLWRVDVSHFWRVSRVLWLYD´2EFLWS


8. O CONFLITO DE INTERESSE E A SUA COMPOSIÇÃO

7DQWRQDVDWLYLGDGHVGHFRRSHUDomRFRPRQDVGHFRQFRUUrQFLDSRGHPRFRUUHUFRQIOLWRVGHLQWHUHVVHV1D
DWLYLGDGHGHFRRSHUDomRSRUH[HPSORDSyVSDJDURSUHoRHUHFHEHUDPHUFDGRULDYHULILFDRFRPSUDGRUTXHKi
DOJXPGHIHLWRTXHLPSHGHRXSUHMXGLFDVHXXVR3URFXUDHQWmRRYHQGHGRUSDUDGHYROYHURPDWHULDOHUHFHEHU
GH YROWD R YDORU SDJR RX SDUD REWHU RXWUD PHUFDGRULD HP SHUIHLWR HVWDGR PDV HVWH VH UHFXVD D DWHQGrOR
1HVVH PRPHQWR URPSHVH R SHUIHLWR HTXLOtEULR TXH GHYHULD KDYHU QD DWLYLGDGH GH FRRSHUDomR H VXUJH R
FRQIOLWR
3HQVHPRVDJRUDQRFDVRGRLQTXLOLQRTXHDSyVILUPDUFRQWUDWRGHORFDomRHDORMDUVHQRLPyYHOUHFXVD
VHDSDJDURVDOXJXpLVFRQYHQFLRQDGRVDGHVSHLWRGHLQVLVWHQWHPHQWHSURFXUDGRSHORORFDGRU(VWDUiURPSLGD
D FRQYHUJrQFLD GH LQWHUHVVHV H[LVWHQWH QR PRPHQWR GD FHOHEUDomR GR FRQWUDWR H D SDUWLU GH HQWmR DPERV
HVWDUmRHPFRQIOLWR
&RQIOLWRVVXUJHPLJXDOPHQWHQDVDWLYLGDGHVGHFRQFRUUrQFLDTXDQGRDVSDUWHVYmRDOpPGDTXLORTXHOKHV
pOtFLWRID]HUQRFDPSRGRVHXSUySULRLQWHUHVVH
$TXHOHVGRLVFRPHUFLDQWHVHVWDEHOHFLGRVQDPHVPDUXDFRPRPHVPRJrQHURGHFRPpUFLRHQTXDQWRQmR
WUDQVSXVHUHPRVOLPLWHVGDTXLORTXHOKHVpOtFLWRDSHVDUGHFRQFRUUHQWHVFRQWLQXDUmRHPKDUPRQLD3RGHXP
GHOHV DWp YHQGHU PDLV EDUDWR TXH R RXWUR RX RIHUHFHU PHOKRUHV SURGXWRV H FRP LVVR JDQKDU D FOLHQWHOD GR
RXWUR
1R PRPHQWR SRUpP HP TXH R FRPHUFLDQWH A UHVROYHU ID]HU XPD FRQFRUUrQFLD LQGHYLGD RX GHVOHDO DR
FRPHUFLDQWH B GL]HQGR SRU H[HPSOR TXH VHXV SURGXWRV VmR GH EDL[D TXDOLGDGH TXH D VXD KRQHVWLGDGH p
TXHVWLRQiYHOHWFHVWDUHPRVGLDQWHGHXPFRQIOLWRGHDWLYLGDGHVGHFRQFRUUrQFLD
/HPEUDPVH GRV SURSULHWiULRV GH SUpGLRV YL]LQKRV" 9LPRV TXH FDGD XP SRGH XVDU VHX LPyYHO FRPR
PHOKRU OKH SDUHFHU UHVLGLU QHOH DOXJiOR LQVWDODUVH FRPHUFLDOPHQWH HWF 6XSRQKDPRV SRU H[HPSOR TXH R
SURSULHWiULRGRLPyYHOAQHOHLQVWDOHXPDIiEULFDTXHVROWDIXPDoDHIXOLJHPHRSURSULHWiULRGRLPyYHOBDt
VHHVWDEHOHoDFRPXPDODYDQGHULD(QWUHHVVHVGRLVHVWDEHOHFLPHQWRVFRPHUFLDLVDPERVVLWXDGRVQXPEDLUUR
LQGXVWULDO H H[HUFHQGR DWLYLGDGHV OtFLWDV VXUJH XP FRQIOLWR 6H R SURSULHWiULR GR LPyYHO A PDQWLYHU HP
IXQFLRQDPHQWRVXDIiEULFDDODYDQGHULDGRLPyYHOBQmRSRGHUiIXQFLRQDU
&RQVLGHUHPRVSRU~OWLPRRFDVRGHGRLVFRQG{PLQRVUHVLGHQWHVQRPHVPRSUpGLRXPQRDSDUWDPHQWR
 H R RXWUR QR DQGDU LPHGLDWDPHQWH VXSHULRU QR DSDUWDPHQWR  &DGD TXDO SRGHUi WDPEpP XVDU VHX
LPyYHOFRPREHPOKHFRQYLHU
8PEHORGLDHQWUHWDQWRRLPyYHOGRDQGDUVXSHULRUFRPHoDDDSUHVHQWDUYD]DPHQWRQRLPyYHOLQIHULRU
XPHGHFHDVSDUHGHVGDQLILFDRVPyYHLVSUHMXGLFDRFRQIRUWRGRVTXHQHOHUHVLGHP2FRQG{PLQRSUHMXGLFDGR
SURFXUD R SURSULHWiULR GR LPyYHO VXSHULRU SRU YiULDV YH]HV FRORFDR D SDU GD VLWXDomR VROLFLWDOKH XPD
SURYLGrQFLDPDVHVWHHPERUDSURPHWDUHVROYHURSUREOHPDQDYHUGDGHQDGDID](VWHWLSRGHFRQIOLWRPXLWR
FRQVWDQWH QDV JUDQGHV FLGDGHV RQGH Ki XPD LQILQLGDGH GH FRQGRPtQLRV p FDUDFWHUtVWLFR GD DWLYLGDGH GH
FRQFRUUrQFLD
6REUH R WHPD 3DXOR 1DGHU SRQGHUD FRP SURSULHGDGH ³2 FRQIOLWR VH ID] SUHVHQWH D SDUWLU GR LPSDVVH
TXDQGR RV LQWHUHVVHV HP MRJR QmR ORJUDP XPD VROXomR SHOR GLiORJR H DV SDUWHV UHFRUUHP j OXWD PRUDO RX
ItVLFD RX EXVFDP D PHGLDomR GD MXVWLoD 3RGHPRV GHILQLOR FRPR oposição  de  interesses,  entre  pessoas  ou
grupos,  não  conciliados  pelas  normas  sociais. 1R FRQIOLWR D LQWHUDomR p GLUHWD H QHJDWLYD 2 'LUHLWR Vy LUi
GLVFLSOLQDUDVIRUPDVGHFRRSHUDomRHFRPSHWLomRRQGHKRXYHUUHODomRSRWHQFLDOPHQWHFRQIOLWXRVD´&RQFOXLR
SUHVWLJLDGR DXWRU ³2V FRQIOLWRV VmR IHQ{PHQRV QDWXUDLV j VRFLHGDGH SRGHQGRVH DWp GL]HU TXH OKH VmR
LPDQHQWHV4XDQWRPDLVFRPSOH[DDVRFLHGDGHTXDQWRPDLVVHGHVHQYROYHPDLVVHVXMHLWDDQRYDVIRUPDVGH
FRQIOLWRHRUHVXOWDGRpRTXHKRMHVHYHULILFDFRPRDOJXpPDILUPRXHPTXHRPDLRUGHVDILRQmRpRGHFRPR
YLYHUHVLPRGDFRQYLYrQFLD´2EFLWS
7RGRV RV FRQIOLWRV TXH SRGHP VXUJLU QD YLGD VRFLDO VmR UHGXWtYHLV D XP GHVVHV WLSRV FRQIOLWRV GH
FRRSHUDomR RV TXH RFRUUHP QD DWLYLGDGH GH FRRSHUDomR H FRQIOLWRV GH FRQFRUUrQFLD RV TXH VH YHULILFDP QD
DWLYLGDGHGHFRQFRUUrQFLD2TXHGHWHUPLQDDQDWXUH]DGRFRQIOLWRpDQDWXUH]DGDDWLYLGDGH

9. FUNÇÃO PREVENTIVA DO DIREITO

2FRQIOLWRJHUDROLWtJLRHHVWHSRUVXDYH]TXHEUDRHTXLOtEULRHDSD]VRFLDO$VRFLHGDGHQmRWROHUDR
HVWDGROLWLJLRVRSRUTXHQHFHVVLWDGHRUGHPWUDQTXLOLGDGHHTXLOtEULRHPVXDVUHODo}HV3RULVVRWXGRID]SDUD
HYLWDU RX SUHYHQLU R FRQIOLWR H Dt HVWi D SULPHLUD H SULQFLSDO IXQomR VRFLDO GR 'LUHLWR ± prevenir  conflitos
HYLWDUWDQWRTXDQWRSRVVtYHODFROLVmRGHLQWHUHVVHV
 0XLWDJHQWHDFUHGLWDTXHR'LUHLWRWHPXPFDUiWHUHVVHQFLDOPHQWHUHSUHVVLYRPDVQDUHDOLGDGHDVVLPQmR
p 2 'LUHLWR H[LVWH PXLWR PDLV SDUD SUHYHQLU GR TXH SDUD FRUULJLU PXLWR PDLV SDUD HYLWDU TXH RV FRQIOLWRV
RFRUUDPGRTXHSDUDFRPS{ORV
2 'LUHLWR SUHYLQH FRQIOLWRV DWUDYpV GH XP FRQYHQLHQWH GLVFLSOLQDPHQWR VRFLDO HVWDEHOHFHQGR UHJUDV GH
FRQGXWDQDVRFLHGDGHGLUHLWRVHGHYHUHVSDUDORFDGRUHORFDWiULRYHQGHGRUHFRPSUDGRUHQILPSDUDWRGRV¬
PHGLGD TXH FDGD XP UHVSHLWDU R GLVFLSOLQDPHQWR HVWDEHOHFLGR SHOR 'LUHLWR HYLWDUi HQWUDU HP FRQIOLWR FRP
RXWUHPQDVRFLHGDGH
(VVDIXQomRSUHYHQWLYDGRGLUHLWRpWDPEpPXPLQVWUXPHQWRGHsegurança jurídicaGRVLQGLYtGXRVSHOD
TXDOpSRVVtYHODVVHJXUDUDSUHYLVLELOLGDGHGDVFRQGXWDV'LDQWHGDOHLRLQGLYtGXRSRGHUiHGHYHUiVDEHUGH
IRUPDFODUDHS~EOLFDTXDLVVmRRVVHXVGHYHUHVHHPHVSHFLDODVREULJDo}HVTXHOKHVHUmRH[LJLGDV
(VVHpWDPEpPRHQWHQGLPHQWRGH3DXOR1DGHUUHSHWLGDPHQWHFLWDGR³2'LUHLWRHVWiHPIXQomRGDYLGD
VRFLDO$VXDILQDOLGDGHpDGHIDYRUHFHURDPSORUHODFLRQDPHQWRHQWUHDVSHVVRDVHRVJUXSRVVRFLDLVTXHp
XPDGDVEDVHVGRSURJUHVVRGDVRFLHGDGH$RVHSDUDUROtFLWRGRLOtFLWRVHJXQGRYDORUHVGHFRQYLYrQFLDTXHD
SUySULD VRFLHGDGH HOHJH R RUGHQDPHQWR MXUtGLFR WRUQD SRVVtYHLV RV QH[RV GH FRRSHUDomR HVWDEHOHFHQGR DV
OLPLWDo}HV QHFHVViULDV DR HTXLOtEULR H j MXVWLoD QDV UHODo}HV´ $GX] TXH D IXQomR SUHYHQWLYD p H[HUFLGD SDUD
³HYLWDU GHVLQWHOLJrQFLDV TXDQWR DRV GLUHLWRV TXH FDGD SDUWH MXOJD VHU SRUWDGRUD ,VWR VH ID] PHGLDQWH D H[DWD
GHILQLomR GR 'LUHLWR TXH GHYH WHU QD FODUH]D VLPSOLFLGDGH H FRQFLVmR GH VXDV UHJUDV DOJXPDV GH VXDV
TXDOLGDGHV´2EFLWS
2 'LUHLWR FRPR YHPRV PDLV XPD YH] p XPD FLrQFLD VRFLDO 6XDV QRUPDV VmR UHJUDV GH FRQGXWD SDUD
GLVFLSOLQDURFRPSRUWDPHQWRGRLQGLYtGXRQDVRFLHGDGHYLVDQGRDWHQGHUXPDQHFHVVLGDGHVRFLDO
6HPHVVDVQRUPDVGHFRQGXWDRVFRQIOLWRVVHULDPWmRIUHTXHQWHVGHPRGRDWRUQDULPSRVVtYHODYLGDHP
FROHWLYLGDGH
6H R LQGLYtGXR YLYHVVH Vy LVRODGR QmR QHFHVVLWDULD GH UHJUDV GH FRQGXWD SRLV SRGHULD YLYHU H ID]HU R
TXHEHPHQWHQGHVVH9LYHQGRSRUpPHPJUXSRSUHFLVDOLPLWDUVHFRPSRUWDUVHUHVSHLWDUGLUHLWRVHLQWHUHVVHV
GRVRXWURV
4XDQWR PDLRU R UHODFLRQDPHQWR TXDQWR PDLV FRPSOH[DV DV UHODo}HV VRFLDLV PDLRU VHUi D SRVVLELOLGDGH
GHFRQIOLWRHSRUWDQWRPDLRUWDPEpPDQHFHVVLGDGHGHGLVFLSOLQDHRUJDQL]DomR

10. FUNÇÃO COMPOSITIVA DO DIREITO

$ REVHUYkQFLD GDV QRUPDV SUHYLQH PXLWDV RFRUUrQFLDV PDV R FRQIOLWR ODPHQWDYHOPHQWH p LQHYLWiYHO
SRUTXH QHP WRGRV QD VRFLHGDGH VXEPHWHPVH j GLVFLSOLQD LPSRVWD SHOR 'LUHLWR $TXL p XP YHQGHGRU TXH
UHFHEH R SUHoR PDV QmR TXHU HQWUHJDU D FRLVD DFROi XP ORFDWiULR TXH QmR TXHU SDJDU R DOXJXHO H DVVLP SRU
GLDQWH
$WpPHVPRQDIDPtOLDYHMDPVyRPHQRUHPDLVIRUWHJUXSRVRFLDORVPHPEURVOLJDGRVSRUYtQFXORVGH
DIHLomRGHVDQJXHFRPLQ~PHUDVQRUPDVGHGLUHLWRGLVFLSOLQDQGRDVUHODo}HVGRVF{QMXJHVSDLVILOKRVHWF
WRGDVREMHWLYDQGRSUHYHQLUFRQIOLWRVHVWHVDFDEDPSRURFRUUHU(FRPRRFRUUHP%DVWDHQWUDUQXPD9DUDGH
)DPtOLDSDUDVHWHUFRQVFLrQFLDGRVFRQIOLWRVTXHHVWmRRFRUUHQGRQRODU

³&HQiULRGHOXWDVDOHJULDVHVRIULPHQWRVGRKRPHPSRQGHUD3DXOR1DGHUDVRFLHGDGHQmRpVLPSOHV
DJORPHUDomR GH SHVVRDV (OD VH ID] SRU XP DPSOR UHODFLRQDPHQWR KXPDQR TXH JHUD D DPL]DGH D
FRODERUDomRRDPRUPDVTXHSURPRYHLJXDOPHQWHDGLVFyUGLDDLQWROHUkQFLDDVGHVDYHQoDV9LYHQGR
HPDPELHQWHFRPXPSRVVXLQGRLGrQWLFRVLQVWLQWRVHQHFHVVLGDGHVpQDWXUDORDSDUHFLPHQWRGHconflitos
sociais TXH YmR UHFODPDU VROXo}HV 2V OLWtJLRV VXUJLGRV FULDP SDUD R KRPHP DV QHFHVVLGDGHV GH
VHJXUDQoDHGHMXVWLoD´2EFLWS

3RLV EHP VXUJLQGR R FRQIOLWR Ki TXH VROXFLRQiOR $ VRFLHGDGH UHFODPD TXH DV FRLVDV VHMDP UHSRVWDV
QXPSRQWRGHHTXLOtEULRHPTXHSRVVDPSHUPDQHFHU
6XSHUDUXPFRQIOLWRGHLQWHUHVVHVpDTXLORTXHFKDPDPRVcomposição(DtHVWiDVHJXQGDJUDQGHIXQomR
VRFLDOGR'LUHLWRcompor conflitos
 Em que consiste a composição de um conflito?
1mR FRQVLVWH HP ID]HU GHVDSDUHFHU R FRQIOLWR SRUTXH LVVR FRPR Mi YLPRV p LPSRVVtYHO 1mR VH SRGH
HYLWDURFRQIOLWRSRUPDLVTXHVHSURFXUHSUHYHQLOR
$ PDQHLUD GH VROXFLRQDU R FRQIOLWR p HQWmR FRORFDU RV GRLV LQWHUHVVHV HP DQWDJRQLVPR QD EDODQoD H
GHWHUPLQDUTXDORTXHGHYHSUHYDOHFHUHTXDORTXHGHYHVHUUHSULPLGR(VVHpRVHQWLGRGHWRGDFRPSRVLomR
³2 'LUHLWR DSUHVHQWD VROXomR GH DFRUGR FRP D QDWXUH]D GR FDVR VHMD SDUD GHILQLU R WLWXODU GR GLUHLWR
GHWHUPLQDUDUHVWDXUDomRGDVLWXDomRDQWHULRURXDSOLFDUSHQDOLGDGHVGHGLIHUHQWHVWLSRV´1$'(53DXOR2E
FLWS

11. CRITÉRIOS DE COMPOSIÇÃO DE CONFLITOS

 &ULWpULRGDFRPSRVLomRYROXQWiULD
 &ULWpULRDXWRULWiULR
 &ULWpULRGDFRPSRVLomRMXUtGLFD

11.1. O critério da composição voluntária

eDTXHOHTXHVHHVWDEHOHFHSHORP~WXRDFRUGRGDVSDUWHV6XUJLQGRRFRQIOLWRDVSDUWHVGLVFXWHPHQWUHVL
H R UHVROYHP GD PHOKRU PDQHLUD SRVVtYHO TXDVH VHPSUH DWHQWDQGR SDUD RV SUySULRV GHYHUHV H REULJDo}HV
HVWDWXtGRV SHODV QRUPDV GR GLUHLWR 2 HVWXGDQWH SRU H[HPSOR HQWUD QXPD OLYUDULD H FRPSUD XP OLYUR $R
FKHJDU HP FDVD REVHUYD TXH OKH IDOWDP DOJXPDV SiJLQDV YROWD j OLYUDULD UHFODPD DR YHQGHGRU H HVWH
LPHGLDWDPHQWH VXEVWLWXL R OLYUR GHIHLWXRVR SRU RXWUR SHUIHLWR +RXYH XP FRQIOLWR GH LQWHUHVVHV ± UHVROYLGR
SRUPHLRGDFRPSRVLomRYROXQWiULD
$ PDLV PRGHUQD OHJLVODomR SURFHVVXDO QR PXQGR WRGR WHP HVWLPXODGR D FRPSRVLomR YROXQWiULD FRPR
IRUPDGHDOLYLDUDVREUHFDUJDGR-XGLFLiULR1R%UDVLOD/HLGRV-XL]DGRV(VSHFLDLV/HLQSUHYr
H[SUHVVDPHQWH DUWV  D  XPD IDVH GH FRQFLOLDomR FRQGX]LGD YLD GH UHJUD SRU FRQFLOLDGRUHV DQWHV GD
FDXVD VHU VXEPHWLGD DR MXOJDPHQWR GR MXL] WRJDGR 2 &yGLJR GH 3URFHVVR &LYLO WDPEpP HVWDEHOHFH XPD
DXGLrQFLDSUpYLDGHFRQFLOLDomRWDQWRQRSURFHGLPHQWRVXPiULRDUWVFRPRQRRUGLQiULRDUW
$R DVVXPLU D 3UHVLGrQFLD GR 7ULEXQDO GH -XVWLoD GR 5LR GH -DQHLUR D 'HVHPEDUJDGRUD /HLOD 0DULDQR
SULPHLUDPXOKHUDH[HUFHUHVVHPDLVHOHYDGRFDUJRQDPDJLVWUDWXUDIOXPLQHQVHDQXQFLRXTXHRVHXSULQFLSDO
GHVDILRVHUiFRQFOXLUPDLVGHQRYHPLOK}HVGHSURFHVVRVHPHVWRTXHHTXHHQWUHDVLQLFLDWLYDVHVWDYDRSODQR
GH LQYHVWLU H WRUQDU PDLV HILFD]HV DV FRQFLOLDo}HV H DV PHGLDo}HV QR 1~FOHR GH &RQFLOLDomR GRV -XL]DGRV
(VSHFLDLV2*ORER
7HPRVDLQGDD/HLGH$UELWUDJHP/HLQGDTXDOSRGHUmRYDOHUVHWRGDVDVSHVVRDVFDSD]HV
GH FRQWUDWDU SDUD GLULPLU OLWtJLRV UHODWLYRV D GLUHLWRV SDWULPRQLDLV GLVSRQtYHLV $ FRQFLOLDomR H D DUELWUDJHP
QmRVmRDULJRUIRUPDVSXUDVGHFRPSRVLomRYROXQWiULDXPDYH]TXHVHPSUHFRQWDUmRFRPDLQWHUIHUrQFLDGH
XP WHUFHLUR ± R FRQFLOLDGRU RX R iUELWUR 6mR WRGDYLD IRUPDV PLVWDV TXH HVWLPXODP H YDORUL]DP D
SDUWLFLSDomRGRVOLWLJDQWHVQDFRPSRVLomRGRFRQIOLWR

11.2. O critério autoritário

3RUHVVHFULWpULRFDEHDRFKHIHGRJUXSR±5HL&DFLTXH6HQKRUHWFRSRGHUGHFRPSRURVFRQIOLWRVGH
LQWHUHVVHV TXH RFRUUHP HQWUH RV LQGLYtGXRV TXH VH HQFRQWUDP VRE VXD DXWRULGDGH 1RUPDOPHQWH D DXWRULGDGH
ODQoD PmR GR VHX IRUR tQWLPR GR SUySULR VHQVR GH -XVWLoD GDTXLOR TXH D FRQVFLrQFLD OKH LQVSLUD SDUD
GHVHPSHQKDUDWDUHIDGHFRPSRUFRQIOLWRV
0XLWRXVDGRHVWHFULWpULRQDVVRFLHGDGHVDQWLJDVPHQRVSHUIHLWDVDOJXQVFDVRVGHFRPSRVLomRWRUQDUDP
VHIDPRVRV7RGRVSRUFHUWRMiRXYLPRVIDODUQDMXVWLoDVDORP{QLFDHQDFpOHEUHIyUPXODXVDGDSHOR5HLSDUD
UHVROYHUXPFRQIOLWRHQWUHGXDVPXOKHUHVTXHGLVSXWDYDPDPHVPDFULDQoDDPEDVUHFODPDQGRDFRPRILOKR
2 5HL 6DORPmR PDQGRX WUD]HU XPD HVSDGD FRP D TXDO GLVVH LULD FRUWDU D FULDQoD DR PHLR GDQGR XPD
PHWDGHSDUDFDGDPXOKHU$VVLPS{GHFRQVWDWDUTXDOHUDDPmHYHUGDGHLUD±DTXHODTXHLPHGLDWDPHQWHVHRS{V
jLGHLDSUHIHULQGRTXHVHXILOKRYLYRIRVVHHQWUHJXHjIDOVDPmH
)RLXPDVROXomRWLUDGDSRU6DORPmRGRVHXIRURtQWLPRHTXHQRFDVREHPVROXFLRQRXRFRQIOLWR
1DVRFLHGDGHGHKRMHRFULWpULRDXWRULWiULRpDLQGDXWLOL]DGRQRPHLRIDPLOLDU2FKHIHGDIDPtOLDPXLWDV
YH]HV WHP GH UHVROYHU RV FRQIOLWRV GH LQWHUHVVHV TXH VXUJHP HQWUH RV VHXV PHPEURV ILOKRV SDUHQWHV HWF
ODQoDQGRPmRGHVROXo}HVTXHYDLEXVFDUHPVHXIRURtQWLPR
(VWHVGRLVFULWpULRVHQWUHWDQWRVmRLPSHUIHLWRVHLQVXILFLHQWHVSDUDUHVROYHUFRQIOLWRVGHLQWHUHVVHVTXH
VXUJHPQDVVRFLHGDGHVKXPDQDVTXDQGRHVWDVDWLQJHPVXDIRUPDSOHQDPHQWHHYROXtGDeDtTXHVHDSUHVHQWD
RWHUFHLURFULWpULRMXVWDPHQWHDTXHOHTXHPDLVQRVLQWHUHVVD

11.3. O critério da composição jurídica e suas características

$ FRPSRVLomR MXUtGLFD p VHPSUH IHLWD PHGLDQWH XP FULWpULR HODERUDGR H HQXQFLDGR DQWHULRUPHQWH H
DSOLFiYHO D WRGRV RV FDVRV TXH RFRUUHUHP D SDUWLU GH HQWmR 6mR SRLV FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV GR FULWpULR MXUtGLFR ± a
anterioridade, a publicidadeHa universalidade
$DQWHULRULGDGHpRWUDoRFDUDFWHUtVWLFRHIXQGDPHQWDOGDFRPSRVLomRMXUtGLFDHLPSOLFDHPGL]HUTXHR
FULWpULR DSOLFDGR SUHH[LVWH DR FRQIOLWR 'HYH WHU VLGR HODERUDGR DQWHV SDUD SRGHU VHU DSOLFDGR DR FRQIOLWR TXH
RFRUUHUGHSRLV*UDoDVjDQWHULRULGDGHVDtPRVGRGRPtQLRGRSXURDXWRULWDULVPRHHQWUDPRVQRGRPtQLRGR
GLUHLWR
O que se entende por publicidade?
1mR EDVWD QD FRPSRVLomR MXUtGLFD TXH R FULWpULR WHQKD VLGR HODERUDGR DQWHV GR FRQIOLWR e SUHFLVR
WDPEpPTXHRFULWpULRWHQKDVLGRDQXQFLDGRUHYHODGRGHFODUDGRSHODDXWRULGDGHTXHRHODERURXpQHFHVViULR
TXHVHGrFRQKHFLPHQWRGRFULWpULRDQWHVGHVXDDSOLFDomR
&RPSRVLomR MXUtGLFD p VRPHQWH DTXHOD TXH REHGHFH D XP FULWpULR DQWHULRUPHQWH HODERUDGR H WDPEpP
SUHYLDPHQWHGDGRjSXEOLFLGDGHWRUQDQGRRFRQKHFLGR
3RU XQLYHUVDOLGDGH HQWHQGHVH TXH R FULWpULR MXUtGLFR QXQFD SRGH VHU FRPLQDGR DSHQDV SDUD XP
GHWHUPLQDGR FDVR FRQFUHWR PDV VLP SDUD WRGRV RV FDVRV TXH VH DSUHVHQWDUHP FRP D PHVPD WLSRORJLD 4XHU
LVWRGL]HUTXHWRGRVRVFRQIOLWRVLGrQWLFRVTXHVXUJLUHPDSyVDHODERUDomRHGLYXOJDomRGRFULWpULRGHYHUmRVH
FRPSRU SHOR PHVPR FULWpULR SRLV LVWR LPSOLFD D XQLYHUVDOLGDGH $OJXQV DXWRUHV SUHIHUHP IDODU HP
JHQHUDOLGDGHHPOXJDUGHXQLYHUVDOLGDGHPXLWRHPERUDHVWH~OWLPRWHUPRVHMDPDLVXVDGR
(P VXPD SDUD TXH D FRPSRVLomR VHMD MXUtGLFD WHP TXH VHU UHDOL]DGD DWUDYpV GH XP FULWpULR
DQWHULRUPHQWHHVWDEHOHFLGRHSHUIHLWDPHQWHHQXQFLDGRSDUDFRQKHFLPHQWRGHWRGRVTXHDWHQGDjXQLYHUVDOLGDGH
GRVFDVRVTXHVHDSUHVHQWDUHPGHQWURGRPHVPRWLSR
&RQFOXLQGRGHVWDFDPRVDVGXDVSULQFLSDLVIXQo}HVTXHR'LUHLWRUHDOL]DQDVRFLHGDGH$SULPHLUDpDGH
prevenir conflitosTXHSRGHPRFRUUHUWDQWRQDVDWLYLGDGHVGHFRRSHUDomRFRPRQDVGHFRQFRUUrQFLD,VWRHOH
ID]DWUDYpVGRDGHTXDGRGLVFLSOLQDPHQWRGDVUHODo}HVVRFLDLV$VHJXQGDpDGHcompor conflitosTXHDFDEDP
SRURFRUUHUQmRREVWDQWHWRGDSUHYHQomRH[HUFLGDSHORGLUHLWRHLVWRHOHID]DWUDYpVGRFULWpULRMXUtGLFR

11.4. A função social do direito na atual ordem jurídica brasileira

&XPSUH SRU ~OWLPR UHJLVWUDU TXH R 'LUHLWR QmR GHVHPSHQKD DSHQDV HVVDV GXDV IXQo}HV QD VRFLHGDGH
0RGHUQDPHQWH D VXD PLVVmR p PXLWR PDLV DPSOD XPD YH] TXH OKH FDEH HP ~OWLPD LQVWkQFLD SURYHU R EHP
FRPXPTXHQDEHOtVVLPDOLomRGH0LJXHO5HDOH³QmRpDVRPDGRVEHQVLQGLYLGXDLVQHPDPpGLDGREHPGH
WRGRV R EHP FRPXP D ULJRU p D RUGHQDomR GDTXLOR TXH FDGD KRPHP SRGH UHDOL]DU VHP SUHMXt]R GR EHP
DOKHLRXPDSRVLomRKDUP{QLFDGREHPGHFDGDXPFRPREHPGHWRGRV´2EFLWS

³2'LUHLWRGL]3DXOR1DGHUQDDWXDOLGDGHpXPIDWRUGHFLVLYRSDUDRDYDQoRVRFLDO$OpPGHJDUDQWLU
RKRPHPIDYRUHFHRGHVHQYROYLPHQWRGDFLrQFLDGDWHFQRORJLDGDSURGXomRGDVULTXH]DVRSURJUHVVR
GDV FRPXQLFDo}HV D HOHYDomR GR QtYHO FXOWXUDO GR SRYR SURPRYHQGR DLQGD D IRUPDomR GH XPD
 FRQVFLrQFLDQDFLRQDO´2EFLWS

$DWXDORUGHPMXUtGLFDEUDVLOHLUDGiJUDQGHrQIDVHjIXQomRVRFLDOGR'LUHLWR$&RQVWLWXLomRGHDR
JDUDQWLU R GLUHLWR GH SURSULHGDGH UHVVDOWRX TXH WHUi HOD TXH FXPSULU D VXD função  social DUWV ƒ ;;,,
;;,,,,,,†ƒ,,,2QRYR&yGLJR&LYLOSRUVXDYH]SUHVWLJLDHVWDTXHVWmRDSRQWRGRVHX
JUDQGH FRRUGHQDGRU R MXULVWD 0LJXHO 5HDOH WHU DILUPDGR TXH D socialidade p XPD GDV VXDV SULQFLSDLV
FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV$VVLPFRPRR&yGLJR&LYLOGH1DSROHmRIRLIUXWRGRliberalismoGRVpFXOR;9,,,FXMDWULOKD
IRL VHJXLGD SHOR QRVVR &yGLJR GH  D visão  social  do  Direito ± R 'LUHLWR FRPR LQVWUXPHQWR SDUD D
FRQVWUXomR GH XPD VRFLHGDGH PDLV MXVWD LJXDOLWiULD H VROLGiULD ± IRL D JUDQGH PRWLYDomR GR QRYR &yGLJR
&LYLO3RGHVHDILUPDUTXHDSDVVDJHPGRLQGLYLGXDOLVPRSDUDRVRFLDOpDFDUDFWHUtVWLFDHVVHQFLDOGDHYROXomR
MXUtGLFDGRQRVVRWHPSR
$IXQomRVRFLDOGR'LUHLWRpFRQVDJUDGDQRQRYR&yGLJR&LYLOQRVHXDUWDRGLVSRUTXHDOLEHUGDGH
GHFRQWUDWDUVHUiH[HUFLGDem razão e nos limites da função social do contrato7HPRVDOLXPDFOiXVXODJHUDO
D VHU REVHUYDGD HP WRGR H TXDOTXHU FRQWUDWR GRV PDLV VLPSOHV DRV PDLV FRPSOH[RV H TXH DOWHUD
VXEVWDQFLDOPHQWHRFRQWH~GRGDDWLYLGDGHFRQWUDWXDO([LJHGRVFRQWUDWDQWHVXPDSRVWXUDPDLVKXPDQDPHQRV
LQGLYLGXDOLVWDLQDXJXUDQGRXPQRYRWHPSRQRPXQGRQHJRFLDO4XHPFRQWUDWDQmRPDLVFRQWUDWDDSHQDVFRP
TXHP FRQWUDWD FRQWUDWD WDPEpP FRP D VRFLHGDGH 1D MRUQDGD GH 'LUHLWR &LYLO SURPRYLGD SHOR &HQWUR GH
(VWXGRV -XGLFLiULRV GR &RQVHOKR GD -XVWLoD )HGHUDO IRL SURSRVWD D VHJXLQWH LQWHUSUHWDomR SDUD HVVH
GLVSRVLWLYR ³$ IXQomR VRFLDO GR QRYR &yGLJR &LYLO QmR HOLPLQD R SULQFtSLR GD DXWRQRPLD FRQWUDWXDO PDV
DWHQXDRXUHGX]RDOFDQFHGHVVHSULQFtSLRTXDQGRSUHVHQWHVLQWHUHVVHVPHWDLQGLYLGXDLVRXLQWHUHVVHUHODWLYRj
GLJQLGDGHGDSHVVRDKXPDQD´(QXQFLDGRQ
1RDUWLJRGRQRYR&yGLJR&LYLODIXQomRVRFLDOGR'LUHLWRpFRORFDGDFRPROLPLWHSDUDRH[HUFtFLR
GHWRGRHTXDOTXHUGLUHLWRYHUGDGHLURcinto de segurançaDOpPGRTXDOVHWRUQDDEXVLYR(PRXWUDVSDODYUDV
R H[HUFtFLR GH WRGR GLUHLWR VXEMHWLYR HVWi FRQGLFLRQDGR DR ILP TXH D VRFLHGDGH VH SURS{V D SD] D RUGHP D
VROLGDULHGDGH H D KDUPRQLD FROHWLYD HQILP DR bem comum SRUTXH R 'LUHLWR UHSLWDVH p R LQVWUXPHQWR GH
RUJDQL]DomRVRFLDOSDUDDWLQJLUHVVDILQDOLGDGH6DQ7LDJR'DQWDVDVVLQDOD³3RGHVHGL]HUTXHKRMHPDLVGR
TXH XP GLUHLWR VXEMHWLYR R TXH VH FRQFHGH DR LQGLYtGXR p XPD SURWHomR MXUtGLFD RX SHOR PHQRV XP GLUHLWR
VXEMHWLYRTXHQmRWHPQRDUEtWULRGRWLWXODUDVXD~QLFDPHGLGDSRLVQmRSRGHUiHPFDVRDOJXPVHUH[HUFLGR
FRQWUD D finalidade social TXH D OHL WHYH HP PLUD TXDQGR R UHFRQKHFHX H SURWHJHX 9DOHUVH GR GLUHLWR SDUD
FROLPDU UHVXOWDGRV FRQWUiULRV j VXD LQVWLWXLomR HLV R DEXVR GR GLUHLWR´ Conflito  de  vizinhança  e  sua
composiçãoHG5LRGH-DQHLUR)RUHQVHS
(P FRQIRUPLGDGH FRP D &RQVWLWXLomR FRPR QmR SRGHULD GHL[DU GH VHU R † ƒ GR DUW  GR QRYR
&yGLJR &LYLO VXEPHWH R H[HUFtFLR GR GLUHLWR GH SURSULHGDGH j VXD IXQomR VRFLDO ³2 GLUHLWR GH SURSULHGDGH
deve  ser  exercido  em  consonância  com  as  suas  finalidades  econômicas  e  sociais´ $R IDODU HP ILQDOLGDGH
VRFLDO R GLSORPD FLYLO UHIHUHVH DR GHVWLQR VRFLDO GD FRLVD VHX HVWDGR QRUPDO GH VHUYLU DR VHU KXPDQR 8P
LPyYHO UXUDO Vy DWHQGH j VXD ILQDOLGDGH VRFLDO TXDQGR XWLOL]DGR QD SURGXWLYLGDGH FRPSDWtYHO FRP VXD
SRWHQFLDOLGDGH H QmR TXDQGR GHVWLQDGR D ODWLI~QGLR LPSURGXWLYR 2 LPyYHO XUEDQR WDPEpP WHP TXH VHU
XWLOL]DGR HP FRQIRUPLGDGH FRP D VXD SRWHQFLDOLGDGH ± PRUDGLD FRPpUFLR LQG~VWULD ± H QmR SDUD D
HVSHFXODomRLPRELOLiULD7DPEpPDTXLDILQDOLGDGHVRFLDORS}HVHDRLQGLYLGXDOLVPRSRGHQGRVHUHQFRQWUDGR
XPHORTXHQWHH[HPSORGLVWRQRSDUiJUDIRTXDUWRGHVWHPHVPRDUWLJRGR&yGLJR&LYLO³2SURSULHWiULR
SRGHUiVHUSULYDGRGDFRLVDVHRLPyYHOUHLYLQGLFDGRFRQVLVWLUHPH[WHQVDiUHDQDSRVVHLQLQWHUUXSWDHGHERD
IpSRUPDLVGHFLQFRDQRVGHFRQVLGHUiYHOQ~PHURGHSHVVRDVHHVWDVQHODKRXYHUHPUHDOL]DGRHPFRQMXQWR
RX VHSDUDGDPHQWH REUDV H VHUYLoRV FRQVLGHUDGRV SHOR MXL] GH interesse social H HFRQ{PLFR UHOHYDQWH´ FDVR
HPTXHVHUiIL[DGDXPDMXVWDLQGHQL]DomRDRSURSULHWiULR
2 TXH VH HYLGHQFLD FRP RV H[HPSORV FLWDGRV p TXH D socialidade QmR VH UHVXPH D XPD GLVSRVLomR
DEVWUDWDPDVDXPSULQFtSLRTXHPRGHUQDPHQWHDOLPHQWDWRGDDQRVVDRUGHPMXUtGLFD
 Normas  de  conduta.  Características  das  normas  de  conduta:  a  obrigatoriedade  e  a  sanção.  Origem  das
normas de conduta: a escola monista e a escola pluralista. Provisoriedade e mutabilidade das normas de
direito. Conceito sociológico do direito.

2'LUHLWRFRPRMiILFRXDVVHQWDGRpIDWRVRFLDOTXHVHPDQLIHVWDFRPRXPDGDVUHDOLGDGHVREVHUYiYHLV
QDVRFLHGDGHeIHQ{PHQRVRFLDODVVLPFRPRDOLQJXDJHPDUHOLJLmRDFXOWXUDTXHVXUJHGDVLQWHUUHODo}HV
VRFLDLVHVHGHVWLQDDVDWLVID]HUQHFHVVLGDGHVVRFLDLVWDLVFRPRSUHYHQLUHFRPSRUFRQIOLWRV
3URSRPRQRV QHVWH FDStWXOR D H[SOLFLWDU D FRQFHSomR GR 'LUHLWR FRPR IDWR VRFLDO IRUPXODQGR XP
FRQFHLWRTXHVHHQTXDGUHQDYLVmRVRFLROyJLFDGR'LUHLWR
&RQFHLWXDU FRPR p VDELGR SRU WRGRV QmR p WDUHID VLPSOHV DUULVFDQGRVH DTXHOH TXH VH HPSHQKD HP
UHDOL]iODDIRUPXODUXPFRQFHLWRSDUFLDO(VVDWDUHIDVHWRUQDDLQGDPDLVDUULVFDGDTXDQGRVHWUDWDGR'LUHLWR
.DQW WHULD DILUPDGR Mi QR VpFXOR ;9,, TXH RV ³MXULVWDV DLQGD HVWmR j SURFXUD GH XPD GHILQLomR SDUD R
'LUHLWR´
$QWHV GH WHQWDU FRQFHLWXDU TXDOTXHU FRLVD GHYH R HVWXGDQWH FRQVLGHUDU WRGRV RV HOHPHQWRV GHVVD FRLVD
VHXV UHTXLVLWRV FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV ILQDOLGDGH HWF H HQWmR SURFXUDU ID]HU XPD GHVFULomR GH WXGR LVVR 6y DVVLP
SRGHUiFKHJDUSHUWRGDUHDOLGDGHQDIRUPXODomRGRVHXFRQFHLWR
e R TXH SURFXUDUHPRV ID]HU FRP UHODomR DR 'LUHLWR ODQoDQGR PmR GRV YiULRV SULQFtSLRV H[SRVWRV QRV
FDStWXORVDQWHULRUHV

12. NORMAS DE CONDUTA

6HR'LUHLWRFRPRMiYLPRVHVWiOLJDGRjLGHLDGHRUJDQL]DomRHFRQGXWDHQWmRGHYHVHUHOHHQWHQGLGR
FRPRXPconjunto de normas de condutaTXHGLVFLSOLQDPDVUHODo}HVVRFLDLV2PXQGRGR'LUHLWRpRPXQGR
GDV UHODo}HV HQWUH RV KRPHQV SRLV QD FRQMXJDomR GHVVHV GRLV HOHPHQWRV ± D VRFLHGDGH H R LQGLYtGXR ±
HQFRQWUDPRV D VXD UD]mR GH VHU &RPR WHP VLGR DVVLQDODGR SRU PXLWRV DXWRUHV p R 'LUHLWR D ~QLFD UHODomR
LQWHLUDPHQWH GHWHUPLQDGD SHOD FRH[LVWrQFLD KXPDQD H TXH VH H[DXUH GH KRPHP SDUD KRPHP &XLGD SRLV R
'LUHLWR GD GLVFLSOLQD GDV UHODo}HV H[WUtQVHFDV GR KRPHP FDEHQGR j PRUDO D GLVFLSOLQD GH VXDV UHODo}HV
LQWUtQVHFDV
1mR VRPHQWH DV UHODo}HV TXH VH WUDYDP HQWUH R LQGLYtGXR H RXWUR LQGLYtGXR VmR REMHWR GR 'LUHLWR PDV
WDPEpP DTXHODV TXH VH UHDOL]DP HQWUH R LQGLYtGXR versus R JUXSR R JUXSR versus R LQGLYtGXR H R JUXSR
versusRXWURJUXSR

13. CARACTERÍSTICAS DAS NORMAS DE CONDUTA

7UDWDVHGHQRUPDVGHFRQGXWDTXHVHGHVWLQDPDWRGRVDSOLFiYHLVDWRGDVDVUHODo}HVDEUDQJtYHLVSHOR
VHXHVFRSR3RULVVRVmRFKDPDGDVQRUPDVuniversaisRXgenéricas
6mR WDPEpP DEVWUDWDV SRUTXH QmR VH UHIHUHP D FDVRV FRQFUHWRV TXDQGR GH VXD HODERUDomR PDV VLP D
FDVRV KLSRWHWLFDPHQWH FRQVLGHUDGRV $VVLP SRU H[HPSOR TXDQGR D QRUPD GR DUW  GR &yGLJR 3HQDO
LQFULPLQD D DomR GH PDWDU QmR REMHWLYD FRQFUHWDPHQWH R FDVR GH A PDWDU B PDV VLP TXDOTXHU KLSyWHVH GH
KRPLFtGLR
3RUWDQWR R 'LUHLWR QmR VH GLULJH D SHVVRDV GHWHUPLQDGDV QHP D UHODo}HV FRQVLGHUDGDV LQGLYLGXDOPHQWH
1mR UHJXOD GH IRUPD GLUHWD SRU H[HPSOR R FRQWUDWR FHOHEUDGR HQWUH AHB HP GHWHUPLQDGR PRPHQWR H HP
GHWHUPLQDGROXJDUSRUTXHDLQGLYLGXDOLGDGHGRVFRPDQGRVQmRpSUySULDGR'LUHLWR
2FDUiWHUGHJHQHUDOLGDGHGDVQRUPDVGR'LUHLWRID]TXHHVWHWHQKDHPYLVWDDSHQDVRTXHQDVRFLHGDGH
DFRQWHFH FRP PDLV IUHTXrQFLD ( LVVR SHUPLWH FRPR Mi DVVLQDODGR R SUpYLR FRQKHFLPHQWR GR FULWpULR D VHU
DSOLFDGRQDFRPSRVLomRGRVFRQIOLWRVHDVVHJXUDLJXDOGDGHGHWUDWDPHQWRjVSDUWHV6DEHVHSUHYLDPHQWHFRPR
VHUi UHVROYLGR XP GHWHUPLQDGR WLSR GH FRQIOLWR VH H TXDQGR RFRUUHU FRP D JDUDQWLD GH TXH DV SDUWHV QHOH
HQYROYLGDVVHUmRWUDWDGDVGDPHVPDPDQHLUD

13.1. A obrigatoriedade

(P UHJUD VmR QRUPDV REULJDWyULDV LVWR p GH REVHUYkQFLD QHFHVViULD ( QHP SRGHULD VHU GLIHUHQWH VRE
SHQDGHR'LUHLWRQmRDWLQJLURVVHXVREMHWLYRV&ODURHVWiTXHVHDREVHUYkQFLDGDVQRUPDVMXUtGLFDVIRVVH
IDFXOWDWLYDWRWDOPHQWHLQyFXDVHWRUQDULDDGLVFLSOLQDSRUHODVLPSRVWD6HULDXPWLURVHPEDOD
$ REULJDomR p SRUWDQWR HOHPHQWR IXQGDPHQWDO GR 'LUHLWR HPERUD j SULPHLUD YLVWD SRVVD SDUHFHU
SDUDGR[DO 3DUD R S~EOLFR HP JHUDO D SDODYUD GLUHLWR Gi LGHLD GH SULYLOpJLR IDFXOGDGH UHJDOLD OLEHUGDGH RX
VHMD WXGR TXH p RSRVWR j REULJDomR 'L]HPRV ³HX WHQKR GLUHLWR D LVVR RX jTXLOR´ SDUD LQGLFDU DOJR TXH QRV
IDYRUHoD H QmR XPD REULJDomR (VTXHFHPRQRV HQWUHWDQWR TXH QD H[DWD PHGLGD HP TXH R 'LUHLWR QRV
FRQIHUHXPEHQHItFLRYDQWDJHPRXSRGHUFULDXPDREULJDomRRXGHYHUSDUDRXWUHPHYLFHYHUVD
(QWmRDQRomRGR'LUHLWRHVWiLQWLPDPHQWHOLJDGDjQRomRGHREULJDomR$WpPHVPRQRFDPSRGRGLUHLWR
FRQWUDWXDORQGHSUHGRPLQDRSULQFtSLRGD³DXWRQRPLDGDYRQWDGH´DFRLVDQmRpEHPDVVLPSRLVQDUHDOLGDGH
WDPEpPDOLHVVDDXWRQRPLDPRYHVHGHQWURGHOLPLWHVH[WUHPDPHQWHUHGX]LGRV
1mR SHUFHEHPRV TXH R 'LUHLWR p VREUHWXGR REULJDomR SRUTXH HVWDPRV KDELWXDGRV D REHGHFHU D VXDV
QRUPDVDWDOSRQWRque não lhe sentimos quase o pesoGDPHVPDIRUPDque não sentimosFHUWDVLPSRVLo}HV
ItVLFDVFRPRDJUDYLGDGH2FRUUHWDPEpPTXHHPJHUDOHSRUGHILQLomRHVVDVQRUPDVFRUUHVSRQGHPjQRVVD
PDQHLUDGHSHQVDUHVHQWLUWDORQRVVRFRQGLFLRQDPHQWRVRFLDO
1R PRPHQWR HP TXH WUDQVJUHGLPRV TXDOTXHU GHVVDV QRUPDV HQWUHWDQWR WRPDPRV ORJR FRQVFLrQFLD GD
VXDREULJDWRULHGDGHSRLVWHPRVHQWmRTXHUHVSRQGHUSHODVFRQVHTXrQFLDV
(POXJDUGDREULJDWRULHGDGHSUHIHUHVHIDODUHPFRHUFLELOLGDGHGDQRUPDSDUDLQGLFDUTXHHODHQYROYHD
SRVVLELOLGDGHMXUtGLFDGHFRDomR(VWDDULJRUpDSULQFLSDOGLIHUHQoDHQWUHDQRUPDMXUtGLFDHDUHJUDPRUDO
$PRUDOpLQFRPSDWtYHOFRPDIRUoDRXFRDomRPHVPRTXDQGRHVWDVVHPDQLIHVWDPMXULGLFDPHQWHRUJDQL]DGDV
3RQGHUD R IHVWHMDGR 0LJXHO 5HDOH TXH ³D PRUDO p R PXQGR GD FRQGXWD HVSRQWkQHD GR FRPSRUWDPHQWR TXH
HQFRQWUDHPVLSUySULRDVXDUD]mRGHH[LVWLU2DWRPRUDOLPSOLFDDDGHVmRGRHVStULWRDRFRQWH~GRGDUHJUD
6yWHPRVQDYHUGDGHPRUDODXWrQWLFDTXDQGRRLQGLYtGXRSRUXPPRYLPHQWRHVSLULWXDOHVSRQWkQHRUHDOL]DR
DWR HQXQFLDGR SHOD QRUPD 1mR p SRVVtYHO FRQFHEHUVH R DWR PRUDO IRUoDGR IUXWR GD IRUoD RX GD FRDomR
1LQJXpPSRGHVHUERPSHODYLROrQFLD´2EFLWSeWDPEpPSRULVVRTXHVHWHPDILUPDGR.DQWIRLR
SULPHLUR VHU D 0RUDO autônoma H R 'LUHLWR heterônomo YLVWR VHU SRVWR SRU WHUFHLURV DTXLOR TXH
MXULGLFDPHQWHVRPRVREULJDGRVDFXPSULU

13.2. A sanção

2 'LUHLWR GLULJHVH D VHUHV GRWDGRV GH OLEHUGDGH TXH DJHP FRPDQGDGRV SHOD YRQWDGH &RPR SRGHP DV
SHVVRDV LQREVHUYiOR WRUQRXVH QHFHVViULR HVWDEHOHFHU XPD VDQomR R PHLR PDLV HILFD] HQFRQWUDGR SHOD
VRFLHGDGHSDUDWRUQDUDQRUPDMXUtGLFDGHREVHUYkQFLDQHFHVViULD
$REULJDomRQmRSRGHH[LVWLUVHPVDQomR3RULVVRDOJXQVWHyULFRVFKHJDPDGHILQLUR'LUHLWRFRPRXP
VLVWHPDGHVDQo}HV
 6DQomRpDDPHDoDGHSXQLomRSDUDRWUDQVJUHVVRUGDQRUPDeRSURPHWLPHQWRGHXPPDOFRQVLVWHQWH
HPSHUGDRXUHVWULomRGHGHWHUPLQDGRVEHQVDVVLPFRPRQDREULJDomRGHUHSDUDURGDQRFDXVDGRSDUDWRGR
DTXHOHTXHGHVFXPSULUXPDQRUPDGH'LUHLWReDSRVVLELOLGDGHGHFRDomRGDTXDODQRUPDpDFRPSDQKDGD
+i HP QRVVR HQWHQGHU XPD SHTXHQD GLIHUHQoD HQWUH VDQomR H SHQD HPERUD QD SUiWLFD RV DXWRUHV H D
SUySULD OHL QmR D FRQVLGHUHP 6DQomR p D DPHDoD GH FDVWLJR SDUD R WUDQVJUHVVRU GD QRUPD H SHQD Mi p R
SUySULRFDVWLJRLPSRVWRVDQomRpDSHQDDEVWUDWDPHQWHFRQVLGHUDGDHSHQDpDVDQomRFRQFUHWL]DGDDVDQomR
p FRPLQDGD SHOR OHJLVODGRU H D SHQD p IL[DGD SHOR MXL] D VDQomR H[HUFH XPD FRDomR SVLFROyJLFD VREUH RV
LQGLYtGXRVDRSDVVRTXHDSHQDH[HUFHXPDFRDomRItVLFDRXPDWHULDO
(VVDFRDomRSVLFROyJLFDJHUDGRUDGRWHPRUjSHQDID]FRPTXHDPDLRULDVHFRQGX]DGHQWURGRVOLPLWHV
GR 'LUHLWR e D FKDPDGD SUHYHQomR JHUDO DWUDYpV GD TXDO FRQVHJXH R 'LUHLWR HYLWDU D RFRUUrQFLD GH
LQXPHUiYHLVFRQIOLWRV
7DO FRDomR p SRU 9DQQL Lezioni  di  filosofia  del  diritto YLVWD FRPR IRUoD psíquica  do  direito TXH VH
GLULJHjYRQWDGHH[HUFHQGRFRQVWUDQJLPHQWRVREUHDFRQVFLrQFLD
3DUDXPDPLQRULDQmREDVWDDFRDomRSVLFROyJLFDDFDEDQGRSRUWUDQVJUHGLUDVQRUPDVQDHVSHUDQoDGH
QmR VHU SXQLGD 3DUD HVVHV GHVWLQDVH D FRDomR ItVLFD RX PDWHULDO $ DXWRULGDGH S~EOLFD DSOLFD D SHQD
HPSUHJDQGR R SRGHU FRHUFLWLYR GH TXH GLVS}H SDUD SXQLU R UHVSRQViYHO SHOR LOtFLWR e R UHPpGLR H[WUHPR
XVDGRFRQWUDXPDPLQRULDTXHQmRREVHUYDDVQRUPDVQRHPSHQKRGHOHYiODDUHVSHLWDUR'LUHLWROLYUDQGRD
VRFLHGDGHGHVXDFRQGXWDSHUQLFLRVDeDFKDPDGDSUHYHQomRHVSHFLDO

14. ORIGEM DAS NORMAS DE CONDUTA

-i YLPRV ORJR QR SULPHLUR FDStWXOR TXH HVWD p XPD TXHVWmR GLVFXWLGD KDYHQGR DTXHOHV TXH HQWHQGHP
VHUHP DV QRUPDV GH RULJHP GLYLQD RXWURV IUXWRV GD UD]mR GD FRQVFLrQFLD FROHWLYD RX GR (VWDGR 3DUD D
VRFLRORJLDMXUtGLFDHQWUHWDQWRQmRKiFRPRWHUJLYHUVDUDVQRUPDVGH'LUHLWRHPDQDPGRJUXSRVRFLDO
6REUHRJUXSRVRFLDOTXHGHYHHVWDEHOHFHUDVQRUPDVGH'LUHLWRDVRSLQL}HVVHGLYLGHPHPGXDVHVFRODV

14.1. A escola monista

(QJOREDQGR TXDVH WRGRV RV MXULVWDV HVWD HVFROD HQWHQGH TXH DSHQDV XP WLSR GH JUXSR VRFLDO ± R JUXSR
SROtWLFR±R(VWDGRGHYLGDPHQWHRUJDQL]DGR±HVWiDSWRDFULDUQRUPDVGHGLUHLWR
$ GRXWULQD PRQLVWD TXH VH HQFRQWUD PDLV SUy[LPD GDV WHRULDV GH +HJHO 0DU[ H .HOVHQ VHQGR
LJXDOPHQWHHQVLQDGDSHORVSXULVWDVFOiVVLFRVSRGHWHUVXDUD]mRGHVHUQRTXHVHUHIHUHjFLrQFLDGR'LUHLWR
PDV QmR FRP UHODomR j VRFLRORJLD MXUtGLFD 8P VLPSOHV ROKDU VREUH D YLGD VRFLDO QRV FRQYHQFH GH TXH
H[LVWLUDPSUHVFULo}HVMXUtGLFDVDQWHVGHDVRFLHGDGHRUJDQL]DUVHHP(VWDGRHTXHDLQGDH[LVWHPSUHVFULo}HV
PHVPRQDVVRFLHGDGHVMiSROtWLFDHMXULGLFDPHQWHRUJDQL]DGDVDOpPGDVTXHIRUDPLPSRVWDVSHODDXWRULGDGH
SROtWLFD
+RXYHHDLQGDKiGLUHLWRVVXSUDQDFLRQDLVHLQIUDQDFLRQDLVTXHQmRHPDQDPGDFRPSHWrQFLDGRVyUJmRVGD
VRFLHGDGH JOREDO FRPR SRU H[HPSOR R GLUHLWR UHOLJLRVR GH YiULRV SRYRV R GLUHLWR FDQ{QLFR PXoXOPDQR
MXGDLFRHWF
+HQUL /HY\ %UKO Sociologia  do  direito S  FLWD FRPR H[HPSOR GH GLUHLWR VXSUDQDFLRQDO DV
LQVWLWXLo}HVFRQVXHWXGLQiULDVSURILVVLRQDLVTXHVHGLIXQGLUDPHPLQ~PHUDVUHJL}HVVHPFRQVLGHUDUIURQWHLUDV
HQWUH (VWDGRV QHP D QDFLRQDOLGDGH GRV LQWHUHVVDGRV $ PDLV FDUDFWHUtVWLFD GHVVDV LQVWLWXLo}HV IRL R 'LUHLWR
PHUFDQWLO jus  mercatorium PXLWR GLYXOJDGR QD ,GDGH 0pGLD H REVHUYDGR WmR HVFUXSXORVDPHQWH TXDQWR
TXDOTXHURXWUDOHLQDFLRQDO

14.2. A escola pluralista

$HVFRODSOXUDOLVWDTXHDOpPGHDOJXQVMXULVWDVFRPSUHHQGHVRFLyORJRVHILOyVRIRVFRQVLGHUDTXHWRGR
DJUXSDPHQWR GH FHUWD FRQVLVWrQFLD RX H[SUHVVmR SRGH RXWRUJDUVH QRUPDV GH IXQFLRQDPHQWR TXH
XOWUDSDVVDQGRRFDUiWHUGHVLPSOHVUHJXODPHQWRVDGTXLUHPRDOFDQFHGHYHUGDGHLUDVUHJUDVMXUtGLFDV6HJXQGR
+HQUL /HY\ %UKO R SULQFLSDO DGHSWR GD GRXWULQD SOXUDOLVWD p * *XUYLWFK TXH D GHIHQGHX HP GLYHUVRV
WUDEDOKRV
,QRFrQFLR *DOYmR 7HOOHV FDWHGUiWLFR GD )DFXOGDGH GH 'LUHLWR GH /LVERD EHP VLQWHWL]D HVWD TXHVWmR QD
OLomR TXH VHJXH ³2 'LUHLWR p QHFHVViULR 1mR p XPD FULDomR DUELWUiULD H[LVWH LPSUHVFLQGLYHOPHQWH 2V
KRPHQVVHPG~YLGDHPIDVHDGLDQWDGDGRSURJUHVVRLQWHUYrPQDVXDFULDomR$QRVVD$VVHPEOHLD1DFLRQDO
R QRVVR *RYHUQR FRP IUHTXrQFLD FULDP 'LUHLWR DWUDYpV GH OHLV GHFUHWRVOHLV UHJXODPHQWRV +i Dt XPD
DWLYLGDGHUDFLRQDORULHQWDGDQRVHQWLGRGDIRUPDomRGR'LUHLWRQRVWHUPRVTXHDRVJRYHUQDQWHVVHDILJXUDP
FRPR RV PHOKRUHV SDUD VDWLVID]HU DV QHFHVVLGDGHV H H[LJrQFLDV GD YLGD 0DV DLQGD TXH QmR KRXYHVVH HVWD
FULDomR UDFLRQDO H XP SRXFR DUWLILFLDO R 'LUHLWR QHFHVVDULDPHQWH EURWDULD FRPR IORUDomR HVSRQWkQHD GD
VRFLHGDGH )RL DVVLP TXH DFRQWHFHX QRXWURV WHPSRV VRE D IRUPD GH FRVWXPHV H LVVR PRVWUD R FDUiWHU
QHFHVViULRGR'LUHLWR´Introdução ao estudo do direitoHG/LVERD/LYUDULD3HWURQ\Y,S

15. PROVISORIEDADE E MUTABILIDADE DAS NORMAS DE DIREITO

2VGHIHQVRUHVGRGLUHLWRQDWXUDOFRQIRUPHMiDVVLQDODPRVWDQWRRVTXHRFRQFHELDPFRPRWHQGRRULJHP
QD'LYLQGDGHFRPRDTXHOHVTXHRHQWHQGLDPIUXWRGDUD]mRFRQVLGHUDYDPRGLUHLWRXPFRQMXQWRGHSULQFtSLRV
SHUPDQHQWHVHVWiYHLVHLPXWiYHLV
7DOFRQFHSomRHQWUHWDQWRQmRVHDMXVWDDRSRQWRGHYLVWDVRFLROyJLFRTXHRFRQVLGHUDSURGXWRVRFLDO6H
R 'LUHLWR HPDQD GR JUXSR VRFLDO QmR SRGH WHU PDLRU HVWDELOLGDGH TXH R JUXSR ( R JUXSR FRPR p VDELGR
VRIUHFRQVWDQWHVPRGLILFDo}HV
6H SXGpVVHPRV LVRODU XP JUXSR SRU XP SHUtRGR GH GH] RX YLQWH DQRV PHVPR DVVLP KDYHUtDPRV GH
FRQVWDWDU QR ILP GHVVH WHPSR TXH R JUXSR VRFLDO KDYLD VRIULGR SURIXQGDV PRGLILFDo}HV RV DGXOWRV
HQYHOKHFHUDP RV MRYHQV WRUQDUDPVH DGXOWRV DV FULDQoDV WRUQDUDPVH MRYHQV FRP FRQFHSo}HV H YLV}HV
GLIHUHQWHVGDYLGD
$VVLPpSRUTXHRSUySULRVHUKXPDQRHVWiHPFRQVWDQWHPXGDQoDPXGDPRVKiELWRVSHQVDPHQWRVHWF
GDFULDQoDSDUDRDGROHVFHQWHGRDGROHVFHQWHSDUDRMRYHPGRMRYHPSDUDRDGXOWRGRDGXOWRSDUDRYHOKR
HPERUD PXLWDV YH]HV QHP VH SHUFHED D PXGDQoD 'Dt D UD]mR GR HWHUQR FKRTXH GH JHUDo}HV HQWUH MRYHQV H
DGXOWRV0XGDPRVHPQRVVDPDQHLUDGHVHUHTXHUHPRVTXHRVMRYHQVGHKRMHVHFRPSRUWHPFRPRQyVTXH
FRQWHVWiYDPRVQDMXYHQWXGHH[DWDPHQWHDTXLORTXHDJRUDSHQVDPRVHID]HPRV
-i RV ILOyVRIRV JUHJRV KDYLDP FKDPDGR D DWHQomR SDUD HVVD SHUPDQHQWH PXWDELOLGDGH GDV FRLVDV H GR
SUySULR KRPHP +HUiFOLWR GH eIHVR IXQGDGRU GD (VFROD -{QLFD QD FLGDGH RQGH QDVFHX  D& ±  D&
DSUR[LPDGDPHQWHDILUPDYDPanta rhei±WXGRSDVVDWXGRPXGDWXGRHVWiHPFRQVWDQWHWUDQVIRUPDomR
,PDJLQHPRV DJRUD R TXH VH SDVVD QRV JUXSRV PRGHUQRV RQGH Ki XPD FRQVWDQWH WURFD GH LQIOXrQFLDV
UHFtSURFDVSRVVLELOLWDGDHPUD]mRGRVPRGHUQRVPHLRVGHWUDQVSRUWHHFRPXQLFDomR0DOXPIDWRRFRUUHDTXL
R RXWUR ODGR GR PXQGR WRPD FRQKHFLPHQWR TXDVH LPHGLDWDPHQWH H YLFHYHUVD 7HPRV KRMH XPD sociedade
global Ki TXHP IDOH HP aldeia global SDUD LQGLFDU D DSUR[LPDomR RSHUDGD HQWUH RV SDtVHV GR PXQGR SHOD
YHORFLGDGHGDVFRPXQLFDo}HVDGLVVHPLQDomRLQWHUQpWLFDRVLPSpULRVHFRQ{PLFRVHWF
2PHVPRDFRQWHFHFRPKiELWRVFRVWXPHVPRGDHWF(YLGHQWHPHQWHDVPXGDQoDVQRVJUXSRVPRGHUQRV
VmREHPPDLVUiSLGDVHFRQVWDQWHVGRTXHQRVJUXSRVSULPLWLYRV&RPRSRGHR'LUHLWRVHQGRRULJLQiULRGR
JUXSRSHUPDQHFHULPXWiYHOTXDQGRHVVHPHVPRJUXSRVHPRGLILFDFRQVWDQWHPHQWH"
0XGDQGR R JUXSR PXGDPVH WDPEpP DV QRUPDV GH 'LUHLWR UD]mR SHOD TXDO GR SRQWR GH YLVWD
VRFLROyJLFR QmR WHP R 'LUHLWR FDUiWHU HVWiYHO RX SHUSpWXR PDV VLP HVVHQFLDOPHQWH SURYLVyULR VXMHLWR D
FRQVWDQWHVPRGLILFDo}HV
$ REVHUYDomR DVVLQDORX /HY\ 2E FLW S  SURYD GH PDQHLUD FODUD TXH R 'LUHLWR HVWi VXMHLWR D
WUDQVIRUPDo}HVFRQWtQXDVSRLVRVLPSOHVFRQIURQWRFRPRVGLIHUHQWHVVLVWHPDVMXUtGLFRVGRSDVVDGRRXGRV
SDtVHV HVWUDQJHLURV EDVWD SDUD GDU LGHLD GD SURGLJLRVD GLYHUVLGDGH GDV QRUPDV GH GLUHLWR DSOLFDGDV QD
VXSHUItFLHGRJORER
$TXLPHVPRHPQRVVRSDtVSURIXQGDVPRGLILFDo}HVIRUDPIHLWDVHPQRVVDRUGHPMXUtGLFDSDUDDMXVWiOD
jVQRYDVUHDOLGDGHVVRFLDLVGHFRUUHQWHVGDVWUDQVIRUPDo}HVSRUTXHSDVVDPRVQDV~OWLPDVGpFDGDV7LYHPRV
XPDQRYD&RQVWLWXLomRHPTXHSRUVXDYH]MiVRIUHXPDLVGHFLQFRGH]HQDVGHHPHQGDVR&yGLJRGH
3URFHVVR&LYLOVRIUHXXPDVpULHGHDOWHUDo}HVHRXWUDVSUHFLVDPVHUIHLWDVFRPXUJrQFLDHVSHUDVHSDUDEUHYH
XPQRYR&yGLJRGH3URFHVVR3HQDOHSDUDQmRQRVDORQJDUPRVHPHQWURXHPYLJRUXPQRYR&yGLJR
&LYLOHPUHODomRDRTXDOMiVHIDODHPPXGDQoDV
7mRLQFRQWHVWiYHOpRFDUiWHUSURYLVyULRGRGLUHLWRTXHDOJXQVDGHSWRVGRGLUHLWRQDWXUDOFRQFHEHUDPXPD
QRomRTXHGHQRPLQDUDP³GLUHLWRQDWXUDOGHFRQWH~GRYDULiYHO´
'HVWDFDVHSRUGHUUDGHLURFRPRMiILFRXGHPRQVWUDGRTXHHPTXDOTXHUWLSRGHDWLYLGDGHUHDOL]DGDSHOR
LQGLYtGXR QD VRFLHGDGH VHMD GH FRRSHUDomR RX GH FRQFRUUrQFLD SRGHP VXUJLU FRQIOLWRV H TXH R 'LUHLWR VH
SURS}HSULPHLUDPHQWHDSUHYHQLORVTXDQGRQmRFRQVHJXHLPSHGLUTXHRFRUUDPHPSHQKDVHHPFRPS{ORV

16. CONCEITO SOCIOLÓGICO DO DIREITO

-XQWDQGR WRGDV DV FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV DWp DTXL H[DPLQDGDV IRUPXODPRV R VHJXLQWH FRQFHLWR GH 'LUHLWR
FRQMXQWR GH QRUPDV GH FRQGXWD XQLYHUVDLV DEVWUDWDV REULJDWyULDV H PXWiYHLV LPSRVWDV SHOR JUXSR VRFLDO
GHVWLQDGDVDGLVFLSOLQDUDVUHODo}HVH[WHUQDVGRLQGLYtGXRREMHWLYDQGRSUHYHQLUHFRPSRUFRQIOLWRV
7UDWDVH GH QRUPDV XQLYHUVDLV SRUTXH VH GHVWLQDP D WRGRV DEVWUDWDV SRUTXH VmR HODERUDGDV SDUD FDVRV
KLSRWHWLFDPHQWHFRQVLGHUDGRVREULJDWyULDVSRUTXHVmRGHREVHUYkQFLDQHFHVViULDFRHUFLWLYDVPXWiYHLVSRUTXH
VXMHLWDVDFRQVWDQWHVWUDQVIRUPDo}HVLPSRVWDVSHORJUXSRHQmRVRPHQWHSHOR(VWDGR
1D SUHFLVD H RSRUWXQD OLomR GH +XPEHUWR 7KHRGRUR -XQLRU ³R TXH R GLUHLWR ID] p PDQHMDU D WpFQLFD GH
DSHUIHLoRDU H WRUQDU SRVVtYHO D YLGD VRFLDO RX JUHJiULD GD TXDO R KRPHP QmR SRGH SUHVFLQGLU 0DV R ID]
VHJXQGRXPDSHUVSHFWLYDGRIXWXURQDGRSDVVDGRDDQWHYLVmRGRTXHVHGHVHMDID]HUDFRQWHFHUHQmRGRTXH
QDWXUDOPHQWHGHYHULDDFRQWHFHUeDSUySULDVRFLHGDGHTXHYDLMXULVGLFL]DQGRRTXHHQWHQGHQHFHVViULRH[LJLU
GHVHXVPHPEURVHGHVVDPDQHLUDYDLFULDQGRDVUHJUDVGRGLUHLWRSRVLWLYRDSURYHLWDQGRVHTXDVHVHPSUH
GH RXWUDV IRQWHV QRUPDWLYDV QmR FRJHQWHV FRPR D pWLFD D UHOLJLmR D SROtWLFD D HFRQRPLD HWF´ Direitos  do
consumidorHG5LRGH-DQHLUR)RUHQVHS
 Fatores  econômicos:  influência  do  fator  econômico  sobre  o  Direito  Romano  e  sobre  o  Direito  Moderno.
Fatores políticos. Fatores culturais: concepção de cultura. Fatores religiosos. Outros fatores sociais.

2'LUHLWRHPVXDFRQFHSomRVRFLROyJLFDpXPSURGXWRGHP~OWLSODVLQIOXrQFLDVVRFLDLV1mRVmRUHJUDV
SHUPDQHQWHV H LQDOWHUiYHLV PDV VLP FRPR YLPRV QR FDStWXOR DQWHULRU VXMHLWDV D FRQVWDQWHV PRGLILFDo}HV
SRUTXHVHRULJLQDPQRJUXSRVRFLDO±HRJUXSRHVWiHPSHUPDQHQWHWUDQVIRUPDomR
7DOFRPRDDJXOKDPDJQpWLFDVREDDomRGHXPDFRUUHQWHHOpWULFDKiIDWRUHVTXHDJHPVREUHR'LUHLWR
ID]HQGRRRVFLODU2EVHUYDVHDTXLFRPPXLWDQLWLGH]DLQIOXrQFLDFRQGLFLRQDQWHGDVRFLHGDGHVREUHR'LUHLWR
HQTXDQWRIDWRGDTXDOIDODYD6LFKHVWRUQDQGRRXPSURGXWRGHSURFHVVRVVRFLDLVvideFDStWXOR9,,,
,QLFLDOPHQWH SRGHVH GL]HU TXH VHQGR R 'LUHLWR XPD GHFRUUrQFLD GDV UHODo}HV VRFLDLV XP SURGXWR GD
VRFLHGDGHWXGRRTXHDJLUVREUHDVRFLHGDGHSURGX]LUiUHIOH[RWDPEpPVREUHR'LUHLWR
,Q~PHURV VmR SRLV RV IDWRUHV VRFLDLV TXH FRQFRUUHP SDUD D HYROXomR GR 'LUHLWR QmR VHQGR SRVVtYHO
QHVWH PRGHVWR WUDEDOKR H[DPLQiORV WRGRV 9DPRV DSHQDV GHVWDFDU DTXHOHV TXH HP QRVVD RSLQLmR VmR RV
SULQFLSDLVDVDEHURVIDWRUHVHFRQ{PLFRVSROtWLFRVFXOWXUDLVHUHOLJLRVRV

17. FATORES ECONÔMICOS

$HVWUXWXUDHFRQ{PLFDGHXPDVRFLHGDGHUHIOHWHVHGLUHWDPHQWHQRVHXRUGHQDPHQWRMXUtGLFR2VLVWHPD
GHSURSULHGDGHDVIRUPDVGHSURGXomRLQG~VWULDDJULFXOWXUDHWFDVUHODo}HVHQWUHHPSUHJDGRVHSDWU}HV±
WXGRLVVRVHUHIOHWHQDRUGHPMXUtGLFDLQIOXHQFLDQGRD
$ RUJDQL]DomR VRFLDO WHP R VHX SRQWR EiVLFR GH DUWLFXODomR QR PRGR SHOR TXDO RV KRPHQV SURGX]HP
SRVVXHP H FRPHUFLDP $VVLP VHQGR SRGHPRV DILUPDU VHP SRVVLELOLGDGH GH HUUR TXH R 'LUHLWR YDL VH
PRGLILFDQGRjPHGLGDTXHYDLVHDOWHUDQGRDHVWUXWXUDHFRQ{PLFDGDVRFLHGDGH
7mRPDUFDQWHpDLQIOXrQFLDGDHFRQRPLDVREUHR'LUHLWRTXHDOJXQVDXWRUHVFKHJDPDVHSRVLFLRQDUQR
VHQWLGRGHFRQFHEHUR'LUHLWRFRPRUHIOH[RH[FOXVLYDPHQWHGDFRQVWLWXLomRHFRQ{PLFDFRPRSRUH[HPSOR.
0DU[ H ) (QJHOV FULDGRUHV GR PDWHULDOLVPR KLVWyULFR 3DUD HOHV R IDWRU HFRQ{PLFR HUD D PROD PHVWUD GD
KLVWyULD RV GHPDLV IHQ{PHQRV FXOWXUDLV QmR SDVVDQGR GH VLPSOHV UHIOH[RV VXSHUHVWUXWXUDLV GDV IRUoDV
JHQpWLFDVDUPD]HQDGDVSHODVUHODo}HVHFRQ{PLFDVGHSURGXomR
6HOLJPDQ FLWDGR SRU +HUPHV /LPD Introdução  à  ciência  do  direito S  DILUPD TXH ³WRGR R
GHVHQYROYLPHQWR MXUtGLFR WRUQDVH LQH[SOLFiYHO VH R LVRODP GDV IRUoDV HFRQ{PLFDV 1HVVH VHQWLGR R IDWR
HFRQ{PLFRpDFDXVDDVLWXDomROHJDORUHVXOWDGR´
$FKLOOH /RULD 2E FLW S  ³TXH GHGLFRX HVSHFLDO DWHQomR jV UHODo}HV HQWUH GLUHLWR H HFRQRPLD´
DVVLQDOD TXH ³UDoDV H QDo}HV DV PDLV GLIHUHQWHV WrP GH VXMHLWDUVH DR PHVPR GLUHLWR TXDQGR VmR LJXDLV DV
UHODo}HVHFRQ{PLFDVQHODVGRPLQDQWHVHTXHDQDomRVRIUHPXWDomRUDGLFDOGRSUySULRGLUHLWRTXDQGRFRPR
FUHVFLPHQWRGDSRSXODomRVXDHVWUXWXUDHFRQ{PLFDVHWUDQVIRUPD´
6HPG~YLGDFRQVWLWXLH[DJHURFRQVLGHUDUR'LUHLWRUHIOH[RH[FOXVLYRGDFRQVWLWXLomRHFRQ{PLFDHPERUD
QmR VH SRVVD QHJDU TXH HQWUH DV IRUoDV PRGHODGRUDV GR 'LUHLWR R IDWRU HFRQ{PLFR p R TXH H[HUFH XPD
LQIOXrQFLDPDLVGHFLVLYDDLQGDTXHVHJXLGRGHPXLWRSHUWRSHORSROtWLFR

17.1. Influência do fator econômico sobre o direito romano

(P5RPDFRPRREVHUYRX/HY\%UKO2EFLWSHVHJVDVRFLHGDGHLQLFLDOPHQWHFRPSXQKDVHGH

FDPSRQHVHVTXHYLYLDPGDODYRXUDWLQKDPTXHWLUDUGDWHUUDRVHXVXVWHQWR
3RU LVVR RV FRVWXPHV GHVVHV FDPSRQHVHV QD PHGLGD HP TXH QRV VmR DFHVVtYHLV HUDP RV TXH PDLV
FRQYLQKDPDDJULFXOWRUHV&DUDFWHUL]DYDPVHSRUIRUWHFRQFHQWUDomRGHSRGHUHVQDVPmRVGRpater familiasH
UtJLGDGLVFLSOLQDGRPpVWLFD
7RGRV RV PHPEURV GR JUXSR GRPpVWLFR HVWDYDP VXEPHWLGRV j DXWRULGDGH GR FKHIH R ~QLFR GRWDGR GH
FDSDFLGDGH MXUtGLFD 2V GHPDLV PHPEURV QmR WLQKDP TXDOTXHU LQLFLDWLYD QHP DXWRQRPLD QmR LPSRUWDQGR
LGDGHRXVLWXDomRVRFLDO8QLDPVHWRGRVHPWRUQRGRpater familiasSDUDDSURGXomRGRVEHQVQHFHVViULRVj
VREUHYLYrQFLDGRJUXSR
7DOGLUHLWRHVWDYDSHUIHLWDPHQWHDGHTXDGRDXPDVRFLHGDGHGHSHTXHQRVDJULFXOWRUHV
$t SHOR ,,, VpFXOR DQWHV GH &ULVWR RV DJULFXOWRUHV URPDQRV WRUQDUDPVH FRPHUFLDQWHV /DQoDUDPVH DR
PDU HQWUDUDP HP FRQWDWR FRP RXWURV SRYRV GHGLFDUDPVH FRP JUDQGH LQWHQVLGDGH j FRPSUD H YHQGD GH
PHUFDGRULDV
(VVDPRGLILFDomRQDHVWUXWXUDHFRQ{PLFDLPHGLDWDPHQWHUHSHUFXWLXQRGLUHLWR$RUJDQL]DomRGDIDPtOLD
WRUQRXVHPHQRVUtJLGDSDVVDQGRDVHUVXEPHWLGDDRFRQWUROHGDVRFLHGDGHJOREDOHQmRPDLVH[FOXVLYDPHQWH
DRpater familias (QFRQWURXVH XP PHLR SDUD OLEHUDU R ILOKR GD WLUkQLFD DXWRULGDGH GR SDL ± D HPDQFLSDomR
RXWURPHLRSDUDOLEHUWDUDPXOKHUFDVDGDGDDXWRULGDGHGRPDULGR±RFDVDPHQWRsine manuPXOWLSOLFDUDPVH
RV VLVWHPDV GH PDQXPLVVmR GH HVFUDYRV R IRUPDOLVPR DWHQXRXVH FRP D LQWURGXomR GD QRomR GH ERDIp QR
GLUHLWRLQGLVSHQViYHOQRFRPpUFLRHRSHUDo}HVIRUDPLQYHQWDGDVSDUDDVTXDLVRVLPSOHVFRQVHQWLPHQWRSRGLD
JHUDUREULJDo}HVRVHVWUDQJHLURVGHL[DUDPGHVHUWUDWDGRVFRPRLQLPLJRVHSDVVDUDPDVHUDPLJRV

17.2. Influência do fator econômico sobre o direito moderno

$OJR LGrQWLFR DR RFRUULGR HP 5RPD GHVHQYROYHXVH TXDQGR GD FULDomR GD JUDQGH LQG~VWULD H GR
PDTXLQLVPRQRILPGRVpFXOR;9,,6XUJLXXPDQRYDFODVVHHQULTXHFLGDSHODSRVVHGHFDSLWDLVPRELOLiULRV
HP GHFRUUrQFLD GR HQIUDTXHFLPHQWR FRUUHODWLYR GRV SURSULHWiULRV GH WHUUDV $ EXUJXHVLD DVFHQGHX DR SRGHU
SROtWLFR
$RVSRXFRVIRUDPVXUJLQGRRVJUDQGHVRUJDQLVPRVHFRQ{PLFRVQDFLRQDLVHPXOWLQDFLRQDLVDFDUUHWDQGR
LVVRWXGRXPWUHPHQGRDEDORQDRUGHPMXUtGLFD1RYRVUDPRVGRGLUHLWRIRUDPEURWDQGRQRYHOKRWURQFRGR
'LUHLWR &LYLO H DRV SRXFRV JDQKDQGR DXWRQRPLD WDLV FRPR R GLUHLWR FRPHUFLDO GR WUDEDOKR LQGXVWULDO
HFRQ{PLFRHWF
/HPEUD 0DFKDGR 1HWR Sociologia  jurídica S  ³$ SUySULD LQVWLWXLomR GD HVFUDYLGmR VXD
VXEVWLWXLomR SHOR VHUYLOLVPR GXUDQWH R UHJLPH IHXGDO H VXD SRVWHULRU VXSHUDomR SHOR DVVDODULDGR QD PRGHUQD
VRFLHGDGHEXUJXHVDVmRWUDQVIRUPDo}HVHFRQ{PLFDVGHUHSHUFXVVmRLPHQVDVREUHRstatusSHVVRDOHPJHUDOH
VREUHDFRQGLomRMXUtGLFDGRKRPHPWUDEDOKDGRUHPSDUWLFXODU´
0DV RV PHOKRUHV H[HPSORV GD LQIOXrQFLD GR econômico VREUH R jurídico SRGHP VHU HQFRQWUDGRV QD
SUySULDUHDOLGDGHHFRQ{PLFDDWXDO
$ UHYROXomR LQGXVWULDO MXQWDPHQWH FRP R GHVHQYROYLPHQWR FLHQWtILFR H WHFQROyJLFR FDXVDUDP SURIXQGDV
WUDQVIRUPDo}HV QD HFRQRPLD H HVWDV SRU VXD YH] LPSXVHUDP PRGLILFDo}HV QD RUGHP MXUtGLFD $ SURGXomR
PDVVLILFDGD GH SURGXWRV H VHUYLoRV JHURX R FRQVXPR PDVVLILFDGR H[WUHPDPHQWH GLQkPLFR H LPSHVVRDO (P
FRQVHTXrQFLDRPRGHORFRQWUDWXDOWUDGLFLRQDOIRUWHPHQWHLQIOXHQFLDGRSHORVGRJPDVGROLEHUDOLVPRUHYHORX
VH LQVXILFLHQWH SDUD DWHQGHU XPD VRFLHGDGH LQGXVWULDOL]DGD FDUDFWHUL]DGD UHSLWDVH SHOD SURGXomR H
GLVWULEXLomRHPPDVVD
3DUD VH DMXVWDU D HVVD QRYD UHDOLGDGH HFRQ{PLFD D GLVFLSOLQD GRV FRQWUDWRV VRIUHX XPD SURIXQGD
PRGLILFDomR2Vcontratos paritáriosDTXHOHVFXMDVFOiXVXODVVmRGLVFXWLGDVLQGLYLGXDOPHQWHHHPFRQGLo}HV
GHLJXDOGDGHWRUQDUDPVHH[FHomRQRFRPpUFLRMXUtGLFRVXEVWLWXtGRVTXHIRUDPSHORVcontratos de adesão
YHUGDGHLURVFRQWUDWRVGHPDVVDQRVTXDLVDVFOiXVXODVRXFRQGLo}HVJHUDLVVmRSUHHVWDEHOHFLGDVSHORSUySULR
IRUQHFHGRUHDSOLFDGDVDWRGDXPDVpULHGHIXWXUDVUHODo}HVFRQWUDWXDLV
0DV QmR IRL VXILFLHQWH (PERUD HVVD QRYD IyUPXOD MXUtGLFD GH FRQWUDWDomR SDGURQL]DGD WHQKD DWHQGLGR
SRUDOJXPWHPSRjVQHFHVVLGDGHVGHVVDVRFLHGDGHGHFRQVXPRFRQIHULQGRFHOHULGDGHjDWLYLGDGHSURGXWLYDH
DFHVVR DR FRQVXPR GH XP Q~PHUR FDGD YH] PDLRU GH SURGXWRV H GH VHUYLoRV UDSLGDPHQWH VH GHVYLUWXRX
SDVVDQGR D VHUYLU DRV LQWHUHVVHV GRV SRGHURVRV SDUD práticas  abusivas 2 FRQVXPLGRU QmR PDLV WLQKD
HVFROKDRXDFHLWDYDRVWHUPRVHVWDEHOHFLGRVSHORVIRUQHFHGRUHVSDUDDDTXLVLomRGHSURGXWRVRXVHUYLoRVRX
VLPSOHVPHQWHQmRRVFRQWUDWDYD
([DPLQDGR R SUREOHPD HP SURIXQGLGDGH FRQVWDWRXVH TXH D UHHVWUXWXUDomR GD RUGHP MXUtGLFD QDV
UHODo}HVGHFRQVXPRSDVVDYDSRUDOJRPXLWRPDLVDEUDQJHQWHGRTXHXPDPHUDDWXDOL]DomRSRQWXDOGDOHL1D
UHDOLGDGHH[LJLDXPDQRYDSRVWXUDMXUtGLFDFDSD]GHSHUPLWLURGHOLQHDPHQWRGHXPnovo direitoIXQGDGRHP
SULQFtSLRV PRGHUQRV HILFD]HV H MXVWRV ( IRL DVVLP TXH VXUJLX R Direito  do  Consumidor QR %UDVLO HP
FXPSULPHQWR DR GLVSRVWR QR DUW ƒ LQFLVR ;;;,, GD &RQVWLWXLomR GH  ³2 (VWDGR promoverá QD
IRUPDGDOHLDGHIHVDGRFRQVXPLGRU´FRQVROLGDGRQR&yGLJRGH'HIHVDGR&RQVXPLGRU/HLQGH

5HJLVWUHVH SRU GHUUDGHLUR TXH DV FULVHV HFRQ{PLFDV RFRUULGDV QDV ~OWLPDV GpFDGDV D FRPHoDU SHORV
FKRTXHV GR SHWUyOHR SDVVDQGR SHOD FULVH GR 0p[LFR H GD 5~VVLD DWp FKHJDU j FULVH PXQGLDO GH 
FDXVDUDPSURIXQGRLPSDFWRQDRUGHPMXUtGLFDGHWRGRVRVSDtVHVSULQFLSDOPHQWHGRVPDLVGHVHQYROYLGRV
1D YHUGDGH D FULVH HFRQ{PLFD PXQGLDO GHVHQFDGHDGD HP VHWHPEUR GH  DSyV D TXHEUD GR EDQFR
/HKPDQ %URWKHUV S{V RV VHUYLoRV ILQDQFHLURV VRE RV KRORIRWHV H UHYHORX TXH RV FRQVXPLGRUHV HVWDYDP
H[SRVWRV D ULVFRV LQDFHLWiYHLV QR PXQGR WRGR 2V EDQFRV HVWDYDP HQJDMDGRV HP QHJyFLRV HVSHFXODWLYRV TXH
WUD]LDP SRXFR RX QHQKXP EHQHILFLR DR FOLHQWH PDV H[SXQKDP RV FRUUHQWLVWDV D DOWtVVLPRV QtYHLV GH ULVFR
0HGLGDV MXUtGLFDV HPHUJHQFLDLV IRUDP WRPDGDV SHODV PDLRUHV SRWrQFLDV GR PXQGR SDUD HQIUHQWDU D FULVH H
UHVWDEHOHFHURHTXLOtEULRHFRQ{PLFRHRXWUDVDLQGDHVWmRVHQGRWRPDGDVSDUDTXHHVVHWLSRGHSUiWLFDQmRVH
UHSLWD ± UHIRUoR GR VLVWHPD UHJXODWyULR PDLRU FRQWUROH GRV VHUYLoRV ILQDQFHLURV HWF $ FULVH FDXVRX WDPEpP
XPLPSDFWRWHUUtYHOQDFRQILDQoDGRFRQVXPLGRULPSRQGRTXHRVJRYHUQRVHUHJXODGRUHVWRPDVVHPPHGLGDV
MXUtGLFDVSDUDUHFRQVWUXLUDFRQILDQoDQRVLVWHPD
,VVRWXGRHYLGHQFLDTXHReconômicopDQWHULRUDRjurídicoHDRORQJRGDHYROXomRVRFLDOSHUVLVWHHP
LQRYDUHDVXUSUHHQGHUROHJLVODGRU³1mRpRGLUHLWRTXHFULDDUHDOLGDGHGDFLUFXODomRGHULTXH]DV(OHDSHQDV
FRQVWDWD HVVD UHDOLGDGH H SURFXUD RXWRUJDU j VRFLHGDGH LQVWUXPHQWRV TXH RULHQWHP DV SHVVRDV D VH JDUDQWLU
FRQWUD SUiWLFDV DEXVLYDV H FRQWD FRP R DSRLR GD DXWRULGDGH HVWDWDO SDUD DWLQJLU RV UHVXOWDGRV HFRQ{PLFRV
OHJtWLPRVGHQWURGHXPDPELHQWHGHHTXLOtEULRHVHJXUDQoD´7+(2'252-81,25+XPEHUWR2EFLWS


18. FATORES POLÍTICOS

$ SDODYUD SROtWLFD HPERUD OLJDGD HWLPRORJLFDPHQWH D polis FLGDGH PRGHUQDPHQWH p XWLOL]DGD SDUD
GHVLJQDUDFLrQFLDHDDUWHGHJRYHUQDUDEUDQJHQGRDVUHODo}HVHQWUHRLQGLYtGXRHR(VWDGRDVUHODo}HVGRV
(VWDGRVHQWUHVLEHPFRPRDVIXQo}HVHDWULEXLo}HVGR(VWDGR
6H EHP H[DPLQDUPRV R FRQMXQWR GH DWULEXLo}HV GR (VWDGR YHUHPRV TXH p H[DWDPHQWH DWUDYpV GD
UHJXODPHQWDomRMXUtGLFDTXHR(VWDGRDVH[HUFH3RULVVRMiKRXYHTXHPLGHQWLILFDVVH(VWDGRH'LUHLWRvide
Teoria marxistaSULPHLURFDStWXORHDLQGDKRMHpDSHUVSHFWLYDGDPDLRULDGRVMXULVWDVHPIDFHGR(VWDGRe
TXHRVMXULVWDVHQIRFDPRGLUHLWRH[FOXVLYDPHQWHSHORkQJXORGDFLrQFLDMXUtGLFDSHORVHXDVSHFWRQRUPDWLYR
SXURFRPRMiRID]LD.HOVHQUD]mRSHODTXDOVXDWHRULDIRLWmRPDOFRPSUHHQGLGDSHORVVRFLyORJRV
6HP HQWUDU HP SROrPLFD YROWDPRV D HQIDWL]DU TXH GR kQJXOR VRFLROyJLFR HP TXH QRV VLWXDPRV Ki XPD
QtWLGDGLVWLQomRHQWUHR'LUHLWRHR(VWDGRHPERUDQmRVHSRVVDQHJDUDSUR[LPLGDGHHPTXHVHVLWXDPHVWH
VHUHDOL]DQGRVRFLDOPHQWHDWUDYpVGDTXHOH
$DSDULomRGRSRGHUSROtWLFRFRPRREVHUYRX1RUGL*UHFRSociologia jurídica$WDOD\DS
ORQJH GH VHU R UHVSRQViYHO SHOD JrQHVH GR GLUHLWR p DSHQDV XP HYHQWR TXH H[HUFH XPD UHDomR JUDYH H
LPHGLDWDWDQWRQDIXQomRHHVWUXWXUDMXUtGLFDVFRPRVREUHRFRQWH~GRGRGLUHLWR
3RUHVVDUD]mRRUHJLPHSROtWLFRGHXPSDtVH[HUFHLQIOXrQFLDGLUHWDVREUHVXDVUHJUDVGH'LUHLWR3~EOLFR
HDWpGH'LUHLWR3ULYDGR6HJXQGRRUHJLPHHPTXHVHYLYHPRQiUTXLFRDULVWRFUiWLFRIHXGDORXGHPRFUiWLFR
R'LUHLWR&RQVWLWXFLRQDO±DHVWiWLFDGR(VWDGREHPFRPRR'LUHLWR$GPLQLVWUDWLYRHR'LUHLWR)LVFDO±DVXD
GLQkPLFDDSUHVHQWDUmRSHFXOLDULGDGHV
$ SUySULD RUJDQL]DomR GD IDPtOLD D DTXLVLomR H R XVR GD SURSULHGDGH D OLYUH LQLFLDWLYD FRPHUFLDO RX
HFRQ{PLFD DV UHODo}HV HQWUH HPSUHJDGRV H SDWU}HV HWF DVVXPLUmR DVSHFWRV YDULDQWHV GH PDLRU RX PHQRU
ULJLGH]GHSHQGHQGRGRVIDWRUHVSROtWLFRVYLJHQWHV$GLVFLSOLQDMXUtGLFDGRGLUHLWRGHSURSULHGDGHHPXPSDtV
FRPXQLVWDWHPRULHQWDomRRSRVWDjGHXPSDtVFDSLWDOLVWD
7mRORJRFKHJDDRSRGHUXPQRYRSDUWLGRSROtWLFRDUUHJLPHQWDIRUoDVSROtWLFDVSDUDUHDOL]DUDVUHIRUPDV
DSUHJRDGDV SHOD VXD LGHRORJLD SROtWLFD UHIRUPDV FRQVWLWXFLRQDLV DGPLQLVWUDWLYDV WULEXWiULDV SUHYLGHQFLiULDV
HWFTXHDIHWDUmRPLOK}HVGHSHVVRDV2VSDtVHVVRFLDOLVWDVPRGHODPRVHX'LUHLWRFRORFDQGRRFRUSRVRFLDOHP
SULPHLUR SODQR H R LQGLYLGXR HP SODQR VHFXQGiULR RV OLEHUDOLVWDV GH QDWXUH]D LQGLYLGXDOLVWD UHFRQKHFHP D
DXWRQRPLD GD YRQWDGH LQGLYLGXDO RV QDFLRQDOLVWDV SULYLOHJLDP D iUHD HFRQ{PLFD H DVVLP SRU GLDQWH
/DPHQWDYHOPHQWHRQD]LVPRH[HUFHXXPDLQIOXrQFLDFDWDVWUyILFDVREUHDRUGHPMXUtGLFDHQWmRYLJHQWH
$ LQIOXrQFLD GRV IDWRUHV SROtWLFRV VREUH R 'LUHLWR WRUQDVH PDLV SDWHQWH QR FDVR GH UHYROXomR 0DO
FRQFOXtGD D WRPDGD GR SRGHU SHOR JUXSR UHYROXFLRQiULR VXUJH XP 'LUHLWR QRYR VXEVWLWXLQGR DTXHOH TXH
VHUYLDGHVXVWHQWiFXORQRUPDWLYRDRVLVWHPDVRFLDOSROtWLFRHHFRQ{PLFRFRQWUDRTXDODUHYROXomRVHODQoRX
$UHYROXomRDQRWD3DXOR1DGHU³pXPDFRQWHFLPHQWRSROtWLFRPRWLYDGRSHODLQVDWLVIDomRVRFLDOTXDQWR
jVLQVWLWXLo}HVHUHJLPHYLJHQWHV&DUDFWHUL]DVHSRUGXSODDomRintelectualHGHforça3UHVVXS}HLGHDOLVPR
TXH VH IXQGD HP QRYDV FRQFHSo}HV HP XPD LGHRORJLD TXH VH SUHWHQGH LPSODQWDU QD RUJDQL]DomR VRFLDO
,PEXtGR SHOR FKDPDGR HVStULWR UHYROXFLRQiULR R JUXSR TXH GHVWLWXLX RV JRYHUQDQWHV H DVVXPH R SRGHU GHYH
LQLFLDURWUDEDOKRGHUHIRUPXODomRVRFLDOGHDFRUGRFRPDILORVRILDSUHFRQL]DGDeFRPHVVDPXGDQoDHIHWLYD
TXHDUHYROXomRVHFRPSOHWD6HRPRYLPHQWRFRQWUDULDRVLVWHPDGHOHJDOLGDGHGR(VWDGRSRVVXLRSRGHUGH
LQVWLWXLU XPD QRYD RUGHP MXUtGLFD $ OHJLWLPLGDGH GR 'LUHLWR FULDGR EDVHLDVH QR DSRLR SRSXODU SRLV D
UHYROXomR LPSOLFD DGHVmR VRFLDO $ SRVVLELOLGDGH GH LQVWDXUDomR GH XP QRYR 'LUHLWR QRWDGDPHQWH R
&RQVWLWXFLRQDOpEiVLFDSRLVDOXWDUHYROXFLRQiULDH[LJHXPQRYRLQVWUXPHQWDOMXUtGLFRFDSD]GHGDUYDOLGDGH
HHILFiFLDjVWUDQVIRUPDo}HVTXHYLVDDRSHUDUQRTXDGURVRFLDO´2EFLWS(VVHQRYR'LUHLWRUHIOHWLQGR
DVQRYDVWHQGrQFLDVSROtWLFDVWUD]QRVHXERMRDLQWHQomRGHOHJLWLPDUHMXVWLILFDURSRGHUFRPRTXHVHIHFKD
RFLFORUHYROXFLRQiULR
$VVLP IRL QD *UpFLD FRP D /HJLVODomR GH 6yORQ FRPR OHPEURX 0DFKDGR 1HWR 2E FLW S  TXH
VLJQLILFRXDVXSHUDomRGHXPDTXHVWmRVRFLDODVVLPIRLHP5RPDFRPD/HLGDV;,,7iEXDVTXHHVWDEHOHFHX
XPDQRYDUHODomRHQWUHSDWUtFLRVHSOHEHXVDVVLPQRPXQGRPHGLHYDOFRPD0DJQD&DUWDDVVLPQR
PXQGRFRQWHPSRUkQHRFRPD'HFODUDomRGRV'LUHLWRVGR+RPHPHD/HJLVODomR1DSROH{QLFDGHFRUUHQWHVGD
YLWyULD GD UHYROXomR IUDQFHVD H DVVLP DWp PHVPR QR %UDVLO QR TXH GL] UHVSHLWR jV QRVVDV &RQVWLWXLo}HV GH
H$SULPHLUDUHVXOWRXGDUHYROXomRGDLQGHSHQGrQFLDDVHJXQGD
GDUHS~EOLFDDWHUFHLUDGDVUHYROXo}HVGHHDTXDUWDGRDGYHQWRGRIDVFLVPRHGR(VWDGR1RYRD
TXLQWDGDUHGHPRFUDWL]DomRGRSDtVDSyVDJXHUUDTXHGHUURWRXRIDVFLVPRQRSODQRLQWHUQDFLRQDODVH[WDGD
UHYROXomRGHD~OWLPDGDUHGHPRFUDWL]DomRGR(VWDGR%UDVLOHLUR
0RGHUQDPHQWH R TXH QRUPDOPHQWH RFRUUH p D FRQMXJDomR GH GRLV RX PDLV IDWRUHV SDUD RSHUDU D
PRGLILFDomR GD RUGHP MXUtGLFD FRPR EHP GHPRQVWUD R IDWR QRWLFLDGR SHOR O  Globo GH  ³$
UHIRUPD ILQDQFHLUD SURSRVWD SHOR SUHVLGHQWH %DUDFN 2EDPD FRQVHJXH DSRLR GH VHQDGRUHV GD RSRVLomR SDUD
DSURYDU R PDLRU SURMHWR GH UHJXODomR GR VLVWHPD ILQDQFHLUR GRV (VWDGRV 8QLGRV GHVGH ´ (P IDFH GD
JUDYH FULVH HFRQ{PLFD TXH VH LQLFLRX QRV (VWDGRV 8QLGRV HP  H VH DODVWURX SHOR PXQGR WRGR
SULQFLSDOPHQWH SHORV SDtVHV GD (XURSD WRUQRXVH LPSHULRVD XPD UHIRUPD UDGLFDO QR VLVWHPD ILQDQFHLUR
DPHULFDQR (LV Dt R IDWRU HFRQ{PLFR (VVD UHIRUPD HQWUHWDQWR Vy VH WRUQRX SRVVtYHO PHGLDQWH XP JUDQGH
HQWHQGLPHQWR SROtWLFR HQYROYHQGR DWp RV VHQDGRUHV GR SDUWLGR GH RSRVLomR DR SUHVLGHQWH 2EDPD (LV Dt R
IDWRUSROtWLFR
'HQWUH DV SULQFLSDLV FRQVHTXrQFLDV GD DWXDomR GRV IDWRUHV SROtWLFRV VREUH R GLUHLWR PHQFLRQDGRV SRU
0DFKDGR1HWR2EFLWSGHVWDFDPRVDVVHJXLQWHV

 ³2 GLUHLWR VRIUH QHFHVVDULDPHQWH R LPSDFWR GH XPD WHQGrQFLD FHQWUDOL]DGRUD 'D QRUPD
LQGLIHUHQFLDGDSDVVDVHjFHQWUDOL]DomRMXULVGLFLRQDOHGDtjFHQWUDOL]DomROHJLVODWLYD´
 ³&ULDPVH FRQGLo}HV REMHWLYDV SDUD R DSDUHFLPHQWR JUDGDWLYR GD GLVWLQomR HQWUH GLUHLWR S~EOLFR H
SULYDGRRSULPHLURFRPRDUHJXODPHQWDomRGDFRQGXWDGRVLQGLYtGXRVQDTXHOHVSRQWRVTXHPDLVGH
SHUWRGL]HPUHVSHLWRDRLQWHUHVVHFROHWLYRRXHVWDWDOHRVHJXQGRHPTXHRLQWHUHVVHGRPLQDQWHpR
GRVSDUWLFXODUHV´
 ³$SDUHFLPHQWRGDVFRQGLo}HVREMHWLYDVSDUDRGLUHLWRVHSDUDUVHGDVQRUPDVVRFLDLVRGLUHLWRSDVVDD
VHU D QRUPD HVWDWDO SRU H[FHOrQFLD D PRUDO H DV QRUPDV GR WUDWR YmR DSDUHFHU FRPR DV IRUPDV
HVSHFtILFDV GD VRFLDOL]DomR TXDQGR HVWD p UHDOL]DGD GLUHWDPHQWH SHOD VRFLHGDGH H SHORV GLYHUVRV
JUXSRVVRFLDLVH[WUDHVWDWDLV´

19. FATORES CULTURAIS

6H FRPSDUDUPRV R GLUHLWR GH XPD VRFLHGDGH FXOWXUDOPHQWH GHVHQYROYLGD FRP R GH RXWUD LQFXOWD
FRQVWDWDUHPRVLPHGLDWDPHQWHDQHFHVViULDKDUPRQLDH[LVWHQWHHQWUHDRUGHPMXUtGLFDHRVIDWRUHVGHFXOWXUD2
GLUHLWR HYROXL DFRPSDQKDQGR D HYROXomR FXOWXUDO D SRQWR GH SRGHUPRV DILUPDU VHU HOH R DVSHFWR FXOWXUDO GH
XPSRYR
&DGDSRYRWHPVXDSHFXOLDULGDGHVXDWHQGrQFLDRXGRPQDWXUDO$*UpFLDSRUH[HPSORQRWDELOL]RXVH
SHODDUWHSHODFXOWXUDRVKHEUHXVSHODUHOLJLmRRVIHQtFLRVSHODQDYHJDomR5RPDSHORGLUHLWR3RLVRGLUHLWR
GHFDGDXPGHVVHVSRYRVUHIOHWHRDVSHFWRFXOWXUDOHPTXHPDLVVHGHVHQYROYHUDPHTXDQGRDFXOWXUDGHXPp
FRORFDGD HP FRQWDWR FRP D GH RXWUR Ki LQIOXrQFLDV UHFtSURFDV VREUH R GLUHLWR GH FDGD XP $ FRQTXLVWD GD
*UpFLD FRPR p VDELGR SRU WRGRV H[HUFHX LQIOXrQFLD GHFLVLYD QmR DSHQDV QDV DUWHV H QD OLWHUDWXUD URPDQDV
PDVWDPEpPQDVVXDVLQVWLWXLo}HVMXUtGLFDV

19.1. O que é cultura?

+i QD PLWRORJLD JUHJD XP SHUVRQDJHP OHPEUDGR SRU 0DFKDGR 1HWR 2E FLW S  TXH EHP DMXGD
QHVVDWDUHIDGHFRQFHLWXDUDFXOWXUD
4XDQGR GD FULDomR GR PXQGR (SLPHWHX FRQVHJXLX SDUD RV DQLPDLV VHXV SURWHJLGRV WXGR DTXLOR TXH
OKHVHUDQHFHVViULRSDUDDVREUHYLYrQFLDGHQWHVIRUWHVHDJXGRVIRUoDGHVFRPXQDOSHORVDEXQGDQWHVFKLIUHV
SRQWLDJXGRV FDVFRV UHVLVWHQWHV HVSLQKRV FDUDSDoDV GHVWUH]D LQYXOJDU HWF 3DUD R KRPHP QDGD UHVWRX
ILFDQGRHOHQXHGHVDPSDUDGRQDQDWXUH]D
)RLHQWmRTXH3URPHWHXFRPSHQDGRKRPHPVXEWUDLXXPDUFKRWHGRFDUURIODPHMDQWHGH=HXVHGHXR
GHSUHVHQWHjKXPDQLGDGH
,QGLJQDGRFRPDRXVDGLDGH3URPHWHXDPLJRGRVKRPHQVRUHLGRVGHXVHVVXEPHWHXRDFUXHOFDVWLJR
DFRUUHQWDQGRR DR &iXFDVR RQGH XP DEXWUH YLQKD SHULRGLFDPHQWH GHYRUDUOKH R ItJDGR $VVLP DJLUD =HXV
SRUTXHVDELDTXHGHSRVVHGRIRJRGLYLQRRKRPHPVHWRUQDULDXPYHUGDGHLURVHPLGHXVGHFULDWXUDSDVVDULD
DFULDGRUFDSD]GHWUDQVIRUPDUHPXWLOLGDGHHPDUPDVGHGHIHVDHDWDTXHWXGRDTXLORHPTXHFRORFDVVHDV
PmRV
1D YHUGDGH DVVLP IRL SRLV FRP EDVH QRV FRQKHFLPHQWRV TXH DGTXLULX H GHVHQYROYHX R KRPHP
WUDQVIRUPRXSHGUDHPPDFKDGRSHOHGHDQLPDLVHPYHVWXiULRPHWDLVHQFRQWUDGRVQDQDWXUH]DHPPiTXLQDVH
LQVWUXPHQWRV DJUtFRODV &RP R VHX GHVHQYROYLPHQWR FXOWXUDO FRQVHJXLX GRPLQDU DV IRUoDV GD QDWXUH]D
GRPHVWLFDURVDQLPDLVGLVFLSOLQDUDODYRXUDFULDUDDUWHDFLrQFLDDUHOLJLmRDWpFQLFDRGLUHLWRDILORVRILD
DP~VLFDHQILPOHYDUDRLQILQLWRRVVHXVFRQKHFLPHQWRV
6yRKRPHPDFHQGHIRJRHGHOHVHXWLOL]DVyHOHGRPHVWLFDDQLPDLVFRQVWUyLFLGDGHVLQYHQWDPiTXLQDV
HVFUHYHSRHVLDV6yRKRPHPWHPFRQGLo}HVGHFULDUXPPXQGRSUySULRRPXQGRGRVREMHWRVGRVSURGXWRV
GHVXDPmRHGHVHXSHQVDPHQWReRGHQRPLQDGRPXQGRFXOWXUDOKXPDQRFXMDQDWXUH]DHFXMDVOHLVQmRVH
FRQIXQGHP QHP FRP DV GR PXQGR ItVLFR QHP FRP DV GR SVLTXLVPR LQGLYLGXDO ,QWHJUDGR SRU VtPERORV H
REMHWRV SRU LQVWUXPHQWRV H PRGRV GH SHQVDU SRU QRUPDV GH FRQGXWDV H LQVWLWXLo}HV DVVHQWDVH R PXQGR
KXPDQR WDQWR QD DWLYLGDGH HVSLULWXDO FRPR QD DWLYLGDGH PDWHULDO GRV KRPHQV +(50(6 /,0$ 2S FLW S

&XOWXUD p LVVR 6mR FRQKHFLPHQWRV TXH YmR VH IRUPDQGR WUDQVPLWLQGRVH D RXWUDV JHUDo}HV FRPR
DXWrQWLFDKHUDQoDVRFLDO
1D GHILQLomR GH 7D\ORU FLWDGR SRU +HUPHV /LPD 2E FLW S  ³FXOWXUD p R FRQMXQWR GH
FRQKHFLPHQWRV FUHQoDV DUWHV GH UHJUDV PRUDLV MXUtGLFDV H GH FRVWXPHV H GH TXDLVTXHU RXWUDV DSWLG}HV GR
KRPHPSRUHOHDGTXLULGDVHPVXDFRQGLomRGHPHPEURGDVRFLHGDGH´
1RV WHPSRV PRGHUQRV D LQWHUFRPXQLFDomR VRFLDO p SRGHURVR IDWRU GH IRUPDomR H GHVHQYROYLPHQWR
FXOWXUDO DR SDVVR TXH R LVRODPHQWR UHWDUGD R SURJUHVVR GD FXOWXUD GR SRYR JHUDQGR D HVWDJQDomR H D
LPRELOLGDGHFRPRRFRUUHXGXUDQWHPXLWDVGpFDGDVFRPD&KLQDHFRP&XED
$ PDLRU HYLGrQFLD GH VHU R 'LUHLWR XPD PDQLIHVWDomR GH FXOWXUD VRFLDO XP IHQ{PHQR FXOWXUDO HVWi QR
IDWRGHVXUJLUHPQRYRVUDPRVGR'LUHLWRjPHGLGDTXHVHH[SDQGHRPXQGRFXOWXUDOGRSRYR)DODPRVKRMH
HP 'LUHLWR (VSDFLDO 1XFOHDU GDV 7HOHFRPXQLFDo}HV HWF UHDOLGDGH VRPHQWH SRVVtYHO JUDoDV DR SURJUHVVR
FLHQWtILFRGRVWHPSRVPRGHUQRV

20. FATORES RELIGIOSOS

1RVSRYRVDQWLJRVRGLUHLWRQmRVHGLIHUHQFLDYDGDUHOLJLmR3UDWLFDPHQWHVHFRQIXQGLDPSRUTXHRSRGHU
DDXWRULGDGHRGLUHLWRHDUHOLJLmRHPDQDYDPGDPHVPDGLYLQGDGHHTXDVHVHPSUHHVWDYDPFHQWUDOL]DGRVQDV
PmRVGDPHVPDSHVVRD4XDQGRRFKHIHSROtWLFRQmRHUDWDPEpPROtGHUUHOLJLRVRHVWHSDUWLOKDYDGRSRGHU
H[HUFHQGRLPHQVDLQIOXrQFLDVREUHRSRYR
(P DOJXQV SRYRV FRPR RV HJtSFLRV KHEUHXV FDOGHXV WRUQDVH GLItFLO GLVWLQJXLU OHJLVODGRU H SURIHWD
MXULVWD H VDFHUGRWH FyGLJR H OLYUR VDJUDGR OHL H WDEX FULPH H SHFDGR SURFHVVR H ULWXDO SHQD H SXUJDomR GR
SHFDGR$VOHJLVODo}HVHUDPSRUWDQWRUHSOHWDVGHULWXDLVSUHFHLWRVHSURLELo}HVGHRUGHPUHOLJLRVD
2V SULPHLURV LQWpUSUHWHV GR GLUHLWR IRUDP RV VDFHUGRWHV KRPHQV WDOKDGRV SDUD WDO RItFLR SHOD QDWXUH]D
GDV RFXSDo}HV TXH GHVHPSHQKDYDP QDV VRFLHGDGHV UXGLPHQWDUHV 7LQKDP D SRVVH GRV SRVWRV GH FRPDQGR
OHJLVODGRUHV FKHIHV PLOLWDUHV FRQVHOKHLURV R TXH FRUUHVSRQGLD j SRVVH WDPEpP GD ULTXH]D H GRV
SULYLOpJLRV 2V VDFHUGRWHV FRQWDYDP FRP D FUHQoD SRSXODU TXH RV FRQVLGHUDYD LQVSLUDGRV SHORV GHXVHV H
FHUFDYDP R GLUHLWR GH XP IRUPDOLVPR WHUUtYHO FRQYHUWHQGRR HP FLrQFLD GH LQLFLDGRV LQDFHVVtYHO DR SRYR
7XGR HUD FRQVHUYDGR HP VHJUHGR QD PHVPD IDPtOLD WUDQVPLWLQGRVH GH SDL SDUD ILOKR R PRQRSyOLR GH
FRQKHFHURGLUHLWR
6RPHQWH DSyV XP OHQWR H SURORQJDGR SURFHVVR GH VHFXODUL]DomR VRE R LPSDFWR GH FLYLOL]Do}HV PDLV
DGLDQWDGDVRGLUHLWRIRLVHVHSDUDQGRGDUHOLJLmR±RPXQGRSURIDQRGRVDJUDGR
+RMH SRGHVH GL]HU GH XP PRGR JHUDO TXH D UHOLJLmR VH RFXSD FRP R IRUR tQWLPR FRP D FRQVFLrQFLD
SHVVRDODRSDVVRTXHRGLUHLWRWUDWDGRIRURH[WHUQRDUHOLJLmRVHSUHRFXSDFRPDVUHODo}HVHQWUHRKRPHPH
D GLYLQGDGH R GLUHLWR GLVFLSOLQD DV UHODo}HV VRFLDLV TXH VH WUDYDP HQWUH R KRPHP H R KRPHP RX HQWUH R
KRPHPHRJUXSR

20.1. Influência da religião sobre o direito

$OJXQV VLVWHPDV MXUtGLFRV WDO FRPR HQWUH RV SRYRV DQWLJRV DLQGD KRMH HVWmR SURIXQGDPHQWH
LPSUHJQDGRV GH UHOLJLmR D H[HPSOR GR TXH RFRUUH QR 0XQGR ,VOkPLFR RQGH UHJUDV MXUtGLFDV H UHOLJLRVDV
SUDWLFDPHQWH VH FRQIXQGHP (QWUHWDQWR PHVPR RV VLVWHPDV MXUtGLFRV OHLJRV RQGH UHOLJLmR H GLUHLWR QmR VH
FRQIXQGHP H D ,JUHMD HVWi VHSDUDGD GR (VWDGR QmR GHL[DP GH UHFHEHU D LQIOXrQFLD FRQVWDQWH GRV IDWRUHV
UHOLJLRVRV
&RPR H[HPSOR OHPEUDPRV DV WUDQVIRUPDo}HV RFRUULGDV QR 'LUHLWR URPDQR QR TXH GL] UHVSHLWR D
FDVDPHQWR GLYyUFLR ILOLDomR HVWDGR MXUtGLFR GD PXOKHU HWF TXDQGR VH GHIURQWRX FRP DV LGHLDV FULVWmV QRV
VpFXORV,,,H,9GHQRVVDHUD1D,GDGH0pGLDTXDQGRGDIRUPDomRGR'LUHLWRFDQ{QLFRDUHOLJLmRFRQWLQXRX
H[HUFHQGR ODUJDPHQWH D VXD LQIOXrQFLD FXOPLQDQGR FRP D FULDomR GH QRYDV LQVWLWXLo}HV 1RV GLDV DWXDLV RV
SDtVHV RQGH SUHGRPLQD R SURWHVWDQWLVPR VmR EHP PDLV OLEHUDLV SDUD FRP FHUWRV DVVXQWRV MXUtGLFRV GR TXH
DTXHOHV RQGH SUHGRPLQD R FDWROLFLVPR 2 GLYyUFLR SRU H[HPSOR IRL DSURYDGR QR %UDVLO GHSRLV GH ORQJD H
VLVWHPiWLFDFDPSDQKDFRQWUiULDTXHD,JUHMD&DWyOLFDOKHPRYHX(DWpKRMHQmRWHPRVOHLVUHJXODPHQWDQGRR
FRQWUROHGDQDWDOLGDGHHPUD]mRGDDFLUUDGDRSRVLomRTXHVHWRUHVFRQVHUYDGRUHVUHOLJLRVRVOKHID]HP

20.2. Outros fatores sociais

(VVHVVmRRVSULQFLSDLVIDWRUHVVRFLDLVGDHYROXomRGR'LUHLWRPDVFRPRHVWHVPXLWRVRXWURVH[LVWHPD
H[HUFHU LGrQWLFD LQIOXrQFLD SRLV VHQGR R GLUHLWR XP IHQ{PHQR VRFLDO DWXDP VREUH HOH WRGRV RV IDWRUHV TXH
DWXDP VREUH D VRFLHGDGH 2 FOLPD R WHUULWyULR R Q~PHUR GH KDELWDQWHV RV UHFXUVRV QDWXUDLV RV JUXSRV
RUJDQL]DGRVHDSUySULDRSLQLmRS~EOLFDGHVSHUWDGDSHODPtGLDDUHVSHLWRGHDOJXPFDVRUXPRURVRVmRRXWURV
WDQWRV IDWRUHV GD HYROXomR GR 'LUHLWR 6HUYHQRV GH ERP H[HPSOR R (VWDWXWR GR 'HVDUPDPHQWR TXH DR
SURPXOJiOR R 3UHVLGHQWH /XOD GLVVH TXH HVVD QRYD OHL ³H[SUHVVD D YRQWDGH XQkQLPH GD VRFLHGDGH´ +i QD
UHDOLGDGH D JHQHUDOL]DGD FRQYLFomR GH TXH D TXDQWLGDGH GH DUPDV HP FLUFXODomR HP SRGHU GD SRSXODomR p
FDXVDGLUHWDGRVDOWRVtQGLFHVGHYLROrQFLD3HORPHQRVDPDLRULDGRVKRPLFtGLRVQmRRFRUUHULDVHRDJUHVVRU
QmR HVWLYHVVH DUPDGR R TXH Mi QmR VHULD SRXFR (P YLQWH DQRV  PHLR PLOKmR GH SHVVRDV IRUDP
DVVDVVLQDGDV QR %UDVLO VHJXQGR OHYDQWDPHQWR GR 0LQLVWpULR GD -XVWLoD (VVH Q~PHUR GH KRPLFtGLRV
UHSUHVHQWD PHWDGH GRV PRUWRV QRV RLWR DQRV GH JXHUUD ,Um,UDTXH QD GpFDGD GH  H D VH[WD SDUWH GRV
PRUWRVQD*XHUUDGR9LHWQmXPGRVFRQIOLWRVPDLVYLROHQWRVGRILQDOGRVpFXOR;;(QWUHRVSDtVHVTXHQmR
HQIUHQWDPJXHUUDFLYLOR%UDVLOGHWpPRUHFRUGHGHPRUWHVSRUDUPDGHIRJR(PWHUPRVDEVROXWRVRHVWDGR
PDLVYLROHQWRp6mR3DXORSDOFRGHDVVDVVLQDWRVHQWUHMDQHLURHMXQKRGH(PVHJXLGDYHPR5LR
GH-DQHLURFRPKRPLFtGLRV6HJXQGRRH[PLQLVWURGD-XVWLoD5HQDQ&DOKHLURVR%UDVLOpRFDPSHmR
PXQGLDOHPKRPLFtGLRV$ILUPRXHOHDLQGDTXHPDLVGHGHVVHVKRPLFtGLRVHPTXHFULPLQRVRVHYtWLPD
QmRVHFRQKHFHPQmRVmRHVFODUHFLGRVO Globo,
(QWUHWDQWR D DSURYDomR GD /HL GR 'HVDUPDPHQWR QmR IRL QDGD IiFLO 2 3UHVLGHQWH )HUQDQGR +HQULTXH
QmR FRQVHJXLX ID]HU DQGDU R VHX SURMHWR GH OHL D UHVSHLWR GD PDWpULD PHVPR GHSRLV GH ID]HU GR HQYLR GD
PHQVDJHP DR &RQJUHVVR XPD IHVWD S~EOLFD H XP FRPSURPLVVR 2 Lobby FRQWUD R SURMHWR RUJDQL]DGR
SULQFLSDOPHQWHSRUIDEULFDQWHVGHDUPDVHPXQLomRIRLPDLVIRUWH3DUDYHQFHUHVVDUHVLVWrQFLDIRLQHFHVViULD
XPD JUDQGH PRELOL]DomR GD RSLQLmR S~EOLFD SDUD R TXH D PtGLD H DV DVVRFLDo}HV FLYLV PXLWR FRQWULEXtUDP
RUJDQL]DQGRHGLYXOJDQGRJUDQGHVPDQLIHVWDo}HVHPSDVVHDWDVQR5LRGH-DQHLURHHPWRGRR%UDVLO
&RQFOXtPRV HVWH FDStWXOR FRP DV SDODYUDV GR VDXGRVR H ViELR 2VFDU 7HQyULR ³D YLGD GDV QRUPDV
MXUtGLFDVQmRpHWHUQDHODERUDGDVSDUDDVUHODo}HVGRVKRPHQVHPVRFLHGDGHWrPRVHXGHVWLQRFRQGLFLRQDGR
DR substractum VRFLDO TXH HODV GLVFLSOLQDP H RUGHQDP´ Lei  de  introdução  ao  Código  Civil  brasileiro
%RUVRLS$VPXGDQoDVQDVRFLHGDGHPDLVFHGRRXPDLVWDUGHUHIOHWHPHPPXGDQoDVQDOHJLVODomR
HPYLJRURXHPXPDQRYDLQWHUSUHWDomRGDGDDQRUPDVDQWHULRUHV
 Conceito  de  fonte  e  espécies:  fontes  materiais  ou  de  produção;  fontes  formais  ou  de  conhecimento.  As
fontes  mais  importantes  do  ponto  de  vista  sociológico.  O  costume  –  conceito  e  elementos.  Origem  e
expansão  do  costume.  O  papel  do  costume.  Espécies  de  costume.  A  jurisprudência:  o  papel  da
jurisprudência em Roma e nas sociedades modernas; o papel da jurisprudência nas sociedades legalistas.
Exemplos  de  jurisprudência  transformada  em  lei.  Relação  entre  a  jurisprudência  e  o  costume.  A  lei.
Semelhança e distinção entre a lei e o costume. Sistema preferido – o costume ou a lei?

2 WHPD UHODFLRQDGR jV IRQWHV GR 'LUHLWR p QRUPDOPHQWH DERUGDGR SRU WRGDV DV REUDV GH ,QWURGXomR j
&LrQFLD GR 'LUHLWR GHFRUUHQGR GDt D LQGDJDomR SRU TXH WDPEpP H[DPLQiOR QXP FRPSrQGLR GH 6RFLRORJLD
-XUtGLFD"
e TXH D 6RFLRORJLD -XUtGLFD FRPR Mi YLPRV HQIRFD R 'LUHLWR SRU DVSHFWR SUySULR SHFXOLDU ± R IDWR
VRFLDOHGLVVRGHFRUUHPSRQWRVGHYLVWDHVSHFLDLVFRPUHODomRjVVXDVIRQWHV7HUHPRVRSRUWXQLGDGHGHYHU
TXHDVSULQFLSDLVIRQWHVGR'LUHLWRSDUDD6RFLRORJLD-XUtGLFDQmRVmRDVPHVPDVSDUDD&LrQFLDGR'LUHLWR
TXHRHQIRFDSHORDVSHFWRQRUPDWLYR
$GHPDLV R H[DPH GR WHPD SURSRVWR DMXGDUi R HVWXGDQWH D YHU FRP PDLV FODUH]D DV GLVWLQo}HV HQWUH D
6RFLRORJLD-XUtGLFDHD&LrQFLD-XUtGLFD

21. CONCEITOS E ESPÉCIES

$SDODYUDIRQWHHWLPRORJLFDPHQWHfons, fontisHVWiOLJDGDDIHQ{PHQRVGDQDWXUH]DLQGLFDQGRDRULJHP

RXQDVFLPHQWRGHXPFXUVRGHiJXD
(P GLUHLWR D SDODYUD OLJDVH WDPEpP j LGHLD GH RULJHP QDVFLPHQWR PDV SRGH VHU HPSUHJDGD HP GXDV
DFHSo}HVGLIHUHQWHVKLVWyULFDRXGRFXPHQWiULDHGRJPiWLFD
1R VHQWLGR KLVWyULFR RX GRFXPHQWiULR FRQVLGHUDPVH IRQWHV WRGRV RV GDGRV RX HOHPHQWRV GH TXDOTXHU
QDWXUH]DTXHQRVWUDJDPDOJXPDLQIRUPDomRVREUHRGLUHLWRHDVLQVWLWXLo}HVMXUtGLFDVSUHVHQWHVRXSDVVDGDV
$VVLP SRU H[HPSOR VHUmR FRQVLGHUDGDV IRQWHV PDQXVFULWRV DQWLJRV SDSLURV LQVFULo}HV PRQXPHQWRV
PDWHULDODUTXHROyJLFRGHVGHTXHIRUQHoDPLQIRUPDo}HVVREUHRGLUHLWR
1RVHQWLGRGRJPiWLFRRTXHQRVLQWHUHVVDQRPRPHQWRDSDODYUDIRQWHGHVLJQDDRULJHPDSURFHGrQFLD
R HOHPHQWR JHUDGRU D FDXVD GH DOJR ± QHVWH FDVR R GLUHLWR 4XDQGR IDODPRV HP IRQWH GR 'LUHLWR SRUWDQWR
HVWDPRVQRVUHIHULQGRDWXGRTXDQWRFRQFRUUDSDUDDVXDH[LVWrQFLDVHXDSDUHFLPHQWRHIRUPDomR
&RVWXPDVHFODVVLILFDUDVIRQWHVGR'LUHLWRHPmateriaisHformais
$V fontes  materiais VmR DVVLP FKDPDGDV SRUTXH QD UHDOLGDGH PDWHULDOPHQWH IDODQGR VmR DV
UHVSRQViYHLVSHODHODERUDomRGR'LUHLWR$SDODYUDPDWHULDOYHPGHPDWpULDVXEVWkQFLDHVVrQFLDUD]mRSHOD
TXDOpXVDGDSDUDLQGLFDUDTXHODVIRQWHVTXHYHUGDGHLUDPHQWHWrPVXEVWkQFLDGHIRQWH6HOKHH[DPLQDUPRVR
FRQWH~GR YHUHPRV TXH R 'LUHLWR p Dt HODERUDGR 3RU LVVR DV IRQWHV PDWHULDLV VmR WDPEpP FKDPDGDV IRQWHV
substanciais ou de produção
$Vfontes formais SRU VXD YH] VmR DVVLP FKDPDGDV SRUTXH GH IRQWH Vy WrP D IRUPD QDGD SRUpP GH
FRQWH~GR $SDUHQWHPHQWH R 'LUHLWR WHP RULJHP QDV IRQWHV IRUPDLV PDV QD UHDOLGDGH HODV DSHQDV R WRUQDP
FRQKHFLGR 3RU LVVR VmR WDPEpP FKDPDGDV fontes  de  conhecimento 6H SXGpVVHPRV XVDU XPD ILJXUD QDGD
RUWRGR[D GLUtDPRV TXH R 'LUHLWR p SURGX]LGR QDV IRQWHV PDWHULDLV H HPEDODGR H GLVWULEXtGR SHODV IRQWHV
IRUPDLV
3DUD R VRFLyORJR SRUWDQWR DR FRQWUiULR GR MXULVWD DV IRQWHV IRUPDLV QmR SDVVDP GH PHLRV GH
H[WHULRUL]DomR RX GH FRQKHFLPHQWR GR 'LUHLWR HODERUDGR SHODV IRQWHV PDWHULDLV DV ~QLFDV TXH UHDOPHQWH
PHUHFHPDGHVLJQDomRGHIRQWH

22. FONTES MATERIAIS OU DE PRODUÇÃO

$V IRQWHV PDWHULDLV SRGHP VHU imediata TXH HVWi PDLV SUy[LPD H mediata PDLV GLVWDQWH )RQWH
PDWHULDOLPHGLDWDVmRRVyUJmRVOHJLIHUDQWHVGR(VWDGRRXVHMDDTXHOHVTXHVHJXQGRDRUGHPFRQVWLWXFLRQDO
WrPDIXQomRGHOHJLVODUWDQWRQR3RGHU/HJLVODWLYRFRPRQR([HFXWLYR)RQWHPDWHULDOPHGLDWDRXUHPRWDpD
VRFLHGDGH SRLV FRQIRUPH ILFRX GHPRQVWUDGR QD SULPHLUD SDUWH GHVWH WUDEDOKR R 'LUHLWR HPDQD GR JUXSR
VRFLDO 'H DFRUGR FRP D OLomR GH 3DXOR 1DGHU ³R 'LUHLWR QmR p XP SURGXWR DUELWUiULR GD YRQWDGH GR
OHJLVODGRUPDVXPDFULDomRTXHVHODVWUHLDQRTXHUHUVRFLDOeDVRFLHGDGHFRPRFHQWURGHUHODo}HVGHYLGD
FRPRVHGHGHDFRQWHFLPHQWRVTXHHQYROYHPRKRPHPTXHPIRUQHFHDROHJLVODGRURVHOHPHQWRVQHFHVViULRVj
IRUPDomR GDV HVWUXWXUDV MXUtGLFDV &RPR FDXVD SURGXWRUD GR 'LUHLWR DV IRQWHV PDWHULDLV VmR FRQVWLWXtGDV
SHORV IDWRV VRFLDLV SHORV SUREOHPDV TXH HPHUJHP QD VRFLHGDGH H TXH VmR FRQGLFLRQDGRV SHORV FKDPDGRV
fatoresGR'LUHLWRFRPRD0RUDOD(FRQRPLDD*HRJUDILDHQWUHRXWURV´2EFLWS
$V IRQWHV IRUPDLV RX GH FRQKHFLPHQWR WDPEpP VH GLYLGHP HP LPHGLDWD H PHGLDWD VHQGR D SULPHLUD
FRQVWLWXtGDSHODOHLHDVRXWUDVSHORVFRVWXPHVHDMXULVSUXGrQFLD

23. AS FONTES MAIS IMPORTANTES DO PONTO DE VISTA SOCIOLÓGICO

6H R 'LUHLWR p XP IDWR RX SURGXWR VRFLDO GR JUXSR FRPR JUXSR FODUR TXH SDUD R VRFLyORJR D IRQWH
PDWHULDOPDLVLPSRUWDQWHpDVRFLHGDGHRSUySULRJUXSRKXPDQR(VWDpDIRQWHSULPHLUDVXSUHPDYLYDVHP
DTXDOQmRKDYHULDTXHIDODUHP'LUHLWR(QWUHDVIRQWHVIRUPDLVRFRVWXPHPHUHFHDSUHIHUrQFLDGDVRFLRORJLD
MXUtGLFD SRUTXH FRQVWLWXL D SULPHLUD H SULQFLSDO PDQLIHVWDomR GR 'LUHLWR FULDGR SHOD VRFLHGDGH 7mR ORJR D
VRFLHGDGHHODERUDXPDGHWHUPLQDGDIRUPDRXUHJUDGHFRQGXWDH[WHULRUL]DDDWUDYpVGRFRVWXPHDH[SUHVVmR
DXWrQWLFDGDFRQVFLrQFLDMXUtGLFDVRFLDO
-i SDUD R MXULVWD TXH FRPR YLPRV HQIRFD R 'LUHLWR SHOR DVSHFWR QRUPDWLYR DV FRLVDV QmR VmR EHP
DVVLP$SULQFLSDOH~QLFDSDUDDOJXQVIRQWHPDWHULDOpR(VWDGRRVyUJmRVOHJLVODWLYRVVHQGRDOHLDPDLV
LPSRUWDQWHIRQWHIRUPDO
1mR YDPRV WUDWDU QHVWH WUDEDOKR GDV IRQWHV PDWHULDLV RX GH SURGXomR SRUTXH D LPHGLDWD yUJmRV
OHJLVODWLYRV p PDWpULD GR 'LUHLWR &RQVWLWXFLRQDO H D PHGLDWD D VRFLHGDGH Mi IRL HVWXGDGD HP 6RFLRORJLD
*HUDO 9DPRV SRLV QRV RFXSDU DSHQDV FRP DV IRQWHV IRUPDLV FRPHoDQGR SRU DTXHOD TXH PHUHFH D
SUHIHUrQFLDGDVRFLRORJLD

24. O COSTUME – CONCEITO E ELEMENTOS

+iGRLVHOHPHQWRVFRQVWLWXWLYRVQDVQRUPDVGRGLUHLWRFRQVXHWXGLQiULRRH[WHUQRHRLQWHUQR
2 HOHPHQWR H[WHUQR REMHWLYR GH QDWXUH]D PDWHULDO p UHSUHVHQWDGR SRU XPD VpULH GH DWRV VHPHOKDQWHV
XQLIRUPHVHFRQVWDQWHPHQWHUHSHWLGRVLQGLFDQGRXPFRPSRUWDPHQWRLGrQWLFRSHORVPHPEURVGDFRPXQLGDGH
eDPDQHLUDSHODTXDORFRVWXPHVHH[WHULRUL]DWRUQDQGRVHFRQKHFLGR
6LJQLILFD LVWR GL]HU TXH SDUD KDYHU FRVWXPH p SUHFLVR XQLIRUPLGDGH QD VpULH GH DWRV QmR EDVWDQGR D
UHSHWLomRGHDWRVGLIHUHQWHVTXHHVVDUHSHWLomRVHMDFRQVWDQWHLQLQWHUUXSWDSUDWLFDGDFRPUHJXODULGDGHHFHUWD
GXUDomRQmRVHQGRVXILFLHQWHDUHSHWLomRHYHQWXDOTXHDSUiWLFDFRQVWDQWHHXQLIRUPHVHMDWDPEpPJHUDOLVWR
pSUDWLFDGDSHODJHQHUDOLGDGHGRJUXSRHQmRDSHQDVSRUDOJXQVGRVVHXVPHPEURV
 2 HOHPHQWR LQWHUQR GH QDWXUH]D SVLFROyJLFD p D FRQYLFomR MXUtGLFD GH TXH D REVHUYkQFLD GHVVD SUiWLFD
FRUUHVSRQGH D XPD QHFHVVLGDGH GH GLUHLWR 7UDWDVH GH HOHPHQWR VXEMHWLYR H FRQVLVWH QD FRQVFLrQFLD GD
REULJDWRULHGDGHGDQRUPDQRFRQYHQFLPHQWRtQWLPRGHTXHDSUiWLFDGHWDLVDWRVUHSUHVHQWDXPDQHFHVVLGDGH
FROHWLYDeSULQFLSDOPHQWHVREUHHVWHVHJXQGRHOHPHQWRTXHVHIXQGDDUD]mRGDREULJDWRULHGDGHGRFRVWXPH
SRLVDFROHWLYLGDGHVyFRPHoDDWHUXPFRPSRUWDPHQWRFRQVWDQWHHXQLIRUPHTXDQGRLQWLPDPHQWHFRQYHQFLGD
GHTXHHVVHFRPSRUWDPHQWRpDGHTXDGRjVVXDVQHFHVVLGDGHVMXUtGLFDV
3DUD HODERUDUPRV DJRUD R FRQFHLWR GH FRVWXPH EDVWD MXQWDUPRV RV VHXV GRLV HOHPHQWRV H WHUHPRV
FRVWXPHpDUHSHWLomRFRQVWDQWHHXQLIRUPHGHGHWHUPLQDGRVDWRVSHORVPHPEURVGHFHUWDFRPXQLGDGHVRFLDO
FRP D FRQVFLrQFLD GH TXH FRUUHVSRQGHP D XPD QHFHVVLGDGH MXUtGLFD (P RXWUDV SDODYUDV p D FRQGXWD VRFLDO
UHLWHUDGDGHIRUPDFRQVWDQWHHXQLIRUPHSRUVHUGHQHFHVVLGDGHMXUtGLFD

24.1. Origem e expansão do costume

6XUJH R FRVWXPH GH XPD QHFHVVLGDGH VRFLDO $OJXpP QR JUXSR VH GHSDUD FRP XP IDWR RX FRP XPD
UHODomR VRFLDO TXH DLQGD QmR VH HQFRQWUD VXILFLHQWHPHQWH GLVFLSOLQDGD ,PDJLQD HQWmR XP PHLR GH UHVROYrOD
WHP XPD LGHLD H D FRORFD HP SUiWLFD $ PDLRULD GDV LGHLDV PRUUH QR QDVFLPHQWR SRU QmR DSUHVHQWDUHP
TXDOTXHU LQRYDomR RX XWLOLGDGH SUiWLFD PDV DOJXPDV SHJDP DMXVWDPVH H FRPHoDP D VH H[SDQGLU TXDVH
VHPSUH HP GHWHUPLQDGR PHLR VRFLRSURILVVLRQDO &RP R FRUUHU GR WHPSR D PDLRULD GR JUXSR SDVVD D DGRWDU
DTXHODPHVPDIRUPDGHSURFHGHUSRUHVWDUFRQYHQFLGDGHTXHpDPDQHLUDFRUUHWDQHFHVViULDTXHDWHQGHjV
FRQYHQLrQFLDVVRFLDLV(VWiIRUPDGRRFRVWXPH
9HULILFDVHDVVLPTXHRFRVWXPHpGHIRUPDomROLYUHGLIXVDHVSRQWkQHDJUDGDWLYD9DLVHQGRIRUPDGR
SDXODWLQDPHQWHSHODSUySULDVRFLHGDGHSDUDVXSULUVXDVQHFHVVLGDGHV(YROXLQRWHPSRHQRHVSDoRGHDFRUGR
FRPDVFRQGLo}HVVRFLDLVGRJUXSRQRTXDOVHIRUPRXDGTXLULQGRXPFDUiWHUHPLQHQWHPHQWHKLVWyULFRHYDL
VHQGRWUDQVPLWLGRSRUWUDGLomRRUDOeSRULVVRTXHVHGL]TXHR'LUHLWRFRVWXPHLURpXP'LUHLWRDQ{QLPRSRU
H[FHOrQFLD p XP 'LUHLWR VHP SDWHUQLGDGH TXH YDL VH FRQVROLGDQGR HP YLUWXGH GDV IRUoDV GD LPLWDomR GR
KiELWRRXGHFRPSRUWDPHQWRVH[HPSODUHV5($/(0LJXHO2EFLWS
-i YLPRV TXH R FRVWXPH PDQLIHVWDVH H[WHULRUPHQWH SRU DWRV TXH FRQVWLWXHP VHX HOHPHQWR REMHWLYR
(VVDVPDQLIHVWDo}HVHQWUHWDQWRSRGHPVHUSRVLWLYDVHQHJDWLYDVRXRPLVVLYDV
6mRSRVLWLYDVTXDQGRHPIDFHGHXPDODFXQDQRRUGHQDPHQWRMXUtGLFRXPIDWRDLQGDQmRGHYLGDPHQWH
GLVFLSOLQDGRDVRFLHGDGHFULDXPDUHJUDXPSURFHGLPHQWRGHVWLQDGRDVXSULORHGHVWDIRUPDYDLFULDQGRR
GLUHLWR
6mR QHJDWLYDV RX RPLVVLYDV TXDQGR HVWDQGR DV QRUPDV GHVDWXDOL]DGDV XOWUDSDVVDGDV LQHILFD]HV QmR
PDLVDWHQGHQGRjVQHFHVVLGDGHVVRFLDLVDVRFLHGDGHYDLSDXODWLQDPHQWHGHL[DQGRDVHPGHVXVRGHVWDIRUPD
GHVWUXLQGRRGLUHLWR
2PDLVFRPXPHQWUHWDQWRpRFRVWXPHPDQLIHVWDUVHGDVGXDVPDQHLUDVjPHGLGDTXHYmRFDLQGRHP
GHVXVR DV QRUPDV LQHILFD]HV D VRFLHGDGH YDL HODERUDQGR RXWUDV QRUPDV GH FRPSRUWDPHQWR GHVWLQDGDV D
VXEVWLWXtODV

24.2. O papel do costume

1DVVRFLHGDGHVPRGHUQDVFRPRGRFRQKHFLPHQWRJHUDOH[LVWHPGRLVWLSRVGHRUGHQDPHQWRMXUtGLFR$V
QDo}HV ODWLQDV H JHUPkQLFDV DGRWDP R VLVWHPD GH WUDGLomR URPDQD ± civil law EDVH OHJLVODWLYD IXQGDGR QR
SULPDGRGD/HL'LUHLWRSRVLWLYRHVFULWR$RODGRGHVVHVLVWHPDWHPRVDWUDGLomRGRVSRYRVDQJORVD[}HV±
common law QRV TXDLV R 'LUHLWR VH UHYHOD SUHYDOHQWHPHQWH SHORV FRVWXPHV H SHORV SUHFHGHQWHV (PERUD R
SDSHOGRVFRVWXPHVQRVSDtVHVGDcivil lawQmRWHQKDDUHOHYkQFLDTXHWHPQRVSDtVHVGDcommon lawpGHVH
UHFRQKHFHU TXH QHP VHPSUH LVVR IRL DVVLP ,QGLVFXWLYHOPHQWH D SULPHLUD UHJXODPHQWDomR GD YLGD VRFLDO IRL
IHLWDDWUDYpVGRVFRVWXPHVPHVPRQRVLVWHPDOHJDOLVWD1DVVRFLHGDGHVSULPLWLYDVTXHDLQGDQmRFRQKHFLDP
DOHLWRGDDYLGDVRFLDOHVWDYDDOLFHUoDGDQRFRVWXPH
0LJXHO5HDOHREVHUYDTXHR&yGLJRGR5HL+DPXUDELEHPFRPRD/HLGDV;,,7iEXDVDSRQWDGDVFRPR
DVSULPHLUDVOHLVHVFULWDVVmRXPDFRQVROLGDomRGHXVRVHFRVWXPHVGRVSRYRVGD%DELO{QLDHGR/iFLR
0HVPRGHSRLVGRVXUJLPHQWRGDOHJLVODomRRFRVWXPHQmRSHUGHXFRPSOHWDPHQWHVXDIRUoDTXHUHVLGH
QRIDWRGHVHUHODERUDGRSHORSUySULRJUXSR&RQWLQXDVHQGRHOHPHQWRTXHFRQGLFLRQDRVFRQFHLWRVGHERPH
GHPDXGHWHUPLQDQGRRTXHGHYHVHUVHJXLGRHREVHUYDGRSHORJUXSRHGLVWLQJXLQGRRGDTXLORTXHGHYHVHU
HYLWDGR H QmR SUDWLFDGR UD]mR SHOD TXDO p DFROKLGR SHORV WULEXQDLV HVFULWRUHV GRXWULQDGRUHV H WUDWDGLVWDV
6HJXQGR R SUySULR &OyYLV %HYLOiTXD ³R FRVWXPH p XPD IRUoD SURGXWRUD GR 'LUHLWR HP WRGDV DV IDVHV GR
GHVHQYROYLPHQWRGHVWHTXHUSDUDFRPSOHWiORTXHUSDUDFRUULJLORGDQGROKHLQWHUSUHWDomRPDLVFRQIRUPHjV
QHFHVVLGDGHVVRFLDLV´
(P QRVVR SUySULR 'LUHLWR SRVLWLYR Ki LQ~PHURV LQVWLWXWRV TXH DQWHV GH VHUHP IRUPDOL]DGRV SHOR
OHJLVODGRUHUDPXVRVHFRVWXPHVFRPHUFLDLVEDQFiULRVSUD[HVIRUHQVHVHWF2XWURVFRVWXPHVHPERUDDLQGD
QmR FRQYHUWLGRV HP OHL VmR SUDWLFDGRV UHJXODUPHQWH SHOD VRFLHGDGH GHVHPSHQKDQGR GHVWDFDGR SDSHO QDV
UHODo}HVHFRQ{PLFDV2FKHTXHRXURYHUGHD]XOHWFPRGDOLGDGHVGHFKHTXHHVSHFLDOEHPFRPRRFDUWmRGH
FUpGLWR VmR H[HPSORV DSURSULDGRV GDTXLOR TXH DILUPDPRV $ XQLmR HVWiYHO DQWHV GH VHU UHFRQKHFLGD SHOD
&RQVWLWXLomR FRP UHFRPHQGDomR j OHL SDUD IDFLOLWDU D VXD FRQYHUVmR HP FDVDPHQWR IRL XP FRVWXPH GXUDQWH
GpFDGDVQDVRFLHGDGHEUDVLOHLUD
$VVLQDOHVH SRU ~OWLPR TXH D SUySULD OHL /HL GH ,QWURGXomR DR &yGLJR &LYLO DUW ƒ H &yGLJR GH
3URFHVVR&LYLODUWGHWHUPLQDDRMXL]ODQoDUPmRGRVFRVWXPHVTXDQGRDQRUPDIRUODFXQRVDRXRPLVVD
4XHU LVWR GL]HU TXH R OHJLVODGRU SUHYLX D SRVVLELOLGDGH GH KDYHU TXHVW}HV QmR HQTXDGUDGDV HIHWLYDPHQWH QRV
WH[WRVOHJDLVH[LVWHQWHVRTXHGHPRQVWUDKDYHUVHPSUHOXJDUSDUDRFRVWXPH

24.3. Espécies de costume

7HQGR HP YLVWD DV UHODo}HV GR FRVWXPH FRP D OHL SRGHPRV GLVWLQJXLU WUrV HVSpFLHV secundum  legem
praeter legemHcontra legem
Secundum  legem p R FRVWXPH TXH VHUYLX GH DSRLR DR GLWDPH OHJLVODWLYR UHJXODU RX VXUJLX FRPR
FRPSOHPHQWR GHVWH 1HVWH FDVR GH DFRUGR FRP D RSLQLmR GRPLQDQWH R FRVWXPH GHYH VHU REVHUYDGR H DWp
H[LJLGR SRUTXH HQFRQWUD UHVSDOGR QD SUySULD OHL ([HPSOR GHVVD HVSpFLH GH FRVWXPH p D FKDPDGD SUD[H
IRUHQVH PXLWRV DWRV SUDWLFDGRV GLDULDPHQWH QR IRUR QmR VmR H[SUHVVDPHQWH UHJXODPHQWDGRV UHDOL]DPVH GH
DFRUGRFRPFRVWXPHVTXHVHUYHPGHFRPSOHPHQWRjOHL
Praeter  legem p R FRVWXPH TXH IXQFLRQD FRPR IRQWH VXSOHWLYD RQGH D OHL QDGD GLVS{V VXSULQGR VXD
ODFXQD HVWi DOpP GD OHL TXH QmR DEUDQJHX DTXHOH IDWR RULXQGR GDV LQWHUUHODo}HV VRFLDLV 0XLWDV GDV OHLV
WUDEDOKLVWDVWLYHUDPQHVWHVFRVWXPHVVXDIRQWHSRUH[FHOrQFLD
Contra  legem p R FRVWXPH TXH VH RS}H j OHL LQWURGX] XPD QRYD QRUPD FRQWUiULD jV GLVSRVLo}HV
OHJLVODWLYDVRXID]RVSUHFHLWRVOHJDLVYLJHQWHVQmRVHUHPDSOLFDGRVFDLQGRHPGHVXVR1RHQWHQGHUGHDOJXQV
MXULVWDV6HUSD/RSHVRGHVXVRpHVSpFLHGRJrQHURcostume contra legem5HVXOWDGDFRQWUDGLomRH[LVWHQWH
HQWUHDOHLHDVIRQWHVUHDLVGR'LUHLWR
(VVD TXHVWmR WHP JHUDGR VpULDV FRQWURYpUVLDV SRUTXH QmR WHP VLGR SDFtILFD D LQWHUSUHWDomR GH TXH R
FRVWXPH TXH VH DSUHVHQWD FRQWUD D OHL GHYD VHU VXPDULDPHQWH UHSHOLGR 3RGHPRV UHVXPLU D FRQWURYpUVLD
GL]HQGRTXHGRSRQWRGHYLVWDSXUDPHQWHMXUtGLFRRFRVWXPHFRQWUDDOHLQmRSRGHSUHYDOHFHUVLPSOHVPHQWH
SRUTXH XPD OHL Vy SRGH VHU UHYRJDGD SRU RXWUD 3DUD R MXULVWD DLQGD TXH XP SUHFHLWR OHJDO FDLD HP GHVXVR
QmRSRGHSURGX]LURHIHLWRGHID]HUVHVXEVWLWXLUSRUXPDQRUPDFRQVXHWXGLQiULDRSRVWD
'RSRQWRGHYLVWDVRFLROyJLFRHQWUHWDQWRWHPRVTXHDGPLWLUDSUHYDOrQFLDGRFRVWXPHPHVPRFRQWUDD
OHL1LQJXpPGHVFRQKHFHTXHHPWRGRVRVVLVWHPDVMXUtGLFRVH[LVWHPLQ~PHUDVQRUPDVQmRPDLVDSOLFDGDV
3RUQmRFRUUHVSRQGHUHPjVQHFHVVLGDGHVUHFHQWHVGDVRFLHGDGHFDtUDPHPGHVXVRWRUQDQGRVHOHWUDPRUWDe
RIHQ{PHQREHPFRQKHFLGRDTXHVHGHXRQRPHGHextinção por desuso
(POXJDUGHODVDVRFLHGDGHFRQVDJURXRXWUDVQRUPDVGHFRPSRUWDPHQWRFRQVXHWXGLQiULRSDUDDWHQGHUjV
QRYDV UHDOLGDGHV 6y SDUD H[HPSOR GLVWR OHPEUDPRV R FDVR GRV PRWpLV TXH SHOR DUW  GR &yGLJR 3HQDO
WLSLILFDULDPRFULPHGHFDVDGHSURVWLWXLomR7DOQRUPDHQWUHWDQWRKiPXLWRFDLXHPGHVXVRGDQGRHQVHMRD
TXHRVPRWpLVSUROLIHUDVVHPDPSODPHQWH6mRVRFLDOPHQWHDFHLWRV
 &RLVDLGrQWLFDRFRUUHFRPRVOLYURVUHYLVWDVHRXWURVYHtFXORVGHOLWHUDWXUDSRUQRJUiILFDTXHSXOXODPQDV
EDQFDV H FRP LQ~PHURV ILOPHV H[LELGRV HP QRVVRV FLQHPDV 7DLV IDWRV VHP VRPEUD GH G~YLGD
FDUDFWHUL]DULDP R FULPH GH HVFULWR RX HVSHWiFXOR REVFHQR SUHYLVWR QR DUW  H SDUiJUDIR ~QLFR GR &yGLJR
3HQDO2VFRVWXPHVHQWUHWDQWRIL]HUDPGHVVHDUWLJROHWUDPRUWD
4XHU LVVR GL]HU TXH R FRVWXPH Vy QmR UHYRJD D OHL QR VHX DVSHFWR IRUPDO PDV D UHYRJD GH IDWR
WRUQDQGRDOHWUDPRUWD4XDQGRROHJLVODGRUYHPDUHYRJiODSRURXWUDOHLHVWiDSHQDVDVVLQDQGRRDWHVWDGRGH
yELWR

25. A JURISPRUDÊNCIA

8P FDVR p OHYDGR j DSUHFLDomR GR -XGLFLiULR RQGH DSyV UHJXODU WUDPLWDomR GR SURFHVVR UHFHEH XPD
GHFLVmR7HPSRVGHSRLVFDVRLGrQWLFRpVXEPHWLGRjGHFLVmRGR-XGLFLiULRHDVVLPVXFHVVLYDVYH]HVVHQGR
FHUWR TXH HP WRGDV DV RSRUWXQLGDGHV DV GHFLV}HV IRUDP VHPHOKDQWHV LVWR p JXDUGDUDP R PHVPR
HQWHQGLPHQWR (VVDV GHFLV}HV UHLWHUDGDV TXH HPDQDP GRV yUJmRV MXGLFLiULRV FRQVWLWXHP D MXULVSUXGrQFLD e
SRULVVRTXHVHGL]FRUUHWDPHQWHTXHDMXULVSUXGrQFLDpDREUDFROHWLYDGRVMXt]HV
1R%UDVLORVyUJmRVMXGLFLiULRVVmRQXPHURVRVGHVGHRVMXt]HVGHSULPHLUDLQVWkQFLDWDQWRGDVFRPDUFDV
GR LQWHULRU FRPR GDV FDSLWDLV DWp RV WULEXQDLV GH VHJXQGD LQVWkQFLD 7ULEXQDLV GH -XVWLoD H RV 7ULEXQDLV
6XSHULRUHVGHVWDFDQGRVHR6XSUHPR7ULEXQDO)HGHUDO
0RGHUQDPHQWH D SDODYUD MXULVSUXGrQFLD GHVLJQD R FRQMXQWR GH GHFLV}HV DQWHULRUHV SURIHULGDV SRU MXt]HV
RXWULEXQDLVVREUHFDVRVLGrQWLFRV

25.1. Papel da jurisprudência em Roma

(P 5RPD QR PHDGR GR VpFXOR ,, D& DWUDYpV GD Lex  Aebutia WHYH LQtFLR XP QRYR SURFHVVR TXH
VXEVWLWXLXDVLegis Actiones&RQKHFLGRFRPRSURFHVVRper formulasIRLXWLOL]DGRGXUDQWHRSHUtRGRFOiVVLFR
H RULJLQRXVH GD DWLYLGDGH GR SUHWRU FRQFHGHQGR Do}HV HP FDVRV QmR FRQWHPSODGRV SHOR ius  civile RX
GHFLGLQGRHOHSUySULRFRQWUDRVLVWHPDYLJHQWHVHJXQGRRPDJLVWpULRGR3URI(EHUW&KDPRXQInstituições de
direito romanoHGS
1HVVH SHUtRGR TXHP WLQKD XPD SUHWHQVmR LD DR SUHWRU HVSpFLH GH PDJLVWUDGR H WDPEpP HP SDUWH
OHJLVODGRU Mi TXH PXLWDV YH]HV WLQKD TXH HODERUDU D UHJUD MXUtGLFD D VHU DSOLFDGD DR FDVR TXH OKH HUD
DSUHVHQWDGR([SRVWRRSUREOHPDRSUHWRUVHIRVVHRFDVRGHFRQFHGHUDomRHODERUDYDXPDIyUPXODHVFULWD
HQFDPLQKDQGR DV SDUWHV DR MXL] 1HVVD IyUPXOD DOpP GH HQXPHUDU RV HOHPHQWRV GR SURFHVVR R SUHWRU
RUGHQDYD DR MXL] FRQGHQDU RX DEVROYHU FRQIRUPH D VXD FRQYLFomR VREUH RV IDWRV (UD DOJR PDLV RX PHQRV
DVVLP³3RUTXH7tFLRYHQGHXXPHVFUDYRD&DLRFRQGHQH&DLRDSDJDUGH]PLOVHVWpUFLRVD7tFLRVHQmRWH
SDUHFHU TXH GHYD SDJDU DEVROYH´ 2 MXL] SRU VXD YH] DSyV H[DPLQDU DV SURYDV RIHUHFLGDV SHODV SDUWHV
DSOLFDYDDUHJUDGRSUHWRUFRQIRUPHHQWHQGHVVHSURFHGHQWHRXQmRDSUHWHQVmRGRUHTXHUHQWH
&RPR VH Yr R SUHWRU HODERUDYD D IyUPXOD RX UHJUD MXUtGLFD DSHQDV DSUHFLDQGR R IDWR HP WHVH VHP
SURFXUDUVDEHUVHHVWDYDRXQmRSURYDGR&DELDDRMXL]DSUHFLDUDVSURYDVHDSOLFDUDUHJUDMXUtGLFDDRFDVRHP
FRQFUHWR
2VFDVRVVHUHSHWLDPRTXHSURSRUFLRQDYDDRSUHWRUXWLOL]DUXPDIyUPXODDQWHULRUPHQWHHODERUDGDSDUD
RXWUR FDVR LGrQWLFR H DVVLP FRP R SDVVDU GR WHPSR IRL VH IRUPDQGR XPD ULFD MXULVSUXGrQFLD TXH VH
FRQYHQFLRQRX FKDPDU direito pretoriano H[WUHPDPHQWH IHFXQGR FRPR IRQWH GH GLUHLWR ,Q~PHURV LQVWLWXWRV
MXUtGLFRVDLQGDKRMHH[LVWHQWHVWLYHUDPRULJHPQHVVDMXULVSUXGrQFLDSUHWRULDQD
&RP D VXD LQFRQWHVWiYHO DXWRULGDGH 0LJXHO 5HDOH DILUPD ³)RL DWUDYpV GD DWLYLGDGH GRV MXt]HV H GRV
SUHWRUHV TXH RV URPDQRV DRV SRXFRV FRQVWUXtUDP R jus  civile SULPHLUR SULYDWLYR GRV URPDQRV H R jus
gentiumGHFDUiWHUPDLVDPSOR´2EFLWS

25.2. O papel da jurisprudência nas sociedades modernas

 1DV VRFLHGDGHV OHJDOLVWDV D MXULVSUXGrQFLD GHVHPSHQKD SDSHO VHFXQGiULR Mi TXH WRGR 'LUHLWR HPDQD GD
OHL 3DUD PXLWRV MXULVWDV D MXULVSUXGrQFLD QHP VHULD IRQWH IRUPDO GR 'LUHLWR PDV VLPSOHV PHLR GH
LQWHUSUHWDomR$VVLPHQWHQGHPSRUTXHQmRpIXQomRGRMXL]FULDUR'LUHLWRPDVWmRVRPHQWHDSOLFDUDOHLDR
FDVRFRQFUHWR0HVPRQRVFDVRVGHWHURMXL]TXHODQoDUPmRGDDQDORJLDGRVFRVWXPHVRXSULQFtSLRVJHUDLV
GR 'LUHLWR SRU QmR H[LVWLU XPD QRUPD SDUWLFXODU QD OHJLVODomR HQWHQGHP RV MXULVWDV QmR KDYHU FULDomR GR
'LUHLWRSHODMXULVSUXGrQFLDSRUTXHDQRUPDTXHRMXL]HQFRQWURXMiHVWDULDLPSOLFLWDPHQWHFRQWLGDQR'LUHLWR
SRVLWLYRYLJHQWHHQmRGDULDRULJHPDXPDQRUPDJHUDOHREULJDWyULD
2 PHVPR Mi QmR RFRUUH QDV VRFLHGDGHV EDVHDGDV QR GLUHLWR FRQVXHWXGLQiULR 1HVVHV SDtVHV D
MXULVSUXGrQFLD FRQVWLWXL IRQWH YLYD GR 'LUHLWR VHQGR UHOHYDQWtVVLPR R SDSHO GR MXL] R TXH p HYLGHQWH QD
WHUPLQRORJLD DQJORVD[{QLFD GL]VH judge made­law H D SDODYUD MXVWLoD LQFRUSRUDVH PXLWDV YH]HV DR QRPH
FLYLOGRMXL]³Mister Justice Smith´
$VIRQWHVGR'LUHLWRLQJOrVVmRDStatute LawGLUHLWROHJLVODGRHDCommon LawGLUHLWRFRVWXPHLUR
HVWD p GHILQLGD QRV MXOJDPHQWRV GRQGH D LPSRUWkQFLD GRV SUHFHGHQWHV TXH WrP IRUoD REULJDWyULD
3UDWLFDPHQWHDCommon LawpXPDFROHomRGHSUHFHGHQWHVMXGLFLiULRVDIRUoDREULJDWyULDUHGX]LGDHPVXD
ULJLGH]

25.3. O papel da jurisprudência nas sociedades legalistas

-i YLPRV TXH GR SRQWR GH YLVWD SXUDPHQWH MXUtGLFR D IXQomR GR MXL] p VRPHQWH DSOLFDU D OHL DR FDVR
FRQFUHWR1RVVLVWHPDVFRGLILFDGRVDMXULVSUXGrQFLDpDSHQDVXPURWHLURDRODGRGDOHL
7DO SRVLomR SUHVVXS}H HQWUHWDQWR TXH R OHJLVODGRU WHQKD SUHYLVWR WRGDV DV KLSyWHVHV H GDGR WRGDV DV
UHVSRVWDV QD OHL R TXH FRPR VH VDEH QmR p YHUGDGH &RQVWDQWHPHQWH HVWmR RV MXt]HV HQIUHQWDQGR KLSyWHVHV
QRYDV H GHFLGLQGR FDVRV QmR FRQWLGRV QR kPELWR GDV QRUPDV H[LVWHQWHV 0HVPR DGPLWLQGR XPD SHUIHLWD
DGHTXDomRHQWUHDUHDOLGDGHVRFLDOHDOHLLVWRpTXHWRGDVDVKLSyWHVHVHVWHMDPQHODSUHYLVWDVQRPRPHQWRGH
VXD HODERUDomR FRP R FRUUHU GR WHPSR D QRUPD YDL VH WRUQDQGR GHVDGHTXDGD Mi TXH D OHL p HVWiWLFD H D
VRFLHGDGH p GLQkPLFD 1RYDV KLSyWHVHV YmR VXUJLQGR HP GHFRUUrQFLD GDV FRQVWDQWHV WUDQVIRUPDo}HV VRFLDLV
H[LJLQGR R SURQXQFLDPHQWR MXGLFLDO (P RXWUDV SDODYUDV D OHL p D FRQFHSomR HVWiWLFD GR GLUHLWR QXP
GHWHUPLQDGRPRPHQWRTXHDPDQKmSRGHUiQmRPDLVFRUUHVSRQGHUjUHDOLGDGHDRSDVVRTXHDMXULVSUXGrQFLDp
R GLUHLWR GLQkPLFR HODERUDGR SRU PXLWDV LQWHOLJrQFLDV D SDUWLU GR DGYRJDGR SDVVDQGR SHOR MXL] GH ƒ JUDX
DWp FKHJDU jV &RUWHV 6XSHULRUHV FRP EDVH QR IDWR FRQFUHWR QD UHDOLGDGH VRFLDO TXH HVWi HP FRQVWDQWH
PXWDomR
3RURXWURODGRQmRSRGHRMXL]GHL[DUGHGHFLGLUDOHJDQGRODFXQDQDOHLDSUySULDOHL&3&DUWH
/HLGH,QWURGXomRDR&yGLJR&LYLODUWƒRUGHQDOKHIRUPXODUXPDUHJUDMXUtGLFDSDUDDKLSyWHVHHGDUXPD
GHFLVmRODQoDQGRPmRGDDQDORJLDGRVFRVWXPHVHSULQFtSLRVJHUDLVGRGLUHLWR4XHULVWRGL]HUTXHRSUySULR
OHJLVODGRUSUHYLXDSRVVLELOLGDGHGHKDYHUTXHVW}HVQmRHQTXDGUDGDVHIHWLYDPHQWHQRVWH[WRVOHJDLVH[LVWHQWHV
,Q~PHUDV RXWUDV KLSyWHVHV GH RPLVV}HV H REVFXULGDGH QD OHL REULJDP R MXL] D FRQVWUXLU DWUDYpV GH XPD
LQWHUSUHWDomRRUDH[WHQVLYDRUDUHVWULWLYDDMXVWDQGRR'LUHLWRjVQRYDVUHDOLGDGHVVRFLDLV
,VVR WXGR OHYD D FRQFOXLU TXH GR SRQWR GH YLVWD VRFLROyJLFR D MXULVSUXGrQFLD FULD 'LUHLWR PHVPR QRV
VLVWHPDVOHJDOLVWDVMiTXHRMXL]pREULJDGRDDSOLFDUDQRUPDTXHHVWDEHOHFHULDVHIRVVHOHJLVODGRU,Q~PHURV
VmRRVFDVRVHPTXHRVWULEXQDLVDFDEDUDPFULDQGRXP'LUHLWRQRYRHPERUDDSDUHQWHPHQWHDSHQDVQDIRUPD
WHQKDP VH OLPLWDGR D DSOLFDU DV OHLV H[LVWHQWHV 'HVHPSHQKDUDP QHVVHV FDVRV HP UHODomR j HVVrQFLD GR
'LUHLWR XP SDSHO SRVLWLYDPHQWH FULDGRU HP PXLWR FRPSDUiYHO mutatis  mutandis DR SDSHO GR SUHWRU HP
5RPDDWDOSRQWRTXHVHIDODQRUPDOPHQWHQDIXQomRSUHWRULDQDGDMXULVSUXGrQFLD
1HVVHSRQWRQHFHVViULRVHID]LQYRFDUDDXWRULGDGHGRJUDQGH5XL%DUERVD³1LQJXpPLJQRUDRSDSHOGD
MXULVSUXGrQFLDQDHYROXomRGR'LUHLWRHVFULWR6REUHDOHWUDIL[DGDQRVWH[WRVSDVVDDDXWRULGDGHGRVDUHVWRV
TXHRVLQILOWUDRVGHFRPS}HRVDOXL2MXL]SHODVXDFRODERUDomRFRQWtQXDH[HUFHXPDIXQomRGHFRRSHUDGRU
H PRGLILFDGRU QD REUD OHJLVODWLYD $ MXULVSUXGrQFLD REUD VXD DOWHUD VHQVLYHOPHQWH R 'LUHLWR SRVLWLYR 2V
LQJOHVHVHDPHULFDQRVGHYHPDHVVDFRODERUDomROHJLVODWLYDGDPDJLVWUDWXUDjjudge made­lawERDSDUWHGRV
SULQFtSLRVUDGLFDGRVQDVXDYLGDFLYLO´
2SDSHOFULDGRUGDMXULVSUXGrQFLDIRLJUDQGHPHQWHSUHVWLJLDGRSHOD&RQVWLWXLomRGHSHOR&yGLJRGR
&RQVXPLGRU H SHOR QRYR &yGLJR &LYLO GH  2V SULQFtSLRV FRQVWLWXFLRQDLV SURYRFDUDP XPD QRYD YLVmR
LQWHUSUHWDWLYDGHUDPQRYRVHQWLGRHDOFDQFHjRUGHPMXUtGLFDSRLVVHWRUQDUDPRILOWURSHORTXDOSDVVDPRVD
UHOHU WRGD D OHJLVODomR LQIUDFRQVWLWXFLRQDO $ WpFQLFD GDV FOiXVXODV JHUDLV DGRWDGD SHORV &yGLJRV GR
&RQVXPLGRU H &LYLO DPSOLDUDP FRQVLGHUDYHOPHQWH RV SRGHUHV GR MXL] GDQGROKH FRQGLo}HV GH UHVSHLWDGR R
RUGHQDPHQWRMXUtGLFRIRUPXODUGHFLV}HVPDLVMXVWDVHHIHWLYDVQDFRPSRVLomRGRVFRQIOLWRVGHLQWHUHVVH
&OiXVXODVJHUDLVGDVTXDLVVmRH[HPSORVRVDUWLJRVƒ,,,H,9GR&yGLJRGR&RQVXPLGRUDUWLJRV
HSDUiJUDIR~QLFRGR&yGLJR&LYLOHVWDEHOHFHPDSHQDVXPDPROGXUDMXUtGLFD
GHQWURGDTXDOVHGHVHQKDPGLIHUHQWHVSRVVLELOLGDGHVLQWHUSUHWDWLYDV¬YLVWDGRVHOHPHQWRVGRFDVRFRQFUHWR
GRV SULQFtSLRV D VHUHP SUHVHUYDGRV SRU H[HPSOR ERDIp H GRV ILQV D VHUHP UHDOL]DGRV SRU H[HPSOR ILQV
HFRQ{PLFRV RX VRFLDLV R MXL] GHYHUi GHWHUPLQDU R VHQWLGR GD QRUPD FRP YLVWDV j SURGXomR GD VROXomR
DGHTXDGD SDUD R FDVR D VHU UHVROYLGR 1D FOiXVXOD JHUDO R MXL] DSOLFD D OHL TXH HQFRQWUD QR 'LUHLWR H QmR R
GLUHLWR TXH HQFRQWUD QD OHL 2 MXL] WHP TXH IRUPXODU D OHL GR FDVR FRQFUHWR FRP EDVH QRV SDUkPHWURV
HVWDEHOHFLGRVQDQRUPD2UHODWRGDQRUPDFRPRMiHQIDWL]DGRDSHQDVGHPDUFDXPDPROGXUDGHQWURGDTXDOR
MXL]GHYHUiHQFRQWUDUDOHLGRFDVRFRQFUHWR
(P DXOD PDJQD SURIHULGD QD (VFROD GD 0DJLVWUDWXUD GR 5LR GH -DQHLUR ± (0(5- R 0LQLVWUR 5X\
5RVDGR GH $JXLDU -XQLRU MXULVWD GH HVFRO H XP GRV PDLRUHV MXt]HV TXH SDVVDUDP SHOR 6XSHULRU 7ULEXQDO GH
-XVWLoDDVVLPFRQFHLWXRXDFOiXVXODJHUDO³$FOiXVXODJHUDOpXPDQRUPDTXHLPS}HDRMXL]RGHYHUGHQR
PRPHQWR GH ID]HU D VXD DSOLFDomR GHWHUPLQDU SUHYLDPHQWH TXDO D QRUPD GH FRQGXWD TXH GHYHULD WHU VLGR
REVHUYDGD QDTXHOH FDVR (P IXQomR GD UHJUD TXH HOH FULD SDUD DTXHOD VLWXDomR IDUi HQWmR D DYDOLDomR GD
FRQGXWD HP H[DPH 6H HVVD FRQGXWD HVWLYHU GH DFRUGR FRP D QRUPD GH GHYHU DVVLP FULDGD SDUD DTXHOH FDVR
FRQFUHWRHODVHUiFRQVLGHUDGDOtFLWDVHHPGHVDFRUGRVHUiHQWmRLOtFLWD´Revista EMERJYQS

&RPR VH Yr R SDSHO GR MXL] PRGHUQR QmR p PDLV DSHQDV R GH DSOLFDU D OHL DR FDVR FRQFUHWR IULD H
DXWRPDWLFDPHQWH³DERFDGDOHL´FRPRHQVLQDYDDHVFRODH[HJpWLFDQDUHDOLGDGHpDTXHOHTXHHODERUDDOHLGR
FDVRFRQFUHWRDUHJUDMXUtGLFDGLVFLSOLQDGRUDGRIDWRHTXHXPDYH]WUDQVLWDGDHPMXOJDGRDVHQWHQoDSDVVDUi
DVHUOHLHQWUHDVSDUWHVeSRULVVRTXH0LJXHO5HDOHGRDOWRGDVXDDXWRULGDGHUHFRQKHFHjMXULVSUXGrQFLDR
SDSHOGHfonte do Direito.
(VWDpDOLomRGR0HVWUH³6HXPDUHJUDpQRIXQGRDVXDLQWHUSUHWDomRLVWRpDTXLORTXHVHGL]VHUR
VHXVLJQLILFDGRnão  há  como  negar  à  Jurisprudência  a  categoria  de  fonte  do  Direito, YLVWR FRPR DR MXL] p
GDGR DUPDU GH REULJDWRULHGDGH DTXLOR TXH GHFODUD VHU GH direito QR FDVR FRQFUHWR 2 PDJLVWUDGR HP VXPD
LQWHUSUHWD D QRUPD OHJDO VLWXDGR QXPD estrutura  de  poder TXH OKH FRQIHUH FRPSHWrQFLD SDUD FRQYHUWHU HP
VHQWHQoDTXHpXPDnorma particularRVHXHQWHQGLPHQWRHPOHL1XPDFRPSUHHQVmRFRQFUHWDGDH[SHULrQFLD
MXUtGLFDFRPRpDGDWHRULDWULGLPHQVLRQDOGR'LUHLWRQmRWHPVHQWLGRFRQWLQXDUDDSUHVHQWDUD-XULVSUXGrQFLD
RXRFRVWXPHFRPRfontes acessórias ou secundárias´2EFLWS
&RVWXPDVHGL]HUTXHDOHLUHLQDPDVDMXULVSUXGrQFLDJRYHUQD(DVVLPpSRUTXHRMXL]pROHJLVODGRU
GRV FDVRV SDUWLFXODUHV 3RU PHOKRU TXH VHMD D OHL QmR WHUi HILFiFLD VH QmR IRU FRUUHWDPHQWH LQWHUSUHWDGD H
ILHOPHQWHDSOLFDGD0DULR0RDF\U3RUWRMiGL]LD³$OHLQmRHVJRWDRGLUHLWRDVVLPFRPRDSDUWLWXUDQmRHVJRWD
D P~VLFD´ &RP HIHLWR D H[FHOrQFLD GD SDUWLWXUD H D JHQLDOLGDGH GR FRPSRVLWRU ILFDUmR SUHMXGLFDGDV VH QmR
KRXYHU WDOHQWR GR LQWpUSUHWH $VVLP WDPEpP DFRQWHFH FRP D OHL SRU PDLV DYDQoDGD TXH HOD VH DSUHVHQWH SRU
PDLV JHQLDO TXH WHQKD VLGR R OHJLVODGRU 6H QmR KRXYHU WDOHQWR FULDGRU GRV VHXV LQWpUSUHWHV MXt]HV H
RSHUDGRUHVGR'LUHLWRHODQmRDFRPSDQKDUiDUHDOLGDGHVRFLDO3RULVVRQmRPDLVVHSRGHTXHVWLRQDUTXHDOHL
QmR p D ~QLFD IRQWH GR 'LUHLWR $R ODGR GHOD VH SRVLFLRQD D MXULVSUXGrQFLD FXMD LPSRUWkQFLD FRPR IRQWH VH
WRUQD FDGD YH] PDLRU 2V SUHFHGHQWHV VmR LQGLVFXWLYHOPHQWH XP PDQDQFLDO TXH FRQVROLGD GHWHUPLQDGD
RULHQWDomRPXLWDVYH]HVLQGRDOpPGDSUySULDGLVFLSOLQDSRVLWLYDSDUDGHVDILDUTXHVWmRTXHVRPHQWHSRGHVHU
GHFLGLGD FRP FULWpULRV GH KHUPHQrXWLFD TXH EXVFDP IRUPDV GH LQWHJUDomR GDV ODFXQDV VHMDP GH IRUPXODomR
VHMDPGHYDORUDomR
5HFRQKHFHQGRHVVDUHDOLGDGHHDHODVHVXEPHWHQGRD(PHQGD&RQVWLWXFLRQDOQDFUHVFHQWRXR
DUWLJR$j&RQVWLWXLomRGD5HS~EOLFDQRTXDODXWRUL]RXR6XSUHPR7ULEXQDO)HGHUDODDSURYDUSúmulas
VinculantesTXHDSDUWLUGDSXEOLFDomRWrPIRUoDREULJDWyULDSDUDWRGRVRVyUJmRVGR3RGHU-XGLFLiULRHGD
DGPLQLVWUDomRS~EOLFDGLUHWDHLQGLUHWDQDVHVIHUDVIHGHUDOHVWDGXDOHPXQLFLSDO$Súmula Vinculante WHP
SRU REMHWLYR D YDOLGDGH D LQWHUSUHWDomR H D HILFiFLD GH QRUPDV GHWHUPLQDGDV DFHUFD GDV TXDLV KDMD
FRQWURYpUVLDHQWUHRVyUJmRVMXGLFLDLVRXHQWUHHVWHVHDDGPLQLVWUDomRS~EOLFDTXHDFDUUHWHJUDYHLQVHJXUDQoD
MXUtGLFDHUHOHYDQWHPXOWLSOLFDomRGHSURFHVVRVVREUHTXHVWmRLGrQWLFD
$6~PXOD9LQFXODQWHFRORFRXXPSRQWRILQDOQDORQJDGLYHUJrQFLDVREUHDMXULVSUXGrQFLDFRPRIRQWHGR
GLUHLWR 4XDOTXHU GHFLVmR MXGLFLDO RX DWR DGPLQLVWUDWLYR TXH FRQWUDULDU D V~PXOD SRGHUi VHU DQXODGR SHOR
6XSUHPR 7ULEXQDO )HGHUDO PHGLDQWH VLPSOHV UHFODPDomR 'HQWUH DV V~PXODV YLQFXODQWHV TXH Mi IRUDP
DSURYDGDVSHOR67)PHUHFHPGHVWDTXHDGHQTXHSURLELXRuso abusivo de algemasHDGHQTXH
YHGRXRnepotismo ± QRPHDomR GH SDUHQWHV VHP FRQFXUVR S~EOLFR SDUD H[HUFHU FDUJR HP FRPLVVmR RX GH
FRQILDQoDRXDLQGDGHIXQomRJUDWLILFDGDQDDGPLQLVWUDomRS~EOLFDGLUHWDHLQGLUHWDHPTXDOTXHUGRV3RGHUHV
GD8QLmRGRV(VWDGRVHGRV0XQLFtSLRV
2XWUR QRWiYHO LQVWLWXWR SURFHVVXDO TXH SUDWLFDPHQWH GHX jV GHFLV}HV GR 6XSHULRU 7ULEXQDO GH -XVWLoD
HIHLWRREULJDWyULRIRLFULDGRSHOD/HLQGHGHPDLRGH(VVDOHLDFUHVFHQWRXRDUWLJR&
DR&yGLJRGH3URFHVVR&LYLOHVWDEHOHFHQGRRSURFHGLPHQWRSDUDRMXOJDPHQWRGHrecursos repetitivosTXH
RFRUUH TXDQGR Ki PXOWLSOLFLGDGH GH UHFXUVRV FRP IXQGDPHQWR HP LGrQWLFD TXHVWmR GH GLUHLWR 1HVVH FDVR R
3UHVLGHQWH GR 7ULEXQDO GH RULJHP HQFDPLQKDUi DR 6XSHULRU 7ULEXQDO GH -XVWLoD DSHQDV XP RX PDLV UHFXUVRV
UHSUHVHQWDWLYRV GD FRQWURYpUVLD ILFDQGR VXVSHQVRV RV GHPDLV UHFXUVRV QRV TXDLV D FRQWURYpUVLD HVWHMD
HVWDEHOHFLGD-XOJDGRRUHFXUVRUHPHWLGRDR67-HSXEOLFDGRRDFyUGmRRVUHFXUVRVTXHILFDUDPVREUHVWDGRV
WHUmR VHJXLPHQWR GHQHJDGR HP KLSyWHVH GH R DFyUGmR UHFRUULGR FRLQFLGLU FRP D RULHQWDomR GR 6XSHULRU
7ULEXQDOGH-XVWLoD
(P FDVR GH GLYHUJrQFLD R UHFXUVR VHUi QRYDPHQWH H[DPLQDGR SHOR 7ULEXQDO GH RULJHP j OX] GR
HQWHQGLPHQWR ILUPDGR SHOR 67- 6H IRU PDQWLGD D GHFLVmR GLYHUJHQWH SHOR WULEXQDO GH RULJHP R UHFXUVR
HVSHFLDOVHUiUHPHWLGRDR67-TXHSRGHUiUHIRUPiORSRUGHFLVmRPRQRFUiWLFDGR0LQLVWURUHODWRU
$ HILFiFLD GHVVH QRYR LQVWUXPHQWR SURFHVVXDO HYLWD TXH R 67- MXOJXH FHQWHQDV GH YH]HV DV PHVPDV
TXHVW}HV HP PLOKDUHV GH UHFXUVRV GLIHUHQWHV VREUH DVVXQWRV VHPHOKDQWHV 1DV SDODYUDV GR 0LQLVWUR &HVDU
$VIRU 5RFKD TXDQGR SUHVLGHQWH GR 67- ³D OHL GH recursos  repetitivos OLYURX R WULEXQDO GH XP FRODSVR
LPLQHQWH $ FXOWXUD GH TXH FDGD FDVR p XP FDVR HVWDYD LQYLDELOL]DQGR R IXQFLRQDPHQWR GR VLVWHPD 3DUD
TXHVW}HVGHPDVVDR-XGLFLiULRSUHFLVDGDUUHVSRVWDGHPDVVD´O Globo
8PDREVHUYDomRLPSRUWDQWHDQWHVGHHQFHUUDUHVWHWySLFR2SDSHOFULDGRUGR'LUHLWRGHVHPSHQKDGRSHOD
-XULVSUXGrQFLD QmR YDL DR SRQWR GH XPD WRWDO LQGHSHQGrQFLD GRV GLWDPHV GD OHL FRPR TXHUHP RV GHIHQVRUHV
GRFKDPDGRdireito alternativo &RP D ILQDOLGDGH GH VH DOFDQoDU D MXVWLoD VRFLDO SUHFRQL]DP D ILJXUD R juiz
reformadorGDTXHOHTXHQmRVHPDQWpPQHXWURLGHRORJLFDPHQWHPDVTXHVHFRQVFLHQWL]DGRJUDXGHLQMXVWLoD
TXH DWLQJH HFRQRPLFDPHQWH FDPDGDV VRFLDLV H GHYH PLQRUDU D VRUWH GRV SREUHV LQFXWLQGR DomR SROtWLFD QRV
DWRVGHFLVyULRV(VVDQXQFDIRLHQHPVHUiDIXQomRGRMXL]PDVVLPGRSROtWLFR0XLWRHPERUDSRVVDHGHYD
RMXL]GHFLGLUFRPFHUWDIOH[LELOLGDGHWHPTXHUHVSHLWDUDPROGXUDMXUtGLFDHVWDEHOHFLGDQDOHLGHYHREHGLrQFLD
jOHLQmRFHJDFRPRQRSDVVDGRPDVuma obediência inteligente.'HYHDWXDUQDIHOL]LPDJHPGH$QD/~FLD
6DEDGHOO ³FRPR XP pensador  adjunto  do  legislador 7HPRV DTXL XPD HVFROD MXUtGLFD GH FRUWH VRFLROyJLFR
SRUTXHVHSUHRFXSDFRPDVFRQGLo}HVGRGLUHLWRQDUHDOLGDGHVRFLDORXVHMDFRPRFRQWH[WRGHFRQIOLWRVGH
QHFHVVLGDGHVKXPDQDVQRTXDORGLUHLWRHVWiLQVHULGR´Manual de sociologia jurídica.6mR3DXOR5HYLVWDGRV
7ULEXQDLVS

25.4. Exemplos de jurisprudência transformada em lei

'XUDQWH PXLWR WHPSR SRU H[HPSOR D SHQVmR DOLPHQWtFLD Vy HUD GHYLGD DSyV R WUkQVLWR HP MXOJDGR GD
VHQWHQoD FRPR GH UHJUD DFRQWHFH FRP WRGDV DV GHFLV}HV MXGLFLDLV ,VVR DFDUUHWDYD XPD VpULH GH SUREOHPDV
VRFLDLV LPSRQGR XP UHJLPH GH IRPH DR DOLPHQWDQGR GXUDQWH R FXUVR GR SURFHVVR UD]mR SHOD TXDO D
MXULVSUXGrQFLD SDVVRX D HQWHQGHU VHU D SHQVmR GHYLGD D SDUWLU GD FLWDomR LQLFLDO 7DO HQWHQGLPHQWR WRUQRXVH
WmR UHLWHUDGR TXH SRU FRUUHVSRQGHU D XPD QHFHVVLGDGH DFDERX VHQGR HQFDPSDGR SHOR OHJLVODGRU H
WUDQVIRUPDGRHPOHL$OJRLGrQWLFRRFRUUHXFRPRVGLUHLWRVGDFRPSDQKHLUDUHFRQKHFLGRVSHODMXULVSUXGrQFLD
FRPEDVHQDVRFLHGDGHGHIDWR$OHLTXHOKHHUDWmRGHVIDYRUiYHOKRMHOKHJDUDQWHLQ~PHURVGLUHLWRVJUDoDV
DRVDYDQoRVLQWURGX]LGRVSHODMXULVSUXGrQFLD9iULRVGLVSRVLWLYRVGDDWXDOOHLGDVORFDo}HVWLYHUDPSRUIRQWHR
HQWHQGLPHQWRMXULVSUXGHQFLDO
$ V~PXOD  GR 6XSUHPR 7ULEXQDO )HGHUDO TXH GLVSXQKD ± ³$ UHVSRQVDELOLGDGH FRQWUDWXDO GR
WUDQVSRUWDGRU SHOR DFLGHQWH FRP R SDVVDJHLUR QmR p HOLGLGD SRU FXOSD GH WHUFHLUR FRQWUD R TXDO WHP DomR
UHJUHVVLYD´±IRLWUDQVIRUPDGDipsis verbisQRDUWLJRGRQRYR&yGLJR&LYLO
,Q~PHUDV RXWUDV LQRYDo}HV H SURJUHVVRV MXUtGLFRV SRGHULDP VHU PHQFLRQDGRV R TXH HYLGHQFLD TXH D
MXULVSUXGrQFLDFRQVWLWXLXPDDWLYLGDGHYHUGDGHLUDPHQWHFRQVWUXWRUDHSRGHFRQVHTXHQWHPHQWHFRQWDUVHHQWUH
DVIRQWHVGRGLUHLWR
5D]mRDVVLVWHDRVDXGRVRPHVWUH+HUPHV/LPDDRDILUPDU³(QWUHWDQWRGHVGHTXHDSRVLomRGRMXL]QmR
pDGHXPHVFUDYRRXGHXPDXW{PDWRHPIDFHGDOHLGHVGHTXHVHXSRGHUGHDSOLFDULQFOXLQHFHVVDULDPHQWHR
GH LQWHUSUHWDU R GH WRUQDU D OHL DGHTXDGD j HVSpFLH VREUH TXH YDL GHFLGLU QmR UHVWD D PHQRU G~YLGD TXH D
MXULVSUXGrQFLDH[HUFHSURIXQGDLQIOXrQFLDQRGHVHQYROYLPHQWRGRGLUHLWRSRVLWLYR
3RGHPRVDILUPDUTXHRGLUHLWRpDOHLDSOLFDGDPDLVRTXHHODUHFHEHXGRyUJmR±-XL]RX7ULEXQDO±TXH
D H[HFXWRX $ DPELrQFLD TXH FHUFD D HVSpFLH sub  iudice DPELrQFLD HFRQ{PLFD VRFLDO H SROtWLFD UHIOHWHVH
QHFHVVDULDPHQWHQDREUDGRPDJLVWUDGR&HUWRHOHWHPVHXVSRQWRVREMHWLYRVGHUHIHUrQFLDHOHVHFRQGX]HP
IXQomR GH FHUWRV SULQFtSLRV JHUDLV HVWDEHOHFLGRV SRUpP R DMXVWDPHQWR GD OHL DR FDVR HP TXHVWmR HVWi
FRQGLFLRQDGRDXPDHVWLPDWLYDGHQDWXUH]DSHVVRDOHDXPDDSUHFLDomRTXHQmRFKDPDUHLGHFULDGRUDSRUpP
FHUWDPHQWHFRQVWUXWRUD´2EFLWS

25.5. Relação entre a jurisprudência e o costume

6HPSUH TXH R MXL] p FKDPDGR D GHFLGLU XP FDVR TXH QmR HVWi FODUDPHQWH SUHYLVWR HP OHL WHUi TXH
HQFRQWUDU XPD VROXomR FRPSDWtYHO FRP RV LQWHUHVVHV RX FRQYHQLrQFLDV VRFLDLV $ VHQWHQoD GHYHUi UHIOHWLU D
RSLQLmR FROHWLYD VREUH R IDWR &RQFOXLVH GDt TXH D GHFLVmR GR MXL] p EDVHDGD QRV FRVWXPHV 6HP G~YLGD R
FRVWXPHQmROKHGLWDH[SOLFLWDPHQWHDGHFLVmRPDVH[HUFHVREUHHOHXPDSUHVVmRODWHQWHHLUUHVLVWtYHOVHUYH
OKH GH VXEVWUDWR ID]HQGR VHX SDSHO FRQVLVWLU QmR HP HQFRQWUDU XPD VROXomR QRYD PDV HP SURFXUDU D PDLV
DGHTXDGD jV DVSLUDo}HV GR PHLR TXH R FHUFD 3RU LVVR FRVWXPDVH GL]HU TXH RV MXt]HV GHVFREUHP R GLUHLWR
HQFRQWUDP DV QRUPDV Mi H[LVWHQWHV QR VHLR GD VRFLHGDGH 7DO FRPR RV DQWLJRV SUHWRUHV URPDQRV GHYHP WHU
VHQVLELOLGDGH MXUtGLFD SDUD HQFRQWUDU H H[WUDLU GR SUySULR DPELHQWH VRFLDO DV QRUPDV D VHUHP DSOLFDGDV HP
VXDVGHFLV}HV

26. A LEI

$SDODYUDOHLYHPGHligarSRUTXHHPVHQWLGRMXUtGLFRREULJDDDJLU
6H D OHL p OLDPH OLJDomR RX YtQFXOR TXDO R DQWHFHGHQWH H R FRQVHTXHQWH" 2 DQWHFHGHQWH ± GL] 5X\
%DUERVD 1RJXHLUD ± p R fato  social RX relação  fática  concreta D TXH D OHL VH UHSRUWD RX GHVFUHYH H R
FRQVHTXHQWHRefeitoTXHDOHLDWULEXLjRFRUUrQFLDIiWLFD$/HLSRUWDQWRWUDQVIRUPDSDUDVHXVILQVRIDWRRX
UHODomRIiWLFDHPfato jurídicoJHUDGRURXrelação jurídicaCurso de direito tributárioHG6mR3DXOR
6DUDLYDS
5XJJLHUR SRU VXD YH] GL] TXH OHL p WRGD QRUPD MXUtGLFD RULXQGD GRV yUJmRV GD VREHUDQLD DRV TXDLV
VHJXQGR D FRQVWLWXLomR SROtWLFD GR (VWDGR p FRQIHULGR R SRGHU GH GLWDU UHJUDV GH GLUHLWR 2E FLW S 
3RGHUtDPRVGL]HUTXHOHLpDUHJUDVRFLDOREULJDWyULDHPDQDGDGDDXWRULGDGHDTXHQR(VWDGRVHUHFRQKHFHD
IXQomR OHJLVODWLYD $ IXQomR OHJLVODWLYD HQWUH QyV p FRQIHULGD HVSHFLDOPHQWH DR 3RGHU /HJLVODWLYR PDV
WDPEpPHPFHUWRVFDVRVDR3RGHU([HFXWLYRRTXHHYLGHQFLDQmRVHUSRVVtYHOWRPDURWHUPR³OHJLVODWLYR´
HPVHQWLGRUHVWULWR7RGRHTXDOTXHUyUJmRTXHGLWHQRUPDJHQpULFDGHFRQGXWDpOHJLVODWLYRHPVLSRUTXHHVWH
WHUPRVLJQLILFDRSRGHUGHID]HUOHLHPVHQWLGRIRUPDO
&RVWXPDVH GL]HU TXH D OHL p R WHJXPHQWR GR GLUHLWR D VXD IRUPD HVFULWD DWUDYpV GD TXDO R GLUHLWR VH
H[WHULRUL]DHVHWRUQDFRQKHFLGR'DtDUD]mRGHVHUDOHLFRQVLGHUDGDDIRQWHIRUPDOLPHGLDWDGRGLUHLWRTXHU
GL]HUDOHLpDIRUPDTXHQRVWUDQVPLWHRFRQKHFLPHQWRGRQ~FOHRMXUtGLFRTXHDDQLPD±RGLUHLWR(PVXPD
DOHLpFRQWLQHQWHHRGLUHLWRpFRQWH~GR
26.1. Semelhança e distinção entre a lei e o costume

4XDQWR DR FRQWH~GR WDQWR D OHL FRPR R FRVWXPH VmR UHJUDV GH FRQGXWD GHFRUUHQWHV GDV QHFHVVLGDGHV
VRFLDLV&RPHIHLWRDVVLPFRPRRVFRVWXPHVWrPRULJHPQDVQHFHVVLGDGHVVRFLDLVROHJLVODGRUDRHODERUDUD
QRUPD OHJDO GHYH HVWDU DWHQWR jV PHVPDV QHFHVVLGDGHV VRE SHQD GH ID]HU XPD OHL LQHILFD] VHP DSOLFDomR
SUiWLFD1LVWRSRUWDQWRDOHLHRFRVWXPHVHDVVHPHOKDP$PERVVmRHPSULQFtSLRH[SUHVVmRGDYRQWDGHGR
JUXSRIRUPDVGHH[WHULRUL]DomRGRGLUHLWR
'LIHUHPHQWUHWDQWRHPPXLWRVDVSHFWRV

 Quanto à origem2FRVWXPHFRPRMiYLPRVHPDQDGLUHWDPHQWHGDVRFLHGDGHHDOHLGHXPyUJmR
HVWDWDO3RULVVRRFRVWXPHKLVWRULFDPHQWHpDQWHULRUjOHL(VWDVyYHLRVXUJLUTXDQGRDVRFLHGDGH
FKHJRX DR HVWiJLR GH RUJDQL]DUVH SROtWLFD H MXULGLFDPHQWH FULDQGR R (VWDGR $Wp HQWmR WRGD D
UHJXODPHQWDomRGDYLGDVRFLDOIRLIHLWDDWUDYpVGRFRVWXPH
 Quanto ao processo de elaboração2FRVWXPHWDPEpPMiYLPRVpGHIRUPDomROLYUHHVSRQWkQHD
JUDGDWLYD YDL VH IRUPDQGR SDXODWLQDPHQWH j PHGLGD TXH GHWHUPLQDGD FRQGXWD YDL VHQGR DFHLWD H
UHLWHUDGD SHOR JUXSR 2 SURFHVVR GH HODERUDomR GD OHL HQWUHWDQWR p IRUPDO SUHHVWDEHOHFLGR
LQLFLDQGRVH FRP XP SURMHWR SDVVDQGR SHOD GLVFXVVmR YRWDomR VDQomR SURPXOJDomR DWp FKHJDU j
SXEOLFDomR 1XQFD SRGHPRV VDEHU FRP SUHFLVmR TXHP TXDQGR RQGH WHYH RULJHP XP GHWHUPLQDGR
FRVWXPH -i TXDQWR j OHL VDEHPRV H[DWDPHQWH TXDQGR IRL HODERUDGD TXDQGR HQWURX HP YLJRU H
TXDQGRIRLUHYRJDGD
 Quanto  à  forma 2 FRVWXPH VH H[WHULRUL]D DWUDYpV GH FRQGXWDV UHLWHUDGDV H p WUDQVPLWLGR HP UHJUD
SRU YLD RUDO SDVVD GH SDL SDUD ILOKR SHOD WUDGLomR $ OHL VH H[WHULRUL]D SRU HVFULWR H DWUDYpV GH
IyUPXODVUtJLGDVSUHFLVDV(LVDtRXWUDUD]mRSHODTXDORFRVWXPHpDQWHULRUjOHLVRPHQWHGHSRLVGR
VXUJLPHQWRGDHVFULWDQXPDpSRFDUHODWLYDPHQWHUHFHQWHGDKLVWyULDKXPDQDpTXHVHWRUQRXSRVVtYHO
D HODERUDomR GDV SULPHLUDV OHLV 3RU LVVR DV PDLV DQWLJDV OHLV FRQKHFLGDV VmR RV WH[WRV
PHVRSRWkPLFRVGRVHJXQGRPLOrQLRD&GRVTXDLVRPDLVIDPRVRpR&yGLJRGH+DPXUDELUHLGD
%DELO{QLD 2 'HFiORJR KHEUDLFR RV GH] PDQGDPHQWRV p GH DOJXQV VpFXORV PDLV WDUGH H DV OHLV
LQGLDQDVGHManuGDWDPGR,,,VpFXORD&

26.2. Sistema preferido – O costume ou a lei?

(P WRUQR GHVVD TXHVWmR WUDYRXVH JUDQGH FRQWURYpUVLD QD $OHPDQKD QR FRPHoR GR VpFXOR ;,; HQWUH
GRLV MXULVWDV GH HVFRO 6DYLJQ\ R IXQGDGRU GD (VFROD +LVWyULFD SDUWLGiULR GR GLUHLWR FRQVXHWXGLQiULR
VXVWHQWDYD TXH R FRVWXPH GHYLD SUHYDOHFHU VREUH D OHL SRU VHU D H[SUHVVmR GLUHWD H SXUD GDV DVSLUDo}HV GD
FROHWLYLGDGHQDFLRQDO1RVHXHQWHQGHUDFRGLILFDomRGLILFXOWDULDDHYROXomRQDWXUDOGR'LUHLWRHPSHUUDQGRR
VHXGHVHQYROYLPHQWRHWRUQDQGRRGHVDGHTXDGRjUHDOLGDGHVRFLDO(PRSRVLomRVHFRORFDYD7KLEDXWDUGRURVR
GHIHQVRU GD FRGLILFDomR 3DUD HOH R FRVWXPH ORQJH GH VHU PDLV IOH[tYHO GR TXH D OHL WHQGH D VH LQFUXVWDU
WRUQDQGRVH PDLV GLItFLO VXD PRGLILFDomR $ OHL DOpP GH VH DGDSWDU PDLV IDFLOPHQWH jV QRYDV FRQGLo}HV
VRFLDLVGHVGHTXHROHJLVODGRUHVWHMDDWHQWRHGLVSRVWRDLVVRDSUHVHQWDDJUDQGHYDQWDJHPGHSURSRUFLRQDU
XPFRQKHFLPHQWRPDLVUiSLGRHRIHUHFHUPDLRUVHJXUDQoDGRTXHRFRVWXPH
'HVVD FRQWURYpUVLD UHVXOWRX TXH D PDLRULD GRV (VWDGRV PRGHUQRV YLYH VRE R UHJLPH GD FRGLILFDomR
DSHQDVDOJXQVSUHIHULQGRRGLUHLWRFRQVXHWXGLQiULR
-i ILFRX DVVHQWDGR TXH D OHL p HVVHQFLDOPHQWH REMHWR GH HVWXGR GD &LrQFLD GR 'LUHLWR $ 6RFLRORJLD
-XUtGLFDVyVHSUHRFXSDFRPDHILFiFLDGDOHLFRPRYHUHPRVQRVSUy[LPRVFDStWXORV
 Autonomia da Sociologia Jurídica. Teoria tridimensional do direito: diferença entre a Sociologia Jurídica,
a ciência do direito e a filosofia do direito. A eficácia, a vigência e o fundamento. O ser e o dever­ser. A
História do Direito. Relação da Sociologia Jurídica com os demais ramos do direito.

27. AUTONOMIA CIENTÍFICA DA SOCIOLOGIA JURÍDICA

$ TXHVWmR GD DXWRQRPLD GD 6RFLRORJLD -XUtGLFD FRPR DFRQWHFH FRP WRGD FLrQFLD QRYD IRL EDVWDQWH
FRQWURYHUWLGD 0XLWRV DXWRUHV SURFXUDUDP H[SOLFDU SHORV LQVWUXPHQWRV H PpWRGRV GDV FLrQFLDV PDLV DQWLJDV
DTXLORTXHVHSUHWHQGLDFRQVWLWXLUHPREMHWLYRGDQDVFHQWHVRFLRORJLDGRGLUHLWRHLVVRJHURXFRQWURYpUVLDV
1DRSLQLmRGHPXLWRVVRFLyORJRVSRUH[HPSORDVRFLRORJLDMXUtGLFDVHULDSDUWHLQWHJUDQWHGD6RFLRORJLD
TXDQGRPXLWRFRQVWLWXLQGRXPDGHVXDVHVSHFLDOLGDGHV3DUDRXWURVMXULVWDVHPJHUDODVRFLRORJLDGRGLUHLWR
VHFRQIXQGLULDFRPDSUySULDFLrQFLDGR'LUHLWR
(QWUH RV TXH SHQVDP GHVVD ~OWLPD PDQHLUD SRGHPRV FLWDU (GPRQG -RULRQ SDUD TXHP D 6RFLRORJLD GR
'LUHLWR H D &LrQFLD GR 'LUHLWR FRQVWLWXHP XPD Vy H PHVPD GLVFLSOLQD De  la  sociologie  juridique.  S

6HPQRVHVWHQGHUPRVVREUHDFRQWURYpUVLDRVSUyVHFRQWUDVGDVYiULDVSRVLo}HVIXJLQGRDRVREMHWLYRV
GHVWH PRGHVWR WUDEDOKR OLPLWDPRQRV D DILUPDU TXH D DXWRQRPLD GD 6RFLRORJLD -XUtGLFD p KRMH UHFRQKHFLGD
SRLVWHPREMHWRSUySULRPpWRGRHOHLV
$ 6RFLRORJLD -XUtGLFD KDYHUHPRV GH YHU HVWXGD D UHODomR GLUHLWRVRFLHGDGH SUHRFXSDQGRVH FRP D
HILFiFLD H DV IXQo}HV GDV QRUPDV MXUtGLFDV PDLV SURSULDPHQWH FRP D DQiOLVH VRFLROyJLFD GRV VLVWHPDV
MXUtGLFRVRTXHOKHSHUPLWHDSUHFLDURVLVWHPDHPVXDWRWDOLGDGHHHPUHODomRDRVHXFRQWH[WR
1mR VH FRQIXQGH R REMHWR GD 6RFLRORJLD -XUtGLFD FRP R GH TXDOTXHU RXWUD FLrQFLD TXH WDPEpP VH
UHODFLRQH FRP R GLUHLWR SRU LVVR TXH VH SUHRFXSD DSHQDV FRP R GLUHLWR FRPR XP IDWR VRFLDO FRQFUHWR
LQWHJUDQWH GH XPD VXSHUHVWUXWXUD VRFLDO $ ILQDOLGDGH GD 6RFLRORJLD -XUtGLFD p HVWDEHOHFHU XPD UHODomR
IXQFLRQDOHQWUHDUHDOLGDGHVRFLDOHDVGLIHUHQWHVPDQLIHVWDo}HVMXUtGLFDVVREIRUPDGHUHJXODPHQWDomRGDYLGD
VRFLDOIRUQHFHQGRVXEVtGLRVSDUDVXDVWUDQVIRUPDo}HVQRWHPSRHQRHVSDoR

³(P RXWUDV SDODYUDV D 6RFLRORJLD -XUtGLFD H[DPLQD DV causas VRFLDLV H RV efeitos VRFLDLV GDV
QRUPDV MXUtGLFDV 2EMHWR GD DQiOLVH p D µUHDOLGDGH MXUtGLFD¶ QD WHQWDWLYD GH UHVSRQGHU GXDV TXHVW}HV
IXQGDPHQWDLV3RUTXHVHFULDXPDQRUPDRXXPLQWHLURVLVWHPD"4XDLVVmRDVFRQVHTXrQFLDVGRGLUHLWR
QDYLGDVRFLDO"´6$%$'(//$QD/XFLD2EFLWS

e HYLGHQWH SRUpP TXH HPERUD VH WUDWDQGR GH XPD FLrQFLD DXW{QRPD FRP REMHWR SUySULR H
LQFRQIXQGtYHO PDQWpP D 6RFLRORJLD -XUtGLFD tQWLPDV UHODo}HV FRP WRGDV DV FLrQFLDV VRFLDLV SULQFLSDOPHQWH
FRPD&LrQFLDGR'LUHLWRH)LORVRILDGR'LUHLWRFRPDVTXDLVWHPPXLWRHPFRPXP
&RPR EHP FRORFRX 0LJXHO 9LOORUR 7RUDQJR ³R -XULVWD QmR GHYH ODPHQWDU R UHODFLRQDPHQWR GR 'LUHLWR
FRP RXWUDV FLrQFLDV SHOR FRQWUiULR QLVVR UHVLGH D JUDQGH]D GD FLrQFLD MXUtGLFD HP RIHUHFHU XPD VtQWHVH
KXPDQLVWD VRE R VLJQR GD MXVWLoD VREUH RV GLYHUVRV DVSHFWRV GD FRQGXWD VRFLDO KXPDQD´ apud 1$'(5
3DXOR2EFLWS

28. A TEORIA TRIDIMENSIONAL DO DIREITO

4XHP HOXFLGRX HVVD TXHVWmR PHOKRU GR TXH QLQJXpP IRL R JHQLDO 0LJXHO 5HDOH QD VXD WHRULD
WULGLPHQVLRQDO GR 'LUHLWR TXH DVVLP SRGH VHU UHVXPLGD 2QGH TXHU TXH KDMD XP IHQ{PHQR MXUtGLFR Ki
VHPSUH H QHFHVVDULDPHQWH XP fato VXEMDFHQWH IDWR HFRQ{PLFR JHRJUiILFR GHPRJUiILFR GH RUGHP WpFQLFD
HWF XP valor TXH FRQIHUH GHWHUPLQDGD VLJQLILFDomR D HVVH IDWR LQFOLQDQGR RX GHWHUPLQDQGR D DomR GRV
KRPHQV QR VHQWLGR GH DWLQJLU RX SUHVHUYDU FHUWD ILQDOLGDGH RX REMHWLYR H ILQDOPHQWH XPD regra  ou  norma
TXH UHSUHVHQWD D UHODomR RX PHGLGD TXH LQWHJUD XP GDTXHOHV HOHPHQWRV DR RXWUR R IDWR DR YDORU 7DLV
HOHPHQWRV RX IDWRUHV fato,  valor  ou  norma QmR H[LVWHP VHSDUDGRV XQV GRV RXWURV PDV FRH[LVWHP QXPD
XQLGDGHFRQFUHWD0DLVDLQGDHVVHVHOHPHQWRVRXIDWRUHVQmRVyVHH[LJHPUHFLSURFDPHQWHPDVDWXDPFRPR
HORV GH XP SURFHVVR GH WDO PRGR TXH D YLGD GR 'LUHLWR UHVXOWD GD LQWHJUDomR GLQkPLFD H GLDOpWLFD GRV WUrV
HOHPHQWRVTXHDLQWHJUDPFilosofia do direitoHGW;Lições preliminares de direito.HG6mR
3DXOR6DUDLYDS
$ RULJLQDOLGDGH GHVVH JUDQGH MXULVWD EUDVLOHLUR HVWi FRPR VH Yr QD PDQHLUD FRPR GHVFUHYH R
UHODFLRQDPHQWR HQWUH RV WUrV FRPSRQHQWHV GR IHQ{PHQR MXUtGLFR )DWR YDORU H QRUPD IRUPDP XPD XQLGDGH
IiWLFRD[LROyJLFRQRUPDWLYDuma  verdadeira  trilogia XPD HVSpFLH GH VDQWtVVLPD WULQGDGH GR 'LUHLWR &DGD
XPGHVVHVWUrVIDWRUHVVHUHIHUHDRVGHPDLVHSRULVVRVyDOFDQoDVHQWLGRHPFRQMXQWRTXDQGRIRUPDPXPD
LPSOLFDomRGLQkPLFD
'DtUHVXOWDTXH³R'LUHLWRQmRSRVVXLXPDHVWUXWXUDVLPSOHVPHQWHIDFWXDOFRPRTXHUHPRVVRFLyORJRV
YDORUDWLYD FRPR SURFODPDP RV LGHDOLVWDV QRUPDWLYD FRPR GHIHQGHP RV QRUPDWLYLVWDV (VVDV YLV}HV VmR
SDUFLDLVHQmRUHYHODPWRGDDGLPHQVmRGRIHQ{PHQRMXUtGLFR(VWHFRQJUHJDDTXHOHVFRPSRQHQWHVPDVQmR
HP XPD VLPSOHV DGLomR -XQWRV YmR IRUPDU XPD VtQWHVH LQWHJUDGRUD QD TXDO FDGD IDWRU p H[SOLFDGR SHORV
GHPDLVHSHODWRWDOLGDGHGRSURFHVVR´1$'(53DXOR2EFLWS
1DFRUUHWDYLVmRGH5HDOHR'LUHLWRIRUPDVHGDVHJXLQWHPDQHLUDXPYDORU±SRGHQGRVHUPDLVGHXP±
LQFLGHVREUHXPSULVPDiUHDGRVIDWRVVRFLDLVHVHUHIUDWDHPXPOHTXHGHnormas possíveisFRPSHWLQGRDR
SRGHU HVWDWDO HVFROKHU DSHQDV XPD FDSD] GH DOFDQoDU RV ILQV SURFXUDGRV 8P YDORU SRGH GHVGREUDUVH HP
YiULRVdeverserFDEHQGRDR(VWDGRDHVFROKDDGHFLVmRWRGDOHLpXPDRSomRHQWUHYiULRVFDPLQKRVRIDWR
QXQFDVHUiLVRODGRPDVXPconjunto de circunstâncias1DFRQFHSomRGRDXWRUGHVVDteoria tridimensionalR
'LUHLWRpXPDUHDOLGDGHIiWLFRD[LROyJLFRQRUPDWLYDTXHVHUHYHODFRPRSURGXWRKLVWyULFRFXOWXUDOGLULJLGRj
UHDOL]DomR GR EHP FRPXP $SHVDU GH VXD QDWXUH]D GLQkPLFD R 'LUHLWR SRVVXL XP núcleo  resistente XPD
constante axiológicaLQYDULiYHOQRFXUVRGDKLVWyULD
3RLV EHP HVVHV WUrV IDWRUHV LQVHSDUiYHLV GR 'LUHLWR ± IDWR QRUPD H YDORU ± YmR FRQVWLWXLU R REMHWR GH
WUrVFLrQFLDVGLVWLQWDVHPERUDDILQVD6RFLRORJLD-XUtGLFDD&LrQFLDGR'LUHLWRHD)LORVRILDGR'LUHLWR
$6RFLRORJLD-XUtGLFDWHPSRUREMHWRFRPRMiILFRXGLWRRGLUHLWRIDWRD&LrQFLDGR'LUHLWRVHSUHRFXSD
FRPDQRUPDHD)LORVRILDGR'LUHLWRGHGLFDVHDRGLUHLWRHPVHXDVSHFWRYDORU

28.1. Diferença entre a sociologia jurídica e a ciência do direito

2 IDWR p R DFRQWHFLPHQWR VRFLDO UHIHULGR SHOR 'LUHLWR REMHWLYR 6mR DV UHODo}HV VRFLDLV IDWRV
LQWHULQGLYLGXDLV TXH HQYROYHP LQWHUHVVHV EiVLFRV SDUD D VRFLHGDGH H TXH SRU LVVR HQTXDGUDPVH GHQWUR GRV
DVVXQWRVUHJXODGRVSHODRUGHPMXUtGLFD
,PSOLFDLVWRGL]HUTXHD6RFLRORJLD-XUtGLFDGHVFUHYHDUHDOLGDGHVRFLDOGRGLUHLWRVHPOHYDUHPFRQWDVXD
QRUPDWLYLGDGH 3UHRFXSDVH FRP D H[LVWrQFLD GR GLUHLWR FRPR SURGXWR RX IHQ{PHQR VRFLDO GHFRUUHQWH GDV
LQWHUUHODo}HV VRFLDLV H QmR FRPR IRL FRQFHELGR RX HTXDFLRQDGR SHOR OHJLVODGRU $ VRFLRORJLD GHYH DSHQDV
UHODWDUHUHJLVWUDURIDWRVHPVHHQYROYHUFRPYDORUHVLGHRORJLDVRXQRUPDVeWDUHIDGRVRFLyORJRGHVFUHYHU
RVIDWRV
$QRUPDFRQVLVWHQRSDGUmRGHFRPSRUWDPHQWRVRFLDODVHUDGRWDGRHPFDGDFDVR³$RGLVFLSOLQDUXPD
FRQGXWD R RUGHQDPHQWR MXUtGLFR Gi DRV IDWRV GD YLGD VRFLDO XP PRGHOR XPD IyUPXOD GH YLYrQFLD FROHWLYD´
1$'(53DXOR2EFLWS(HVVHpRFDPSRGDFLrQFLDGR'LUHLWR(VWXGDR'LUHLWRSHORVHXDVSHFWR
QRUPDWLYRLVWRpRFRQMXQWRGHOHLVHUHJUDVHVFULWDVHHPDQDGDVGR(VWDGR¬FLrQFLDGR'LUHLWRLQWHUHVVDR
FRQKHFLPHQWR GDV QRUPDV MXUtGLFDV TXH HQXQFLDP QmR R TXH VXFHGHX RX FRPR VXFHGHX PDV R TXH GHYH
DFRQWHFHU Mi TXH R REMHWR GR VDEHU MXUtGLFR p R 'LUHLWR H R 'LUHLWR p D QRUPD QDGD PDLV TXH D QRUPD
.HOVHQ$QRUPDSRGHVHUGHILQLGDFRPRXPMXt]RKLSRWpWLFRGHVWLQDGRDH[SUHVVDUTXHID]HURXQmRID]HU
DOJRGHYHDFRPSDQKDUVHGHXPDPHGLGDGHFRDomRSRUSDUWHGR(VWDGR

28.2. Distinção entre a sociologia jurídica e a filosofia do direito

¬ )LORVRILD GR 'LUHLWR TXH REMHWLYD R HVWXGR GR GLUHLWR QR VHX DVSHFWR YDORU FDEH GHWHUPLQDU VXD
IRUPDomR H GHVHQYROYLPHQWR HP UHODomR DRV HOHPHQWRV LQIUDHVWUXWXUDLV GD VRFLHGDGH UHVVDOWDQGR D
GHSHQGrQFLD GH VXDV PRGLILFDo}HV 3UHRFXSDVH FRP FRUUHQWHV ILORVyILFDV H LGHROyJLFDV TXH FRQFHEHUDP R
GLUHLWRGHVWDRXGDTXHODIRUPDHFRPDHVFDODGHYDORUDomRMXUtGLFDGRVEHQVH[LVWHQWHVQDVRFLHGDGH
9DORUpRHOHPHQWRPRUDOGR'LUHLWRDVXDHVVrQFLDpWLFD7RGDDREUDKXPDQDpLPSUHJQDGDGHVHQWLGR
RX YDORU H DVVLP WDPEpP RFRUUH FRP D VRFLHGDGH 7HP HOD XPD escala de valores OLJDGD j LGHLD GH SRGHU
LPSRUWkQFLD TXDOLGDGH HVWLPD XWLOLGDGH H QHFHVVLGDGH PDWHULDO RX PRUDO DFHUFD GH FRQGXWDV SRVLo}HV
HQWHQGLPHQWRV H FRLVDV HVFDOD HVVD TXH YDL VH IRUPDQGR H VH PRGLILFDQGR GH DFRUGR FRP FRUUHQWHV
LGHROyJLFDV ± SHQVDPHQWRV LGHLDV RSLQL}HV ± H[LVWHQWHV HP GHWHUPLQDGR PRPHQWR H HP GHWHUPLQDGD
VRFLHGDGH
(PVXPD³VmRYDORUHVpWLFRVFRQFHLWRVHMXt]RVTXHGHILQHPDVH[LJrQFLDVUHODFLRQDGDVFRPFHUWRWLSR
GH FRQGXWD RX FHUWR WLSR GH RUJDQL]DomR RX DLQGD FRP RV SDGU}HV LGHDLV GD YLGD LQGLYLGXDO RX FROHWLYD´
+(50(6 /,0$ 2E FLW S  2 PHVPR IDWR VRFLDO WHUi HIHLWRV GLYHUVRV GHSHQGHQGR GR VHQWLGR HP
IXQomR GR TXDO SRGH VHU FRPSUHHQGLGR 5HODo}HV VH[XDLV SRU H[HPSOR SRGHP VHU DEVROXWDPHQWH OtFLWDV QD
PHGLGDHPTXHWrPVHQWLGRRXYDORUGHFDVDPHQWRXQLmRHVWiYHOHWFRXLOtFLWDVHPUD]mRGDSURVWLWXLomRRX
HVWXSUR 9DOH GL]HU DQWHV GH VH FKHJDU j QRUPDWL]DomR RV IDWRV VRFLDLV WHUmR TXH VHU H[DPLQDGRV j OX] GD
HVFDODGHYDORUHVVRFLDLV
3RLVEHPDUD]mRGDIL[DomRGHXPDQRUPDMXUtGLFDFRQVWLWXLRREMHWRGHHVWXGRGRILOyVRIRRVHXSRQWR
GH YLVWD FUtWLFR 7RGD QRUPD HQXQFLD DOJR TXH deve ser HP YLUWXGH GH WHU VLGR UHFRQKHFLGR um valor FRPR
UD]mRGHWHUPLQDQWHGHXPFRPSRUWDPHQWRGHFODUDGRREULJDWyULR2YDORUFRQIHUHGHWHUPLQDGDVLJQLILFDomRDR
IDWR LQFOLQDQGR RX GHWHUPLQDQGR D DomR GRV KRPHQV QR VHQWLGR GH DWLQJLU RX SUHVHUYDU FHUWD ILQDOLGDGH RX
REMHWLYR$escravidãoSRUH[HPSORSUDWLFDGDDPSODPHQWHGXUDQWHVpFXORVIRLEDQLGDDSDUWLUGRPRPHQWR
HPTXHDliberdadeDVFHQGHXDJUDQGHYDORUVRFLDO
2 'LUHLWR EUDVLOHLUR DWXDO SULQFLSDOPHQWH D SDUWLU GD &RQVWLWXLomR GH  YROWRX D GDU rQIDVH DRV
YDORUHVRTXHWHPFRQVHJXLGRDOFDQoDUSRUPHLRGDFRQVDJUDomRGHSULQFtSLRVPrincípiosVmRYDORUHVpWLFRV
PRUDLVHVRFLDLVDSUHHQGLGRVSHOROHJLVODGRUHTXHFRQVDJUDGRVHPXPSUHFHLWRSDVVDPDVHULQVWUXPHQWRV
GH LQWHUSUHWDomR GH RXWURV SUHFHLWRV HQTXDQWR normas VmR UHJUDV GH FRPSRUWDPHQWR TXH HVWDEHOHFHP FRPR
GHYHRXQmRGHYHVHUDFRQGXWDHDVFRQVHTXrQFLDVTXHGDtGHFRUUHP5HJUDVRIHUHFHPVROXo}HVHQTXDQWRTXH
RVSULQFtSLRVRIHUHFHPSDUDGLJPDVFULWpULRVSDUDVHHQFRQWUDUDVROXomRGRFDVRFRQFUHWR
(QWUHRVVXSHULRUHVSULQFtSLRVYDORUHVFRQVDJUDGRVQD&RQVWLWXLomRGHPHUHFHHVSHFLDOGHVWDTXH
RGDdignidade  da  pessoa  humana FRORFDGR FRPR XP GRV IXQGDPHQWRV GD 5HS~EOLFD )HGHUDWLYD GR %UDVLO
DUWƒ,,,7HPRVKRMHRTXHSRGHVHUFKDPDGRGHdireito subjetivo constitucional à dignidade$RDVVLP
ID]HU D &RQVWLWXLomR FRORFRX R +RPHP QR YpUWLFH GR RUGHQDPHQWR MXUtGLFR GD 1DomR IH] GHOH D SULPHLUD H
GHFLVLYDUHDOLGDGHWUDQVIRUPDQGRRVVHXVGLUHLWRVQRILRFRQGXWRUGHWRGRVRVUDPRVMXUtGLFRV,VVRpYDORU
( DR LQVHULU HP VHX WH[WR QRUPDV TXH WXWHODP RV YDORUHV KXPDQRV D &RQVWLWXLomR IH] WDPEpP HVWUXWXUDO
WUDQVIRUPDomRQRFRQFHLWRHYDORUHVGRVGLUHLWRVLQGLYLGXDLVHVRFLDLVRVXILFLHQWHSDUDSHUPLWLUTXHDWXWHOD
GHVVHVGLUHLWRVVHMDDJRUDIHLWDSRUDSOLFDomRGLUHWDGHVXDVQRUPDV
1RSODQRLQIUDFRQVWLWXFLRQDODOHJLVODomRYHPVHJXLQGRRPHVPRFDPLQKR2&yGLJRGR&RQVXPLGRUp
XPD OHL SULQFLSLROyJLFD QR TXDO IRUDP FRQVDJUDGRV RV YDORUHV pWLFRV H PRUDLV QHFHVViULRV j GHIHVD GR
FRQVXPLGRU HQWUH RV TXDLV D ERDIp REMHWLYD SULQFtSLR FDUGHDO DUWV ƒ 9,,,  ,9 D WUDQVSDUrQFLD D
FRQILDQoDDLQIRUPDomRDVHJXUDQoDHRXWURV2QRYR&yGLJR&LYLOFRPRQmRSRGHULDGHL[DUGHVHUSRLVIRL
FRRUGHQDGRSHORDXWRUGDWHRULDWULGLPHQVLRQDOGR'LUHLWRHVWiWRGRFRPSURPHWLGRFRPRUHVJDWHGRVYDORUHV
pWLFRVVRFLDLVHPRUDLVQR'LUHLWR$WtWXORGHH[HPSOLILFDomROHPEUDPRVTXHDboa­fépWDPEpPRSULQFtSLR
FDUGHDOGHVVHQRYR&yGLJRXPDHVSpFLHGHILRFRQGXWRUGHWRGDDVXDHVWUXWXUD1mRVHWUDWDSRUpPGDERD
Ip PHUDPHQWH VXEMHWLYD ± SRVLomR SVLFROyJLFD LQWHQomR SXUD H GHVWLWXtGD GH PiIp FUHQoD RX LJQRUkQFLD GH
XPDSHVVRD±SRUTXHLVVRDUHDOLGDGHGHPRQVWURXQmRVHUVXILFLHQWHQDVUHODo}HVVRFLDLVUHJLGDVSHOR'LUHLWR
'L]HPTXHRLQIHUQRHVWiFKHLRGHSHVVRDVEHPLQWHQFLRQDGDV$ERDIpFRQVDJUDGDSHORQRYR&yGLJRFRPR
YDORU VXSHULRU p D ERDIp REMHWLYD RX QRUPDWLYD DVVLP HQWHQGLGD D FRQGXWD DGHTXDGD FRUUHWD OHDO
WUDQVSDUHQWHFRQILiYHOHKRQHVWDTXHDVSHVVRDVGHYHPHPSUHJDUHPWRGDVDVUHODo}HVVRFLDLV
7UrV VmR DV IXQo}HV GD ERDIp REMHWLYD QR QRYR &yGLJR &LYLO D IRQWH GH GHYHUHV LQVWUXPHQWDLV GRV
FRQWUDWRVDUWTXHPFRQWUDWDQmRFRQWUDWDDSHQDVRTXHFRQWUDWDFRQWUDWDWDPEpPOHDOGDGHFRRSHUDomR
WUDQVSDUrQFLD LQIRUPDomR HWF WHPVH GLWR TXH HVVH GLVSRVLWLYR p D SRUWD GH HQWUDGD GD pWLFD QR QRVVR
'LUHLWREUHJUDGHLQWHUSUHWDomRGRVQHJyFLRVMXUtGLFRVDUWWRGRHTXDOTXHUQHJyFLRMXUtGLFRGHYHVHU
LQWHUSUHWDGRSHORMXL]GHDFRUGRFRPRSULQFtSLRGDERDIpFOLPLWHDRH[HUFtFLRGRVGLUHLWRVVXEMHWLYRVDUW
QHVWDWHUFHLUDKLSyWHVHDERDIpUHSUHVHQWDRSDGUmRpWLFRGHconfiançaHlealdade LQGLVSHQViYHO SDUD D
FRQYLYrQFLD VRFLDO $V SDUWHV GHYHP DJLU FRP OHDOGDGH H FRQILDQoD UHFtSURFDV (VVD H[SHFWDWLYD GH XP
FRPSRUWDPHQWR DGHTXDGR SRU SDUWH GR RXWUR p XP FRPSRUWDPHQWR LQGLVSHQViYHO QD YLGD GD UHODomR e XP
OLPLWHDVHUUHVSHLWDGRQRH[HUFtFLRGHWRGRHTXDOTXHUGLUHLWRVXEMHWLYR
3RGHPRV DILUPDU TXH R &yGLJR GR &RQVXPLGRU H R QRYR &yGLJR &LYLO VmR XPD UHDomR DR OLEHUDOLVPR
MXUtGLFRTXHSUHGRPLQRXGXUDQWHWRGRRVpFXOR;;SULQFLSDOPHQWHHPVXDSULPHLUDPHWDGHHTXHDRVSRXFRV
DIDVWRXR'LUHLWRGDpWLFDGDPRUDOGDHTXLGDGHGRVYDORUHVWUDQVFHQGHQWDLVWRUQDQGRRSXURWHFQLFLVPR
(P VXPD D 6RFLRORJLD SURFXUD D H[LVWrQFLD D )LORVRILD SUHRFXSDVH FRP D HVVrQFLD ³$ 6RFLRORJLD GR
'LUHLWR´FRPRREVHUYRX*XUYLWFK³GiDRMXULVWDXPDGHVFULomRREMHWLYDGDUHDOLGDGHVRFLDOGRGLUHLWRYiOLGD
QXP GDGR PHLR VRFLDO D )LORVRILD GR 'LUHLWR OKH Gi XP FULWpULR GH YDORUHV MXUtGLFRV TXH OKH DMXGD HP VXDV
PDQLIHVWDo}HV SDUWLFXODUHV SDUD DOFDQoDU ILQV FRQFUHWRV´ Sociologia  do  direito S  (PERUD FDGD XPD
IXQFLRQH HP VHX VHWRU HVSHFtILFR DV GXDV FLrQFLDV HVWmR HQWUHWDQWR LQWHUOLJDGDV SRLV R ILOyVRIR VRFLDO
QHFHVVLWD FRQKHFHU D UHDOLGDGH VRFLDO TXH VH ID] SUHVHQWH QRV WUDEDOKRV GR VRFLyORJR ³4XDQGR VH HVWXGD
)LORVRILDGR'LUHLWR´DVVLQDOD3RUWR&DUUHLURIntrodução à ciência do direitoS³SDUWHVHGHXPDEDVH
VRFLROyJLFDLQDIDVWiYHOFXMRFRQKHFLPHQWRpIRUQHFLGRSRUDTXHOHVTXHVHGHGLFDPDRHVWXGRVRFLROyJLFRGR
'LUHLWR´

29. A EFICÁCIA, A VIGÊNCIA E O FUNDAMENTO

$VWUrVGLPHQV}HVSHODVTXDLVR'LUHLWRSRGHVHUFRQVLGHUDGRIDWRQRUPDHYDORUVHJXQGRRSUySULR

0LJXHO 5HDOH O  direito  como  experiência  S  H  GmR RULJHP D WUrV SODQRV GH SUREOHPDV
GLIHUHQWHVRGDHILFiFLDRGDYLJrQFLDHRGRIXQGDPHQWR
$6RFLRORJLD-XUtGLFDVHSUHRFXSDFRPRSULPHLUR±DHILFiFLDD&LrQFLDGR'LUHLWRFRPRVHJXQGR±D
YLJrQFLDHD)LORVRILDGR'LUHLWRFRPRWHUFHLUR±RIXQGDPHQWR

29.1. A eficácia

$RDILUPDUPRVTXHD6RFLRORJLD-XUtGLFDSUHRFXSDVHFRPDHILFiFLDGR'LUHLWRTXHUHPRVHQIDWL]DUTXH
FRQVWLWXLWDPEpPREMHWRGHVVDGLVFLSOLQDVDEHUVHDVQRUPDVMXUtGLFDVHVWmRRXQmRDGHTXDGDVjVQHFHVVLGDGHV
VRFLDLV4XHUGL]HUSULPHLURD6RFLRORJLD-XUtGLFDSUHRFXSDVHFRPRVIDWRVVRFLDLVTXHUHSHUFXWHPQDRUGHP
MXUtGLFD H FRP DV UHODo}HV TXH QHFHVVLWDP UHFHEHU R GLVFLSOLQDPHQWR GR GLUHLWR XPD YH] HODERUDGD D QRUPD
GLVFLSOLQDGRUDHPSHQKDVHHPVDEHUVHDUHIHULGDQRUPDDWHQGHRXQmRjVQHFHVVLGDGHVVRFLDLV
 $OJXPDV UHIHUrQFLDV GRXWULQiULDV PDLV UHFHQWHV IDODP QR %UDVLO QR princípio  da  realidade FRPR
HOHPHQWR GH FRQWUROH GD HILFiFLD GR 'LUHLWR FRQIRUPH VH GHSUHHQGH GR VHJXLQWH WUHFKR GH 'LHJR GH
)LJXHLUHGR³2HQWHQGLPHQWRGRSULQFtSLRGDUHDOLGDGHSDUWHGHFRQVLGHUDo}HVEHPVLPSOHVR'LUHLWRYROWDVH
jFRQYLYrQFLDUHDOHQWUHRVKRPHQVHWRGRVRVDWRVSDUWHPGRSUHVVXSRVWRGHTXHRVIDWRVTXHVXVWHQWDPVXDV
QRUPDVHGHPDUFDPVHXVREMHWLYRVVmRYHUGDGHLURVSão fatos que regularmente ocorrem ou podem ocorrer,
na  natureza  física  ou  convivencial,  e  só  excepcionalmente,  e  por  disposição  expressa,  a  ordem  jurídica
acolhe ficções ou presunções´Legitimidade e discricionariedade.5LRGH-DQHLUR)RUHQVH
,VVR FRPR WHUHPRV RSRUWXQLGDGH GH YHU p GD PDLRU LPSRUWkQFLD SRUTXH D QRUPD PHVPR TXH QR
PRPHQWRGHVXDHODERUDomRHVWHMDSHUIHLWDPHQWHDGHTXDGDjUHDOLGDGHVRFLDOFRPRFRUUHUGRWHPSRSRGHVH
WRUQDUXOWUDSDVVDGDLQHILFD]HPUD]mRGDFRQVWDQWHHYROXomRVRFLDOWRUQDQGRVHQHFHVViULRUHIRUPXOiOD

29.2. A vigência

$&LrQFLDGR'LUHLWRSRUVXDYH]SUHRFXSDVHQmRVRPHQWHFRPDQRUPDFRPRMiYLPRVPDVWDPEpP
FRP D VXD YLJrQFLD 2 MXULVWD Vy WRPD FRQKHFLPHQWR GR IHQ{PHQR VRFLDO GHSRLV TXH D QRUPD MXUtGLFD IRL
HODERUDGDHHQTXDQWRHVWLYHUHPYLJRUVHUiVXDDWDUHIDGHHVWXGiODLQWHUSUHWiODFRPHQWiODHWFDLQGDTXH
VHWUDWHGHOHLGHVDWXDOL]DGD$QRUPDVyGHL[DGHVHUYLJHQWHGHSRLVGHH[SUHVVDRXWDFLWDPHQWHUHYRJDGDSRU
RXWUD$WpOipREMHWRGDFLrQFLDGR'LUHLWR

29.3. O fundamento

$R DILUPDUPRV ILQDOPHQWH TXH D )LORVRILD GR 'LUHLWR SUHRFXSDVH WDPEpP FRP RV IXQGDPHQWRV GR
'LUHLWRTXHUHPRVGL]HUTXHFRQVWLWXHPLJXDOPHQWHREMHWRGHVVDGLVFLSOLQDRVSUREOHPDVUHODFLRQDGRVFRPR
LGHDOGRGLUHLWRDQDWXUH]DGRTXHpMXUtGLFRVXDVFDXVDVHVHXVSULQFtSLRV~OWLPRVVHXFRQWH~GRpWLFRRVHX
PXQGRD[LROyJLFRLQYHVWLJDQGRDLQGDDVLGHRORJLDVRXFRUUHQWHVGHSHQVDPHQWRTXHDFDEDUDPSUHYDOHFHQGRH
VHUYLQGRGHIXQGDPHQWRDRVSULQFLSDLVLQVWLWXWRVMXUtGLFRV
'RH[SRVWRSDUHFHQRVUHVXOWDUFODURTXHD&LrQFLDGR'LUHLWRVyWHPUD]mRGHVHUDSyVRVXUJLPHQWRGD
SULPHLUDQRUPDQDVRFLHGDGH(QTXDQWRRJUXSRVRFLDOHVWLYHUVHRUJDQL]DQGRGHFLGLQGRTXHIRUPDGH(VWDGR
HGHJRYHUQRYDLDGRWDU±XQLWiULRIHGHUDGRGHPRFUiWLFRUHSXEOLFDQR±TXHRUJDQL]DomRVRFLDOHSROtWLFDYDL
HVWDEHOHFHU±VLWXDomRGDIDPtOLDVLVWHPDVGHSURGXomRHWF±KDYHUiFDPSRDSHQDVSDUDD6RFLRORJLD-XUtGLFD
HSDUDD)LORVRILDGR'LUHLWR'HSHQGHQGRGDVFRUUHQWHVLGHROyJLFDVRXILORVyILFDVSUHGRPLQDQWHVHGRVIDWRV
VRFLDLVH[LVWHQWHVWHUHPRVHVWDRXDTXHODHVWUXWXUDSROtWLFDHVRFLDO
1RPRPHQWRSRUpPHPTXHILFDUGHFLGLGRDIRUPDGH(VWDGRpHVVDDIRUPDGHJRYHUQRpDTXHODR
FDVDPHQWRVHUiDVVLPHWFVXUJHDQRUPDHSRUYLDGHFRQVHTXrQFLDRREMHWRGD&LrQFLDGR'LUHLWR
5HFDSLWXODQGRSULPHLURRFRUUHRIDWRVRFLDOGHSRLVVHYDORUL]DRIDWRHSRU~OWLPRHOHpQRUPDWL]DGR
6HUYH FRPR H[HPSOR D XQLmR HVWiYHO GH KRPRVVH[XDLV TXHVWmR TXH DLQGD DJXDUGD GHILQLomR MXUtGLFD (P
DOJXQVSDtVHVRFDVDPHQWRGHKRPRVVH[XDLVMipSHUPLWLGRPDVQR%UDVLOVRPHQWHSDVVRXDVHUDGPLWLGR±H
DSHQDVHPVHGHMXULVSUXGHQFLDO±DSDUWLUGRMXOJDPHQWRGD$',')HGD$'3)5-2IDWRVRFLDOMi
H[LVWH PLOKDUHV GH SHVVRDV GR PHVPR VH[R FRQYLYHP VRE R PHVPR WHWR SDUWLOKDQGR D YLGD VH[XDO
VHQWLPHQWDO H GRPpVWLFD FRPR VH IRVVHP FDVDLV 0XLWDV Mi FRQVHJXLUDP D SRVVH H JXDUGD GH FULDQoDV H DWp
DGRWiODVFRPRILOKRV0DVDQRUPDOHJLWLPDQGRHVVDVVLWXDo}HVQmRIRLHGLWDGDSRUTXHDLQGDHVWiHPGHEDWHR
YDORU 'LVFXWHVH D MXVWLILFDomR GHVVD XQLmR DV VXDV FRQVHTXrQFLDV PRUDLV pWLFDV UHOLJLRVDV IDPLOLDUHV H
VRFLDLVFRPRRXWURUDVHGLVFXWLXRFRQFXELQDWRUHFRQKHFLGRFRPRXQLmRHVWiYHOSHOD&RQVWLWXLomRGH
HQWLGDGHIDPLOLDUFXMDFRQYHUVmRHPFDVDPHQWRDOHLGHYHIDFLOLWDUDUW†ƒ

30. O SER E O DEVER-SER

'HVGH .HOVHQ HP VXD 7HRULD 3XUD GR 'LUHLWR DWp QRVVRV GLDV PXLWRV DXWRUHV SURFXUDP GLVWLQJXLU D
6RFLRORJLD -XUtGLFD GD &LrQFLD GR 'LUHLWR HVWDEHOHFHQGR TXH D SULPHLUD p D ciência do ser H D VHJXQGD D GR
dever­ser 2 PXQGR GR VHU p R GDV OHLV QDWXUDLV LVWR p TXH GHFRUUHP GD SUySULD QDWXUH]D GH QDGD YDOH D
YRQWDGH GR KRPHP QD WHQWDWLYD GH PRGLILFiODV PHGLDQWH D IRUPXODomR GH OHLV UDFLRQDLV 1R PXQGR GD
QDWXUH]DDVFRLVDVVHSDVVDPPHFDQLFDPHQWH$XPDQWHFHGHQWHOLJDVHLQGLVSHQVDYHOPHQWHGDGRFRQVHTXHQWH
XPFRUSRVROWRQRHVSDoRDQWHFHGHQWHFDLLQH[RUDYHOPHQWHFRQVHTXHQWHVHFKRYHUDWHUUDILFDPROKDGDH
DVVLPSRUGLDQWH
1RPXQGRGRGHYHUVHUDVFRLVDVVHSDVVDPVHJXQGRDYRQWDGHUDFLRQDOGRKRPHPeHVWHTXHDGDGR
DQWHFHGHQWHOLJDGHWHUPLQDGRFRQVHTXHQWHVHDOJXpPFDXVDUGDQRDRXWUHPILFDREULJDGRDUHSDUiOR
$VFLrQFLDVVRFLDLVSHUWHQFHPDRPXQGRGRGHYHUVHUWDOFRPRDPRUDODpWLFDHRGLUHLWR2KRPHPpR
~QLFRVHUTXHSDUWLFLSDGDVGXDVHVIHUDVEiVLFDVGRPXQGR±DItVLFDRVHUHDPRUDORGHYHUVHU&RPRVHU
ELROyJLFRHVWiQDUHDOLGDGHGDVFRLVDVVXMHLWRjVOHLVQDWXUDLVFRPRVHUPRUDODWXDQDHVIHUDGDOLEHUGDGHGD
FRQVFLrQFLDHGDUD]mRHVFROKHQGRRVVHXVSUySULRVFDPLQKRVHVFUHYHQGRDVXDKLVWyULDFRQVWUXLQGRERPEDV
RX FDWHGUDLV H DVVXPLQGR D UHVSRQVDELOLGDGH SHORV VHXV DWRV 1HVVD SHUVSHFWLYD REVHUYRX 0DFKDGR 1HWR
2EFLWSD6RFLRORJLD-XUtGLFDYHUVDUiRPHVPRREMHWRGDFLrQFLDMXUtGLFDDSHQDVVHUYLQGRVHGHXPD
OyJLFDGLYHUVD2GLUHLWRGHTXHDTXLVHYDLWUDWDU±DFRQGXWDKXPDQD±pRPHVPRFRPTXHRVRFLyORJRMiVH
KDELWXDUD D FRQYLYHU PXLWR DQWHV TXH RV MXULVWDV RX RV MXVILOyVRIRV IL]HVVHP D H[WUDRUGLQiULD GHVFREHUWD GR
GLUHLWR FRPR FRQGXWD HP LQWHUIHUrQFLD LQWHUVXEMHWLYD 4XDQGR R VRFLyORJR GR GLUHLWR VH UHIHUH DR VHX REMHWR
HVWiVHUHIHULQGRQmRjVQRUPDVGHYHUVHUPDVDRSUySULRGLUHLWRYLYRVHULVWRpjVFRQGXWDVKXPDQDVHP
VRFLHGDGH
6LQWHWL]DQGRWXGRRTXHDWpDTXLILFRXGLWRSRGHPRVHVWDEHOHFHURVHJXLQWHTXDGUR

DIREITO

Sociologia Jurídica Fato Eficácia Ser

Ciência do Direito Norma Vigência Dever-ser

Filosofia do Direito Valor Fundamento Poder Ser


&RPR VH Yr DV WUrV FLrQFLDV RFXSDPVH GR 'LUHLWR FDGD TXDO HQWUHWDQWR FRP XP DVSHFWR GLIHUHQWH R
TXHOKHVFRQIHUHREMHWRSUySULRHDXWRQRPLD
&UHPRV TXH D HVVD DOWXUD Mi SRGHPRV FRPSUHHQGHU PHOKRU RV PRWLYRV GD LQFRQFLOLiYHO FRQWURYpUVLD
H[LVWHQWHHQWUHVRFLyORJRVILOyVRIRVHMXULVWDVKiPXLWRWHPSR2VSULPHLURVIDODPGRGLUHLWRQRVHXDVSHFWR
IDWR HILFiFLD VHU RULXQGR LQTXHVWLRQDYHOPHQWH GD VRFLHGDGH RV VHJXQGRV IDODP GR PHVPR IHQ{PHQR R
GLUHLWR PDV QR VHX DVSHFWR YDORU IXQGDPHQWR SRGHU VHU H RV ~OWLPRV IDODP GR VHX DVSHFWR QRUPDWLYR GH
YLJrQFLDGHYHUVHURULXQGRGDLQVWLWXLomRHVWDWDO7RGRVHVWmRFHUWRVWRGRVWrPUD]mRFDGDTXDOSRUpPHP
VHXkQJXORGHYLVmR

31. A HISTÓRIA DO DIREITO

'HWRGDVDVFLrQFLDVMXUtGLFDVD6RFLRORJLD-XUtGLFDHD+LVWyULDGR'LUHLWRVmRLQHJDYHOPHQWHDTXHODV
TXH PDQWrP PDLV tQWLPDV UHODo}HV e TXH DV GXDV SRVVXHP SUDWLFDPHQWH R PHVPR REMHWR PDWHULDO ± D YLGD
VRFLDOSDUDDPEDVRGLUHLWRDSDUHFHFRPRXPIDWRVRFLDO
(QWHQGHPRV TXH D SULQFLSDO GLVWLQomR HQWUH HVVDV GXDV FLrQFLDV HVWi HP TXH D 6RFLRORJLD -XUtGLFD
SUHRFXSDVHSRUH[FHOrQFLDFRPRVIDWRVSUHVHQWHVHD+LVWyULDGR'LUHLWRFRPRVIDWRVSDVVDGRV±DSHVDUGH
VHU FRQVLGHUDGD LQyFXD WDO GLVWLQomR SRU DOJXQV DXWRUHV 6$/'$1+$ 1HOVRQ 1RJXHLUD Sociologia  do
direitoS
2V IDWRV SUHVHQWHV VmR D SULQFLSDO SUHRFXSDomR GD 6RFLRORJLD -XUtGLFD SRUTXH OKH FDEH FRPR Mi YLPRV
ID]HU D GHVFULomR GD DWXDO UHDOLGDGH VRFLDO GR GLUHLWR SRVVLELOLWDQGR D HODERUDomR GH QRUPDV DMXVWDGDV D HVVD
UHDOLGDGHHDIHULQGRDHILFiFLDGDVMiH[LVWHQWHV6mRRVIDWRVSUHVHQWHVDUHDOLGDGHDWXDOTXHQHFHVVLWDPGR
GLVFLSOLQDPHQWRMXUtGLFRHQmRRVSDVVDGRV
2VIDWRVSDVVDGRVVyLQWHUHVVDPj6RFLRORJLD-XUtGLFDHYHQWXDOPHQWHSDUDHIHLWRGHFRPSDUDomRDILPGH
DSXUDUDHYROXomRVRIULGDSHOR'LUHLWR
¬ +LVWyULD GR 'LUHLWR SRU VXD YH] FRPR j +LVWyULD HP JHUDO LQWHUHVVDP RV IDWRV SDVVDGRV
VLPSOHVPHQWHSRUQmRVHUSRVVtYHOID]HUKLVWyULDGHIDWRVSUHVHQWHV+LVWRULDUpQDUUDUIDWRVQRWiYHLVRFRUULGRV
QDYLGDGRVSRYRVWDOFRPRRFRUUHUDPFRPRPi[LPRGHILGHOLGDGHDRDFRQWHFLGR
1mRVHSRGHID]HUKLVWyULDGHIDWRVSUHVHQWHVSRUTXHRSUHVHQWHLQTXHVWLRQDYHOPHQWHLQIOXHQFLDQDYLVmR
GRVIDWRV&RUUHQWHVILORVyILFDVSRVLo}HVSROtWLFDVHQYROYLPHQWRVVRFLDLVHWFQRVLQIOXHQFLDPGHWDOIRUPD
DWpLQFRQVFLHQWHPHQWHDSRQWRGHHPYH]GHQRVOLPLWDUPRVDQDUUDUSDVVDUPRVWDPEpPDLQWHUSUHWDULVWRp
DQDUUDURVIDWRVQmRFRPRRFRUUHUDPPDVFRPRQRVSDUHFHPWHURFRUULGR(FRPRpVDELGRXPDFRLVDpR
IDWRHRXWUDDVXDLQWHUSUHWDomR
$OJXpP SDVVD SRU XPD UXD H Yr XPD SHVVRD WLUDQGR XPD IDFD TXH HVWDYD FUDYDGD QDV FRVWDV GH RXWUD
(VWHpRIDWR9LDGHUHJUDFRPRYDLUHODWiOR"4XHYLXAHVIDTXHDQGRB,VVRMipLQWHUSUHWDomRSRLVSRGH
VHUTXHAHVWLYHVVHVRFRUUHQGRBPRPHQWRVDQWHVHVIDTXHDGRSRUC
3RU LVVR p QHFHVViULR SDUD ID]HU KLVWyULD GHL[DU TXH R WHPSR GLVSD RV IDWRV GH WRGD LGHRORJLD RX
FRQRWDomR LQWHUSUHWDWLYD 2 KLVWRULDGRU WHP TXH QDUUDU IDWRV VHU ILHO D HOHV R Pi[LPR SRVVtYHO H LVVR Vy p
SRVVtYHODOFDQoDUDSyVRGHFXUVRGHDOJXPWHPSR
3DUD0DFKDGR1HWR2EFLWSDSULQFLSDOGLIHUHQoDHQWUH6RFLRORJLD-XUtGLFDH+LVWyULDGR'LUHLWR
HVWi HP TXH D SULPHLUD SUHWHQGH DSDQKDU GR IHQ{PHQR VRFLDO MXUtGLFR R TXH VHMDP VXDV FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV
JHQpULFDVDVOHLVJHUDLVHDVILJXUDVWtSLFDVGRFRPSRUWDPHQWRMXUtGLFRGDVRFLHGDGH$VHJXQGD+LVWyULDGR
'LUHLWR GHWpPVH QD FRQVLGHUDomR GH FDGD IHQ{PHQR VRFLRMXUtGLFR LQGLYLGXDO SURFXUDQGR HQTXDGUiOR QR
VLVWHPD JHUDO HP TXH D KLVWyULD HP VL SUySULD FRQVLVWH 2EVHUYD R DXWRU HQWUHWDQWR TXH DV GXDV FLrQFLDV VH
UHODFLRQDPLQWLPDPHQWHSRLVRKLVWRULDGRUGRGLUHLWRVHDEHEHUDGRVHQVLQDPHQWRVGD6RFLRORJLD-XUtGLFDTXH
OKHGiPDLRUIRUoDGHSHQHWUDomRQRVLVWHPDJOREDOGDKLVWyULDMXUtGLFDDVVLPFRPRRVRFLyORJRGR'LUHLWRVH
DSURYHLWD GR LQHVJRWiYHO PDQDQFLDO GD KLVWyULD GDV LQVWLWXLo}HV MXUtGLFDV IXQGDPHQWR VyOLGR SDUD VXDV
LQGXo}HVVHQmRTXLVHUFRUUHURULVFRGHJHQHUDOL]DUDSDUWLUGHSRXFRVH[HPSORVHPStULFRV

32. RELAÇÃO DA SOCIOLOGIA JURÍDICA COM OS DEMAIS RAMOS DO DIREITO

6H SRU XP ODGR D 6RFLRORJLD -XUtGLFD WHP DXWRQRPLD FRPR FLrQFLD SRU RXWUR HVWi LQWLPDPHQWH
UHODFLRQDGDFRPWRGRR'LUHLWR±)DPtOLD6XFHVV}HV3HQDO7UDEDOKLVWD)LVFDOHWF±SHODVLPSOHVUD]mRGH
RFRUUHUHP QD VRFLHGDGH WRGRV RV IDWRV TXH UHSHUFXWHP QRV PDLV YDULDGRV UDPRV GR 'LUHLWR ( R IDWR VRFLDO
FRPRMiYLPRVpRREMHWRSRUH[FHOrQFLDGDQRVVDGLVFLSOLQD
'HWRGRRH[SRVWRSRGHPRVFRQFHLWXDUD6RFLRORJLD-XUtGLFDFRPRVHQGRDFLrQFLDTXHHVWXGDRGLUHLWR
FRPR IHQ{PHQR VRFLDO VHU D ILP GH REVHUYDU D DGHTXDomR GD RUGHP MXUtGLFD DRV IDWRV VRFLDLV R
FXPSULPHQWRSHORSRYRGDVOHLVYLJHQWHVDSOLFDomRGHVWDVSHODVDXWRULGDGHVHRVHIHLWRVVRFLDLVSRUHODVOHLV
SURGX]LGRVHILFiFLD
6HD6RFLRORJLD-XUtGLFDSRUXPODGRpXPHVWXGRHVSHFtILFRHSRVVXLkQJXORSUySULRSDUDH[DPLQDUVHX
REMHWRRGLUHLWRIDWRSRURXWURODGRPDQWpPFRQVWDQWHLQWHUFkPELRGHVXJHVW}HVHGHVXEVtGLRVFRPWRGDVDV
GLVFLSOLQDV HVSHFLDLV TXH SHVTXLVDP R GLUHLWR VRE RXWURV kQJXORV ( GHVVDV LQWHUUHODo}HV UHVXOWDUi SDUD R
HVWXGDQWHXPDYLVmRPDLVDPSODFRPSOHWDHDEUDQJHQWHGR'LUHLWR
 O desenvolvimento científico. Efeitos do progresso científico no mundo social. A importância das ciências
sociais. Importância da Sociologia Jurídica.

33. O DESENVOLVIMENTO CIENTÍFICO

1D SULPHLUD PHWDGH GR VpFXOR ;; DV JUDQGHV SRWrQFLDV PXQGLDLV GHUDP JUDQGH LPSRUWkQFLD DR HVWXGR
GDV FLrQFLDV FKDPDGDV H[DWDV 7RGDV DV DWHQo}HV IRUDP YROWDGDV SDUD DV SHVTXLVDV QR FDPSR GD )tVLFD
4XtPLFD0DWHPiWLFD$VWURQRPLDLQYHVWLQGRVHIDEXORVDVVRPDVQRGHVHQYROYLPHQWRGHDUURMDGRVSURMHWRV
TXDVHLPSRVVtYHLV
&RPR UHVXOWDGR KRXYH XP SURJUHVVR FLHQWtILFR QXQFD GDQWHV YLVWR RX HVSHUDGR ,Q~PHURV LQYHQWRV H
GHVFREHUWDV RFRUUHUDP SHUPLWLQGR DR KRPHP SHQHWUDU QR PXQGR GR LQYLVtYHO ± WDQWR GDV PLQ~VFXODV
EDFWpULDV FRPR GRV JLJDQWHVFRV FRUSRV FHOHVWHV GLVWDQWHV PLOK}HV GH DQRV OX] $V FDVDV HQFKHUDPVH GH
DSDUHOKRVHOHWURGRPpVWLFRVHPWmRJUDQGHQ~PHURHYDULHGDGHTXHVHIRUPRVDGTXLULORVWRGRVSUHFLVDUHPRV
GHGXDVFDVDV±XPDSDUDDIDPtOLDHRXWUDSDUDRVDSDUHOKRV$VUXDVRXWURUDFDOPDVHOLYUHVHQFKHUDPVHGH
YHtFXORV GRV PDLV YDULDGRV WLSRV R PDU HQFKHXVH GH QDYLRV GDV PDLV YDULDGDV SURFHGrQFLDV EHP FRPR GH
VXEPDULQRVHRXWURVREMHWRVGHVWLQDGRVjQDYHJDomRRDUGHDYL}HVRVPDLVSRGHURVRVHYHOR]HVGHQDYHV
HVSDFLDLVVDWpOLWHVDUWLILFLDLVHDWpGHREMHWRV³QmRLGHQWLILFDGRV´
2 KRPHP YHUGDGHLUDPHQWH DGTXLULX R GRP GD XELTXLGDGH SRLV SRGH HVWDU HP YiULRV OXJDUHV TXDVH DR
PHVPRWHPSR'LVFDRWHOHIRQHHIDODFRPDOJXpPQRRXWURODGRGRPXQGROLJDDWHOHYLVmRHYrRTXHHVWiVH
SDVVDQGR QDTXHOH LQVWDQWH HP RXWUR FRQWLQHQWH RX DWp PHVPR QD /XD WRPD FDIp QR 5LR GH -DQHLUR H MDQWD
HP 1RYD ,RUTXH QRV (VWDGRV 8QLGRV HQWUD QD LQWHUQHW H OLWHUDOPHQWH S}HVH HP FRQWDWR FRP TXDOTXHU
SHVVRD HP TXDOTXHU SDUWH GR PXQGR DFHVVD TXDOTXHU LQIRUPDomR FRPSUD R TXH TXLVHU Yr R TXH SUHWHQGHU
FRPDQGDRSHUDo}HVGHPXLWRVPLOK}HVGHGyODUHVHDVVLPSRUGLDQWH
(P FRQVHTXrQFLD GHVVH IDQWiVWLFR SURJUHVVR FLHQWtILFR WXGR VH WUDQVIRUPRX HP QRVVD VRFLHGDGH 1mR
SHUFHEHPRV WDQWR R YXOWR GDV WUDQVIRUPDo}HV SRUTXH RFRUUHUDP WRGDV HP QRVVRV GLDV H IRPRV D HODV QRV
DFRVWXPDQGRJUDGDWLYDPHQWH3DVVDUDPDVHUQDWXUDLV0DVVHXPDQFHVWUDOQRVVRTXHPRUUHXDtSHORDQRGH
YROWDVVHjQRVVDVRFLHGDGHQmRDFUHGLWDULDQRTXHYHULDSHQVDULDTXHHVWDYDHPXPRXWURPXQGR
-i KRXYH DWp XP ILOPH TXH H[SORURX HVVH PRWLYR (UD D KLVWyULD GH XP LQGLYtGXR FRQJHODGR
DFLGHQWDOPHQWHSRUYROWDGHHGHVFRQJHODGRHPQXPPXQGRWRWDOPHQWHGLIHUHQWH3DUDHYLWDUOKH
SUREOHPDV SVtTXLFRV VHXV GHVFHQGHQWHV WLYHUDP TXH UHPRQWDU HP WRUQR GHOH R PXQGR HP TXH YLYHX ± FRP
FDUUXDJHQVURXSDVFRPSULGDVHWF
3DUD WHUPRV LGHLD GR SURJUHVVR FLHQWtILFR TXH KRXYH HP QRVVRV GLDV H GDV WUDQVIRUPDo}HV RFRUULGDV
EDVWDTXHDWHQWHPRVSDUDRVHJXLQWHTXDOHUDRVLVWHPDGHWUDQVSRUWHPDLVUiSLGRDQRVDQWHVGH&ULVWR"
2 ORPER GH DQLPDO 'RLV PLO DQRV GHSRLV QRV GLDV GH &ULVWR TXDO HUD R PHLR GH WUDQVSRUWH PDLV UiSLGR"
&RQWLQXDYD VHQGR R ORPER GH DQLPDO 0LO H RLWRFHQWRV DQRV GHSRLV TXDO HUD R PHLR GH WUDQVSRUWH PDLV
UiSLGR"&RQWLQXDYDRPHVPR2QRVVR'3HGUR,SURFODPRXDLQGHSHQGrQFLDQmRHPFLPDGHXPWDQTXHGH
JXHUUD PDV DLQGD HP FLPD GH XP FDYDOR QR TXDO YLDMDYD GR 5LR SDUD 6mR 3DXOR 1D (XURSD H QRV GHPDLV
SDtVHV FLYLOL]DGRV WDPEpP R WUDQVSRUWH HUD R PHVPR ,VVR GHPRQVWUD TXH HP TXDVH TXDWUR PLO DQRV GH
KLVWyULDDKXPDQLGDGHQDGDSURJUHGLXQRFDPSRFLHQWtILFR2~QLFRDFRQWHFLPHQWRLVRODGRGHJUDQGHLPSDFWR
FXOWXUDO VREUH D VRFLHGDGH RFRUUHX SRU YROWD GH  TXDQGR -RKDQQ *XWHQEHUJ XP RXULYHV GD FLGDGH GH
0DLQ]QD$OHPDQKDLQYHQWRXRWLSRPyYHOHDSUHVHQWRXDSULPHLUDSUHQVDQD(XURSDD&KLQDHD&RUHLDMi
SRVVXtDPSUHQVDV2LQYHQWRPXGRXDFXOWXUDRFLGHQWDOSDUDVHPSUH*XWHQEHUJOHYRXGRLVDQRVSDUDFRPSRU
RVWLSRVGHVXDSULPHLUDBíblia PDV XPD YH] IHLWR LVVR WHYH FRQGLo}HV GH LPSULPLU P~OWLSORV H[HPSODUHV
$QWHV GH *XWHQEHUJ WRGRV RV OLYURV HUDP FRSLDGRV j PmR 2V PRQJHV TXH HP JHUDO HUDP HQFDUUHJDGRV GH
FRSLDU D Bíblia UDUDPHQWH FRQVHJXLDP ID]HU PDLV GH XPD SRU DQR $ SUHQVD GH *XWHQEHUJ HUD HP
FRPSDUDomRXPDLPSUHVVRUDDODVHUGHDOWDYHORFLGDGH
2 DSDUHFLPHQWR GD SUHQVD IH] PDLV SHOD FXOWXUD RFLGHQWDO GR TXH VLPSOHVPHQWH LQWURGX]LU XPD IRUPD
PDLV YHOR] GH UHSURGX]LU XP OLYUR $Wp DTXHOD pSRFD DSHVDU GR WUDQVFXUVR GDV JHUDo}HV D YLGD IRUD
FRPXQLWiULD H SUDWLFDPHQWH LPXWiYHO $ PDLRULD GDV SHVVRDV Vy FRQKHFLD DTXLOR TXH IRUD YLVWR FRP RV
SUySULRV ROKRV RX RXYLGR HP UHODWRV GH WHUFHLURV 0XLWR SRXFDV VH DYHQWXUDYDP SDUD DOpP GDV IURQWHLUDV GD
DOGHLDHPSDUWHSRUTXHVHPPDSDVFRQILiYHLVHPJHUDOHUDTXDVHLPSRVVtYHOHQFRQWUDURFDPLQKRGHYROWD
&RPRGL]-DPHV%XUNHXPGHPHXVDXWRUHVIDYRULWRV³1HVVHPXQGRWRGDVDVH[SHULrQFLDVHUDPSHVVRDLV
RV KRUL]RQWHV HUDP SHTXHQRV D FRPXQLGDGH ROKDYD SDUD GHQWUR 2 TXH H[LVWLD QR PXQGR H[WHULRU HUD XPD
TXHVWmR GH RXYLU GL]HU´ $R FKHJDUPRV SHUWR GR VpFXOR ;; SRUpP RV LQYHQWRV FRPHoDUDP D VXUJLU XP
GHVFREULX D HQHUJLD HOpWULFD RXWUR D PiTXLQD D YDSRU RXWUR DLQGD R PRWRU D H[SORVmR H DVVLP DV URGDV
FRPHoDUDPDFRUUHU
2SULPHLURWUHPDQGDYDjYHORFLGDGHGHNPSRUKRUDHUDXPHVSDQWRSDUDDpSRFD8PYHOKRTXHVH
HQFRQWUDYDQDHVWDomRDRYrORS{VVHDDGYHUWLURVSDVVDJHLURVGL]HQGRUHSHWLGDVYH]HV³(VVDFRLVDQmRYDL
DQGDU´ ( TXDQGR R WUHP DQGRX DLQGD PDLV GHVQRUWHDGR R YHOKR VH S{V D JULWDU ³(VVD FRLVD QmR YDL PDLV
SDUDU´(QmRSDURXPHVPRSRUTXHGHNPSRUKRUDSDVVRXHPSRXFRWHPSRDNPHWF+RMHFRPR
VHVDEHRVKRPHQVYRDPDIDQWiVWLFDVYHORFLGDGHVMiGHPXLWRXOWUDSDVVDUDPDEDUUHLUDGRVRPGRPLQDQGRR
HVSDoRVLGHUDO
2 PDLV LPSUHVVLRQDQWH GH WXGR p TXH D PDLRULD GRV LQYHQWRV RFRUUHX GH  DQRV SDUD Fi GHSRLV GD
6HJXQGD*UDQGH*XHUUD0XQGLDOHGDGHVLQWHJUDomRGRiWRPR

34. EFEITOS DO PROGRESSO CIENTÍFICO NO MUNDO SOCIAL

(QTXDQWR DV FLrQFLDV FKDPDGDV H[DWDV HUDP HVWXGDGDV H SHVTXLVDGDV DV FLrQFLDV VRFLDLV ILFDUDP
HVTXHFLGDVUHVXOWDQGRGLVWRXPGHVFRPSDVVRHQWUHRSURJUHVVRFLHQWtILFRHDHYROXomRVRFLDO$VLQVWLWXLo}HV
VRFLDLVUHOHJDGDVDVHJXQGRSODQRQmRDFRPSDQKDUDPRGHVHQYROYLPHQWRFLHQWtILFRHWHFQROyJLFR
'HVVHGHVHTXLOtEULRUHVXOWRXTXHRSURJUHVVRFLHQWtILFRHPYH]GHUHVROYHURVSUREOHPDVVRFLDLV±VXD
UD]mR GH VHU ± DJUDYRXRV DLQGD PDLV SHUGHQGR GH YLVWD VHX REMHWLYR TXH p R SUySULR KRPHP &ULRX
VXSHUSRWrQFLDVFDSD]HVGHGRPLQDUHGHVWUXLUDVGHPDLVGHXRULJHPDXPDFODVVHH[WUHPDPHQWHSULYLOHJLDGD
HPGHWULPHQWRGDVGHPDLVJHUDQGRQRYRVSODQRVQDGHVLJXDOGDGHVRFLDOWURX[HSROXLomRDWPRVIpULFDVRQRUD
IOXYLDOHDWpGRPDUDSRQWRGHWRUQDULPSRVVtYHODYLGDHPFHUWRVOXJDUHVDJUDYRXRVSUREOHPDVGHWUkQVLWR
DFDUUHWDQGRDFLGHQWHVTXHPDWDPHPXWLODPPDLVGRTXHDVJXHUUDV
(QTXDQWRRKRPHPVHHPSHQKDYDHPFRQTXLVWDUD/XDSHUGLDWHUUHQRHPVHXSUySULRJUXSRSHUPLWLQGR
D IRUPDomR GH XP FOLPD SURStFLR D OXWDV GH FODVVHV FKRTXHV LGHROyJLFRV DXPHQWR GD FULPLQDOLGDGH $
H[SORVmRGHPRJUiILFDSRUIDOWDGHXPDDomRSUHYHQWLYDWRUQRXVHXPIDWRLUUHYHUVtYHOVpULRDSRQWRGHXP
H[SUHVLGHQWHQRUWHDPHULFDQRDILUPDUTXHDPDLVSHULJRVDVRPEUDTXHDPHDoDDKXPDQLGDGHDWXDOPHQWHQmR
pDERPEDDW{PLFDPDVDFHJRQKD
&RPSUHHQGHXVH WDUGLDPHQWH TXH R SURJUHVVR FLHQWtILFR GHYH VHU LQWHJUDGR YLQFXODGR DR
GHVHQYROYLPHQWRVRFLDOVyQHVWDKDUPRQLDWUD]EHQHItFLRjKXPDQLGDGHUHDOL]DQGROKHRVREMHWLYRV
&RQFOXLXVHWDPEpPVHUQHFHVViULRSODQHMDURGHVHQYROYLPHQWRVRFLDOVRESHQDGHWRUQDUVHLPSRVVtYHO
D YLGD HP FROHWLYLGDGH 4XDQGR D VRFLHGDGH FUHVFH GHVRUGHQDGDPHQWH WRUQDVH XP SROYR JLJDQWHVFR FRP
LQ~PHURV WHQWiFXORV RX VHJPHQWRV FRQIXVD H WXUEXOHQWD $ VRFLHGDGH WHP TXH FDPLQKDU SDUD R
DXWRFRQKHFLPHQWRYLVDQGRRSODQHMDPHQWRGRSUySULRGHVHQYROYLPHQWR7HPTXHFRQKHFHURTXHVHSDVVDHP
VHXVHLRFRPRWHPRVTXHQRVFRQKHFHUDQyVPHVPRV
$ SODQLILFDomR GD VRFLHGDGH QmR p PDLV FRQVLGHUDGD LQFRPSDWtYHO FRP D GHPRFUDFLD QHP DSHQDV XP
VRQKR GRV PDU[LVWDV RX IDVFLVWDV HPSROJDGRV SHORV SUREOHPDV GHFRUUHQWHV GD DSDUHQWH QHFHVVLGDGH GH
FRQWURODU DV PDVVDV e KRMH XPD LPSRVLomR GD YLGD HP FROHWLYLGDGH VHP D TXDO QmR KDYHUi RUJDQL]DomR
VHJXUDQoDSURJUHVVROLEHUGDGH3URYDPLVWRRVSUREOHPDVVRFLDLVGHYLROrQFLDPLVpULDDEDQGRQRLQIDQWLOMi
UHLQDQWHVQRVJUDQGHVFHQWURVVRFLDOPHQWHPDORUJDQL]DGRV

35. A IMPORTÂNCIA DAS CIÊNCIAS SOCIAIS

+RXYHRGHVSHUWDUGDFRQVFLrQFLDSDUDDLPSRUWkQFLDGDVFLrQFLDVVRFLDLVHDQHFHVVLGDGHGHHVWXGiODV
SHVTXLViODVGHVHQYROYrODVFRPRIRLIHLWRFRPDVFLrQFLDVH[DWDV
3RULVVRGHDOJXPWHPSRSDUDFiVHWRUQRXREULJDWyULRRHVWXGRGDVFLrQFLDVVRFLDLVHPTXDVHWRGRVRV
FXUVRV VXSHULRUHV LQ~PHUDV H H[WUDRUGLQiULDV REUDV IRUDP HVFULWDV VREUH R DVVXQWR SHVTXLVDV H SURMHWRV
GHVHQYROYLGRVFULDUDPVHFXUVRVXQLYHUVLWiULRVHVSHFtILFRVQHVVHIDVFLQDQWHUDPRGRFRQKHFLPHQWRKXPDQR
GHVWLQDGRVDSUHSDUDUHVSHFLDOLVWDVHPSODQHMDPHQWRHRUJDQL]DomRVRFLDO
'HQWUH RV MXULVWDV H VRFLyORJRV TXH HQWUH QyV VH WrP GHGLFDGR DR DVVXQWR GHVWDFDPRV (X]pELR GH
4XHLUR]/LPDTXHHVFUHYHXRFRQKHFLGROLYURPrincípios de sociologia jurídicaHGLWDGRSHODSULPHLUDYH]HP
&DUORV&DPSRVSociologia e filosofia do direito;(YDULVWRGH0RUDHV)LOKRTXHHGLWRXHPDREUD
LQWLWXODGD O  problema  de  uma  sociologia  do  direito; H 2UODQGR *RPHV A  crise  do  direito  0DLV
UHFHQWHPHQWH)$GH0LUDQGD5RVDODQoRXDQRWiYHOSociologia do direito,H$/0DFKDGR1HWRHVFUHYHX
Sociologia jurídica.'RVDXWRUHVHVWUDQJHLURVFRPREUDVWUDGX]LGDVSDUDRSRUWXJXrVQmRSRGHPRVGHL[DUGH
PHQFLRQDUDSociology of LawGH*XUYLWFKHPPDJLVWUDOWUDGXomRGH'MDFLU0HQH]HVVRERWtWXORSociologia
jurídica,HDSociologia do direitoGH+HQUL/HY\%UKOWUDGX]LGRSRU7HUXND0LQDPLVVDZDHP
GRRULJLQDOSociologie du droit.

36. IMPORTÂNCIA DA SOCIOLOGIA JURÍDICA

$6RFLRORJLD-XUtGLFDpGDPDLRULPSRUWkQFLDHPSULPHLUROXJDUSDUDR/HJLVODGRUSRLVOKHIRUQHFHRV
HOHPHQWRVQHFHVViULRVjHODERUDomRGDVOHLV&RPHIHLWRVHPFRQKHFHURVIDWRVTXHHVWmRRFRUUHQGRQRJUXSR
DVUHODo}HVTXHQHFHVVLWDPGHPHOKRUGLVFLSOLQDPHQWRRVFRQIOLWRVTXHVHWUDYDP±DUHDOLGDGHVRFLDOHQILP±
QHQKXPOHJLVODGRUWHPFRQGLomRGHHODERUDUOHLVHILFD]HV3RURXWURODGRpSUHFLVRFRPIUHTXrQFLDDMXVWDUD
OHLjVQRYDVUHDOLGDGHVVRFLDLVYLVWRTXHVHQGRDOHLHVWiWLFDHDVRFLHGDGHGLQkPLFDFRPRSDVVDUGRWHPSR
DTXHOD DFDED VH WRUQDQGR XOWUDSDVVDGD REVROHWD (VVHV DMXVWHV Vy DOFDQoDUmR VHXV REMHWLYRV VH R OHJLVODGRU
HVWLYHUGHYLGDPHQWHLQIRUPDGRVREUHDTXLORTXHSUHFLVDPXGDU
$R -XL] D 6RFLRORJLD -XUtGLFD SRVVLELOLWD DSOLFDU R 'LUHLWR GH PRGR FRPSDWtYHO FRP DV QHFHVVLGDGHV
VRFLDLV YLVWR TXH FRQKHFHQGRDV SRGHUi VHP GHVUHVSHLWDU DV OHLV GD KHUPHQrXWLFD DWUDYpV GH XPD
LQWHUSUHWDomR RUD H[WHQVLYD RUD UHVWULWLYD RX PHVPR DWUDYpV GD DQDORJLD ID]HU R 'LUHLWR DFRPSDQKDU DV
HYROXo}HVVRFLDLV
1HVVHVHQWLGRDOLomRGRSUHVWLJLDGR+XPEHUWR7KHRGRUR-XQLRU

³$ERDDSOLFDomRGRGLUHLWRH[LJHGRMXL]QmRDSHQDVRGRPtQLRGDFLrQFLDGRGLUHLWRPDVWDPEpP
GD ILORVRILD GR GLUHLWR SDUD FKHJDU jV UDt]HV GDV QRUPDV MXUtGLFDV H VREUHWXGR GD 6RFLRORJLD -XUtGLFD
SDUDFRPSUHHQGHUDVDVSLUDo}HVGDVRFLHGDGHTXHFRQFHEHXDRUGHPMXUtGLFDFXMDUHDOL]DomRIRLDWULEXtGD
DR3RGHU-XGLFLiULR
1HVVHVHQWLGRRERPMXL]QmRpDTXHOHTXHVDEHDSHQDVRGLUHLWRFRPRQRUPDPDVSULQFLSDOPHQWH
DGHTXDUFDGDFDVRjOHLYLVDQGRFRPLVWRDLGHQWLILFDUDOHLFRPRVDQVHLRVGDVRFLHGDGH´Direitos do
consumidor5LRGH-DQHLUR)RUHQVHS
 2UODQGR*RPHVXPGRVQRVVRVJUDQGHVMXULVWDVEHPFRORFRXHVWDTXHVWmRTXDQGRGLVVH³$UHDOLGDGH
MXUtGLFDFRQVWLWXLVHGHGRLVHOHPHQWRVIXQGDPHQWDLVRmaterialHRformal2SULPHLURpDPDWpULDSULPDGD
H[SHULrQFLD MXUtGLFD FRQVWLWXLQGRVH GH IDWRV VRFLDLV 2 RXWUR p IRUPDGR GH XP FRQMXQWR GH QRUPDV 6mR
LQVHSDUiYHLV6HJXQGR3XJOLDWWLRHOHPHQWRPDWHULDOLVRODGRWRPDFRUQHXWUDHRHOHPHQWRIRUPDOHVFRWHLUR
FDUiWHU DEVWUDWR´ ( PDLV DGLDQWH HQIDWL]D ³2 GLUHLWR p XP IHQ{PHQR VRFLDO QmR VHQGR SRVVtYHO HVWXGiOR
DEVWUDLQGRR GD VRFLHGDGH 1mR EDVWD GHVFUHYHU RV HOHPHQWRV IRUPDLV GD UHDOLGDGH MXUtGLFD FRPSRVWD GDV
QRUPDV YLJHQWHV HP GHWHUPLQDGR PRPHQWR KLVWyULFR QXPD VRFLHGDGH GHWHUPLQDGD $ PLVVmR GR MXULVWD
FRPSUHHQGHDLQWHUSUHWDomRGDVOHLVTXHUHJHPDVRFLHGDGH(HVVDLQWHUSUHWDomRQmRSRGHFLUFXQVFUHYHUVHj
TXDOLILFDomRGRVIDWRVMXUtGLFRVRXjIL[DomRGDVFRQGLo}HVGHYDOLGDGHGDFRQGXWDGRLQGLYtGXRQRH[HUFtFLR
GRVGLUHLWRVGHIHULGRVRXQRFXPSULPHQWRGDVREULJDo}HVLPSRVWDV3DUDLQWHUSUHWiODVRMXULVWDWRPDFRQWDWR
QHFHVVDULDPHQWH FRP D UHDOLGDGH VRFLDO VXEMDFHQWH 6y SRU DEVWUDomR VH SRGH VHSDUDU D IRUPD GR FRQWH~GR
(LVSRUTXHQRHVWXGRGR'LUHLWR&LYLOSiWULRQmRQRVDWHUHPRVDRPpWRGRSUHFRQL]DGRSHORVQRUPDWLYLVWDV
PDVVLPDRGRVTXHFRQVLGHUDPRGLUHLWRXPIHQ{PHQRVRFLDOHHQWHQGHPTXHDFLrQFLDMXUtGLFDQmRVHHVJRWD
QD HODERUDomR GH XPD WHRULD JHUDO RX QD WpFQLFD GH ORJLFDU DWUDYpV GH VLORJLVPRV SUySULRV GH XPD VHQWHQoD
MXGLFLDO´Introdução ao direito civil.HG5LRGH-DQHLUR)RUHQVHSH
3DUD R DGYRJDGR R SURILVVLRQDO GR 'LUHLWR FRPR SDUD R HVWXGDQWH D 6RFLRORJLD -XUtGLFD SURSRUFLRQD
XPDYLVmRPDLVDPSODHUHDOGRIHQ{PHQRMXUtGLFR5HYHODOKHVTXHR'LUHLWRQmRpVRPHQWHXPFRQMXQWRGH
QRUPDV HVWiWLFDV IULDV TXH GHYHP VHU DSOLFDGDV LQGHSHQGHQWHPHQWH GH TXDOTXHU ILQDOLGDGH RX REMHWLYR PDV
WDPEpP XP IDWR D UHDOLGDGH VRFLDO GLQkPLFD HP SHUPDQHQWH HYROXomR j TXDO DV QRUPDV GHYHUmR VH DMXVWDU
VRESHQDGHSHUGHUHPDILQDOLGDGHWRUQDQGRVHLQHILFD]HVHREVROHWDV
3RGHPRV FRQFOXLU DILUPDQGR TXH VH GHUPRV D GHYLGD DWHQomR j 6RFLRORJLD -XUtGLFD H SURJUHGLUPRV
VXILFLHQWHPHQWH HP VHX HVWXGR VHUi SRVVtYHO HYLWDU D LPSURYLVDomR HP LQ~PHUDV TXHVW}HV DGPLQLVWUDWLYDV H
OHJLVODWLYDVDOFDQoDQGRDQHFHVViULDDGHTXDomRHQWUHRVILQVVRFLDLVHDVQRUPDVMXUtGLFDVTXHVHGHVWLQDPD
UHDOL]iORV 2V OHJLVODGRUHV SRGHUmR FXPSULU PHOKRU VXD IXQomR SUHYHQGR DV WHQGrQFLDV GD OHJLVODomR RV
JRYHUQDQWHV H MXt]HV VHUmR FDSD]HV GH GDU DSOLFDomR PDLV SUHFLVD jV QRUPDV GH GLUHLWR TXH KRXYHUHP VLGR
HGLWDGDV
 O entendimento de Émile Durkheim. O pensamento de Georges Gurvitch. O objeto da Sociologia Jurídica
na concepção de Edmond Jorion. O objeto da Sociologia Jurídica segundo Recaséns Siches. A posição de
Renato Treves.

37. O OBJETO DA SOCIOLOGIA JURÍDICA

1RHVWXGRGHWRGDFLrQFLDpGDPDLRULPSRUWkQFLDSUHFLVDUVHXREMHWRHVWDEHOHFHUVHXPpWRGRHFRQKHFHU
VXDV OHLV 3RU REMHWR HQWHQGHVH R FDPSR HVSHFtILFR GH DWXDomR GH XPD FLrQFLD R ILP D TXH VH SURS}H R
REMHWLYRTXHYLVDDOFDQoDU0pWRGRpRFDPLQKRTXHVHGHYHVHJXLUSDUDDOFDQoDURVREMHWLYRVGHXPDFLrQFLD
R SURFHVVR D VHU DSOLFDGR SDUD UHDOL]DU VXDV ILQDOLGDGHV /HLV VmR DTXHODV UHJXODULGDGHV IHQ{PHQRV TXH VH
UHSHWHPFRPIUHTXrQFLDQRFDPSRGHXPDFLrQFLD
9DPRV GH RUD HP GLDQWH QRV GHGLFDU DR H[DPH GR REMHWR GD 6RFLRORJLD -XUtGLFD SRUTXH GLVWR GHSHQGH
XPDERDFRPSUHHQVmRTXDQWRjUD]mRSUiWLFDGHVVDGLVFLSOLQD
$R WUDWDUPRV GD DXWRQRPLD GD 6RFLRORJLD -XUtGLFD YLPRV TXH R VHX REMHWR p R GLUHLWR IDWR 9DPRV
SURFXUDU DJRUD H[SOLFLWDU HVVH REMHWR H[DPLQDQGR D VXD GLYLVmR LQWHUQD (P VXPD SURFXUDUHPRV SUHFLVDU R
TXHHVWiFRQWLGRQRHVWXGRGRGLUHLWRFRPRIDWR
eSUHFLVRHQWUHWDQWRGHVGHORJRDGLDQWDUTXHHPWRUQRGHVWDTXHVWmRQmRKiSHUIHLWDFRQFRUGkQFLDHQWUH
RV DXWRUHV UD]mR SHOD TXDO SURFXUDUHPRV H[SRU R HQWHQGLPHQWR GRV SULQFLSDLV SDUD HQWmR DGRWDUPRV R
GDTXHOHTXHQRVSDUHFHPDLVFRPSOHWR

38. O ENTENDIMENTO DE ÉMILE DURKHEIM

3DUDHVVHQRWiYHOVRFLyORJRIUDQFrVXPGRVIXQGDGRUHVGDHVFRODVRFLROyJLFDGRGLUHLWRVHULDREMHWRGD
6RFLRORJLD-XUtGLFD

D LQYHVWLJDUFRPRDVUHJUDVMXUtGLFDVVHFRQVWLWXtUDPUHDOHHIHWLYDPHQWH
E RPRGRFRPRDVQRUPDVMXUtGLFDVIXQFLRQDPQDVRFLHGDGHLeçons de Sociologie3DULV3DULV

1RSULPHLURLWHPHVWDULDLQFOXtGRRH[DPHGDVFDXVDVTXHGHWHUPLQDPRVXUJLPHQWRGDVUHJUDVMXUtGLFDV
GRV IDWRV VRFLDLV TXH DV VXVFLWDP EHP FRPR GDV QHFHVVLGDGHV TXH YLVDP VDWLVID]HU 6RPHQWH TXDQGR DV
QRUPDVHVWmRDMXVWDGDVDRVIDWRVpTXHSRGHUmRDWHQGHUDRVREMHWLYRVSDUDRVTXDLVIRUDPHODERUDGDV
1RVHJXQGRLWHPSURFXUDVHVDEHUGRVUHVXOWDGRVGHFRUUHQWHVGDH[LVWrQFLDGDQRUPDLVWRpVHHVWiRX
QmRVHQGRDSOLFDGDVHKiRXQmRHVWUXWXUDSDUDLVVRHWF

39. O PENSAMENTO DE GEORGES GURVITCH

6HJXQGR*XUYLWFKFLWDGRSRU0DFKDGR1HWRD6RFLRORJLD-XUtGLFDSRGHVHUGLYLGLGDGHDFRUGRFRPDV
GLYHUVDVDERUGDJHQVPHWyGLFDVGHVHXREMHWRHPWUrVLWHQV

D 6RFLRORJLD6LVWHPiWLFDGR'LUHLWRRX0LFURVVRFLRORJLDGR'LUHLWR
E 6RFLRORJLD 'LIHUHQFLDO GR 'LUHLWR LQFOXLQGR XPD 7LSRORJLD -XUtGLFD GRV *UXSRV 3DUWLFXODUHV H XPD
7LSRORJLD-XUtGLFDGDV6RFLHGDGHV7RWDLV
F 6RFLRORJLD*HQpWLFDGR'LUHLWR2EFLWS

1RSULPHLURLWHPWHUtDPRVRHVWXGRGDVUHODo}HVGDVIRUPDVGHVRFLDELOLGDGHSRULQWHUSHQHWUDomRPDVVD
FRPXQLGDGH FRPXQKmR FRP RV IHQ{PHQRV JHUDGRUHV GR GLUHLWR VRFLDO H GDV IRUPDV GH VRFLDELOLGDGH SRU
LQWHUGHSHQGrQFLD UHODo}HV GH DSUR[LPDomR GH DIDVWDPHQWR RX PLVWDV FRP RV IHQ{PHQRV RULJLQiULRV GR
GLUHLWRLQWHULQGLYLGXDOEHPFRPRRHVWXGRGRVSODQRVGHSURIXQGLGDGHGRGLUHLWR
1R VHJXQGR LWHP *XUYLWFK VH VHUYH GH VXD FODVVLILFDomR GRV JUXSRV SDUD HVWXGDU DV UHODo}HV GR GLUHLWR
FRP FDGD WLSR GH DJUXSDPHQWR VRFLDO GDQGR rQIDVH HVSHFLDO DR HVWXGR GD VREHUDQLD H GDV UHODo}HV GDV
GLYHUVDVRUGHQVMXUtGLFDVFRPRGLUHLWRHVWDWDO
2 ~OWLPR LWHP WUDWD GDV UHODo}HV GH LQWHULQIOXrQFLD TXH VH HVWDEHOHFHP HQWUH R GLUHLWR SRU XP ODGR H D
EDVH HFROyJLFD GD VRFLHGDGH D HFRQRPLD D UHOLJLmR D PRUDO R FRQKHFLPHQWR H D SVLFRORJLD FROHWLYD SRU
RXWUR

40. O OBJETO DA SOCIOLOGIA JURÍDICA NA CONCEPÇÃO DE EDMOND JORION

3DUD -RULRQ FRPR Mi DVVLQDODPRV D 6RFLRORJLD GR 'LUHLWR H D &LrQFLD GR 'LUHLWR FRQVWLWXHP XPD Vy H
PHVPD GLVFLSOLQD WHQGR SRU REMHWR R IHQ{PHQR MXUtGLFR QR TXH data venia HQFRQWUDVH VXSHUDGR 2 DXWRU
EHOJDHQWUHWDQWRSURS}HRVHJXLQWHTXDGURGHWDUHIDVSDUDD6RFLRORJLD-XUtGLFD

D 2EVHUYDomRHDQiOLVHGRVIDWRV
E 6HXWUDWDPHQWRWLSROyJLFRUHDJUXSDPHQWRFODVVLILFDomRHVWXGRVFRPSDUDWLYRV
F (VWXGRGDJrQHVHGDVUHJUDVMXUtGLFDVHGHVXDHYROXomR
G 5HODomR GR 'LUHLWR FRP RXWURV IHQ{PHQRV VRFLDLV LQIOXrQFLD GR 'LUHLWR VREUH D VRFLHGDGH H YLFH
YHUVD
H 'HILQLomRSHOD6RFLRORJLDGR'LUHLWRGHVHXVSUySULRVOLPLWHVDe la sociologie juridiqueS


41. O OBJETO DA SOCIOLOGIA JURÍDICA SEGUNDO RECASÉNS SICHES

2GHVWDFDGRSURIHVVRUHVSDQKROUDGLFDGRQR0p[LFRDWULEXLj6RFLRORJLD-XUtGLFDGXDVVpULHVGHWHPDV

D (VWXGRGHFRPRRGLUHLWRHQTXDQWRIDWRUHSUHVHQWDRSURGXWRGHSURFHVVRVVRFLDLV
E ([DPHGRVHIHLWRVTXHR'LUHLWRFRQVWLWXtGRFDXVDQDVRFLHGDGHVHMDPHOHVSRVLWLYRVQHJDWLYRVRXGH
LQWHUIHUrQFLDFRPRXWURVIDWRUHVTratado de sociologia.3RUWR$OHJUHS

2SULPHLURLWHPSURSRVWRSRU6LFKHVWUDWDGRGLUHLWRFRPRIHQ{PHQRFRQGLFLRQDGRSHODVRFLHGDGHFRPR
SURGXWR UHVXOWDQWH GH XP FRPSOH[R GH IDWRUHV VRFLDLV 2 VHJXQGR LWHP FXLGD GD LQIOXrQFLD FRQIRUPDGRUD RX
FRQGLFLRQDQWH GR 'LUHLWR VREUH D VRFLHGDGH (P VtQWHVH R GLUHLWR p DR PHVPR WHPSR XP IHQ{PHQR
FRQGLFLRQDGRHFRQGLFLRQDQWHGDVRFLHGDGH
3RGHUtDPRVLOXVWUDURHQWHQGLPHQWRGH6LFKHVPHGLDQWHRVHJXLQWHTXDGUR
 1RSULPHLURSODQROLQKDAILJXUDDVRFLHGDGHFRPRIDWRUFRQGLFLRQDQWHGRGLUHLWRpDVRFLHGDGHTXHGi
RULJHP DR GLUHLWR ID]HQGRR VXUJLU GDV LQWHUUHODo}HV VRFLDLV VHQGR SRUWDQWR XP SURGXWR PDQLSXODGR SHOD
VRFLHGDGH
1R VHJXQGR SODQR OLQKD B ILJXUD R 'LUHLWR FRQVWLWXtGR H[HUFHQGR LQIOXrQFLD FRQGLFLRQDGRUD VREUH D
VRFLHGDGH p LQHJiYHO TXH XPD YH] FRQVWLWXtGR HP QRUPDV GH FRQGXWD H GLVFLSOLQDPHQWR R 'LUHLWR SDVVD D
FRQGLFLRQDURFRPSRUWDPHQWRGRJUXSR
3DUD LOXVWUDU DV UHODo}HV H[LVWHQWHV HQWUH D VRFLHGDGH H R 'LUHLWR VHJXQGR R HQWHQGLPHQWR GH 6LFKHV
SRGHUtDPRVGL]HUTXHRFRUUHDOJRVHPHOKDQWHDRTXHVHSDVVDHQWUHDVRFLHGDGHHRLQGLYtGXR
'H WRGRV RV IDWRUHV TXH DWXDP VREUH R LQGLYtGXR VHP G~YLGD R PDLV GRPLQDQWH p R VRFLRFXOWXUDO $Wp
FRVWXPDVHGL]HUTXHVRPRVSURGXWRGRPHLRSRUTXHHPYHUGDGHGHOHGHSHQGHPRVJUDQGHPHQWHSDUDWXGR
7RPHPRVRH[HPSORGHTXHPHVFUHYHXPOLYUR(PTXHPHGLGDROLYURpSURGX]LGRSHORVHXDXWRU"4XDQWR
GR DXWRU HP VL H[FOXVLYDPHQWH KDYHUi QDTXHOH OLYUR" &RPHoD TXH HOH HVFUHYH HP XPD OtQJXD TXH QmR
LQYHQWRX UHVXOWDGR GH ORQJD HYROXomR KLVWyULFD GH IRUPDomR OHQWD H SDXODWLQD (VFUHYH VREUH XP WHPD TXH
UHIOHWH XPD VRPD GH FRQKHFLPHQWRV DGTXLULGRV HP OLYURV UHYLVWDV MRUQDLV HVFROD SURIHVVRUHV HWF ±
SDWULP{QLR GD FXOWXUD XQLYHUVDO DVVLPLODGR JUDoDV D XPD SOXUDOLGDGH GH LQYHQWRV VRFLDLV 3DUD HVFUHYHU
GHSHQGH R DXWRU GH XPD VpULH GH UHFXUVRV PDWHULDLV FRPR WLQWD VLQWpWLFD SDSHO OX] DUWLILFLDO HWF IRQWHV GH
WUDEDOKR H LQYHQWRV GH RXWUHP )LFDUtDPRV DODUPDGRV VH I{VVHPRV SHVTXLVDU R TXH IRL QHFHVViULR QR FRUUHU
GRV VpFXORV SDUD TXH HOH SXGHVVH HVWDU HVFUHYHQGR QXPD IROKD GH SDSHO H QmR HP XP SDSLUR RX FRLVD
VHPHOKDQWH$WpROLYURVDLUSXEOLFDGRPXLWDVRXWUDVSHVVRDVWHUmRTXHFRQFRUUHUSDUDDHGLomRQmRSRGHQGR
VHUHVTXHFLGDVDVILJXUDVGDGDWLOyJUDIDGRHGLWRUGRVRSHUiULRVTXHPDQLSXODUmRDVPiTXLQDVHWF$tDREUD
VDLSXEOLFDGDFRPRQRPHGRVHXDXWRUQDFDSD0DVQDUHDOLGDGHpREUDH[FOXVLYDGRDXWRU"
6RPRVWmRGHSHQGHQWHVGRVRFLDOTXHQHPSRGHUtDPRVIDODUDOtQJXDTXHSUHWHQGrVVHPRV1mRWHUtDPRV
FRP TXHP IDODU 3RU LVVR D PDLRU GLILFXOGDGH GH TXHP YDL SDUD XP SDtV GLIHUHQWH p D OtQJXD 6H TXLVHU VH
FRPXQLFDUWHUiTXHDSUHQGHUDOtQJXDIDODGDQRPHLRVRFLDOSDUDRQGHYDL
2 JrQLR QmR H[LVWLULD QmR IRVVH R VRFLDO SRLV GHYH PDLV j FROHWLYLGDGH GR TXH D VL PHVPR 1HZWRQ
(LQVWHLQHRXWURVQmRSDVVDULDPGHXPSDMpRXFDFLTXHVHWLYHVVHPQDVFLGRHPXPDWULERLQGtJHQD2SUySULR
1HZWRQDILUPRX³6HYLPDLVORQJHIRLSRUTXHHVWLYHVXVWHQWDGRHPRPEURVGHJLJDQWHV´
3RU RXWUR ODGR HQWUHWDQWR DSHVDU GH UHFHEHU WDQWD LQIOXrQFLD FRQGLFLRQDQWH GR PHLR VRFLDO R LQGLYtGXR
H[HUFH LQIOXrQFLD VREUH R JUXSR 7RGR SURJUHVVR PXGDQoD FXOWXUDO HWF VXUJH QD VRFLHGDGH JUDoDV DRV
FRQGXWRV GD FULDomR LQGLYLGXDO 1mR IRL D VRFLHGDGH PDV VLP R LQGLYtGXR TXH LQYHQWRX R FiOFXOR
LQILQLWHVLPDO D OkPSDGD HOpWULFD D PiTXLQD D YDSRU 2 LPSXOVR FULDGRU GD PXGDQoD FXOWXUDO H GR SURJUHVVR
VRFLDO p SRLV R LQGLYtGXR e TXH D VRFLHGDGH SRU PDLV TXH FRQGLFLRQH R LQGLYtGXR QmR FRQVHJXH D
VRFLDOL]DomR LQWHJUDO GH WRGRV RV LQGLYtGXRV R TXH p ERP SRLV FDVR FRQWUiULR VHULD D PDVVLILFDomR &HUWDV
]RQDVGDSHUVRQDOLGDGHQmRFKHJDPDVHULQWHLUDPHQWHVRFLDOL]DGDVRSHUDQGRHODVRPLODJUHGDLQRYDomR
$OJR VHPHOKDQWH FRPR Mi VH GLVVH RFRUUH HQWUH R 'LUHLWR H D VRFLHGDGH &RPR IDWR p R 'LUHLWR XP
SURGXWR VRFLDO HODERUDGR SHOD VRFLHGDGH 1R FDStWXOR VREUH RV )DWRUHV 6RFLDLV GD (YROXomR GR 'LUHLWR DR
TXDOQRVUHSRUWDPRVILFRXHYLGHQFLDGDHVVDLQIOXrQFLDFRQGLFLRQDGRUDGDVRFLHGDGHVREUHR'LUHLWRID]HQGR
RHYROXLU4XDQGRHULJLGRHPQRUPDGHFRQGXWDHQWUHWDQWRR'LUHLWRSDVVDDGLVFLSOLQDUDVUHODo}HVVRFLDLV
FRQGLFLRQDQGR FRQGXWDV ([HUFHQGR LQIOXrQFLD VREUH R JUXSR DR PHVPR WHPSR HP TXH R 'LUHLWR p
FRQGLFLRQDGRWDPEpPFRQGLFLRQD(VVDUHFLSURFLGDGHGHLQIOXrQFLDSURGX]FRQVWDQWHVPRGLILFDo}HVQRGLUHLWR
IDWRHSRUVXDYH]QR'LUHLWRQRUPDTXHWHPTXHGLVFLSOLQDURVQRYRVIDWRV±HYROXomRPLOHQDUTXHGXUDUi
HQTXDQWRH[LVWLUDVRFLHGDGH
6LFKHV Gi PDLRU rQIDVH DR SULPHLUR LWHP GD VXD SURSRVLomR WHPiWLFD VXEGLYLGLQGRR HP XPD VpULH GH
QRYRVWHPDVWRGRVUHVXPtYHLVQDTXHVWmRGDLQIOXrQFLDFRQGLFLRQDGRUDGDVRFLHGDGHVREUHR'LUHLWRDVDEHU

,±2VIDWRUHVFRQVWDQWHVGDUHDOLGDGHMXUtGLFD
,,±2VGDGRVYDULiYHLVGDPDWpULDVRFLDO
D UHDOLGDGH GH XPD VpULH GH UHODo}HV VRFLDLV QmR UHJXODGDV MXULGLFDPHQWH RX PHOKRU ± GDGR TXH D
SOHQLWXGHGRRUGHQDPHQWRMXUtGLFRQmRSHUPLWHWDLVYD]LRV±DLQGDQmRVXILFLHQWHRXFRQYHQLHQWHPHQWH
UHJXODGDV
E WHQGrQFLDVHFRUUHQWHVTXHDLQGDQmRREWLYHUDPH[SUHVVmRQRUPDWLYD
F UHSUHVHQWDo}HVD[LROyJLFDVGDVSHVVRDVTXHLQWHJUDPRJUXSR
G P~WXDV FRUUHODo}HV HPStULFDV HQWUH R 'LUHLWR H RXWURV SURGXWRV GD FXOWXUD UHOLJLmR ILORVRILD DUWH
WpFQLFDHFRQRPLDHWF
H IHQ{PHQRVGHRUJDQL]DomRHVSRQWkQHD
I QHFHVVLGDGHVHILQVGDYLGDKXPDQDTXHHVWHMDPSUHVVLRQDQGRHPGDGRPRPHQWR

42. A POSIÇÃO DE RENATO TREVES

2LOXVWUHSURIHVVRULWDOLDQRHPVXDREUDLa sociologia del dirittoSDRDQDOLVDURVDVVXQWRVTXH

WrPFRQVWLWXtGRRREMHWRGD6RFLRORJLD-XUtGLFDVXVWHQWDTXHHOHVVHDJUXSDPSULQFLSDOPHQWHHPWUrVWLSRV
GHLQGDJDo}HV

 HVWXGRGDHILFiFLDGDVQRUPDVMXUtGLFDVHGRVHIHLWRVVRFLDLVTXHWDLVQRUPDVSURGX]HP
 HVWXGRGRVLQVWUXPHQWRVKXPDQRVGHUHDOL]DomRGDRUGHPMXUtGLFDHGHVXDVLQVWLWXLo}HV
 HVWXGRGDRSLQLmRGRS~EOLFRDUHVSHLWRGRGLUHLWRHGDVLQVWLWXLo}HVMXUtGLFDV

'H WRGRV RV DXWRUHV PHQFLRQDGRV HQWHQGHPRV VHU 5HQDWR 7UHYHV R TXH PHOKRU FRORFRX R SUREOHPD
UHODFLRQDGRFRPRREMHWRGD6RFLRORJLD-XUtGLFD2VWHPDVSRUHOHSURSRVWRVDOpPGHPDLVFRPSDWtYHLVFRP
RFDPSRGHDWXDomRGD6RFLRORJLD-XUtGLFDVmRWDPEpPPDLVDEUDQJHQWHVHSUDWLFDPHQWHHQYROYHPRVWHPDV
SURSRVWRVSHORVGHPDLVDXWRUHVUD]mRSHODTXDOYDPRVDGRWDUHVVDFODVVLILFDomRHPQRVVRVHVWXGRVGDTXLSDUD
IUHQWH
9HUHPRVRTXHpHILFiFLDTXDQGRDQRUPDpHILFD]HSRUTXrRTXHVmRHIHLWRVTXHWLSRVGHHIHLWRVDV
QRUPDV SRGHP SURGX]LU R TXH HYLGHQFLD D LQIOXrQFLD FRQGLFLRQDGRUD GR 'LUHLWR VREUH D VRFLHGDGH
7UDWDUHPRV WDPEpP GRV DJHQWHV GR 'LUHLWR QD VRFLHGDGH H VXD IXQomR TXDQGR WHUHPRV RSRUWXQLGDGH GH YHU
TXHQmRDGLDQWDWHUOHLVHQmRDSOLFiODVeSUHFLVRXPDHVWUXWXUDDGHTXDGDGHSHVVRDOHPDWHULDOSDUDDSOLFDUD
OHLVRESHQDGHDOHLQmRDWLQJLURVVHXVREMHWLYRVVRFLDLV3RU~OWLPRWUDWDUHPRVGDRSLQLmRS~EOLFDTXHVH
DWHQGLGD IXQFLRQD FRPR WHUP{PHWUR D LQGLFDU DR OHJLVODGRU DV PXGDQoDV D VHUHP IHLWDV QD OHL H QDV
LQVWLWXLo}HVVRFLDLV
 A noção de validade e de eficácia. Efeitos da norma. Eficácia da lei. Efeitos positivos da lei: de controle
social;  efeito  educativo  da  norma;  efeito  conservador  da  norma;  efeito  transformador  da  norma.  Efeitos
negativos:  pela  ineficácia  da  lei;  pela  omissão  da  autoridade  em  aplicar  a  lei;  pela  falta  de  estrutura
adequada à aplicação da lei.

1R FDStWXOR DQWHULRU DSyV H[DPLQDUPRV R SHQVDPHQWR GH YiULRV DXWRUHV VREUH R REMHWR GD 6RFLRORJLD
-XUtGLFDGHVWDFDPRVRHQWHQGLPHQWRGR3URI5HQDWR7UHYHVRTXDOGLVVHPRVWRPDUHPRVFRPRURWHLURGH
RUDHPGLDQWH
1RVVDWDUHIDVHUiSRLVH[DPLQDURSULPHLURLWHPGDFODVVLILFDomRSRUHOHVXJHULGDSURFXUDQGRGHILQLUD
HILFiFLDHRVHIHLWRVGDVQRUPDVMXUtGLFDVHVWDEHOHFHUDVFDXVDVGDLQHILFiFLDGDVOHLVHRVWLSRVGHHIHLWRVTXH
HODVSRGHPSURGX]LUHSRUTXr
&XPSUHHQWmROHPEUDUTXHDeficáciaHVWiLQWLPDPHQWHUHODFLRQDGDFRPDvalidadeHDexistênciaWUrV
FRQFHLWRVTXHDWRGRPRPHQWRVHUHSHWHPQRHVWXGRGR'LUHLWR/HLDOJXPDRXQHJyFLRMXUtGLFRVHUiHILFD]
VHPTXHDQWHVH[LVWDHVHMDYiOLGDRTXHQRVOHYDDRVFRQFHLWRVGHelementos, de requisitos e de efeitos

43. A NOÇÃO DE EXISTÊNCIA E DE VALIDADE

3DUDTXHXPDFRLVDH[LVWDpQHFHVViULRTXHHODVHMDFRQVWLWXtGDFRPWRGRVRVVHXVHOHPHQWRV$VVLPRV
HOHPHQWRV VmR DV SDUWHV GR WRGR DTXLOR VHP R TXDO D FRLVD QmR H[LVWH $WR LQH[LVWHQWH p DTXHOH TXH QmR
FRQWpP RV HOHPHQWRV QHFHVViULRV SDUD VH FRQVWLWXLU (OH MDPDLV VHUi YiOLGR H SRU YLD GH FRQVHTXrQFLD QmR
SURGX]LUiHIHLWRV
$ YDOLGDGH GHSHQGH GRV UHTXLVLWRV H HVWHV SRU VXD YH] GL]HP UHVSHLWR j TXDOLGDGH GRV HOHPHQWRV
+DYHQGRRVHOHPHQWRVH[LVWHRDWRRXQHJyFLRMXUtGLFRPDVSDUDTXHHVWHVHMDYiOLGRpSUHFLVRTXHRVVHXV
HOHPHQWRV HVWHMDP UHYHVWLGRV GH GHWHUPLQDGRV UHTXLVLWRV 8P FRQWUDWR QR TXDO XPD GDV SDUWHV p LQFDSD]
HPERUDH[LVWDQmRVHUiYiOLGRSRUIDOWDGHXPUHTXLVLWRHVVHQFLDOHPXPGRVVHXVHOHPHQWRV±DFDSDFLGDGH
9HPRVDVVLPTXHYiOLGRpDTXLORTXHWHPWRGRVRVVHXVHOHPHQWRVUHYHVWLGRVGRVUHTXLVLWRVHVVHQFLDLV
4XDQGRTXHUHPRVVDEHUVHXPDWRRXQHJyFLRMXUtGLFRpYiOLGRGHYHPRVYHULILFDUVHIRLHODERUDGRFRPWRGRV
RVVHXVHOHPHQWRVHUHTXLVLWRVHVVHQFLDLV
2H[DPHGDVLWXDomRMXUtGLFDGHXPDWRRXQHJyFLRSRUWDQWRLQLFLDVHSHODH[LVWrQFLDVHHOHSUHHQFKHRV
HOHPHQWRV QHFHVViULRV SDUD TXH VHMD FRQVLGHUDGR 1HVVH PRPHQWR QmR VH DQDOLVDP RV UHTXLVLWRV GRV
HOHPHQWRVDVVXDVFDUDFWHUtVWLFDVPDVDSHQDVDVXDSUHVHQoD8OWUDSDVVDGRHVVHQtYHOYHULILFDVHDYDOLGDGH
GRDWRDVFDUDFWHUtVWLFDVGRVHOHPHQWRV
/HPEUDPRV DJRUD TXH RV HOHPHQWRV H UHTXLVLWRV OHJDLV GH H[LVWrQFLD H YDOLGDGH GR DWR MXUtGLFR HVWmR
SUHYLVWRVQRDUWGR&yGLJR&LYLO)DOWDQGRXPGHOHVRQHJyFLRpLQYiOLGRQXORQmRDOFDQoDQGRRVVHXV
REMHWLYRV
3RULVVRpTXHVHGL]TXH³YiOLGRpDTXLORTXHHVWiUHYHVWLGRGHWRGRVRVVHXVUHTXLVLWRVOHJDLV´3RGHVH
SRLV FRQFOXLU TXH D YDOLGDGH GHFRUUH LQYDULDYHOPHQWH GH R DWR KDYHU VLGR H[HFXWDGR FRP D VDWLVIDomR GH
WRGDVDVH[LJrQFLDVOHJDLV
$ invalidade SDUD (PtOLR %HWWL p DTXHOD IDOWD GH LGRQHLGDGH SDUD SURGX]LU SRU IRUoD GXUDGRXUD H
LUUHPRYtYHO RV HIHLWRV HVVHQFLDLV GR WLSR FRPR VDQomR j LQREVHUYkQFLD GRV UHTXLVLWRV HVVHQFLDLV LPSRVWRV
SHODOHLTeoria geral do negócio jurídico&RLPEUD

44. A NOÇÃO DE EFICÁCIA

(ILFiFLD p XPD FRQVHTXrQFLD GD YDOLGDGH p D IRUoD GR DWR SDUD SURGX]LU RV HIHLWRV GHVHMDGRV 6y R DWR
YiOLGRUHYHVWLGRGHWRGRVRVVHXVHOHPHQWRVHVVHQFLDLVWHPIRUoDSDUDDOFDQoDURVVHXVREMHWLYRV2DWRQXOR
LQYiOLGR TXH QDVFHX GHIHLWXRVR FRP IDOWD GH XP GH VHXV HOHPHQWRV QmR WHP IRUoD SDUD WDO QmR SURGX]
HIHLWRVVHQGRSRUWDQWRLQHILFD]
&RP HVVDV FRQVLGHUDo}HV SUHOLPLQDUHV FUHPRV Mi SRGHU DJRUD WUDWDU HVSHFLILFDPHQWH GD HILFiFLD GD
QRUPD MXUtGLFD H GRV VHXV HIHLWRV QR DVSHFWR VRFLROyJLFR FXMRV FRQFHLWRV QmR GLYHUJHP GR TXH Mi ILFRX
DVVHQWDGR3RUUD]}HVGLGiWLFDVYDPRVFRPHoDUSHORVHIHLWRV

45. EFEITOS DA NORMA

6mR WRGRV H TXDLVTXHU UHVXOWDGRV SURGX]LGRV SHOD QRUPD GHFRUUHQWHV DWp PHVPR GH VXD SUySULD
H[LVWrQFLD TXDOTXHU FRQVHTXrQFLD PRGLILFDomR RX DOWHUDomR TXH D QRUPD SURGX]D QR PXQGR VRFLDO 7RGD
QRUPDSURGX]HIHLWRVSRLVVXDSUySULDH[LVWrQFLDMipXPHIHLWR2VHIHLWRVSRGHPVHUSRVLWLYRVRXQHJDWLYRV
FRPRWHUHPRVRSRUWXQLGDGHGHYHU
3HOR TXH ILFRX GLWR FRQFOXLVH TXH RV HIHLWRV HQYROYHP XP FRQFHLWR DPSOR JHQpULFR DEUDQJHQWH SRU
LVVRTXHQHOHVHVWmRLQFOXtGRVWRGRVRVUHVXOWDGRVSURGX]LGRVSHODQRUPD

46. EFICÁCIA DA LEI

6HHILFiFLDFRPRMiYLPRVpDIRUoDGRDWRSDUDSURGX]LURVVHXVHIHLWRVSRGHPRVHQWmRGL]HUTXHOHL
HILFD]pDTXHODTXHWHPIRUoDSDUDUHDOL]DURVHIHLWRVVRFLDLVSDUDRVTXDLVIRLHODERUDGD1DSUHFLVDGHILQLomR
GH -RVp $IRQVR GD 6LOYD XP GRV QRVVRV PDLRUHV FRQVWLWXFLRQDOLVWDV ³(ILFiFLD p D FDSDFLGDGH GH DWLQJLU
REMHWLYRVSUHYLDPHQWHIL[DGRVFRPRPHWDV7UDWDQGRVHGHQRUPDVMXUtGLFDVDHILFiFLDFRQVLVWHQDFDSDFLGDGH
GH DWLQJLU RV REMHWLYRV QHOD WUDGX]LGRV TXH YrP D VHU HP ~OWLPD DQiOLVH UHDOL]DU RV GLWDPHV MXUtGLFRV
REMHWLYDGRV SHOR OHJLVODGRU 3RU LVVR p TXH VH GL] TXH D HILFiFLD MXUtGLFD GD QRUPD GHVLJQD D TXDOLGDGH GH
SURGX]LU HP PDLRU RX PHQRU JUDX HIHLWRV MXUtGLFRV DR UHJXODU GHVGH ORJR DV VLWXDo}HV UHODo}HV H
FRPSRUWDPHQWRV GH TXH FRJLWD QHVVH VHQWLGR D HILFiFLD GL] UHVSHLWR j DSOLFDELOLGDGH H[LJLELOLGDGH RX
H[HFXWRULHGDGH GD QRUPD FRPR SRVVLELOLGDGH GH VXD DSOLFDomR MXUtGLFD´ Aplicabilidade  das  normas
constitucionais  HG 6mR 3DXOR 0DOKHLURV  S  (QWUHWDQWR Vy WHP HVVD IRUoD TXDQGR HVWi
DGHTXDGD jV UHDOLGDGHV VRFLDLV DMXVWDGDV jV QHFHVVLGDGHV GR JUXSR 6y Dt HOD SHQHWUD QR PXQGR GRV IDWRV H
FRQVHJXHGRPLQiORV
3RUFRQVHJXLQWHHILFiFLDpDDGHTXDomRHQWUHDQRUPDHDVVXDVILQDOLGDGHVVRFLDLV(PRXWUDVSDODYUDV
pHILFD]DQRUPDTXHDWLQJHRVVHXVREMHWLYRVTXHUHDOL]DDVVXDVILQDOLGDGHVTXHDWLQJHRDOYRSRUTXHHVWi
DMXVWDGDDRIDWR
'HYH VHU D SULPHLUD SUHRFXSDomR GR OHJLVODGRU ± HODERUDU XPD QRUPD DGHTXDGD j UHDOLGDGH VRFLDO H D
SULPHLUD WDUHID GD 6RFLRORJLD -XUtGLFD ± IRUQHFHU DR OHJLVODGRU RV HOHPHQWRV QHFHVViULRV j HODERUDomR GHVVD
QRUPD/HJLVODGRUTXHQmRWHPFRQKHFLPHQWRGDUHDOLGDGHVRFLDOTXHQmRHVWiDSDUGRGHVHQURODUGRVIDWRV
GRV UHDLV SUREOHPDV H FRQIOLWRV TXH VH WUDYDP QD VRFLHGDGH QmR WHP FRQGLo}HV GH ID]HU OHLV 3RU PDLV
WpFQLFDV H HUXGLWDV TXH IRUHP DV OHLV TXH HODERUDU VHUmR HODV FDUHQWHV GH FRQWH~GR YD]LDV GH SURSyVLWR QmR
SDVVDQGR GH XP FRQMXQWR GH HVWpUHLV IRUPDOLGDGHV 3RGHUmR VHU PXLWR ERDV SDUD RXWUR OXJDU TXDOTXHU TXH
WHQKDVHUYLGRGHLQVSLUDomRDROHJLVODGRUQXQFDSRUpPSDUDDVRFLHGDGHjTXDOVHGHVWLQDP
$ VRFLHGDGH QmR HVSHUD SHOR OHJLVODGRU &RPR GL]LD 6LFKHV D VRFLHGDGH FRQGLFLRQD R GLUHLWR IDWR
PROGDQGRRjVXDLPDJHPHVHPHOKDQoD&DEHDROHJLVODGRUDMXVWDUR'LUHLWR3RVLWLYRDHVVDUHDOLGDGHVRFLDO
VRE SHQD GH QXQFD HODERUDU OHL HILFD] $ HILFiFLD GH XPD OHL GHSHQGH GR UHFRQKHFLPHQWR GD DFHLWDomR H GD
DGHVmRGDVRFLHGDGHDHVVDOHLDQRUPDMXUtGLFDFRPRDVGHPDLVQRUPDVVRFLDLVSDUDTXHVHMDFXPSULGDSDUD
TXH VH FRQYHUWD HP IRUoD HIHWLYDPHQWH FRQILJXUDGRUD GDV FRQGXWDV H[LJH XP FRQKHFLPHQWR XPD DGHVmR GD
FRPXQLGDGHLVWRpGDPDLRUSDUWHGRVLQGLYtGXRVTXHLQWHJUDPRJUXSReJUDoDVDHVVHUHFRQKHFLPHQWRTXH
DQRUPDVHLQFRUSRUDjYLGDGRJUXSR
1HVVHVHQWLGRpWDPEpPDFRUUHWDOLomRGH3DXOR1DGHU³2OHJLVODGRUQmRSRGHVHUPHURHVSHFWDGRUGR
SDQRUDPD VRFLDO 6H RV IDWRV FDPLQKDP QRUPDOPHQWH j IUHQWH GR 'LUHLWR FRQIRUPH RV LQWHUHVVHV D VHUHP
SUHVHUYDGRV R OHJLVODGRU GHYHUi DQWHFLSDUVH DRV IDWRV (OH GHYH ID]HU GDV OHLV XPD FySLD GRV FRVWXPHV
VRFLDLV FRP DV GHYLGDV FRUUHo}HV H FRPSOHPHQWDo}HV 2 Volksgeist GHYH LQIRUPDU jV OHLV PDV R 'LUHLWR
FRQWHPSRUkQHRQmRpVLPSOHVUHSHWLGRUGHIyUPXODVVXJHULGDVSHODYLGDVRFLDO6HGHXPODGRR'LUHLWRUHFHEH
JUDQGH LQIOX[R GRV IDWRV VRFLDLV SURYRFD LJXDOPHQWH LPSRUWDQWHV PRGLILFDo}HV QD VRFLHGDGH 4XDQGR GD
HODERUDomR GD OHL R OHJLVODGRU KDYHUi GH FRQVLGHUDU RV IDWRUHV KLVWyULFR QDWXUDO H FLHQWtILFR H D VXD FRQGXWD
VHUi D GH DGRWDU HQWUH YiULRV PRGHORV SRVVtYHLV GH OHL DTXHOH TXH PDLV VH KDUPRQL]H FRP RV WUrV IDWRUHV´
2EFLWS
3HORH[SRVWRYHULILFDVHVHUDHILFiFLDXPGRVHIHLWRVGDQRUPD(IHLWRpJrQHURHILFiFLDpHVSpFLHeR
HIHLWRWtSLFRGDQRUPDVHXHIHLWRSULQFLSDORXUHDOeXPDFHUWDTXDOLGDGHGRHIHLWRSURGX]LGRSHODQRUPDXP
HIHLWRFRQGL]HQWHFRPVXDVILQDOLGDGHV

47. EFEITOS POSITIVOS DA LEI

-iYLPRVTXHHIHLWRVVmRWRGRVHTXDLVTXHUUHVXOWDGRVSURGX]LGRVSHODQRUPD(VVHVHIHLWRVSRGHPVHU
SRVLWLYRV RX QHJDWLYRV (IHLWRV SRVLWLYRV VmR RV UHVXOWDGRV FRPSDWtYHLV FRP RV LQWHUHVVHV VRFLDLV H
QHJDWLYRVa contrario sensuVmRRVUHVXOWDGRVFRQWUiULRVDRVLQWHUHVVHVGDVRFLHGDGH
2 HVWXGR GRV HIHLWRV GD OHL p HP RXWUDV SDODYUDV R HVWXGR GD LQIOXrQFLD FRQGLFLRQDQWH GR 'LUHLWR
FRQVWLWXtGRVREUHDVRFLHGDGHGDTXDOIDODYD6LFKHVFRQIRUPHPHQFLRQDGRQDSDUWHDQWHULRU
$ QRUPD TXDQGR HILFD] SURGX] QRUPDOPHQWH HIHLWRV SRVLWLYRV 3RGHPRV DWp GL]HU TXH D HILFiFLD p R
SULQFLSDO HIHLWR SRVLWLYR GD QRUPD $ QRUPD HILFD] Vy QmR SURGX] HIHLWRV SRVLWLYRV VH FRQFRUUHUHP RXWURV
IDWRUHVFRPRWHUHPRVRSRUWXQLGDGHGHYHU
(QWUHRVHIHLWRVSRVLWLYRVGDQRUPDGHVWDFDUHPRVDSHQDVTXDWUR

 GHFRQWUROHVRFLDO
 HGXFDWLYR
 FRQVHUYDGRU
 WUDQVIRUPDGRU


47.1. O controle social

2FRQWUROHVRFLDOpXPGRVWHPDVPDLVLPSRUWDQWHVHDEUDQJHQWHVGDVRFLRORJLD2VHXREMHWLYRFRPXPp
DGDSWDUDFRQGXWDGDVSHVVRDVQDWXUDLVHMXUtGLFDVDRVSDGU}HVGHFRPSRUWDPHQWRVGRPLQDQWHV
4XDQWRDRVPRGRVGHH[HUFtFLRRFRQWUROHSRGHVHUGHorientaçãoRXGHfiscalização
4XDQWR DRV GHVWLQDWiULRV R FRQWUROH VRFLDO SRGH VHU localizado RX difuso ± ILVFDOL]DomR GR
FRPSRUWDPHQWRGHWRGRVRVFLGDGmRV4XDQWRDRVDJHQWHVUHDOL]DGRUHVRFRQWUROHSRGHVHUIHLWRSHORVórgãos
estatais RX SHOD sociedade ± SUHVVmR H[HUFLGD SHOD RSLQLmR S~EOLFD SHOD IDPtOLD SHOR DPELHQWH GH WUDEDOKR
6$%$'(//$QD/XFLD2EFLWS
(P QRVVR HQWHQGHU R FRQWUROH VRFLDO PDLV DEUDQJHQWH H HIHWLYR p DTXHOH TXH p H[HUFLGR SHOR SUySULR
'LUHLWR
 4XDQGR WUDWDPRV GD IXQomR VRFLDO GR 'LUHLWR QR VHJXQGR FDStWXOR YLPRV TXH DV VXDV SULQFLSDLV
ILQDOLGDGHV VmR SUHYHQLU H FRPSRU FRQIOLWRV GHVWDV D IXQomR SUHYHQWLYD p D PDLV LPSRUWDQWH 2 'LUHLWR p
PXLWR PDLV SUHYHQWLYR GR TXH UHSUHVVLYR ( DL GH QyV VH DVVLP QmR IRVVH &RPR R 'LUHLWR SUHYLQH RV
FRQIOLWRV" (VWDEHOHFHQGR UHJUDV GH FRQGXWD GH GLVFLSOLQDPHQWR VRFLDO 'HVVD IRUPD H[HUFH R 'LUHLWR VREUH
WRGRV XP FRQGLFLRQDPHQWR TXH UHVXOWD QXP FRQWUROH GR FRPSRUWDPHQWR GR LQGLYtGXR GR JUXSR H GDV
LQVWLWXLo}HV4XDQGRDQRUPDQmRpDSOLFDGDFRQYHQLHQWHPHQWHYDLVHSHUGHQGRRFRQWUROHGDVLWXDomRHDYLGD
HPVRFLHGDGHYDLVHWRUQDQGRLPSRVVtYHO
2FRQWUROHVRFLDOpH[HUFLGRSHOR'LUHLWRSULPHLUDPHQWHSHODSUHYHQomRJHUDODTXHODFRDomRSVLFROyJLFD
RXLQWLPLGDomRH[HUFLGDVREUHWRGRVPHGLDQWHDDPHDoDGHXPDSHQDSDUDRWUDQVJUHVVRUGDQRUPD,VWRID]
FRPTXHPXLWRVPHVPRQmRTXHUHQGRDMXVWHPRVHXFRPSRUWDPHQWRjVSUHVFULo}HVOHJDLVSDUDQmRVRIUHUHP
DVDQomR%HUWUDQG5XVVHOREVHUYRXFRPWRGDDSURSULHGDGHTXHRERPFRPSRUWDPHQWRDWpGRFLGDGmRPDLV
H[HPSODU GHYH PXLWR j H[LVWrQFLD GD SROtFLD e LQFRQFHEtYHO XPD VRFLHGDGH QD TXDO R FRPSRUWDPHQWR VRFLDO
VHMDUHJXODPHQWDGRDSHQDVSHODVVDQo}HVPRUDLVGRHORJLRHGDFXOSD
(PVHJXQGROXJDURFRQWUROHpWDPEpPH[HUFLGRSHODSUHYHQomRHVSHFLDODVHJUHJDomRGRWUDQVJUHVVRU
GR PHLR VRFLDO RX D DSOLFDomR GH XPD SHQD SHFXQLiULD LQGHQL]DWyULD SDUD WHU GD SUy[LPD YH] TXH VH VHQWLU
LQFOLQDGRDWUDQVJUHGLUDQRUPDPDLRUHVWtPXORQRVHQWLGRGHDMXVWDUVXDFRQGXWDjVFRQGLo}HVH[LVWHQFLDLV2
SUySULR (VWDGR D VRFLHGDGH JOREDO VRIUH R FRQWUROH GR 'LUHLWR TXDQWR j VXD FRQGXWD WDQWR DVVLP TXH QmR
SRGH SXQLU VHP TXH DOJXpP WHQKD SUDWLFDGR XP IDWR WtSLFR QmR SRGH DSRGHUDUVH GD SURSULHGDGH GH TXHP
TXLVHUDQmRVHUDWUDYpVGRVPHLRVFRQVWLWXFLRQDLVHWF
6mRLQVWUXPHQWRVGHVVHFRQWUROHRVSULQFtSLRVGDlegalidade, impessoalidade, moralidade, publicidade e
eficiência LPSRVWRV SHOR DUWLJR  GD &RQVWLWXLomR )HGHUDO FRPR GH REVHUYkQFLD QHFHVViULD SDUD WRGD D
DGPLQLVWUDomRS~EOLFDGLUHWDHLQGLUHWDGHTXDOTXHUGRV3RGHUHVGD8QLmRGRV(VWDGRVGR'LVWULWR)HGHUDOH
GRV0XQLFtSLRV

47.2. Efeito educativo da norma

(VWiPDLVTXHHYLGHQFLDGRDWUDYpVGHSHVTXLVDVHGDSUySULDH[SHULrQFLDTXHFHUWRVDVVXQWRVWRUQDPVH
PHOKRU FRQKHFLGRV GR JUXSR VRFLDO GHSRLV GH VHUHP GLVFLSOLQDGRV SHOD OHL e TXH D OHL DQWHV GH VH WRUQDU
REULJDWyULD WHP TXH VHU GLYXOJDGD SXEOLFDGD H DVVLP j PHGLGD TXH YDL VHQGR FRQKHFLGD SHOR JUXSR YDL
WDPEpPHGXFDQGRHHVFODUHFHQGRDRSLQLmRS~EOLFD
([HPSOR GLVVR HQFRQWUDPRV QR 'LUHLWR 7UDEDOKLVWD 4XDOTXHU WUDEDOKDGRU GRV QRVVRV GLDV PHVPR R
LJQRUDQWH RX DQDOIDEHWR FRQKHFH RV VHXV GLUHLWRV 6DEH TXH WHP GLUHLWR D IpULDV ƒ VDOiULR IXQGR GH
JDUDQWLD UHSRXVR UHPXQHUDGR DYLVR SUpYLR HWF 3RU TXr" 2QGH DSUHQGHX" 1mR IRL FRP R SDWUmR QHP QD
(VFRODGH'LUHLWRPDVVLPQRSUySULRJUXSR(HOHVDEHDWpPHVPRRQGHHFRPRUHFODPDURVVHXVGLUHLWRV$
&RQVWLWXLomR GH  QRV IRUQHFH RXWUR H[HPSOR HORTXHQWH GHVVH HIHLWR HGXFDWLYR GD OHL &RQVFLHQWL]RX R
FLGDGmR GRV VHXV GLUHLWRV H GR DFHVVR j -XVWLoD QR TXH IRL FRDGMXYDGD SHOR &yGLJR GR &RQVXPLGRU 3URYD
GLVVRVmRRV-XL]DGRV(VSHFLDLVJUDQGHPHQWHSURFXUDGRV6yQR(VWDGRGR5LRGH-DQHLURQRDQRGH
IRUDP SURSRVWDV  UHFODPDo}HV H MXOJDGDV   (P  IRUDP DMXL]DGDV 
UHFODPDo}HV H MXOJDGDV   YDOH GL]HU RV MXL]DGRV FRQWLQXDUDP MXOJDQGR D PDLV UHGX]LQGR R
DFHUYR DWUDVDGR 2V Q~PHURV GH UHFODPDo}HV GLVWULEXtGDV FRQWLQXDP VXELQGR  HP  MXOJDGDV
  HP  MXOJDGDV  H  HP  MXOJDGDV  $V HPSUHVDV SRU VXD
YH] HP IDFH GD QRYD SRVWXUD GRV FRQVXPLGRUHV SHUFHEHUDP TXH WHULDP GH DWHQGHU PHOKRU RV VHXV FOLHQWHV
SDUDQmRSHUGrORVPDLVGRTXHLVVRTXHSRGLDPDSUHQGHUFRPHOHVSDUDPHOKRUDUVHXVSURGXWRVHVHUYLoRV
(VWUXWXUDUDPVH DGHTXDGDPHQWH H FRORFDUDP HP RSHUDomR R 6HUYLoR GH $WHQGLPHQWR DR &OLHQWH 6$& SRU
PHLR GR TXDO FRQVHJXLUDP SDGURQL]DU SURFHGLPHQWRV UDFLRQDOL]DU DWLYLGDGHV FRQTXLVWDU D ILGHOLGDGH GRV
FOLHQWHV H FRQVWUXLU XPD LPDJHP SRVLWLYD GD HPSUHVD +RMH  GR DWHQGLPHQWR GRV EDQFRV  KRUDV VmR
IHLWRV HOHWURQLFDPHQWH 8PD JUDQGH IRUQHFHGRUD GH VHUYLoR GH WHOHIRQLD DWHQGH PDLV GH  PLOK}HV GH
FKDPDGDVSRUPrVeDIXQomRHGXFDWLYDGR'LUHLWR
2XWUR H[HPSOR HORTXHQWH p D /HL 6HFD /HL Q  TXH HQWURX HP YLJRU HP  GH MXQKR GH
(PEDODQoRIHLWRQRILQDOGRSULPHLURDQRGHYLJrQFLDGD/HL6HFDR0LQLVWpULRGD6D~GHFRQVWDWRXTXH
HOD UHGX]LX HP  R tQGLFH GH PRUWHV QR WUkQVLWR QDV  FDSLWDLV GR SDtV H HP  R Q~PHUR GH
LQWHUQDo}HVKRVSLWDODUHVGHYtWLPDVGHGHVDVWUHVQRWUkQVLWR5HGX]LXWDPEpPRVFDVRVGHYLROrQFLDGRPpVWLFD
±YtWLPDVGHHVSDQFDPHQWRHVSHFLDOPHQWHPXOKHUHVHFULDQoDV
3DUD R HQWmR 0LQLVWUR GD -XVWLoD 7DUVR *HQUR R LPSDFWR GD /HL 6HFD DLQGD QmR DWLQJLX RV QtYHLV
HVSHUDGRV PDV RV GDGRV GR 0LQLVWpULR GD 6D~GH VmR DXVSLFLRVRV ³1RVVD FRQFOXVmR é  que  se  iniciou  uma
grande  mudança 1mR VH WUDWD GH WHU XPD YLVmR WULXQIDOLVWD GD OHL PDV GH FRQFOXLU TXH HOD WHYH efeitos
altamente  positivos QmR Vy QD FRQGXWD GDV DXWRULGDGHV S~EOLFDV SDUD FRLELU R XVR GR iOFRRO DVVRFLDGR j
GLUHomR PDV QD HQRUPH VDWLVIDomR GDV SHVVRDV TXH VRSUDP R EDI{PHWUR DR VHUHP ILVFDOL]DGDV´ O  Globo,


47.3. Efeito conservador da norma

$VQRUPDVMXUtGLFDVWXWHODPGHWHUPLQDGRVEHQVGDYLGDVRFLDOTXHVHWUDQVIRUPDPHPMXUtGLFRVTXDQGR
UHFHEHPDSURWHomRGR'LUHLWR7RPHPRVFRPRH[HPSORR'LUHLWR3HQDOWRGDVDVQRUPDVTXHLQFULPLQDPR
KRPLFtGLRRLQIDQWLFtGLRRDERUWRYLVDPDWXWHODGDYLGDDVTXHLQFULPLQDPRIXUWRRURXERRHVWHOLRQDWR
SURWHJHPRSDWULP{QLRHDVVLPSRUGLDQWH
$ QRUPD WXWHOD QmR VRPHQWH EHQV PDV WDPEpP LQVWLWXLo}HV 4XDQGR R OHJLVODGRU HQWHQGH TXH FHUWDV
LQVWLWXLo}HVVmRYDOLRVDVHLQGLVSHQViYHLVjYLGDVRFLDOFHUFDDVGHIHQGHDVHVWDEHOHFHQGRHPWRUQRGHODVD
SURWHomR MXUtGLFD 9HMDP R FDVR GD IDPtOLD 7UDWDVH GH LQVWLWXLomR EDVLODU GD VRFLHGDGH ( R TXH VH IH] HP
UHODomRDHOD"3URFXURXVHSURWHJrODDWUDYpVGHXPDLQILQLGDGHGHQRUPDV+iQRUPDVQR&yGLJR&LYLOXP
OLYURWRGRTXHVyWUDWDGRGLUHLWRGHIDPtOLDQR&yGLJR3HQDOGRVFULPHVFRQWUDDIDPtOLDDUWVH
QD SUySULD &RQVWLWXLomR GHVWLQDGDV j SURWHomR GD IDPtOLD $VVLP WHP FRQVHJXLGR D VRFLHGDGH EHP RX PDO
SUHVHUYDUHVWDLQVWLWXLomRDWUDYpVGRVVpFXORVHDGHVSHLWRGHWRGDVDVLQIOXrQFLDVSHUQLFLRVDVTXHFRQVSLUDP
FRQWUD HOD 2 SUySULR (VWDGR TXH p D LQVWLWXLomR PDLRU QHFHVVLWD GD SURWHomR GR 'LUHLWR H SRU LVVR H[LVWHP
OHLVDFRPHoDUSHOD&RQVWLWXLomRGHVWLQDGDVDRUJDQL]iORHFRQVHUYiOR
$IXQomRFRQVHUYDGRUDGR'LUHLWRDVVLQDODRLQVLJQH$QGUp)UDQFR0RQWRUROLJDVHDRFDUiWHUHVWiWLFR
TXH HOH UHSUHVHQWD DR JDUDQWLU D PDQXWHQomR GD RUGHP VRFLDO H[LVWHQWH 3DUD PXLWRV HVVD p D FDUDFWHUtVWLFD
HVVHQFLDO GDV QRUPDV MXUtGLFDV PDV QR HQWHQGHU GR LOXVWUH MXULVWD LVVR Vy p YHUGDGH HP SDtVHV SOHQDPHQWH
GHVHQYROYLGRV HVWDELOL]DGRV H RUJDQL]DGRV 1RV SDtVHV HP GHVHQYROYLPHQWR H WUDQVIRUPDo}HV SURIXQGDV R
HUURGHVVDSRVLomRpSDWHQWH5HGX]LURGLUHLWRDXPDIRUoDFRQVHUYDGRUDpSHUSHWXDURVXEGHVHQYROYLPHQWRH
RDWUDVRIntrodução à ciência do direito.HG6mR3DXOR5HYGRV7ULEXQDLVS'DtDLPSRUWkQFLD
GR'LUHLWRFRPRLQVWUXPHQWRGHWUDQVIRUPDo}HVVRFLDLV

47.4. Efeito transformador da norma

e DTXL TXH SHUFHEHPRV PDLV GLUHWDPHQWH R HIHLWR FRQGLFLRQDQWH GR 'LUHLWR VREUH D VRFLHGDGH 0XLWDV
YH]HV HP UD]mR GH QHFHVVLGDGHV VHQWLGDV D QRUPD HVWDEHOHFH QRYDV GLUHWUL]HV D VHUHP VHJXLGDV IL[D QRYRV
SULQFtSLRV D VHUHP REVHUYDGRV HP GHWHUPLQDGDV TXHVW}HV GHWHUPLQD D UHDOL]DomR GH FHUWDV PRGLILFDo}HV $
VRFLHGDGH HQWmR SDUD GDU FXPSULPHQWR j OHL WHP TXH VH HVWUXWXUDU HTXLSDUVH DSDUHOKDUVH H DVVLP
SDXODWLQDPHQWHYDLRSHUDQGRVHQVtYHLVWUDQVIRUPDo}HVHPVHXPHLR(LVDtRHIHLWRWUDQVIRUPDGRUGDOHL
([HPSOLILTXHPRVHVWHSRQWRFRPDVLWXDomRGRWUDEDOKDGRUDQWHVGDVYLJHQWHVOHLVWUDEDOKLVWDV4XDOHUD
D VXD VLWXDomR" $ PDLV ODPHQWiYHO SRVVtYHO 7UDEDOKDYD D YLGD WRGD H GHSRLV GH YHOKR H FDQVDGR HUD
GLVSHQVDGRVHPTXDOTXHUGLUHLWR&RPRQmRPDLVSRGLDWUDEDOKDUILFDYDDRGHVDPSDURSDVVDQGRSULYDo}HVH
FDXVDQGR SUREOHPDV VRFLDLV JUDYHV ,VVR WHYH TXH VHU PXGDGR YLHUDP DV OHLV WUDEDOKLVWDV H SUHYLGHQFLiULDV
HVWDEHOHFHQGR HP IDYRU GR WUDEDOKDGRU GLUHLWR D IpULDV LQGHQL]DomR DSRVHQWDGRULD DVVLVWrQFLD PpGLFR
KRVSLWDODUDX[tOLRGHGRHQoDLQGHQL]DomRSRUDFLGHQWHGHWUDEDOKRHWF(TXDOIRLDFRQVHTXrQFLDGLVVRWXGR"
$ VRFLHGDGH WHYH TXH VH HVWUXWXUDU DSDUHOKDUVH SDUD FXPSULU D OHL H R UHVXOWDGR IRL XPD WUDQVIRUPDomR
VRFLDO $V IiEULFDV H LQG~VWULDV WLYHUDP TXH RIHUHFHU PHOKRUHV FRQGLo}HV H DPELHQWH GH WUDEDOKR DRV VHXV
HPSUHJDGRVPXLWDVGHODVFRPUHIHLWyULRYHVWLiULRHVFRODFUHFKHDPEXODWyULRIRLQHFHVViULRDWpDFULDomRGH
XPJLJDQWHQDFLRQDO,166SDUDFXLGDUGDDSRVHQWDGRULDHDVVLVWrQFLDPpGLFDGRVWUDEDOKDGRUHVTXHSRUVHU
JUDQGHGHPDLVQmRIXQFLRQDDFRQWHQWR
2XWUR H[HPSOR 1R SDVVDGR D SHQD HUD FRQVLGHUDGD XP FDVWLJR RX SXQLomR PDO MXVWR FRQWUD TXHP
SUDWLFRXPDOLQMXVWR1HVVHWHPSRTXDQWRSLRUHVDVSULV}HVPHOKRU6HRILPGDSHQDHUDSXQLUHQWmRRUpX
GHYHULD VHU PHVPR FRORFDGR QR SLRU OXJDU GR PXQGR 9rP GDt DV PDVPRUUDV RV FDODERXoRV DV SULV}HV
IpWLGDV LPXQGDV H QRFLYDV EHP FRPR DV SHQDV PDLV WHUUtYHLV TXH VH SRVVD LPDJLQDU +i TXHP GLJD TXH D
KLVWyULDGDSHQDpSLRUTXHDGRFULPH
(VVDSRVLomRTXDQWRjSHQDWURX[HRVSLRUHVUHVXOWDGRVVRFLDLVSRVVtYHLVSRLVQDGDID]LDQRVHQWLGRGD
UHFXSHUDomR GR FULPLQRVR QHP QR VHQWLGR GH SUHYHQLU D VRFLHGDGH FRQWUD D IXWXUD FULPLQDOLGDGH 7RUQDYD R
UpX SLRU ± PDLV SHULJRVR UHYROWDGR H GHVSUHSDUDGR SDUD YROWDU j VRFLHGDGH $ SULVmR SDVVRX D VHU D PHOKRU
HVFRODGHFULPH3LRUGRTXHWXGRQmRGDYDjVRFLHGDGHQHQKXPLQVWUXPHQWRGHGHIHVDFRQWUDHVVHLQGLYtGXR
HVHXVIXWXURVFULPHV
3RU WRGRV HVVHV PRWLYRV R SHQVDPHQWR PRGHUQR D UHVSHLWR GRV ILQV GD SHQD PXGRX 3URFXUDVH KRMH
ID]HUGDSHQDXPLQVWUXPHQWRGHGHIHVDVRFLDODWULEXLQGROKHXPDIXQomRSUHYHQWLYD$SHQDQmRpPDLVXPD
IRUPD GH FDVWLJR RX SXQLomR PDV VLP XP PHLR GH UHHGXFDomR H UHVVRFLDOL]DomR GR UpX 1mR YDPRV PDLV
SXQLUPDVFRUULJLU
3DUD WDQWR R TXH VHUi SUHFLVR" 2QGH HGXFDU" 1D SULVmR" 1D PDVPRUUD" &RPR FDVWLJDQGR
LPSLHGRVDPHQWH" 1mR (QWmR VHUi SUHFLVR WUDQVIRUPDU QRVVDV SULV}HV HP HVFRODV H UHIRUPDWyULRV 6H H
TXDQGRLVVRDFRQWHFHUWHUiDQRUPDH[HUFLGRDVXDLQIOXrQFLDWUDQVIRUPDGRUD3HORPHQRVMiVHIDODKRMHHP
UHIRUPD SHQLWHQFLiULD H HP DOJXQV HVWDGRV Mi FRPHoDP D VXUJLU DV SULPHLUDV WUDQVIRUPDo}HV DWUDYpV GH
PRGHUQRVHVWDEHOHFLPHQWRVSHQDLVDGHTXDGRVjVQRYDVH[LJrQFLDVOHJDLV
6HPG~YLGDRPHOKRUH[HPSORGRHIHLWRWUDQVIRUPDGRUGR'LUHLWRYDPRVHQFRQWUDUQDVOHLVHFRQ{PLFDV
TXHLPSODQWDUDPR3ODQR5HDO$HFRQRPLDGRSDtVHVWDYDjGHULYDFRPXPDLQIODomRDVWURQ{PLFDFRUURHQGR
RVDOiULRGRWUDEDOKDGRUJHUDQGRPLVpULDIRPHGHVHTXLOtEULRVRFLDOHDEXVRVHFRQ{PLFRVGHWRGDRUGHP$
HVWDELOL]DomR GD PRHGD TXH HVSHUDPRV VHMD GXUDGRXUD WURX[H XPD PHOKRU GLVWULEXLomR GH UHQGD HIHWLYR
FRQWUROH GRV SUHoRV PDLRU SRGHU DTXLVLWLYR GD SRSXODomR TXH HP FRQVHTXrQFLD SDVVRX D FRPHU PDLV H
PHOKRU $ UHIRUPD HFRQ{PLFD GHVHQFDGHRX RXWUDV UHIRUPDV QD SUHYLGrQFLD QD $GPLQLVWUDomR 3~EOLFD QR
PRQRSyOLR HVWDWDO QD SULYDWL]DomR GH HVWDWDLV QD RUGHP WULEXWiULD WRGDV FRP DPSOR DSRLR GD VRFLHGDGH
JHUDQGRSURIXQGDVDOWHUDo}HVQDUHDOLGDGHEUDVLOHLUD
,VVRWXGRHYLGHQFLDTXHR'LUHLWRTXDQGRFRUUHWDPHQWHXWLOL]DGRSRGHVHURJUDQGHLQVWUXPHQWRGHXPD
SROtWLFDGRGHVHQYROYLPHQWRQDFLRQDO&HUWDVOHLVFRPRDVRUoDPHQWiULDVFRPDQGDPDH[HFXomRGHSODQRVGH
GHVHQYROYLPHQWR VRFLDO PHGLDQWH QRUPDV TXH SURPRYHP D HGXFDomR D VD~GH R EHPHVWDU D FXOWXUD H D
SDUWLFLSDomRHTXLWDWLYDGHWRGDDSRSXODomRQDUHQGDQDFLRQDO
6RE R WtWXOR ³$ GpFDGD JDQKD´ 5LFDUGR 3DHV GH %DUURV SHVTXLVDGRU GR ,3($ HVFUHYHX O  Globo,
 ³'HVGH R LQtFLR GR QRYR PLOrQLR D UHQGD per capita YHP DXPHQWDQGR SDUD WRGRV HPERUD RV
PDLV SREUHV WHQKDP H[SHULPHQWDGR R PDLRU FUHVFLPHQWR  $ UHQGD GRV PDLV SREUHV FUHVFH D XP ULWPR
FKLQrVHQTXDQWRTXHRVPDLVULFRVSHUFHEHPWD[DGHFUHVFLPHQWRVLPLODUjGD$OHPDQKD
(VWDGLIHUHQoDpUHIOH[RGHXPDTXHGDVHPSUHFHGHQWHVQRJUDXGHGHVLJXDOGDGHQRSDtVTXHDOLDGDDR
FUHVFLPHQWR HFRQ{PLFR IH] FRP TXH UHGX]tVVHPRV D H[WUHPD SREUH]D j PHWDGH DR ORQJR GR ~OWLPR
TXLQTXrQLR YHORFLGDGH FLQFR YH]HV PDLV DFHOHUDGD TXH D SUHFRQL]DGD SHOR 3ULPHLUR 2EMHWLYR GR 0LOrQLR
UHGX]LUDH[WUHPDSREUH]DjPHWDGHHPDQRV
$VVLPWmRIXQGDPHQWDOTXDQWRRHVSHWDFXODUSURJUHVVRDOFDQoDGRpDPDQXWHQomRGHVWDWUDMHWyULD&RPR
RDPELHQWHHFRQ{PLFRHDQDWXUH]DGDSREUH]DVHDOWHUDPFRQWLQXDPHQWHRJUDQGHGHVDILRjIUHQWHpGHVHQKDU
HUHGHVHQKDURVSURJUDPDVVRFLDLVSDUDTXHQmRVHSHUFDDH[FHSFLRQDOHIHWLYLGDGHGHPRQVWUDGDDWpHQWmR´

48. EFEITOS NEGATIVOS DA NORMA

(ODERUDGD SDUD SURGX]LU HIHLWRV SRVLWLYRV SRGH D QRUPD HQWUHWDQWR HP GDGDV FLUFXQVWkQFLDV SURGX]LU
HIHLWRV QHJDWLYRV FRQWUiULRV DRV LQWHUHVVHV VRFLDLV e FODUR TXH TXDQGR LVVR FKHJD D DFRQWHFHU p WHPSR GH
UHYRJDUDOHLVXEVWLWXLQGRDSRURXWUDPDLVDGHTXDGD
 /HPEUDPRVWUrVKLSyWHVHVHPTXHDOHLSURGX]HIHLWRVQHJDWLYRV

 TXDQGRIRULQHILFD]
 TXDQGRKRXYHURPLVVmRGDDXWRULGDGHHPDSOLFiOD
 TXDQGRLQH[LVWLUHVWUXWXUDDGHTXDGDjDSOLFDomRGDOHL


48.1. Efeitos negativos pela ineficácia da lei

$ HILFiFLD GD QRUPD GHSHQGH GR UHFRQKHFLPHQWR DFHLWDomR RX DGHVmR GD VRFLHGDGH D HVVD QRUPD 2X
FRPR REVHUYD 6LFKHV ³$ QRUPD MXUtGLFD ± LJXDOPHQWH FRPR DV GHPDLV QRUPDV VRFLDLV ± SDUD TXH VHMD
FXPSULGDSDUDTXHVHFRQYHUWDHPIRUoDHIHWLYDPHQWHFRQILJXUDGRUDGDVFRQGXWDVH[LJHXPUHFRQKHFLPHQWR
XPD DGHVmR GD FRPXQLGDGH LVWR p GD PDLRU SDUWH GRV LQGLYtGXRV TXH LQWHJUDP R JUXSR *UDoDV D HVVH
UHFRQKHFLPHQWRDQRUPDVHLQFRUSRUDjYLGDGRJUXSR´Sociologia do direito.ƒYS
(VVH UHFRQKHFLPHQWR RX UHFXVD TXH JHUD D HILFiFLD RX LQHILFiFLD GD QRUPD SRGH GHSHQGHU GD
OHJLWLPLGDGHGDDXWRULGDGHTXHDHVWDEHOHFHXGRFRQWH~GRGDPHVPDRXGHRXWURVIDWRUHV'HXPWUHFKRGD
H[SRVLomR GH PRWLYRV GR SURMHWR GH OHL SDUD D UHIRUPD GR 3RGHU -XGLFLiULR HODERUDGR SRU XPD &RPLVVmR
(VSHFLDO GR &RQJUHVVR 1DFLRQDO HP  GD TXDO IRL 3UHVLGHQWH R GRXWR 6HQDGRU $F\ROL )LOKR SRGHPRV
GHVWDFDUWUrVFDXVDVSULQFLSDLV2WUHFKRpRVHJXLQWH

³1mRHODERUDPRVOHLVSDUDVHUHVWDPSDGDVQRVOLYURVSDUDVHUOLGDVRXSDUDILFDUQDKLVWyULD$VOHLV
QDVFHPSDUDYLYHUHVyYDOHPTXDQGRSRGHPHQWUDUQRPXQGRGRVIDWRVHDOLJRYHUQDU9DOHPSHODIRUoD
TXHWrPVREUHRVIDWRVHFRPRVmRHQWHQGLGDVQHVVDDSOLFDomR´
³$VOHLVHQWUHWDQWRHPFRQVWDQWHFRQIOLWRFRPRVIDWRVDFDEDPVXSHUDGDVSRUHVWHVHWHUPLQDPSRU
GHVPRUDOL]DUVHHVWHQGHQGRVHRGHVDSUHoRDWRGDDOHJLVODomR´
³¬V YH]HV R OHJLVODGRU DWUDYpV GD OHL TXHU DOWHUDU YHOKRV KiELWRV H GDUOKHV QRYD GLVFLSOLQD 2V
KiELWRV QR HQWDQWR WHLPDP HP VREUHYLYHU H VREUHYLYHP DSHVDU GD OHL 2XWUDV YH]HV R OHJLVODGRU
OHYDGRSHORLGHDOLVPRGHS{UR3DtVHPGLDFRPDVFRQTXLVWDVGDFLYLOL]DomRDQWHFLSDLQVWLWXLo}HVHSUHYr
VROXo}HV TXH QDXIUDJDP QXP PHLR KRVWLO DFDQKDGR H GHVSUHSDUDGR 'H RXWUDV IHLWDV QR HQWDQWR R
OHJLVODGRUQmRFRQVHJXHYHQFHUDVSRGHURVDVIRUoDVGRPLVRQHtVPRTXHVHJXUDPUHWDUGDPHLPSHGHPDV
UHIRUPDVRXDVWRUQDPPRILQDV´
³2QRVVR3DtVMipDIDPDGRSHODGLVWkQFLDHQWUHDUHDOLGDGHHDQRUPDMXUtGLFD´

$SULPHLUDFDXVDGDLQHILFiFLDGDOHLOHPEUDGDSHOR6HQDGRU$F\ROL)LOKRpDVXDdesatualizaçãoTXH
HOHGHVWDFRXDRGL]HU³$VOHLVHQWUHWDQWRHPFRQVWDQWHFRQIOLWRFRPRVfatosacabam superadas por estesH
WHUPLQDPSRUGHVPRUDOL]DUVHHVWHQGHQGRVHRGHVDSUHoRDWRGDDOHJLVODomR´RJULIRpQRVVR
&RP HIHLWR D OHL VH EHP HODERUDGD SRGH HVWDU HP SHUIHLWD DGHTXDomR FRP D UHDOLGDGH VRFLDO QR
PRPHQWR GH VXD FULDomR &RP R FRUUHU GR WHPSR HQWUHWDQWR YDL VH GHVDWXDOL]DQGR YDL VHQGR XOWUDSDVVDGD
SRLVRVIDWRVVmRGLQkPLFRVHYROXHPFRQVWDQWHPHQWHPDVDOHLpHVWiWLFD$VVLPRSDVVDUGRWHPSRWRUQDD
OHLLQHILFD]$PDLRUSDUWHGHQRVVDOHJLVODomRSUHFLVRXVHUUHIRUPXODGDH[DWDPHQWHSRUHVWDUD]mR
$ VHJXQGD FDXVD p R misoneísmo H YHP PHQFLRQDGR QR VHJXLQWH WUHFKR ³ R OHJLVODGRU QmR FRQVHJXH
YHQFHU DV SRGHURVDV IRUoDV GR misoneísmo  que  seguram,  retardam  e  impedem  as  reformas,  ou  as  tornam
mofinas´RJULIRpQRVVR
0LVRQHtVPRFRPRVHVDEHpDYHUVmRVLVWHPiWLFDjVLQRYDo}HVRXWUDQVIRUPDo}HVGRstatus quoRTXH
HP QRVVR SDtV FRQVWLWXL QD UHDOLGDGH XPD IRUWH FDXVD GD LQHILFiFLD GD OHL 9HOKRV KiELWRV FRVWXPHV
HPSHUUDGRVSULYLOpJLRVGHJUXSRVLPSHGHPTXHDOHLVHMDDSOLFDGDRXPHVPRHODERUDGD¬VYH]HVSRUTXHKi
JUDQGHV LQWHUHVVHV SROtWLFRV HFRQ{PLFRV RX UHOLJLRVRV HP MRJR RXWUDV YH]HV SRU PHUR FRPRGLVPR GD
DXWRULGDGHTXHQmROHYRXDVpULRDDSOLFDomRGDOHL3RUPDLVHVWUDQKRTXHSRVVDSDUHFHUFRVWXPDVHHQWUHQyV
GL]HUTXHDOHLQmRSHJRX
 6ySDUDLOXVWUDUHVVHSRQWROHPEUDPRVTXHRGLYyUFLRFXVWRXWDQWRDVHUDGPLWLGRSHODQRVVDOHJLVODomR
HP YLUWXGH GDV SUHVV}HV GD ,JUHMD IURQWDOPHQWH FRQWUiULD j GLVVROXomR GR YtQFXOR PDWULPRQLDO 0XLWDV OHLV
TXH FRQWURODP DV DWLYLGDGHV GDV PXOWLQDFLRQDLV HVVHV JLJDQWHVFRV RUJDQLVPRV HFRQ{PLFRV GRV QRVVRV GLDV
QmR VmR DSOLFDGDV HP UD]mR GRV LQWHUHVVHV HFRQ{PLFRV HP MRJR ,QWHUHVVHV FRUSRUDWLYLVWDV HPSHUUDUDP D
UHIRUPDGD3UHYLGrQFLDSRUPXLWRVDQRVHDLQGDLPSHGHPDUHIRUPD3ROtWLFD
$antecipação  da  lei  à  realidade  social  existente p D WHUFHLUD FDXVD GH VXD LQHILFiFLD $F\ROL )LOKR S}H
LVWRHPGHVWDTXHQRVHJXLQWHWUHFKR³2XWUDVYH]HVROHJLVODGRUOHYDGRSHORLGHDOLVPRGHS{UR3DtVHPGLD
FRP DV FRQTXLVWDV GD FLYLOL]DomR antecipa  instituições  e  prevê  soluções  que  naufragam  num  meio  hostil,
acanhado e despreparado´RJULIRpQRVVR
2 OHJLVODGRU Yr DOJR TXH IXQFLRQD PXLWR EHP HP FHUWR SDtV PDLV DGLDQWDGR H TXHU LPSODQWDU QR QRVVR
1mR FRQVHJXH SRUTXH QmR Ki VXSRUWH VRFLDO FRUUHVSRQGrQFLD FRP D UHDOLGDGH UD]mR SHOD TXDO D OHL FDL QR
YD]LR&DGDOHJLVODGRUWHPTXHHODERUDUDOHLFRPEDVHQDUHDOLGDGHGHVXDVRFLHGDGH
9HPRV DVVLP TXH ID]HU OHL p DOJR GLIHUHQWH GH ID]HU OLWHUDWXUD RX KLVWyULD $ OHL Vy WHP IRUoD SDUD
³SHQHWUDU QR PXQGR GRV IDWRV H DOL JRYHUQDU´ TXDQGR p HILFD] LVWR p TXDQGR DMXVWDGD j UHDOLGDGH VRFLDO H
LQWHLUDPHQWHDGHTXDGDDRVIDWRV
/HL LQHILFD] SRUWDQWR SURGX] HIHLWRV QHJDWLYRV SRUTXH QmR WHP IRUoD SDUD JRYHUQDU RV IDWRV VRFLDLV
TXHU SRU VHU DUWLILFLDO IUXWR DSHQDV GR SHQVDPHQWR TXHU SRU WHU VH WRUQDGR DQDFU{QLFD GHVDWXDOL]DGD
VXSHUDGD SHOD UHDOLGDGH VRFLDO e IRJR TXH QmR TXHLPD WLUR VHP EDOD $ FRQVHTXrQFLD p TXH D OHL VH
GHVPRUDOL]DHHVWHQGHRGHVDSUHoRDWRGRRVLVWHPD
7LQKD UD]mR *HRUJHV 5LSHUW DR GL]HU ³4XDQGR R 'LUHLWR LJQRUD D UHDOLGDGH D UHDOLGDGH VH YLQJD
LJQRUDQGRR'LUHLWR´&RPRIHQ{PHQRVRFLDOTXHpQmRSRGHRGLUHLWRVHDIDVWDUGDUHDOLGDGHVRFLDOVRESHQD
GHQmRVHUHVSRQWDQHDPHQWHREVHUYDGR6HQmRUHVSHLWDUDVWUDGLo}HVHRVYDORUHVWUDGLFLRQDLVFULDUiiUHDVGH
DWULWRTXHUHGX]LUmRDVXDYDOLGDGHHHILFiFLD

48.2. Efeitos negativos pela omissão da autoridade em aplicar a lei

$IXQomRSULQFLSDOGR'LUHLWRMiYLPRVpSUHYHQLUFRQIOLWRVFRQWURODUDVUHODo}HVVRFLDLVRTXHUHDOL]D
DWUDYpV GR GLVFLSOLQDPHQWR GR FRPSRUWDPHQWR PHGLDQWH QRUPDV MXUtGLFDV DUPDGDV GH VDQomR 0DV VH D OHL p
WUDQVJUHGLGD H SRU GHVtGLD LQFRPSHWrQFLD RX LUUHVSRQVDELOLGDGH GD DXWRULGDGH D VDQomR QmR p DSOLFDGD VH
TXDQGR VXUJH R FRPSRUWDPHQWR GH GHVYLR QHQKXPD SHQD p LPSRVWD DR WUDQVJUHVVRU GD QRUPD D DXWRULGDGH
QDGD ID] ± TXDO VHUi R UHVXOWDGR" 9DL VH HQIUDTXHFHQGR DTXHOD GLVFLSOLQD TXH D QRUPD LPS}H D WRGRV YDL VH
GLOXLQGR D VXD IXQomR SUHYHQWLYD H FRQVHTXHQWHPHQWH D WUDQVJUHVVmR VHP SXQLomR YDL HVWLPXODQGR QRYDV
WUDQVJUHVV}HV 4XHP WUDQVJULGH D OHL LPSXQHPHQWH VHQWHVH HQFRUDMDGR D WUDQVJUHGLU QRYDPHQWH H R VHX
H[HPSORVHUYHGHHVWtPXORDRXWUHP1HVWHFDVRDOHLSRGHDWpVHUHILFD]PDVQmRSURGX]LUiHIHLWRVSRVLWLYRV
SRURPLVVmRGDVDXWRULGDGHV
([HPSOR HORTXHQWH GLVVR p R &yGLJR GH 7UkQVLWR %UDVLOHLUR (P MDQHLUR GH  TXDQGR IRL HGLWDGR
KDYLDXPDJUDQGHH[SHFWDWLYDGHTXHHOHKDYHULDGHSRURUGHPHPQRVVRWUkQVLWRFDyWLFRGDGRDVHYHULGDGHGH
VXDV QRUPDV H D JUDYLGDGH GDV SHQDV HQWUH DV TXDLV D SHUGD GD FDUWHLUD 'HSRLV GH YiULRV DQRV GH YLJrQFLD
TXDVH QDGD PHOKRURX SRUTXH DV PXOWDV H RXWUDV VDQo}HV DSOLFDGDV QmR IRUDP H[HFXWDGDV +i PLOKDUHV GH
PRWRULVWDV LQIUDWRUHV FRP D SRQWXDomR YiULDV YH]HV HVWRXUDGD GLULJLQGR VHP VHUHP PROHVWDGRV $V
DXWRULGDGHV GR WUkQVLWR DLQGD GLVFXWHP VH DV PXOWDV UHJLVWUDGDV SRU pardais FkPHUDV HOHWU{QLFDV YDOHP RX
QmRVHpRXQmRREULJDWyULRLQIRUPDUDRVPRWRULVWDVRQGHVHHQFRQWUDPHVVHVPHLRVHOHWU{QLFRV6yDJRUDO
O  Globo  R '(1$75$1 DQXQFLRX WHU GHFLGLGR FULDU R 5HJLVWUR 1DFLRQDO GH ,QIUDo}HV GH
7UkQVLWRTXHSHUPLWLUiDFREUDQoDGDVPXOWDVSRULQIUDo}HVFRPHWLGDVIRUDGR(VWDGRRQGHRVYHtFXORVHVWmR
UHJLVWUDGRV $QXQFLRX WDPEpP TXH Vy D SDUWLU GH  GH MXQKR GH  5HVROXomR Q  &2175$1
FRPHoRXDVHUDSOLFDGDHPWRGRRSDtVDFKDPDGDPXOWDSRUQmRLGHQWLILFDomRGRFRQGXWRUSDUDDFDEDUFRPD
LPSXQLGDGHGRVPRWRULVWDVSURILVVLRQDLVDFREHUWDGRVSHODVHPSUHVDVSDUDDVTXDLVWUDEDOKDPSULQFLSDOPHQWH
GH {QLEXV XUEDQRV (P UHVXPR GHSRLV GH XP FRPHoR SURPLVVRU R &yGLJR GH 7UkQVLWR SHUGHX D VXD IRUoD
GLGiWLFD 6HTXHU UHGX]LX D LQFLGrQFLD GH LQIUDo}HV JUDYHV FRPR H[FHVVR GH YHORFLGDGH H HPEULDJXH] DR
YRODQWH(VWiDPHDoDGRGHFDLUHPGHVXVRVHQmRIRUHPUHVJDWDGRVFRPXUJrQFLDDVXDOHWUDHRVHXHVStULWRH
DVERDVLQWHQo}HVTXHPRWLYDUDPDVXDDSURYDomRKiTXDVHGXDVGpFDGDV
2 PHVPR SRGH DFRQWHFHU FRP D /HL 6HFD 3HVTXLVD GR 0LQLVWpULR GD 6D~GH LQGLFD TXH R Q~PHUR GH
PRWRULVWDVErEDGRVYROWRXDVXELUGHSRLVGHWHUUHJLVWUDGREDL[DVHQVtYHO
eGDGRVXILFLHQWHSDUDFRPSURYDUTXHQmREDVWDXPDOHJLVODomRFRUUHWDSDUDHQIUHQWDUDPHDoDVFRQWUDD
VRFLHGDGH 3DUDOHODPHQWH Ki TXH VH PDQWHUHP LQVWUXPHQWRV SHUHQHV GH ILVFDOL]DomR SDUD JDUDQWLU R
FXPSULPHQWR GD OHL 'D OHQLrQFLD SDUD D GHVPRUDOL]DomR GDV QRUPDV R FDPLQKR p FXUWR H p SDUD HVWD
LQGHVHMDGDSRVVLELOLGDGHTXHRSRGHUS~EOLFRGHYHDWHQWDU
(PERUDR&yGLJRGH7UkQVLWR%UDVLOHLURHD/HL6HFDVHMDPGLSORPDVOHJDLVDSURSULDGRVSDUDRVILQVTXH
RVRULJLQDUDPSDUDPDQWHUVXDHILFiFLDFRPRLQVWUXPHQWRVGHFRPEDWHDRVDEXVRVQRWUkQVLWRDILVFDOL]DomR
FRQVWDQWH p LPSUHVFLQGtYHO H FRPR FRUROiULR GD YLJLOkQFLD D SXQLomR H[HPSODU GRV PRWRULVWDV TXH QmR
REHGHFHPDVQRUPDV
3RULVVRpFRPXPGL]HUVHTXHSLRUGRTXHQmRWHUOHLVpWrODVHQmRDSOLFiODV

48.3. Efeitos negativos pela falta de estrutura adequada à aplicação da lei

1HVWDWHUFHLUDKLSyWHVHSRGHUHPRVWHUOHLVERDVHHILFD]HVDXWRULGDGHVFRPSHWHQWHVHUHVSRQViYHLVPDV
DQRUPDQmRDWLQJLUiVHXVREMHWLYRVVRFLDLVSRUIDOWDGHHVWUXWXUDSDUDXPDHILFLHQWHDSOLFDomRGRGLUHLWR)DOWD
SHVVRDO IDOWD PDWHULDO IDOWDP LQVWDODo}HV HTXLSDPHQWRV IDOWD WXGR HQILP 7RUQDVH LPSRVVtYHO DSOLFDU D OHL
VHPRVUHFXUVRVKXPDQRVHPDWHULDLVQHFHVViULRV
4XDLV VHUmR DV FRQVHTXrQFLDV GHVVD IDOWD GH HVWUXWXUD" $V PHVPDV DQWHULRUPHQWH PHQFLRQDGDV
WUDQVJUHVVmRVHPSXQLomRHHVWtPXORjLOLFLWXGH
(VVHODPHQWDYHOPHQWHFRQWLQXDVHQGRRQRVVRJUDQGHSUREOHPDDWXDO$3ROtFLDR0LQLVWpULR3~EOLFRH
RSUySULR-XGLFLiULRQmRHVWmRVXILFLHQWHPHQWHDSDUHOKDGRVSDUDDSOLFDUDOHL(PMXOKRGHR0LQLVWpULR
GD-XVWLoDHVWLPRXTXHKDYLDFHUFDGHPLOIRUDJLGRVGD-XVWLoDEUDVLOHLUDHPDLVGHPLOPDQGDGRVGH
SULVmR QmR FXPSULGRV QR SDtV (P 6mR 3DXOR RV PDQGDGRV GH SULVmR QmR FXPSULGRV FKHJDYDP D  PLO
VHJXQGRHVWLPDWLYDGR3URIHVVRU)OiYLR*RPHVSRUIDOWDGHSHVVRDOHHVWUXWXUD1R5LRRGHOHJDGRÈOYDUR
/LQVHQWmRWLWXODUGD'HOHJDFLDGH%XVFDH&DSWXUDV3ROLQWHUDGPLWLXTXHGRVPLOPDQGDGRVGHSULVmR
H[SHGLGRVQRHVWDGRSHORPHQRVPLOMiFDGXFDUDPSRUSUHVFULomRPRUWHRXGHFLVmRMXGLFLDO$LQGDDVVLP
VREUDP  PLO SDUD XPD HTXLSH GH  SROLFLDLV XPD PpGLD GH  PDQGDGRV SRU SROLFLDO O  Globo

1RGLDGHVHWHPEURGHR-XL]&DPLOR5LEHLUR5XOLqUHGD9DUD&ULPLQDOGR5LRWRPRXXPD
GHFLVmR H[WUHPD PDV TXH Mi HVWi VH WRUQDQGR FRPXP QD -XVWLoD 3RU IDOWD GH XP ODXGR GR ,QVWLWXWR &DUORV
eEROL ,&&( IRL IRUoDGR D FRQFHGHU OLEHUGDGH SURYLVyULD D TXDWUR WUDILFDQWHV 2V DFXVDGRV IRUDP VROWRV
PDVRSUREOHPDFRQWLQXRXR,&&(IHFKRXRDQRGHFRPFHUFDGHFHPPLOODXGRVDWUDVDGRV6mRFHP
PLO LQTXpULWRV SDUDGRV DJXDUGDQGR SURYDV WpFQLFDV (QTXDQWR D FULPLQDOLGDGH FUHVFH DVVXVWDGRUDPHQWH
SULQFLSDOPHQWH QR GHQRPLQDGR poder paralelo D -XVWLoD ILFD LPSHGLGD GH MXOJDU HP GHFRUUrQFLD GD IDOWD GH
HVWUXWXUDGRRUJDQLVPRSROLFLDOHGHVHXVLQVWLWXWRVGHFULPLQDOtVWLFDSRUFDUrQFLDGHDSDUHOKRVHGHPDWHULDO
KXPDQR23UHVLGHQWHGR7ULEXQDOGH-XVWLoDGR5LR'HVHPEDUJDGRU0LJXHO3DFKiFRPHQWDQGRDGHFLVmRGR
MXL]&DPLORGLVVH³$SROtFLDPXLWDVYH]HVQmRID]XPWUDEDOKRGHSHUtFLDHILFLHQWHRTXHDFDEDOHYDQGRD
VRFLHGDGHDFXOSDUR-XGLFLiULR6HRLQTXpULWRFKHJDDRMXL]VHPTXDOTXHUSURYDWpFQLFDRXWHVWHPXQKDOFRPR
SRGHRMXL]FRQGHQDUDOJXpP"'HSRLVGL]HPTXHDSROtFLDSUHQGHHRMXL]VROWD,VVRQmRpYHUGDGHSRLVRMXL]
QmRSRGHFRQGHQDUVHPSURYDVQHPPDQWHUQLQJXpPSUHVR´O Globo
2XWURH[HPSORODPHQWiYHOGHVVDIDOWDGHHVWUXWXUDIRLQRWLFLDGRSHORO GloboGH$VVDVVLQR
FRQIHVVRGHFULDQoDVQRVXO3DUDQi6DQWD&DWDULQDH5LR*UDQGHGR6XOGHSRLVGHFRQGHQDGRDDQRV
GH SULVmR IXJLX GD FDGHLD HP 8QLmR GD 9LWyULD QR 3DUDQi 4XDVH GRLV DQRV GHSRLV HP QRYHPEUR GH 
IRLGHWLGRQR5LR*UDQGHGR6XOVREVXVSHLWDGHDVVDVVLQDURXWUDFULDQoD0DVFRPRQDGDFRQVWDYDVREUHHOH
QR ,1)26(* VLVWHPD QDFLRQDO GHVWLQDGR D LQWHJUDU WRGDV DV LQIRUPDo}HV SROLFLDLV H MXGLFLDLV DSHVDU GH
H[LVWLUPDQGDGRGHUHFDSWXUDFRQWUDHOHH[SHGLGRGHVGHDEULOGHIRLOLEHUDGRQRPHVPRGLD$SHQDVQR
GLD  IRL QRYDPHQWH SUHVR GHVWD IHLWD SRU WHU VLGR UHFRQKHFLGR SHOR DPLJR GH XPD RXWUD FULDQoD
DVVDVVLQDGD TXDWUR GLDV DQWHV 6H QR ,1)26(* FRQVWDVVH D LQIRUPDomR VREUH D FRQGHQDomR DQWHULRU GR
FULPLQRVR RX SHOR PHQRV GR PDQGDGR GH UHFDSWXUD FRQWUD HOH H[LVWHQWH SDUWH GDV PRUWHV SRGHULD WHU VLGR
HYLWDGD
(PQRWDD6HFUHWDULDGH6HJXUDQoDGR3DUDQiDOHJRXTXHDQRSDVVDGRGHFLGLXOLPSDUVHXEDQFR
GH GDGRV GR ,1)26(* SRUTXH R VLVWHPD QDFLRQDO DSUHVHQWDYD IDOKDV TXH SUHMXGLFDULDP VXD XWLOL]DomR $
6HFUHWDULD1DFLRQDOGH6HJXUDQoD3~EOLFDSRUVXDYH]GL]TXHHPPDLRGHR*RYHUQRGR3DUDQiSHGLX
SDUD UHWLUDU VHXV GDGRV GR ,1)26(* SRUTXH D TXDOLGDGH GDV LQIRUPDo}HV HUD UXLP H R HVWDGR SUHWHQGLD
PHOKRUiODPDVLVVRQmRIRLIHLWR
0RUDO GD KLVWyULD HPERUD FULDGR HP  R ,1)26(* SHOR 0LQLVWpULR GD -XVWLoD LQLFLDWLYD GD PDLRU
LPSRUWkQFLD H H[WUHPDPHQWH QHFHVViULD QR FRPEDWH j FULPLQDOLGDGH QXP SDtV FRQWLQHQWDO FRPR R QRVVR H
VXSHUSRSXORVRDLQGDKRMHQmRIXQFLRQDHILFLHQWHPHQWHSRUGHSORUiYHORPLVVmRGDVDXWRULGDGHVUHVSRQViYHLV
SHOD VHJXUDQoD S~EOLFD (VSHFLDOLVWDV QHVVD iUHD GL]HP TXH D IDOWD GH YRQWDGH SROtWLFD GH JRYHUQDGRUHV p XP
GRV SULQFLSDLV HQWUDYHV SDUD PDQWHU HP IXQFLRQDPHQWR R ,1)26(* ([VHFUHWiULR QDFLRQDO GH 6HJXUDQoD
3~EOLFD R FRURQHO -RVp 9LFHQWH GD 6LOYD FRQGHQD D IDOWD GH LQLFLDWLYD GRV HVWDGRV SDUD DEDVWHFHU R VLVWHPD
QDFLRQDO 6HJXQGR HOH ³HQTXDQWR RV HVWDGRV QmR VH LQWHUHVVDUHP HP DOLPHQWDU H DWXDOL]DU SHULRGLFDPHQWH R
,1)26(* SRXFR SRGHUi VHU IHLWR SRU yUJmRV SROLFLDLV RX MXGLFLDLV TXH GHSHQGHP GHVVDV LQIRUPDo}HV IDOWD
DLQGDUHVSRQVDELOLGDGHIXQFLRQDOSRUSDUWHGRVHVWDGRVSDUDDWXDUQDiUHDGHVHJXUDQoDS~EOLFDKiSHVVRDVTXH
FRPHWHPXPFULPHJUDYHQXPHVWDGRHGHSRLVUHVSRQGHPFRPRUpXSULPiULRHPRXWURHVWDGRVLPSOHVPHQWH
SRUTXH HVWmR XVDQGR QRPH IDOVR RX SRUTXH QLQJXpP FRQVHJXH VDEHU GH VHXV DQWHFHGHQWHV´ O  Globo

7~OLR .KDQ TXH IRL UHVSRQViYHO SHOR ,1)26(* GXUDQWH RV ~OWLPRV PHVHV GR JRYHUQR GH )HUQDQGR
+HQULTXH &DUGRVR LQIRUPD TXH DWXDOPHQWH DSHQDV TXDWUR EDQFRV GH GDGRV LQWHJUDP R ,1)26(* ± FRP
LQIRUPDo}HVGHYHtFXORVURXEDGRVFRQGXWRUHVLUUHJXODUHVDUPDVHDLQGDVREUHIRUDJLGRVGD-XVWLoD6HJXQGR
HOH D VROXomR SDUD R SUREOHPD GHYHULD SDUWLU GH LQLFLDWLYDV GRV SUySULRV DGPLQLVWUDGRUHV S~EOLFRV HVWDGXDLV
³2V *RYHUQRV HVWDGXDLV GHYHULDP LQYHVWLU XUJHQWHPHQWH QD GLJLWDOL]DomR GH LQIRUPDo}HV GR 'HWUDQ H GD
3ROtFLD -XGLFLiULD 6HP HVVDV H RXWUDV EDVHV GH GDGRV QRV HVWDGRV R ,1)26(* QmR FRQVHJXH VHUYLU DRV
SUySULRVHVWDGRV´
$ IDOWD GH LQYHVWLPHQWRV GL] DLQGD .KDQ SUHMXGLFD D RSHUDomR GH WRGR R VLVWHPD ³$ HTXLSH GR
,1)26(* QmR WLQKD QHP VDOD QR 0LQLVWpULR GD -XVWLoD 7HYH TXH XVDU XPD VDOD GD 3ROtFLD 5RGRYLiULD
)HGHUDO´ ± OHPEUDQGR TXH QRV (VWDGRV 8QLGRV R VLVWHPD QDFLRQDO HQYROYH  EDQFRV GH GDGRV H D VHGH GR
yUJmRRFXSDXPHGLItFLRLQWHLURO Globo
$ ERD QRWtFLD p TXH GHSRLV GH WRGRV HVVHV SUREOHPDV D 6HFUHWDULD 1DFLRQDO GH 6HJXUDQoD 3~EOLFD
UHVROYHXUHHVWUXWXUDUWRWDOPHQWHR,1)26(*SDVVDQGRDWUDEDOKDUFRPILORVRILDGH5('($GRWRXXPDQRYD
DUTXLWHWXUDGHQWURGHSDGU}HVGHLQWHURSHUDWLYLGDGHGRJRYHUQRHOHWU{QLFR(SLJYLVDQGRDGLIXVmRGHDFHVVR
HP RXWURV GLVSRVLWLYRV WDLV FRPR YLDWXUDV SROLFLDLV SDOPV H FHOXODUHV )RUDP WDPEpP GHVHQYROYLGDV
VROXo}HV SDUD RV PyGXORV GH DWXDOL]DomR H FRQVXOWD HP WHPSR UHDO RQOLQH GH IRUPD D WRUQDU R VLVWHPD
IOH[tYHOIiFLOGHLQWHJUDUHFRQILiYHO
2VHVWDGRVUHDOL]DUDPVHXVWUDEDOKRVSDUDDLQWHJUDomRGHVXDVEDVHVQRPyGXORGHDWXDOL]DomRHPWHPSR
UHDOGHVRUWHTXHDWXDOPHQWHHVWDGRVMiHVWmRLQWHJUDGRVPDLVGHPLOXVXiULRVHVWmRFDGDVWUDGRVQD
5('(,1)26(*TXHDJRUDIXQFLRQDYLDLQWHUQHWSHUPLWLQGRXPDPDLRUDFHVVLELOLGDGHDTXDOTXHUDJHQWHGH
VHJXUDQoDGDMXVWLoDRXGHILVFDOL]DomRHPTXDOTXHUSDUWHGRPXQGRRQGHWHQKDXPDFHVVRjLQWHUQHW
/XL] (GXDUGR 6RDUHV H[VHFUHWiULR QDFLRQDO GH 6HJXUDQoD 3~EOLFD FULWLFD WDPEpP GXUDPHQWH D DWXDomR
GDV DXWRULGDGHV SROLFLDLV QR FRPEDWH j FULPLQDOLGDGH DR GL]HU TXH ³DV WD[DV GH HOXFLGDomR GH KRPLFtGLRV
PRVWUDP XPD WHQGrQFLD j LPSXQLGDGH Mi TXH DSHQDV  GRV FDVRV QR 5LR GH -DQHLUR H  HP 6mR 3DXOR
VmRUHVROYLGRV'L]DLQGDTXHDGLYLVmRGHWDUHIDVHQWUHD3ROtFLD0LOLWDUHQFDUUHJDGDGHILVFDOL]DUHD3ROtFLD
&LYLO UHVSRQViYHO SHODV LQYHVWLJDo}HV FULD XPD HVTXL]RIUHQLD LQVWLWXFLRQDO 2 *RYHUQR GHYHULD WRPDU D
LQLFLDWLYD GH ID]HU XPD UHIRUPD QDV SROtFLDV FRP R PHVPR YLJRU HPSUHJDGR QDV UHIRUPDV GD 3UHYLGrQFLD H
7ULEXWiULD´O Globo
3RULVVRUHSHWLPRVSLRUGRTXHQmRWHUOHLVpWrODVHQmRDSOLFiODV0RQWHVTXLHXWLQKDWRGDUD]mRDR
GL]HU³4XDQGRYRXDGHWHUPLQDGRSDtVQmRLQGDJRVHDtKiOHLVERDVSRUTXHOHLVERDVKiHPWRGDSDUWHPDV
VLPVHDVH[HFXWDP´
 2%UDVLOODPHQWDYHOPHQWHpFDPSHmRHPUHVROYHUSUREOHPDVHODERUDQGROHLVVHPWRGDYLDH[HFXWiODV
(GLWD D OHL ID] XPD JUDQGH SURSDJDQGD RUJDQL]D XPD LPHQVD GHPDJRJLD DQXQFLD DRV TXDWUR FDQWRV TXH R
SUREOHPD HVWi UHVROYLGR H WXGR DFDED Dt QDGD p IHLWR QR VHQWLGR GH H[HFXWiOD 3RU PHLR GH XP SURGLJLRVR
SURFHVVRPHQWDOWRPDVHRGLWRSHORIHLWRFRQIXQGHVHRSURMHWRFRPDUHDOL]DomRDLQWHQomRGHUHVROYHUR
SUREOHPDFRPDVROXomRHPVL(TXDQGRDOHLpDSURYDGDHQDGDID]DFRQWHFHUHPYH]GHVHGLVFXWLURTXH
ID]HUSDUDGDUOKHH[HFXomRRVOHJLVODGRUHVVHUH~QHPHDSURYDPRXWUDOHL
)RL H[DWDPHQWH LVVR TXH RFRUUHX TXDQGR HQWURX HP YLJRU R (VWDWXWR GD &ULDQoD H GR $GROHVFHQWH RV
SROtWLFRV GD pSRFD DQXQFLDUDP SRU WRGD D LPSUHQVD TXH R SUREOHPD GR PHQRU QR %UDVLO HVWDYD UHVROYLGR R
HQWmR3UHVLGHQWHGD5HS~EOLFDHPYLVLWDD1RYD<RUNDRVHULQGDJDGRVREUHDTXHVWmRGDFULDQoDHPQRVVR
3DtV DQXQFLRX D FULDomR GR 0LQLVWpULR GD &ULDQoD H DFUHVFHQWRX ³*RVWDULD GH YHU LQLFLDWLYDV FRPR HVVD VH
HVWHQGHUHPSDUDRXWUDVQDo}HV´$VLPSOHVHGLomRGHXPDOHLHDFULDomRGHXPDHQWLGDGHJRYHUQDPHQWDOIRL
WRPDGDSRUXPDVROXomR8PDPHUDIDQWDVLDEXURFUiWLFDYLURXUHPpGLRGHWDOHILFiFLDTXHDWpVHUHFRPHQGDULD
VXDH[SRUWDomR
$UHDOLGDGHSRUpPpRXWUDEHPGLIHUHQWH3RXFRDFRQWHFHXGHSRVLWLYRHPUHODomRDRPHQRUGHSRLVGD
YLJrQFLD GR (VWDWXWR GD &ULDQoD H GR $GROHVFHQWH GDGD D GLVWkQFLD HQWUH D OHL H D VXD H[HFXomR 3RU IDOWD GH
UHFXUVRV LQVWLWXLo}HV DGHTXDGDV H JHQWH FRPSHWHQWH RV PHQRUHV FRQWLQXDP DEDQGRQDGRV QD UXD VHP
DVVLVWrQFLD VHP DOLPHQWDomR H VHP HGXFDomR $ VLWXDomR WDOYH] DWp SLRURX VHQGR SURYD GLVVR D FKDFLQD GD
&DQGHOiULD TXH WHYH UHSHUFXVVmR PXQGLDO 6HPSUH TXH XP DGROHVFHQWH SUDWLFD XP FULPH EiUEDUR GH
UHSHUFXVVmR QDFLRQDO PRUWH GRV SDLV DVVDVVLQDWR GH XP FDVDO GH QDPRUDGRV QR LQWHULRU GH 6mR 3DXOR H
RXWURVUHDVFHQGHDGLVFXVVmRDUHVSHLWRGDUHIRUPDGR(VWDWXWRGD&ULDQoDHGR$GROHVFHQWH*DQKDI{OHJRD
DQWHFLSDomRGDPDLRULGDGHSDUDDQRV3DUDDOJXQVVHWRUHVGDVRFLHGDGHRSUREOHPDVHULDUHVROYLGRFRPD
GLPLQXLomR GD PDLRULGDGH SHQDO GH PRGR D SHUPLWLU SXQLomR H[HPSODU GRV DGROHVFHQWHV FULPLQRVRV $ILQDO
HOHVSDVVDPSRXFRWHPSRQDVLQVWLWXLo}HVGHUHFXSHUDomRYROWDQGRjVUXDVFRPPDLVUDLYDGHWXGRHGHWRGRV
HPDLVH[SHULHQWHVHPDWRVFULPLQRVRV
$ TXHVWmR GR (&$ p LWHP SULRULWiULR HP TXDOTXHU HTXDFLRQDPHQWR HIHWLYR GR SUREOHPD GD VHJXUDQoD
S~EOLFD 3RU PHOKRU TXH VHMD R (&$ QmR p LUUHWRFiYHO PDV QmR WHP FDELPHQWR SHQVDU TXH D VLPSOHV
DQWHFLSDomRGDPDLRULGDGHSHQDOUHVROYHUiRSUREOHPDGDFULPLQDOLGDGHGRVDGROHVFHQWHVeSUHFLVRGHILQLUXP
SURMHWRDPSORGHDSHUIHLoRDPHQWRGR(&$HGDVLQVWLWXLo}HVTXHHGXFDPRXUHHGXFDPRVDGROHVFHQWHVTXHOi
FKHJDPTXHOKHVSRVVLELOLWHXPDSURILVVLRQDOL]DomR
6mRWDPEpPQHFHVViULDVDo}HVVRFLDLVSUHYHQWLYDVGHVWLQDGDVDSUHSDUDURVMRYHQVSDUDXPDSDWHUQLGDGH
RXPDWHUQLGDGHUHVSRQViYHOFRPSODQHMDPHQWRIDPLOLDUHDVVLPSRUGLDQWH6HDIDPtOLDpWmRLPSRUWDQWHSDUD
D HGXFDomR GDV QRYDV JHUDo}HV SRU TXH QmR HQYROYrORV QHVVD WDUHID" $V HVWDWtVWLFDV GHPRQVWUDP TXH R
SODQHMDPHQWRIDPLOLDUSRGHULDFRQWULEXLUGHFLVLYDPHQWHSDUDDUHGXomRGDGHVLJXDOGDGH)DPtOLDVVHPUHQGDH
LQVWUXomRWrPRGREURGHILOKRVGDPpGLDEUDVLOHLUDGH$PXOKHUGHDWpXPDQRGHHVFRODULGDGHHUHQGD
EDL[DWHPPpGLDGHILOKRVGHFRPRQ]HRXPDLVDQRVGHLQVWUXomRDPXOKHUWHPHPPpGLDILOKR
2 (VWDWXWR GR 'HVDUPDPHQWR DJRUD HP YLJRU p FRQVLGHUDGR XPD ERD OHL SHORV HVSHFLDOLVWDV 3RU
HQTXDQWRVyQRSDSHOQDSUiWLFDGHSHQGHUiGRVUHFXUVRVTXHIRUHPOLEHUDGRVjV3ROtFLDV)HGHUDOH(VWDGXDO
LQFOXVLYHGHSHVVRDOSDUDUHDOL]DUHPDVWDUHIDVTXHRHVWDWXWROKHVUHVHUYDHQWUHDVTXDLVRFRPEDWHDRWUiILFR
GH DUPDV QR SDtV LQWHLUR 6y HP 6mR 3DXOR p DSUHHQGLGD XPD DUPD D FDGD TXDWUR PLQXWRV DILUPRX R
*RYHUQDGRU*HUDOGR$OFNPLQHPHQWUHYLVWDDRMRUQDOO GloboPDVHODVQmRSDUDPGHHQWUDU(
FRQFOXLX ³e IXQGDPHQWDO D SROtFLD GH IURQWHLUD R FRPEDWH DR FRQWUDEDQGR SRUTXH D IDFLOLGDGH FRP TXH RV
FULPLQRVRVWrPDFHVVRjVDUPDVpPXLWRJUDQGH´
&RPR EHP FRORFRX R MRUQDOLVWD /XL] *DUFLD ³GR TXH DFRQWHFHU QHVVDV H HP RXWUDV IUHQWHV GH OXWD
GHSHQGHUiRUHVXOWDGRGRUHIHUHQGRTXHGDTXLDPHQRVGHGRLVDQRVGHFLGLUiVREUHDSURLELomRGRFRPpUFLR
GH DUPDV QR SDtV 6H TXDQGR FKHJDU D KRUD IRUHP YLVtYHLV SDUD D VRFLHGDGH RV HIHLWRV SRVLWLYRV GR HVWDWXWR
HOH VHUi XP FDER HOHLWRUDO HILFLHQWH 6HP tQGLFHV HORTXHQWHV GH UHGXomR GD YLROrQFLD JUDWXLWD GDV DUPDV GH
IRJR R SUySULR HVWDWXWR FRUUH R ULVFR GH DFDEDU UHFROKLGR DR HPSRHLUDGR GHSyVLWR RQGH VH HPSLOKDP DV OHLV
TXHQmRSHJDUDPQR%UDVLO´O Globo
/DPHQWDYHOPHQWHHVVHLUUHDOLVPRLOXVyULRGHQRVVDOHJLVODomRHVFULWDpEDVWDQWHDQWLJRHFRQKHFLGR1R
SDVVDGR &DSLVWUDQR GH $EUHX GHQXQFLRXR FRP LURQLD GL]HQGR TXH WHPRV XPD OHJLVODomR TXDVH SHUIHLWD 6y
QRVIDOWDXPDOHLDTXHPDQGHFXPSULUWRGDVDVRXWUDV
 O  sentido  sociológico  da  Constituição:  Constituição  e  democracia;  características  da  Constituição
Brasileira  de  1988.  Direito  de  família:  divórcio;  a  situação  da  companheira  e  dos  filhos  ilegítimos;
soluções legais paliativas antes do divórcio; a introdução do divórcio na legislação brasileira; a situação
da companheira e dos filhos após a Constituição de 88; União de pessoas do mesmo sexo. Direito penal:
violência  urbana  e  poder  paralelo;  criminalidade  de  colarinho­branco;  a  macrodelinquência.
Considerações  gerais.  Direito  financeiro  e  tributário.  Direito  do  trabalho:  interferência  das  forças
sindicais  no  processo  de  formação  do  direito  do  trabalho.  Direito  do  consumidor:  a  responsabilidade
objetiva do fornecedor de produtos e serviços; a concepção social do contrato.

1R FDStWXOR DQWHULRU HVWXGDPRV D HILFiFLD H RV HIHLWRV GDV QRUPDV MXUtGLFDV H SXGHPRV FRQKHFHU RV
SULQFLSDLV HIHLWRV SRVLWLYRV H QHJDWLYRV TXH HODV SURGX]HP 9DPRV DJRUD H[DPLQDU DOJXQV DVSHFWRV
VRFLRMXUtGLFRVGDQRVVDOHJLVODomRDQDOLVDURVHIHLWRVVRFLDLVSURGX]LGRVSRUFHUWDVQRUPDVH[LVWHQWHVRXTXH
Mi H[LVWLUDP HP YiULDV iUHDV GR QRVVR 'LUHLWR TXDQGR WHUHPRV RSRUWXQLGDGH GH FRQKHFHU D ORQJD H SHQRVD
HYROXomR WUDQVFRUULGD DWp FKHJDUPRV D XPD UD]RiYHO GLVFLSOLQD MXUtGLFD GH FHUWRV IDWRV VRFLDLV 9HUHPRV
WDPEpPTXHDRFRUUrQFLDGHQRYRVIDWRVVRFLDLVQmRSUHYLVWRVHPQRVVDOHJLVODomRDWXDOHVWmRDH[LJLUXPD
XUJHQWHVROXomRGROHJLVODGRUVRESHQDGHVHWRUQDUDLQGDPDLVGLItFLODYLGDHPFROHWLYLGDGHSULQFLSDOPHQWH
QRVJUDQGHVFHQWURV
(VVDLQFXUVmRSHORVYiULRVUDPRVGR'LUHLWRSURSRUFLRQDUiLJXDOPHQWHXPDGHPRQVWUDomRHORTXHQWHGD
LPSRUWkQFLDGD6RFLRORJLD-XUtGLFDSDUDWRGRSURILVVLRQDOGRGLUHLWRFRPRWDPEpPSDUDROHJLVODGRUSRULVVR
TXH OKHV IRUQHFH RV HOHPHQWRV QHFHVViULRV SDUD EHP DSOLFDU R 'LUHLWR H PHOKRU HODERUDU DV OHLV e FRPR XP
WHUP{PHWUR D LQGLFDU D WHPSHUDWXUD GRV IDWRV VRFLDLV GH PRGR D SHUPLWLU D IRUPXODomR GH XP FRUUHWR
GLDJQyVWLFRHDDSUHVHQWDomRGHXPDVROXomRDGHTXDGD
9DPRVFRPHoDUSHOR'LUHLWR&RQVWLWXFLRQDOTXHFRQWpPDHVWUXWXUDMXUtGLFDGDQRVVDVRFLHGDGH

49. O SENTIDO SOCIOLÓGICO DA CONSTITUIÇÃO

(QWHQGHVH SRU &RQVWLWXLomR D /HL FRUSRULILFDGRUD GR (VWDGR RQGH VH HQFRQWUDP RV SULQFtSLRV
IXQGDPHQWDLVGDVXDHVWUXWXUDRUJDQL]DFLRQDOeFKDPDGDGH&DUWD0DJQDRX/HL)XQGDPHQWDOSRUTXHFRPR
RVHXSUySULRQRPHGL]pD&RQVWLWXLomRTXHFULDRXFRQVWLWXLR(VWDGRGH'LUHLWR
9LVWDSHORSULVPDVRFLROyJLFRD&RQVWLWXLomRSRGHVHUOHJtWLPDHHILFD]RXLOHJtWLPDWXGRGHSHQGHQGR
GHUHSUHVHQWDUHODRHIHWLYRSRGHUVRFLDOIRUoDVSROtWLFDVHFRQ{PLFDVLGHROyJLFDVHWFRXGLVWDQFLDUVHGHOH
FRPR EHP FRORFRX )HUGLQDQG /DVVDOOH R PDLV H[SUHVVLYR UHSUHVHQWDQWH GR VRFLRORJLVPR FRQVWLWXFLRQDO HP
VXDFOiVVLFDREUD±Que é uma Constituição?3DUDHOHTXDQGRD&RQVWLWXLomRQmRpRVRPDWyULRGRVfatores
reais de poderQDGDPDLVpTXHXPDfolha de papelSRLVD&RQVWLWXLomRUHDOHHIHWLYDpRIDWRVRFLDOTXHOKH
Gi DOLFHUFH ³2V SUREOHPDV FRQVWLWXFLRQDLV´ ± VXVWHQWD /DVVDOOH ± ³QmR VmR SUREOHPDV GH GLUHLWR PDV GR
SRGHU D YHUGDGHLUD &RQVWLWXLomR GH XP SDtV VRPHQWH WHP SRU EDVH RV IDWRUHV UHDLV H HIHWLYRV GR SRGHU TXH
QDTXHOH SDtV UHDJHP H DV FRQVWLWXLo}HV HVFULWDV QmR WrP YDORU QHP VmR GXUiYHLV D QmR VHU TXH H[SULPDP
ILHOPHQWHRVIDWRUHVGRSRGHUTXHLPSHUDPQDUHDOLGDGHVRFLDOHLVDtRVFULWpULRVIXQGDPHQWDLVTXHGHYHPRV
VHPSUHOHPEUDU´2EFLWS
'RSRQWRGHYLVWDVRFLROyJLFRGHVVDUWHpSRVVtYHOGLVWLQJXLUD&RQVWLWXLomRIRUPDO±a folha de papel±
HD&RQVWLWXLomRUHDORHIHWLYRH[HUFtFLRGRSRGHU$VVLPDfolha de papel±&RQVWLWXLomRIRUPDO±VRPHQWH
YDOHDWpRPRPHQWRHPTXHHQWUHHODHD&RQVWLWXLomRHIHWLYD±DTXHOHVRPDWyULRGHSRGHUHVJHUDGRUGDIROKD
GHSDSHO±KRXYHUFRLQFLGrQFLDTXDQGRWDOQmRRFRUUHUSUHYDOHFHUiVHPSUHDYRQWDGHGDTXHOHVTXHWLWXODUL]DP
RSRGHU(VWHQmRGHULYDGDfolha de papel,GD&RQVWLWXLomRHVFULWDPDVGRVfatores reais de poder
7DLV DILUPDo}HV VRDP FRPR KHUHVLD MXUtGLFD SDUD RV IHWLFKLVWDV GD &RQVWLWXLomR PDV WrP EDVH QD
UHDOLGDGH (PERUD VH GLJD TXH R 3RGHU &RQVWLWXLQWH 2ULJLQiULR p LQLFLDO SRUTXH QmR Ki RXWUR DQWHV
DXW{QRPR SRUTXH QmR VXERUGLQDGR D QHQKXP RXWUR H LQFRQGLFLRQDGR SRUTXH QmR WHP OLPLWHV j VXD
DWLYLGDGH p LQHJiYHO TXH RV FRQVWLWXLQWHV HVWmR FRPSURPHWLGRV H OLPLWDGRV SHODV IRUoDV VRFLDLV TXH RV
HOHJHUDP fatores  reais  do  poder )DWRUHV LGHROyJLFRV SROtWLFRV HFRQ{PLFRV SURILVVLRQDLV UHOLJLRVRV
FXOWXUDLV H PRUDLV DFDEDP SRU GHWHUPLQDU D DWXDomR GRV FRQVWLWXLQWHV -i KRXYH TXHP DILUPDVVH TXH D ³D
&RQVWLWXLomRQXPDLPDJHPUHWyULFDpRHQFRQWURGRSRYRGHXPFHUWRSDtVHPGDGRPRPHQWRKLVWyULFRSDUD
UHH[DPLQDUVHXVYDORUHVPRUDLVpWLFRVSROtWLFRVHFRQ{PLFRVHVRFLDLV´
)RL SUHFLVDPHQWH DR HVWXGDU D VLQWRQLD HQWUH DV QRUPDV FRQVWLWXFLRQDLV H D UHDOLGDGH GR SRGHU TXH .DUO
/RHZHQVWHLQ FLWDGR SRU /XLV 5REHUWR %DUURVR HODERURX D VXD FHOHEUDGD FODVVLILFDomR ontológica GDV
&RQVWLWXLo}HV GLIHUHQFLDQGRDV VHJXQGR VHX FDUiWHU QRUPDWLYR QRPLQDO RX VHPkQWLFR $ &RQVWLWXLomR
normativa p DTXHOD QmR DSHQDV MXULGLFDPHQWH YiOLGD PDV TXH HVWi DOpP GLVVR YLYDPHQWH LQWHJUDGD QD
VRFLHGDGH 6XDV QRUPDV GRPLQDP R SURFHVVR SROtWLFR RX LQYHUVDPHQWH R SURFHVVR GH SRGHU VH DPROGD jV
QRUPDV GD /HL 0DLRU VXEPHWHQGRVH D HODV 3DUD XVDU XPD H[SUHVVmR GH WRGRV RV GLDV D &RQVWLWXLomR p D
URXSDTXHDVVHQWDEHPHTXHUHDOPHQWHYHVWH

³1R RXWUR H[WUHPR HVWi D &RQVWLWXLomR semântica VXEDOWHUQD IRUPDOL]DomR GD VLWXDomR GR SRGHU
SROtWLFR H[LVWHQWH SDUD R H[FOXVLYR EHQHItFLR GRV GHWHQWRUHV GR SRGHU GH IDWR TXH GLVS}HP GR DSDUDWR
FRDWLYR GR (VWDGR 6H QmR KRXYHVVH QHQKXPD &RQVWLWXLomR IRUPDO RX HVFULWD D YLGD LQVWLWXFLRQDO QmR
VHULD SHUFHSWLYHOPHQWH GLIHUHQWH $ URXSD QmR YHVWH FRPR QR FDVR GD &RQVWLWXLomR QRUPDWLYD PDV
HVFRQGHGLVVLPXODRXGLVIDUoD´
³(QWUHD&RQVWLWXLomRQRUPDWLYDHD&RQVWLWXLomRVHPkQWLFDVLWXDVHD&RQVWLWXLomRnominal$TXLD
GLQkPLFD GR SURFHVVR SROtWLFR QmR VH DGDSWD jV VXDV QRUPDV PDV FRQVHUYD XP FDUiWHU HGXFDWLYR H
SURVSHFWLYR([LVWHQHVVHFDVRXPDGHVDUPRQLDHQWUHRVSUHVVXSRVWRVVRFLDLVHHFRQ{PLFRVH[LVWHQWHVH
DDVSLUDomRFRQVWLWXFLRQDODVHUVDQDGDFRPRSDVVDUGRWHPSRSHORDPDGXUHFLPHQWRHVSHUDGR$URXSD
ILFD SRU FHUWR WHPSR JXDUGDGD QR DUPiULR H VHUi YHVWLGD TXDQGR R FRUSR QDFLRQDO KDMD FUHVFLGR
&RQIRUWDYHOPHQWHVHPSUHVVDRVGHWHQWRUHVGRSRGHUHVSHUDPSHORIXWXURVHMDGRSDtVJUDQGHSRWrQFLD
GRSDtVULFRRXGRSDtVHGXFDGR´Interpretação e aplicação da ConstituiçãoHG6mR3DXOR6DUDLYD
S

(PWHVHXPD$VVHPEOHLD1DFLRQDO&RQVWLWXLQWHSRGHWXGRPDVTXDQGRVHUH~QHMiWUD]FRPSURPLVVRV
LQGHFOLQiYHLVHHPDQHQWHVGHVXDVRULJHQVVRFLDLV$PDLRUSURYDGHTXHD&RQVWLWXLomRWHPTXHVHDMXVWDUDRV
IDWRUHVUHDLVGHSRGHUHVWiQRIDWRGHSHULRGLFDPHQWHWHUTXHVHUUHYLVWDRXHPHQGDGDFRPRYHPDFRQWHFHQGR
FRP D QRVVD &RQVWLWXLomR HP YLJRU SDUD DMXVWDU RV VHXV SUHFHLWRV jV QRYDV UHDOLGDGHV VRFLDLV H FRUULJLU RV
HTXtYRFRVRXH[DJHURVGRFRQVWLWXLQWHGH

50. CONSTITUIÇÃO E DEMOCRACIA

$ YLVmR VRFLROyJLFD GD &RQVWLWXLomR GHIHQGLGD SRU /DVVDOOH HQFRQWUD DEXQGDQWH FDPSR GH FRPSURYDomR
HP QRVVR SDtV (P  DQRV GH LQGHSHQGrQFLD H SRXFR PDLV GH  DQRV GH 5HS~EOLFD QXPD ODVWLPiYHO
VXFHVVmR GH SHUFDOoRV IRUDP HGLWDGDV QR %UDVLO QDGD PHQRV GR TXH RLWR &RQVWLWXLo}HV QXP PHODQFyOLFR
HVWLJPDGHLQVWDELOLGDGHSRUIDOWDGHKDUPRQLDHQWUHRLQVWUXPHQWRIRUPDOHRUHDO
7RPHPRVSDUDH[HPSORGLVVRDSUySULDDemocraciaXPGRVSLODUHVGR(VWDGR'HPRFUiWLFRGH'LUHLWR
'HVGH R VpFXOR ;,; TXDVH WRGRV RV (VWDGRV GHFODUDP VROHQHPHQWH QR WH[WR GH VXDV UHVSHFWLYDV
&RQVWLWXLo}HVTXHDfonte do poder é o povo, ou que todo o poder dele provém1RHQWDQWRQDPDLRULDGDV
YH]HV WDO GHFODUDomR QmR SDVVD GR SDSHO VLPSOHV SULQFtSLR QRPLQDO RX WHyULFR FRUWLQD GH IXPDoD SDUD
HVFRQGHUUHJLPHVDXWRULWiULRVFRPRDFRQWHFHXQD$PpULFD/DWLQDQDV~OWLPDVGpFDGDVGRVpFXORSDVVDGR1R
%UDVLOSRUH[HPSORWDQWRD&RQVWLWXLomRGHFRPRDHPHQGDGHFRQWLQKDPDH[SUHVVLYDIyUPXOD
GH GHPRFUDFLD LQGLUHWD RX UHSUHVHQWDWLYD ³Todo  poder  emana  do  povo  e  em  seu  nome  é  exercido.´ 1HVVH
SHUtRGR HQWUHWDQWR WLYHPRV XP UHJLPH DXWRULWiULR RQGH D IHGHUDomR IRL WRWDOPHQWH GHVFRQVLGHUDGD H
QHXWUDOL]DGD SHOR SRGHU FHQWUDO VHP TXDOTXHU SDUWLFLSDomR GR SRYR DWp PHVPR QD HVFROKD GRV VHXV
JRYHUQDQWHVUHOHJDQGRVHDSODQRVHFXQGiULRRVSRGHUHV/HJLVODWLYRH-XGLFLiULR
7mRPDUFDQWHIRLRFDUiWHUFHQWUDOL]DGRUHDXWRULWiULRGDRUJDQL]DomRSROtWLFDHVRFLDOEUDVLOHLUDDSHVDUGH
SURIHVVDUDGHPRFUDFLDHPWRGDVDVVXDV&RQVWLWXLo}HVTXHPHUHFHXGRVDXGRVR6HQDGRU$IRQVR$ULQRVXP
GRV QRVVRV PDLRUHV FRQVWLWXFLRQDOLVWDV R FRPHQWiULR IDPRVR GH TXH sociologicamente,  o  Brasil  é  um
Império
,VVR HVWi D LQGLFDU TXH D YHUGDGHLUD GHPRFUDFLD p PXLWR PDLV TXH XPD IRUPD QRPLQDO GH DVVRFLDomR
SROtWLFD PDLV GR TXH XP PHUR LGHDO HVFULWR QR SDSHO RX GH VLPSOHV WH[WR FRQVWLWXFLRQDO VHP TXDOTXHU
FRUUHVSRQGrQFLD FRP D FRQVFLrQFLD H D UHDOLGDGH VRFLDO GH FDGD SRYR (VWi D LQGLFDU TXH D YHUGDGHLUD
GHPRFUDFLD Ki GH VHU XPD UHDO WHQWDWLYD GH DOWHUDomR GR FDUiWHU DXWRULWiULR H FHQWUDOL]DGRU GD VRFLHGDGH GH
PRGLILFDomR GR IXQFLRQDPHQWR GR SRGHU GH IRUPD D HQVHMDU DR SRYR YHUGDGHLUR WLWXODU GR SRGHU D
RSRUWXQLGDGH GH LQIOXLU QDV JUDQGHV WRPDGDV GH GHFLV}HV +i GH VHU XP SURFHVVR LQWHJUDGR H HYROXWLYR GH
FRQVWDQWH SDUWLFLSDomR GR SRYR QD DWLYLGDGH HVWDWDO GHFLGLQGR H[HFXWDQGR D GHFLVmR H WUDQVIRUPDQGR D
UHDOLGDGH
7DOLQWHJUDomRQRHQWDQWRH[LJHPDLVTXHDIULDSDUWLFLSDomRGRHOHLWRUTXHFRPSDUHFHjVXUQDVDSHQDV
SDUD FXPSULU XP GHYHU OHJDO RX PRWLYDGR SRU IDOVDV SURPHVVDV HOHLWRUHLUDV YHLFXODGDV SHORV yUJmRV GH
LQIRUPDo}HVTXHFRQGLFLRQDPHPDQLSXODPDYHUGDGH2YRWRSRUVLVyHPERUDYDOLRVRQmRJDUDQWHMXVWLoD
OLEHUGDGH H VDOYDJXDUGD DR LQGLYtGXR QHP jV PLQRULDV HP XP (VWDGR GHPRFUiWLFR 1mR p UDUR TXH R
JRYHUQDQWH HPERUD UHVSDOGDGR SRU PLOK}HV GH YRWRV DIDVWDVH GRV VHXV FRPSURPLVVRV GHPRFUiWLFRV
HPSROJDGRSHORIDVFtQLRGRSRGHUSHUGHQGRDOHJLWLPLGDGHLQLFLDO
'DtSRUTXHDLQWHJUDomRGHPRFUiWLFDLPS}HDFRQVFLrQFLDHDUHVSRQVDELOLGDGHQDHVFROKDDPDWXUDomR
VREUHRVGHVGREUDPHQWRVGRSURFHVVRSROtWLFRHRDFHVVRjVLQIRUPDo}HVTXHHPEDVDUmRDSDUWLFLSDomROtFLWD
QRSURFHVVRGHFLVyULR
1mR SRGH H[LVWLU XPD GHPRFUDFLD SRU GHFUHWR SRUTXH D GHPRFUDFLD p VLPXOWDQHDPHQWH XP LGHDO XP
SURMHWRHVREUHWXGRXPDSUiWLFD$OLEHUGDGHQDFpOHEUHIUDVHGH/XLV%ODQFQmRpVRPHQWHRGLUHLWRPDV
DLQGD R SRGHU GH VHU OLYUH e SUHFLVR SRLV DWUDYpV GH XP SURFHVVR UHDOPHQWH GHPRFUiWLFR ID]HU FHVVDU DV
GHVLJXDOGDGHV QHXWUDOL]DU RV GHVHTXLOtEULRV UHDOL]DU D MXVWLoD VRFLDO SRUTXDQWR Vy DVVLP VHUi SRVVtYHO
LPSHGLUTXHDOLEHUGDGHSURGX]DH[DWDPHQWHDVXDQHJDomR$OLEHUGDGHpFRQVHQWLGDDRKRPHPHPVRFLHGDGH
SDUDGHVHQYROYHUVXDVHQHUJLDVHQmRSDUDHVPDJDUDGRVHXVHPHOKDQWH

50.1. Características da Constituição Brasileira de 1988

$ OXWD SHOD QRUPDOL]DomR GHPRFUiWLFD QR %UDVLO H SHOD FRQTXLVWD GR (VWDGR GH 'LUHLWR 'HPRFUiWLFR
FRPHoRX DVVLP TXH VH LQVWDORX R JROSH GH  H HVSHFLDOPHQWH DSyV R $, TXH IRL R LQVWUXPHQWR PDLV
DXWRULWiULRGDKLVWyULDEUDVLOHLUD(VVDOXWDHQWUHWDQWRTXHVHPDQWHYHFRQWLGDSRUTXDVHYLQWHDQRVWRPRXDV
UXDVDSDUWLUGDHOHLomRGRV*RYHUQDGRUHVHPHVHLQWHQVLILFRXQRLQtFLRGHTXDQGRDVPXOWLG}HV
FRUUHUDP HQWXVLiVWLFDV H RUGHLUDV DRV FRPtFLRV HP SURO GD eleição  direta SDUD 3UHVLGHQWH GD 5HS~EOLFD
LQWHUSUHWDQGR R VHQWLPHQWR GD 1DomR HP EXVFD GR UHHTXLOtEULR GD YLGD QDFLRQDO TXH Vy SRGHULD
FRQVXEVWDQFLDUVHQXPDQRYDRUGHPFRQVWLWXFLRQDOTXHUHIL]HVVHRSDFWRVRFLDO
)UXVWURXVH FRQWXGR HVVD JUDQGH HVSHUDQoD QmR Vy SHOD UHMHLomR GD HPHQGD FRQVWLWXFLRQDO GD HOHLomR
GLUHWDFRPRWDPEpPSHODPRUWHGH7DQFUHGR1HYHVRPDLVGHVWDFDGRUHSUHVHQWDQWHGDVIRUoDVGHPRFUiWLFDV
EUDVLOHLUDV 2 3UHVLGHQWH -RVp 6DUQH\ WRGDYLD FXPSULQGR RV FRPSURPLVVRV GHPRFUiWLFRV DVVXPLGRV SRU
7DQFUHGR HQYLRX DR &RQJUHVVR 1DFLRQDO D WmR HVSHUDGD HPHQGD FRQVWLWXFLRQDO FRQYRFDQGR D $VVHPEOHLD
1DFLRQDO &RQVWLWXLQWH H HVWD SRU VXD YH] GHSRLV GH SURORQJDGR WUDEDOKR H DFLUUDGRV GHEDWHV DSURYRX XP
WH[WRPRGHUQRUD]RDYHOPHQWHDYDQoDGRFRPUHOHYDQWHVLQRYDo}HVSDUDRFRQVWLWXFLRQDOLVPREUDVLOHLURHDWp
PXQGLDO
$VLQRYDo}HVVHIL]HUDPSUHVHQWHVSULPHLUDPHQWHQDRUGHPVRFLDOFRORFDQGRHPGHVWDTXHRKRPHPH
VHXV GLUHLWRV IXQGDPHQWDLV QmR Vy RV LQGLYLGXDLV FRPR WDPEpP RV FROHWLYRV WDQWR DVVLP TXH SUDWLFDPHQWH
LQLFLDVH D &RQVWLWXLomR FRP D FRQVDJUDomR GHVVHV GLUHLWRV ± 'LUHLWRV H 'HYHUHV ,QGLYLGXDLV H &ROHWLYRV QR
DUWƒHVHXVVHWHQWDHVHWHLQFLVRVH'LUHLWRV6RFLDLVQHOHVLQFOXtGRVRVGRVWUDEDOKDGRUHVQRVDUWVƒD
±GLIHUHQWHPHQWHGD&DUWDDQWHULRUTXHWUDWDYDGHVVHVGLUHLWRVQDVXDSDUWHILQDODUW
$GLJQLGDGHGDSHVVRDKXPDQDSDVVRXDVHUSULQFtSLRIXQGDPHQWDOGD&RQVWLWXLomRDUWƒLQFLVR,,,
IXQGDPHQWRGDDWLYLGDGHHVWDWDORTXHVLJQLILFDTXHRKRPHPpRFHQWURVXMHLWRREMHWRIXQGDPHQWRHILPGH
WRGDDDWLYLGDGHS~EOLFD
&RPHIHLWRRREMHWLYRSULPRUGLDOGDRUGHPMXUtGLFDDVXDSUySULDUD]mRGHVHUpRKRPHPDVXDYLGD
GLJQDHDVXDFRQGLomRVRFLDOSDUDTXHOKHSHUPLWDVHUIHOL]3RULVVRDHVSLQKDGRUVDOGHXPDFRQVWLWXLomRp
RVHXVLVWHPDGHGLUHLWRVIXQGDPHQWDLVDVVHJXUDGRVDTXDOTXHUSHVVRDKXPDQD(D&RQVWLWXLomRGD5HS~EOLFD
EUDVLOHLUDHULJLXHPSULQFtSLRIXQGDPHQWDODGLJQLGDGHGDSHVVRDKXPDQDH[DWDPHQWHSRULVVR
e D ³&RQVWLWXLomR &LGDGm´ QD H[SUHVVmR GR VDXGRVR 8O\VVHV *XLPDUmHV 3UHVLGHQWH GD $VVHPEOHLD
1DFLRQDO &RQVWLWXLQWH TXH D SURGX]LX QmR Vy SRUTXH WHYH DPSOD SDUWLFLSDomR HP VXD HODERUDomR PDV
SULQFLSDOPHQWHSRUTXHVHYROWDGHFLGLGDPHQWHSDUDRFLGDGmRHRVRFLDO
1R UHVSHLWDQWH j 2UJDQL]DomR 3ROtWLFR$GPLQLVWUDWLYD H D 'LYLVmR GRV 3RGHUHV SRGHVH GL]HU TXH D
&RQVWLWXLomR DWXDO GLIHUHQWHPHQWH GD DQWHULRU TXH HUD FHQWUDOL]DGRUD H DXWRULWiULD DVVXPLX XPD SRVWXUD
OLEHUDO 3UDWLFDPHQWH IH] UHQDVFHU D )HGHUDomR FRQIHULQGR PDLRU VRPD GH FRPSHWrQFLDV OHJLVODWLYDV H
DGPLQLVWUDWLYDV DRV (VWDGRV H 0XQLFtSLRV GDQGROKHV DLQGD PDLV UHFXUVRV WULEXWiULRV Mi TXH QmR Ki
YHUGDGHLUD DXWRQRPLD QHP SROtWLFD H QHP DGPLQLVWUDWLYD VHP QXPHUiULR SDUD H[HFXomR GH VXDV WDUHIDV
FRQVWLWXFLRQDLV3RGHVHFRQFOXLUGL]HQGRTXHD&RQVWLWXLomRGHDIDVWRXRIHGHUDOLVPRQRPLQDOGDRUGHP
FRQVWLWXFLRQDO DQWHULRU EXVFDQGR UHVJDWDU R YHUGDGHLUR SULQFtSLR IHGHUDOLVWD DWUDYpV GH XP VLVWHPD GH
UHSDUWLomRGHFRPSHWrQFLDVHQWUHRSRGHUFHQWUDOHRVSRGHUHVHVWDGXDLVHPXQLFLSDLV
1mR REVWDQWH WDQWRV SRQWRV SRVLWLYRV D &RQVWLWXLomR GH  WHP LQ~PHURV GLVSRVLWLYRV TXH DLQGD QmR
SDVVDUDPGDfolha de papel WDLV FRPR H[LVWrQFLD GLJQD MXVWLoD VRFLDO IXQomR VRFLDO GD SURSULHGDGH SOHQR
HPSUHJRYDORUL]DomRGRWUDEDOKRDUWHLQFLVRVHQVLQRIXQGDPHQWDOREULJDWyULRHJUDWXLWRDWHQGLPHQWR
HVSHFLDOL]DGR DRV SRUWDGRUHV GH GHILFLrQFLD DWHQGLPHQWR HP FUHFKH H SUpHVFROD jV FULDQoDV GH ]HUR D VHLV
DQRVGHLGDGHDUW,,,,H,9DVVLVWrQFLDLQWHJUDOjVD~GHGDFULDQoDHGRDGROHVFHQWHDUW†ƒ
HGXFDomR FRPR GLUHLWR GH WRGRV H GHYHU GR (VWDGR LJXDOGDGH GH FRQGLo}HV SDUD R DFHVVR H SHUPDQrQFLD QD
HVFRODYDORUL]DomRGRVSURILVVLRQDLVGRHQVLQRHWFDUWVH,9
7RGDV HVVDV QRUPDV H PXLWDV RXWUDV TXH UHVVRDP SUHFLVDPHQWH LQyFXDV SDGHFHP GR PHVPR PDO QmR
SDVVDUDPGRSDSHOQmRVmRDSOLFDGDVHIHWLYDPHQWHQRGLDDGLDGDYLGDGRFLGDGmReSRULVVRTXHVHGL]TXH
R³%UDVLOpDLQGDXPSDtVLQFRQVWLWXFLRQDO´
(PVXPDSDUDVHFRQVWLWXLUXPDVRFLHGDGHMXVWDQmREDVWDSURFODPDUGLUHLWRVpSUHFLVRFRQFUHWL]iORV
QmREDVWDJDUDQWLURGLUHLWRjYLGDPDVWDPEpPjYLGDGLJQDQmREDVWDJDUDQWLUDOLEHUGDGHVHQmRDTXHODTXH
JDUDQWDWDPEpPDLJXDOGDGHVRFLDOHFRQ{PLFDHSROtWLFD

51. DIREITO DE FAMÍLIA

(PQHQKXPDRXWUDiUHDGRGLUHLWRKRXYHWmRJUDQGHHYROXomRFRPRQR'LUHLWRGH)DPtOLD)RUDPWDQWDV
DV PRGLILFDo}HV VRFLDLV RFRUULGDV QDV ~OWLPDV GpFDGDV TXH QmR VHULD GHPDLV DILUPDU TXH WHPRV KRMH
PRUPHQWH DSyV D &RQVWLWXLomR GH  XP QRYR 'LUHLWR GH )DPtOLD (P UD]mR GLVVR LQ~PHURV GLSORPDV
OHJLVODWLYRV IRUDP SURGX]LGRV QDV RILFLQDV GR GLUHLWR FRPR YHUHPRV D VHJXLU HP EXVFD GD QHFHVViULD
KDUPRQLDHQWUHDUHDOLGDGHVRFLDOHDOHL
51.1. Divórcio

+DYLDXPDQRUPDHPQRVVD&RQVWLWXLomRGHDUW†žGD(PHQGDQTXHFRQVLGHUDYDR

FDVDPHQWR LQGLVVRO~YHO (P UD]mR GHVVD QRUPD TXH ILJXURX HP WRGDV DV QRVVDV &RQVWLWXLo}HV GHVGH 
QmR SRGLD KDYHU GLYyUFLR QR %UDVLO VRPHQWH R GHVTXLWH KRMH FKDPDGR GH VHSDUDomR MXGLFLDO TXH GLVVROYH
DSHQDVDVRFLHGDGHFRQMXJDOSURGX]LQGRHIHLWRVSDWULPRQLDLVSDUDRVF{QMXJHVGHL[DQGRtQWHJURHQWUHWDQWRR
YtQFXORFRQMXJDO
7DO QRUPD VHP G~YLGD DOJXPD REMHWLYDYD D SURWHomR GR FDVDPHQWR H GD IDPtOLD OHJtWLPD (QWHQGLDVH
TXHRGLYyUFLRGHVWUXLULDRFDVDPHQWROHYDQGRGHUROGmRDIDPtOLD³FHOXODPDWHU´GDVRFLHGDGH3HQVDYDVH
HPRXWUDVSDODYUDVTXHSURLELQGRGHVFDVDUHVWDULDPUHVROYLGRVWRGRVRVSUREOHPDVTXHFRQVSLUDPFRQWUDR
FDVDPHQWR

51.2. A situação da companheira e dos filhos ilegítimos

$SHVDU GH D &RQVWLWXLomR YHGDU D GLVVROXomR GR FDVDPHQWR LQ~PHURV SUREOHPDV VXUJLUDP QR VHLR GD
IDPtOLDRULXQGRVGDVPDLVYDULDGDVFDXVDVGDQGRHQVHMRDRGHVID]LPHQWRGRVODUHV0DULGRLDSDUDXPODGR
PXOKHUSDUDRXWURILFDQGRHQWUHHOHVRVILOKRVJHUDOPHQWHRVPDLVSUHMXGLFDGRVVHUYLQGRGHLQVWUXPHQWRGH
FKDQWDJHPHPRFLRQDO
&RP R FRUUHU GR WHPSR RV F{QMXJHV VHSDUDGRV RX GHVTXLWDGRV VH XQLDP GH IDWR D RXWUD SHVVRD
IRUPDQGRQRYRSDU0XLWDVYH]HVHVVDXQLmRLOHJDORXSHORPHQRVQmRUHFRQKHFLGDSHODOHLWRUQDYDVHXPD
XQLmR VyOLGD HVWiYHO GDQGR RULJHP D QRYDV IDPtOLDV FRP ILOKRV DPL]DGH DPRU FRPSUHHQVmR H FDORU
KXPDQR
,QLFLDOPHQWH D VRFLHGDGH WROHUDYD FRP UHVHUYDV HVVDV XQL}HV WRGR PXQGR VDELD H FRPHQWDYD TXDQGR
QXP GHWHUPLQDGR HGLItFLR KDYLD XP FDVDO FXMRV FRPSRQHQWHV QmR HUDP FDVDGRV 'HSRLV WDQWRV IRUDP RV
FDVDLV GH XQLmR GH IDWR HP WRGDV DV FDPDGDV VRFLDLV TXH D VRFLHGDGH SDVVRX D DFHLWiORV SOHQDPHQWH VHP
TXDLVTXHU UHVHUYDV FRPR VH IRVVHP PDULGR H PXOKHU $V QRYDV XQL}HV SDVVDUDP D VHU QRUPDOPHQWH
DGPLWLGDVSHORVFRVWXPHVPDVFRQWLQXDYDPDVHUUHSHOLGDVSHODOHL,Q~PHUDVIDPtOLDVEHPFRQVWLWXtGDVGR
SRQWR GH YLVWD VRFLDO FRP SDLV H ILOKRV YLYHQGR HP KDUPRQLD H IHOLFLGDGH SOHQDPHQWH LQWHJUDGDV QD
VRFLHGDGH HUDP PDQWLGDV j PDUJHP GD OHL (UDP LOHJtWLPDV LOHJDLV )LOKRV H FRPSDQKHLUD QmR WLQKDP
TXDOTXHUGLUHLWRRXDPSDUROHJDO$TXHOHVHUDPFRQVLGHUDGRVILOKRVLOHJtWLPRVRXPHVPRDGXOWHULQRVHVWDD
FRQFXELQDUHSXGLDGDSHODOHL
'R SRQWR GH YLVWD VRFLDO HVWDV IDPtOLDV ³LOHJDLV´ HUDP PDLV ~WHLV H UHFRPHQGiYHLV TXH DV SULPLWLYDV
OHJtWLPDVPDVMiGHVWUXtGDVSHODVHSDUDomR0XLWDJHQWHTXHULDUHJXODUL]DUDVLWXDomRGDUQRPHjPXOKHUHDRV
ILOKRVHVWHQGHQGROKHVSURWHomROHJDOPDVQmRSRGLDP2YtQFXORPDWULPRQLDOHUDLQGLVVRO~YHO
$ SUHWH[WR GH SURWHJHU XP YtQFXOR PDWULPRQLDO Mi GH IDWR LQH[LVWHQWH D OHL UHSXGLDYD IDPtOLDV EHP
FRQVWLWXtGDV JHUDQGR GHVLJXDOGDGHV UHVVHQWLPHQWRV H RXWURV JUDYHV SUREOHPDV VRFLDLV HQWUH RV TXDLV R
GHVDPSDURHFRQ{PLFR(PVtQWHVHDQRUPDFRQVWLWXFLRQDOTXHYLVDYDDSURWHomRGRFDVDPHQWRDOpPGHQmR
FRQVHJXLU LPSHGLUOKH D GLVVROXomR LPSHGLD DLQGD D UHDOL]DomR GH RXWURV FDVDPHQWRV YHUGDGHLURV 6y
SUHMXGLFDYD
$QRYDUHDOLGDGHVRFLDOHPWRUQRGDIDPtOLDHGRFDVDPHQWRHYLGHQFLRXTXHQmRHUDRGLYyUFLRHPVLR
UHVSRQViYHO SHOD GHVWUXLomR GR FDVDPHQWR +i RXWUDV FDXVDV VRFLDLV HFRQ{PLFDV SVLFROyJLFDV DIHWLYDV
FXOWXUDLV SURIXQGDV TXH GHYHP VHU SHVTXLVDGDV H FRPEDWLGDV VH VH TXLVHU GH IDWR PDQWHU R YtQFXOR
PDWULPRQLDOLQGLVVRO~YHO6HDVVLPQmRIRVVHDVLWXDomRGDIDPtOLDQRSDtVRQGHQmRKiGLYyUFLRVHULDPXLWR
PHOKRU GR TXH HP RXWUR RQGH Ki H LVWR FRPR VH VDEH QmR p YHUGDGH %DVWD ID]HU XPD FRPSDUDomR HQWUH R
%UDVLO DQWHV GR GLYyUFLR H RV (VWDGRV 8QLGRV SDUD FRQVWDWDUPRV TXH QmR HVWiYDPRV HP PHOKRU VLWXDomR
1mREDVWDSRLVSDUDLPSHGLUDUXtQDGRFDVDPHQWRSURLELUGHVFDVDUH³GHLWDUHPEHUoRHVSOrQGLGR´FRPRVH
IH] HP QRVVR 3DtV IHFKDQGR RV ROKRV SDUD D UHDOLGDGH e SUHFLVR UHSHWLPRV FRQKHFHU H FRPEDWHU DV
YHUGDGHLUDVFDXVDVGRIUDFDVVRPDWULPRQLDO
(YLGHQFLDGR LJXDOPHQWH ILFRX TXH R GLYyUFLR QmR p FDXVD GD UXtQD GR FDVDPHQWR PDV VLP UHPpGLR
SDQDFHLD VROXomR H[WUHPD SDUD FDVDPHQWRV Mi GHVIHLWRV DUUXLQDGRV VHP VROXomR 0DV FRPR TXDOTXHU
UHPpGLR GHOH Vy ID] XVR TXHP SUHFLVD TXHP HVWi GRHQWH 2 IDWR GH H[LVWLU R GLYyUFLR QmR TXHU GL]HU TXH
WRGRVYmRVHGLYRUFLDUVySRUGLYRUFLDUVH0HVPRQRVSDtVHVGLYRUFLVWDVKiPLOKDUHVGHFDVDLVXQLGRVSHOR
FDVDPHQWRKiDQRVHTXHQXQFDSHQVDUDPHPVHGLYRUFLDUVLPSOHVPHQWHSRUTXHRFDVDPHQWRGHOHV
QmRHVWiGRHQWHQmRSUHFLVDGHUHPpGLR
(PIDFHGHWXGRLVVRDFRQFOXVmROyJLFDHUDTXHDLQGLVVROXELOLGDGHGRYtQFXORPDWULPRQLDOQmRSDVVDYD
GHPHUDILFomRMXUtGLFDXPGRJPDUHOLJLRVRVHPTXDOTXHUXWLOLGDGHSUiWLFDRXVRFLDO$OpPGHQmRSURWHJHUD
IDPtOLDOHJtWLPDSUHMXGLFDYDDVIDPtOLDVLOHJtWLPDVLVWRpQmRLPSHGLDRIUDFDVVRGRFDVDPHQWRPDVLPSHGLD
DUHJXODUL]DomRGDVQRYDVXQL}HV
6H R QRVVR OHJLVODGRU DWHQWDVVH SDUD D UHDOLGDGH VRFLDO Ki PXLWR WHULD LQWURGX]LGR R GLYyUFLR QD
OHJLVODomR7DOHQWUHWDQWRQmRRFRUUHXHPYLUWXGHGDSUHVVmRH[HUFLGDSHOD,JUHMDSDUDDTXDORFDVDPHQWRp
XPDLQVWLWXLomRGLYLQDVDJUDGDHLPSDVVtYHOGHVHUGHVIHLWDSHORKRPHP

51.3. Soluções legais paliativas antes do divórcio

+RXYHXPDVXFHVVmRGHOHLVSHUPLWLQGRRUHFRQKHFLPHQWRGRVILOKRVLOHJtWLPRVHPFHUWDVFLUFXQVWkQFLDV
3ULPHLUDPHQWHIRLSURPXOJDGRR'HF/HLQGHGHVHWHPEURGHSHUPLWLQGRRUHFRQKHFLPHQWR
GRV ILOKRV GH GHVTXLWDGRV KDYLGRV IRUD GR PDWULP{QLR R TXH HTXLYDOH GL]HU TXH DWp HQWmR WDLV ILOKRV QmR
SRGLDPVHUUHJLVWUDGRVHPQRPHGHVHXYHUGDGHLURSDLRXPmHPHVPRTXHGHVTXLWDGR
0DV R DOXGLGR GHFUHWROHL QmR VDWLVIH] SRUTXDQWR Vy SRVVLELOLWDYD UHFRQKHFLPHQWR GH ILOKR KDYLGR IRUD
GRPDWULP{QLRGHSRLVGRGHVTXLWHGRJHQLWRU1mRVHUHIHULDHOHjVRXWUDVFDXVDVGHWHUPLQDomRGDVRFLHGDGH
FRQMXJDOFRPRDPRUWHGHXPGRVF{QMXJHVGHPRGRTXHHPERUDH[WLQWRRYtQFXORFRQMXJDOOtFLWRQmRHUD
SURPRYHURUHFRQKHFLPHQWRGRILOKRKDYLGRH[WUDPDWULP{QLR
6RPHQWH FRP D /HL Q  GH  GH RXWXEUR GH  p TXH VH WRUQRX SRVVtYHO R UHFRQKHFLPHQWR GH
ILOKRV KDYLGRV IRUD GR PDWULP{QLR DSyV D GLVVROXomR GD VRFLHGDGH FRQMXJDO SRU GHVTXLWH PRUWH GH XP GRV
F{QMXJHVRXDQXODomRGRFDVDPHQWR
1HVVH tQWHULP D MXULVSUXGrQFLD IH] YHUGDGHLURV PDODEDULVPRV SDUD UHFRQKHFHU DOJXQV GLUHLWRV
SDWULPRQLDLVjFRQFXELQDRUDFRPEDVHQDVRFLHGDGHGHIDWRRUDDWtWXORGHLQGHQL]DomRDWpTXHDSUySULDOHL
SDVVRX D DWULEXLUOKH GLUHLWR j SHQVmR SUHYLGHQFLiULD 'HF/HL Q  /HL Q  EHP FRPR j
LQGHQL]DomRSRUDFLGHQWHGHWUDEDOKR'HF/HLQ0DLVUHFHQWHPHQWHD/HLGH5HJLVWURV3~EOLFRV
/HLQGHSHUPLWLXRXVRGRVDSHOLGRVGRDPiVLRSHODFRPSDQKHLUD

51.4. A introdução do divórcio na legislação brasileira

2 GLYyUFLR WRUQRXVH SHUPLWLGR DWUDYpV GD (PHQGD &RQVWLWXFLRQDO Q  GH  GH MXQKR GH  TXH
DOWHUDQGRR†ƒGRDUWGD&RQVWLWXLomRGHSDVVRXDGLVSRU³2FDVDPHQWRSRGHUiVHUGLVVROYLGR
QRVFDVRVH[SUHVVRVHPOHLGHVGHTXHKDMDSUpYLDVHSDUDomRMXGLFLDOSRUPDLVGHWUrVDQRV´
&RPRVHYrIRLFDXWHORVRROHJLVODGRUDRSHUPLWLURGLYyUFLRDSyVSUpYLDVHSDUDomRMXGLFLDOSRUPDLVGH
WUrVDQRVWHPSRPDLVTXHVXILFLHQWHSDUDUHYHODUVHDVHSDUDomRpRXQmRGHILQLWLYD
3RVWHULRUPHQWHD/HLQGHGHGH]HPEURGHFRQKHFLGDSRU/HLGR'LYyUFLRUHJXORXRV
FDVRVGHGLVVROXomRGDVRFLHGDGHFRQMXJDO(PGHMXOKRGHIRLSURPXOJDGDD(PHQGD&RQVWLWXFLRQDO
Q  H GHVGH HQWmR R † ž GR DUW  GD &RQVWLWXLomR GD 5HS~EOLFD SDVVRX D WHU D VHJXLQWH UHGDomR ³2
FDVDPHQWRFLYLOSRGHVHUGLVVROYLGRSHORGLYyUFLR´2FDVDPHQWRSRUWDQWRUHQGHXVHLQFRQGLFLRQDOPHQWHDR
GLYyUFLR1mRKiPDLVTXDOTXHUDQWHSDURHQWUHRGLYyUFLRHDYRQWDGHXQLODWHUDOGHTXDOTXHUGRVF{QMXJHV
(VVHV HP VtQWHVH RV HIHLWRV QHJDWLYRV SURGX]LGRV SHOD QRUPD FRQVWLWXFLRQDO TXH FRQVLGHUDYD
LQGLVVRO~YHO R YtQFXOR PDWULPRQLDO H DV SHULSpFLDV VRFLDLV SHODV TXDLV SDVVDPRV DWp TXH R GRJPD RX ILFomR
IRVVHGHVWUXtGRSHOD&RQVWLWXLomR
6HJXQGR DV HVWDWtVWLFDV GR 5HJLVWUR &LYLO GLYXOJDGDV SHOR ,%*( HP  QR DQR GH  R
%UDVLO UHJLVWURX  GLYyUFLRV XP DXPHQWR GH  HP UHODomR D  $WULEXLVH R DXPHQWR SHOR
PHQRVHPSDUWHjPXGDQoDGDOHLTXHVXSULPLXFRPSOHWDPHQWHRVSUD]RVSDUDRGLYyUFLR2'LVWULWR)HGHUDO
WHP R PDLRU tQGLFH GH GLYyUFLR GR SDtV  (P VHJXLGD DSDUHFHP 5RQG{QLD  H $FUH  1R 5LR D
WD[DpGHHHP6mR3DXOR
)RLWDPEpPDSRQWDGDDIDL[DHWiULDHPTXHKRPHQVHPXOKHUHVPDLVVHGLYRUFLDP1RJUXSRGHPXOKHUHV
DPDLRUWD[DVHGHXHQWUHHDQRV(PVHJXLGDQDIDL[DHWiULDGHDDQRV(PUHODomRDRV
KRPHQVRVGLYyUFLRVDFRQWHFHPSULQFLSDOPHQWHQDVIDL[DVGHDDQRVHDDQRV
2XWUR GDGR LQWHUHVVDQWH PRVWUD TXH R PDLRU Q~PHUR GH FDVDPHQWRV GHVIHLWRV VH GHX HQWUH DTXHOHV TXH
WLQKDPGHDDQRVGHFDVDGRV(QWUHRžHžDQRRVGLYyUFLRVUHSUHVHQWDP(PVHJXLGDR
JUXSR TXH PDLV VH GLYRUFLRX WLQKD HQWUH  H  DQRV GH FDVDGRV O  Globo  (VVHV GDGRV
HVWDWtVWLFRVVmRGHH[WUHPDLPSRUWkQFLDSDUDDTXHOHVTXHHVWXGDPHEXVFDPHQWHQGHUDVYHUGDGHLUDVFDXVDVGR
GLYyUFLR

51.5. A situação da companheira e dos filhos após a Constituição de 1988

$SyV PDLV GH PHLR VpFXOR GH OHQWD HYROXomR GD TXHVWmR GR GLYyUFLR GD FRPSDQKHLUD H GRV ILOKRV
LOHJtWLPRV D &RQVWLWXLomR GH  HQFRQWURX XPD EDVH VRFLDO SDUD ID]HU DV PXGDQoDV QHFHVViULDV H R
FRQVWLWXLQWHWHYHFRUDJHPSDUDWDQWRDVDEHUaH[FOXLXTXDOTXHUSUD]RRXFRQGLomRSDUDRGLYyUFLRDUW
† ž FRP D UHGDomR GDGD SHOD (PHQGD &RQVWLWXFLRQDO Qž  b UHFRQKHFHX D união  estável HQWUH R
KRPHP H D PXOKHU FRPR HQWLGDGH IDPLOLDU GHWHUPLQDQGR j OHL IDFLOLWDU D VXD FRQYHUVmR HP FDVDPHQWR DUW
†ƒc LJXDORX SDUD WRGRV RV HIHLWRV KHUDQoD DOLPHQWRV UHFRQKHFLPHQWR RV GLUHLWRV H TXDOLILFDo}HV
GRVILOKRVKDYLGRVRXQmRGDUHODomRGRFDVDPHQWRSURLELQGRDGHVLJQDomRGHILOLDomROHJtWLPDRXLOHJtWLPD
EHPFRPRTXDLVTXHURXWUDVGHVLJQDo}HVGLVFULPLQDWyULDVUHODWLYDVjILOLDomRDUW†ƒ
,PSRUWDGL]HUTXHDSyVD&RQVWLWXLomRGHRILOKRKDYLGRIRUDGRPDWULP{QLRDWpHQWmRGHVLJQDGRGH
ILOKRDGXOWHULQRWHPRGLUHLWRVXEMHWLYRGHVHUUHFRQKHFLGRYROXQWiULDRXFRDWLYDPHQWHQmRPDLVVXEVLVWLQGR
DV OLPLWDo}HV DQWHULRUHV 6REUHYHLR ILQDOPHQWH HP  D QRYD /HL GH ,QYHVWLJDomR GH 3DWHUQLGDGH
/HL Q  TXH DPSOLRX DLQGD PDLV DV KLSyWHVHV GH UHFRQKHFLPHQWR YROXQWiULR H GH LQYHVWLJDomR GH
SDWHUQLGDGHFRQIHULQGRLQFOXVLYHDR0LQLVWpULR3~EOLFROHJLWLPLGDGHSDUDSURSRUDUHVSHFWLYDDomR
2QRYR&yGLJR&LYLOFRPRQmRSRGHULDGHL[DUGHVHUPDQWHYHDPHVPDGLVFLSOLQDQRVHXDUWLJR
TXH GL] ³2V ILOKRV havidos  ou  não  da  relação  de  casamento RX SRU DGRomR WHUmR RV PHVPRV GLUHLWRV H
TXDOLILFDo}HVSURLELGDVTXDLVTXHUGHVLJQDo}HVGLVFULPLQDWyULDVUHODWLYDVjILOLDomR´
(P UHODomR j FRPSDQKHLUD D /HL Q  GH  FRQFHGHXOKH GLUHLWR D DOLPHQWRV GHVGH TXH
FRQYLYDKiPDLVGHFLQFRDQRVFRPRKRPHPVROWHLURVHSDUDGRMXGLFLDOPHQWHGLYRUFLDGRRXYL~YRRXGHOH
WHQKDSUROHHSURYHDQHFHVVLGDGH&RQIHULXOKHWDPEpPRGLUHLWRGHSDUWLFLSDUQDVXFHVVmRGRFRPSDQKHLUR
KHUDQoDQDVFRQGLo}HVSUHYLVWDVQRVVHXVDUWVƒHƒ
3RU ~OWLPR D /HL Q  GH  UHJXODPHQWRX R † ƒ GR DUW  GD &RQVWLWXLomR )HGHUDO ±
XQLmR HVWiYHO ± UHFRQKHFHQGR FRPR HQWLGDGH IDPLOLDU D FRQYLYrQFLD GXUDGRXUD S~EOLFD H FRQWtQXD GH XP
KRPHP H XPD PXOKHU HVWDEHOHFLGD FRP R REMHWLYR GH FRQVWLWXLomR GH IDPtOLD DUW ƒ 2V EHQV PyYHLV H
LPyYHLV DGTXLULGRV SRU DPERV RV FRQYLYHQWHV QD FRQVWkQFLD GD XQLmR HVWiYHO H D WtWXOR RQHURVR VmR
FRQVLGHUDGRVIUXWRGRWUDEDOKRHGDFRODERUDomRFRPXPSDVVDQGRDSHUWHQFHUDDPERVHPFRQGRPtQLRHHP
SDUWHV LJXDLV VDOYR HVWLSXODomR FRQWUiULD HP FRQWUDWR HVFULWR DUW ƒ 0DQWpP D OHL DUW ƒ R GLUHLWR D
DOLPHQWRV DR FRQYLYHQWH TXH GHOHV QHFHVVLWDU XPD YH] GLVVROYLGD D XQLmR HVWiYHO DVVHJXUDQGROKH WDPEpP R
GLUHLWRUHDOGHKDELOLWDomRHQTXDQWRYLYHUHQmRFRQVWLWXLUQRYDXQLmRRXFDVDPHQWRUHODWLYDPHQWHDRLPyYHO
GHVWLQDGRjUHVLGrQFLDGDIDPtOLD
2 QRYR &yGLJR &LYLO DR WUDWDU GD XQLmR HVWiYHO QRV VHXV DUWLJRV  D  PDQWHYH D PHVPD
GLVFLSOLQDGD/HLQQRTXHDQGRXEHPSRLVDTXHODOHLFRQVROLGRXXPORQJRWUDEDOKRGRXWULQiULRH
MXULVSUXGHQFLDO2DUWLJRSUDWLFDPHQWHUHSHWHRDUWLJRƒGD/HLQ³$VUHODo}HVSHVVRDLVHQWUH
RVFRPSDQKHLURVREHGHFHUmRDRVGHYHUHVGHOHDOGDGHUHVSHLWRHDVVLVWrQFLDHGHJXDUGDVXVWHQWRHHGXFDomR
GRVILOKRV´6DOYRFRQWUDWRHVFULWRHQWUHRVFRPSDQKHLURVQDXQLmRHVWiYHODSOLFDVHjVUHODo}HVSDWULPRQLDLV
QRTXHFRXEHURUHJLPHGDFRPXQKmRSDUFLDOGHEHQVDUWYDOHGL]HUFRPXQKmRGRVEHQVDGTXLULGRV
GHSRLVGDXQLmR
51.6. União de pessoas do mesmo sexo

e LQGLVSHQViYHO D GLYHUVLGDGH GH VH[R SDUD D FRQILJXUDomR GD XQLmR HVWiYHO" (VVD p XPD TXHVWmR TXH
JHURX PXLWD SROrPLFD H TXH DLQGD HQIUHQWD UHVLVWrQFLD 2 SULQFLSDO DUJXPHQWR GRV RSRVLWRUHV jV uniões
homoafetivasHUDRGHTXHDRWUDWDUD&RQVWLWXLomRGDIDPtOLDHPVHXDUWEHPFRPRR&yGLJR&LYLOQR
DUWPHQFLRQDDSHQDVDUHODomRHQWUHKRPHPHPXOKHU(VVDFOiXVXODHUDFRQVLGHUDGDH[DXVWLYDLVWRp
HQFHUUDYDRDVVXQWRHPVLPHVPD0DVHPGHPDLRGHQRMXOJDPHQWRGD$'3)Q5-HGD$',
Q ') R 6XSUHPR 7ULEXQDO )HGHUDO DQWHFLSDQGRVH DR OHJLVODGRU HP GHFLVmR XQkQLPH UHFRQKHFHX D
OHJDOLGDGH GDV XQL}HV FLYLV HQWUH SHVVRDV GR PHVPR VH[R TXH SDVVDUDP D WHU RV PHVPRV GLUHLWRV GRV
KHWHURVVH[XDLV
0HGLDQWHQRYDLQWHUSUHWDomRR6XSUHPR7ULEXQDO)HGHUDOPXGRXDFRPSUHHQVmRGRVLJQLILFDGRGRTXH
HVWi QD &RQVWLWXLomR 3DUD RV 0LQLVWURV GD 6XSUHPD &RUWH D IDOWD GH PHQomR QmR SRGH VHU HQWHQGLGD FRPR
SURLELomR j XQLmR KRPRVVH[XDO (OHV EDVHDUDP VHXV YRWRV QRV SULQFtSLRV FRQVWLWXFLRQDLV GD GLJQLGDGH GD
LJXDOGDGHGRDIHWRHGDYHGDomRGHGLVFULPLQDomRSRURULHQWDomRVH[XDO
(P VHX YRWR R 0LQLVWUR &HOVR GH 0HOOR GHVWDFRX ³&RP HVWH MXOJDPHQWR R %UDVLO Gi XP SDVVR
VLJQLILFDWLYR FRQWUD D GLVFULPLQDomR H FRQWUD R WUDWDPHQWR H[FOXGHQWH TXH WrP PDUJLQDOL]DGR JUXSRV
PLQRULWiULRVHPQRVVR3DtVRTXHWRUQDLPSHULRVRDFROKHUQRYRVYDORUHVHFRQVDJUDUXPDQRYDFRQFHSomRGH
'LUHLWR IXQGDGD HP QRYD YLVmR GH PXQGR VXSHUDQGR RV GHVDILRV LPSRVWRV SHOD QHFHVVLGDGH GH PXGDQoD GH
SDUDGLJPD HP RUGHP D YLDELOL]DU FRPR SROtWLFD GH (VWDGR D LQVWDXUDomR H D FRQVROLGDomR GH XPD RUGHP
MXUtGLFDJHQXLQDPHQWHLQFOXVLYD´
³(QTXDQWR D OHL QmR DFRPSDQKD D HYROXomR GD VRFLHGDGH D PXGDQoD GH PHQWDOLGDGH D HYROXomR GR
FRQFHLWR GH PRUDOLGDGH QLQJXpP PXLWR PHQRV RV MXt]HV SRGH IHFKDU RV ROKRV D HVVDV QRYDV UHDOLGDGHV
3RVWXUDVSUHFRQFHLWXRVDVRXGLVFULPLQDWyULDVJHUDPJUDQGHVLQMXVWLoDV'HVFDEHFRQIXQGLUTXHVW}HVMXUtGLFDV
FRP TXHVW}HV GH FDUiWHU PRUDO RX GH FRQWH~GR PHUDPHQWH UHOLJLRVR (VVD UHVSRQVDELOLGDGH GH YHU R QRYR
DVVXPLX D -XVWLoD DR HPSUHVWDU MXULGLFLGDGH jV XQL}HV H[WUDFRQMXJDLV 'HYH DJRUD PRVWUDU LJXDO
LQGHSHQGrQFLDHFRUDJHPTXDQWRjVXQL}HVGHSHVVRDVGRPHVPRVH[R$PEDVVmRUHODo}HVDIHWLYDVYtQFXORV
HP TXH Ki FRPSURPHWLPHQWR DPRURVR $VVLP LPSRVLWLYR UHFRQKHFHU D H[LVWrQFLD GH XP JrQHUR GH XQLmR
HVWiYHO TXH FRPSRUWD PDLV GH XPD HVSpFLH XQLmR HVWiYHO KHWHURDIHWLYD H XQLmR HVWiYHO KRPRDIHWLYD $PEDV
PHUHFHP VHU UHFRQKHFLGDV FRPR HQWLGDGH IDPLOLDU +DYHQGR FRQYLYrQFLD GXUDGRXUD S~EOLFD H FRQWtQXD HQWUH
GXDV SHVVRDV HVWDEHOHFLGD FRP R REMHWLYR GH FRQVWLWXLomR GH IDPtOLD PLVWHU UHFRQKHFHU D H[LVWrQFLD GH XPD
XQLmR HVWiYHO ,QGHSHQGHQWH GR VH[R GRV SDUFHLURV ID]HP MXV j PHVPD SURWHomR $R PHQRV DWp TXH R
OHJLVODGRU UHJXODPHQWH DV XQL}HV KRPRDIHWLYDV ± FRPR Mi IH] D PDLRULD GRV SDtVHV GR PXQGR FLYLOL]DGR ±
LQFXPEH DR -XGLFLiULR HPSUHVWDUOKHV YLVLELOLGDGH H DVVHJXUDUOKHV RV PHVPRV GLUHLWRV TXH PHUHFHP DV
GHPDLV UHODo}HV DIHWLYDV (VVD p D PLVVmR IXQGDPHQWDO GD MXULVSUXGrQFLD TXH QHFHVVLWD GHVHPSHQKDU VHX
SDSHOGHDJHQWHWUDQVIRUPDGRUGRVHVWDJQDGRVFRQFHLWRVGDVRFLHGDGH´
³1HVVD SHUVSHFWLYD 6HQKRU 3UHVLGHQWH HQWHQGR TXH D H[WHQVmR jV XQL}HV KRPRDIHWLYDV GR PHVPR
UHJLPHMXUtGLFRDSOLFiYHOjXQLmRHVWiYHOHQWUHSHVVRDVGHJrQHURGLVWLQWRMXVWLILFDVHHOHJLWLPDVHSHODGLUHWD
LQFLGrQFLD GHQWUH RXWURV GRV SULQFtSLRV FRQVWLWXFLRQDLV GD LJXDOGDGH GD OLEHUGDGH GD GLJQLGDGH GD
VHJXUDQoD MXUtGLFD H GR SRVWXODGR FRQVWLWXFLRQDO LPSOtFLWR TXH FRQVDJUD R GLUHLWR j EXVFD GD IHOLFLGDGH RV
TXDLV FRQILJXUDP QXPD HVWULWD GLPHQVmR TXH SULYLOHJLD R VHQWLGR GH LQFOXVmR GHFRUUHQWH GD SUySULD
&RQVWLWXLomR GD 5HS~EOLFD DUW ž ,,, H DUW ž ,9 IXQGDPHQWRV DXW{QRPRV H VXILFLHQWHV DSWRV D FRQIHULU
VXSRUWHOHJLWLPDGRUjTXDOLILFDomRGDVFRQMXJDOLGDGHVHQWUHSHVVRDVGRPHVPRVH[RFRPRHVSpFLHGRJrQHUR
HQWLGDGHIDPLOLDU´
7RUQDVH LQGLVFXWtYHO UHFRQKHFHU SURVVHJXH R 0LQLVWUR &HOVR GH 0HOOR ³TXH R QRYR SDUDGLJPD QR
SODQRGDVUHODo}HVIDPLOLDUHVDSyVRDGYHQWRGD&RQVWLWXLomR)HGHUDOGHSDUDHIHLWRGHHVWDEHOHFLPHQWR
GH GLUHLWRV H GHYHUHV GHFRUUHQWHV GR YtQFXOR IDPLOLDU FRQVROLGRXVH QD H[LVWrQFLD H QR UHFRQKHFLPHQWR GR
DIHWR«VHDQRWDHVVHQFLDOGDVHQWLGDGHVIDPLOLDUHVGRQRYRSDUDGLJPDLQWURGX]LGDSHOD&RQVWLWXLomRGH
p D valorização  do  afeto QmR Ki UD]mR DOJXPD SDUD H[FOXVmR GDV SDUFHULDV KRPRVVH[XDLV TXH SRGHP
FDUDFWHUL]DUVH SHOD PHVPD FRPXQKmR H SURIXQGLGDGH GH VHQWLPHQWRV SUHVHQWHV QDV UHODo}HV HVWiYHLV HQWUH
SHVVRDVGHVH[RVRSRVWRVTXHVmRKRMHDPSODPHQWHUHFRQKHFLGRVHSURWHJLGRVSHODRUGHPMXUtGLFD´
&RQWXGRQmRSDURXDtDHYROXomRGDMXULVSUXGrQFLDVREUHRWHPD
 1R 5HFXUVR (VSHFLDO Q 56 MXOJDPHQWR RFRUULGR HP  GR TXDO IRL 5HODWRU R
0LQLVWUR /XLV )HOLSH 6DORPmR D 7HUFHLUD 7XUPD GR 6XSHULRU 7ULEXQDO GH -XVWLoD DGPLWLX R casamento  civil
entre pessoas do mesmo sexo(LVDHPHQWDGRDFyUGmR'LUHLWRGHIDPtOLD&DVDPHQWRFLYLOHQWUHSHVVRDVGR
PHVPR VH[R KRPRDIHWLYR ,QWHUSUHWDomR GRV DUWV     H  GR &yGLJR &LYLO GH
,QH[LVWrQFLDGHYHGDomRH[SUHVVDDTXHVHKDELOLWHPSDUDRFDVDPHQWRSHVVRDVGRPHVPRVH[R9HGDomR
LPSOtFLWD FRQWLWXFLRQDOPHQWH LQDFHLWiYHO 2ULHQWDomR SULQFLSLROyJLFD FRQIHULGD SHOR 67) QR MXOJDPHQWR GD
$'3)Q5-H$',Q')
20LQLVWUR5HODWRUDGX]LXQRVHXYRWRTXHQRVGLDVGHKRMHGLIHUHQWHPHQWHGDVFRQVWLWXLo}HVSUHWpULWDV
D FRQFHSomR FRQVWLWXFLRQDO GR FDVDPHQWR GHYH VHU SOXUDO SRUTXH SOXUDLV VmR DV IDPtOLDV DGHPDLV QmR p R
FDVDPHQWRRGHVWLQDWiULRILQDOGDSURWHomRGR(VWDGRPDVDSHQDVRLQWHUPHGLiULRGHXPSURSyVLWRPDLRUTXDO
VHMD D SURWHomR GD SHVVRD KXPDQD HP VXD GLJQLGDGH $VVLP VHQGR DV IDPtOLDV IRUPDGDV SRU SHVVRDV
KRPRDIHWLYDVQmRVmRPHQRVGLJQDVGHSURWHomRGR(VWDGRVHFRPSDUDGDVFRPDTXHODVDSRLDGDVQDWUDGLomRH
IRUPDGDVSRUFDVDLVKHWHURDIHWLYRV2TXHVHGHYHOHYDUHPFRQVLGHUDomRpFRPRDTXHOHDUUDQMRIDPLOLDUGHYH
VHU OHYDGR HP FRQWD H HYLGHQWHPHQWH R YtQFXOR TXH PDLV VHJXUDQoD MXUtGLFD FRQIHUH jV IDPtOLDV p R
FDVDPHQWRFLYLO$VVLPVHpRFDVDPHQWRFLYLODIRUPDSHODTXDOR(VWDGRPHOKRUSURWHJHDIDPtOLDHVHVmR
P~OWLSORVRVDUUDQMRVIDPLOLDUHVUHFRQKHFLGRVSHOD&)QmRVHUiQHJDGDHVVDYLDDQHQKXPDIDPtOLDTXH
SRUHODRSWDULQGHSHQGHQWHPHQWHGHRULHQWDomRVH[XDOGRVQXEHQWHVXPDYH]TXHDVIDPtOLDVFRQVWLWXtGDVSRU
SDUHVKRPRDIHWLYRVSRVVXHPRVPHVPRVQ~FOHRVD[LROyJLFRVGDTXHODVFRQVWLWXtGDVSRUFDVDLVKHWHURDIHWLYRV
TXDLV VHMDP D GLJQLGDGH GDV SHVVRDV H R DIHWR 3RU FRQVHTXrQFLD R PHVPR UDFLRFtQLR XWLOL]DGR WDQWR SHOR
67-TXDQWRSHOR67)SDUDFRQFHGHUDRVSDUHVKRPRDIHWLYRVRVGLUHLWRVGHFRUUHQWHVGDXQLmRHVWiYHOGHYHVHU
XWLOL]DGR SDUD OKHV SURSRUFLRQDU D YLD GR FDVDPHQWR FLYLO DGHPDLV SRUTXH D &) GHWHUPLQD D IDFLOLWDomR GD
FRQYHUVmRGDXQLmRHVWiYHOHPFDVDPHQWRDUW†ž

52. DIREITO PENAL

2 'LUHLWR 3HQDO p PXLWR VHQVtYHO jV TXHVW}HV VRFLDLV 7XGR RX TXDVH WXGR DFDED QHOH UHSHUFXWLQGR
H[SORVmR GHPRJUiILFD FULVH GH PRUDGLD IDYHOL]DomR SREUH]D DXVrQFLD GH HGXFDomR FRUUXSomR IUDXGH H
DVVLPSRUGLDQWH$IDOWDGHVHJXUDQoDSRUH[HPSORILJXUDHPSULPHLUROXJDUHPWRGDVDVSHVTXLVDV
5HQRPDGRGLUHWRUGH79QR5LRGH-DQHLURDRWHUDVXDFDVDDVVDOWDGDQRGLDDRUDLDUGRVRO
ILFRXMXQWDPHQWHFRPDVXDIDPtOLDHPDLVRLWRDPLJRVSRUPDLVGHGXDVKRUDVVREDPLUDGHUHYyOYHUHVGH
WUrV MRYHQV GURJDGRV $FRVWXPDGR j ILFomR HOH VH YLX GLULJLQGR XPD FHQD GD YLGD UHDO DR SHUVXDGLU RV
EDQGLGRVDWRPiORFRPRHVFXGRQROXJDUGHXPDGDVDPLJDVGHVXDILOKDDRPHVPRWHPSRHPTXHEHUUDYD
SDUDDSROtFLDSDUDUGHDWLUDU
(PUHODWRGUDPiWLFRDRO GloboRUHQRPDGRGLUHWRUGL]WHUFRQVWUXtGRXPDFDVDFRPVDODV
GH HQVDLRV FDPDULQV HVW~GLRV RQGH LQ~PHUDV PRQWDJHQV VHULDP HQVDLDGDV H SURGX]LGDV 0DV DJRUD HUD
REULJDGR D GHOD VDLU YLROHQWDGR WHQGR TXH PXGDU RV VHXV VRQKRV H GH VXD IDPtOLD SRU PRWLYR GH DVVDOWRV
P~OWLSORV³-iQmRpPDLVSRVVtYHOYLYHUQHVWDFLGDGHH[SRVWDDHVVDYHUJRQKRVDYLROrQFLDTXHDWLQJHTXDOTXHU
IDPtOLDRXTXDOTXHUFLGDGmRDTXDOTXHUPRPHQWRGHVXDYLGD(QWUHJRHVVDFDVDDXPVRQKRGHIXWXURDXPD
FLGDGH TXH XP GLD VHUi PDUDYLOKRVD RQGH QmR SUHFLVDUHPRV FRQWLQXDU ILQJLQGR TXH HVWDPRV GRUPLQGR QHP
GHQWURGHXPILOPHVHPILQDOIHOL]´

53. VIOLÊNCIA URBANA E PODER PARALELO

$YLROrQFLDXUEDQDpIDWRS~EOLFRHQRWyULRQDUHDOLGDGHDWLQJLXSDWDPDUHVYHUJRQKRVRVHLQVXSRUWiYHLV
JHUDQGR VHQWLPHQWR GH LQVHJXUDQoD JHQHUDOL]DGR H VHP SUHFHGHQWHV TXH DWLQJH FLGDGmRV PRUDGLDV HVFRODV
KRVSLWDLV H R FRPpUFLR HP JHUDO 1XQFD RV DVVDOWDQWHV DJLUDP FRP WDQWD RXVDGLD H GHVHQYROWXUD FRPR QD
~OWLPDGpFDGD
4XDLVVmRDVFDXVDVGHVVDYLROrQFLDTXHPDSURPRYHTXHHIHLWRVSURGX]"
3HVTXLVDIHLWDSHOR,%23(HPMXQKRGHQRVPXQLFtSLRVGR*UDQGH5LRDSXURXRVHJXLQWHa
GRVPRUDGRUHVDILUPDUDPMiWHUVRIULGRDOJXPDVVDOWRRXWLYHUDPDOJXpPGDIDPtOLDDVVDOWDGRbXPHPFDGD
WUrVUHYHODVHVHQWLULQVHJXURRXPXLWRLQVHJXURGHQWURGDSUySULDFDVDcWrPPHGRGHDVVDOWRQDUXD
HP{QLEXV6REUHRTXHSUHFLVDVHUIHLWRRVUHVXOWDGRVIRUDPRVVHJXLQWHVDXPHQWDURQ~PHURGH
SROLFLDLVPHOKRUDURWUHLQDPHQWRGDSROtFLDDXPHQWDUDUHPXQHUDomRGRVSROLFLDLVVHOHFLRQDU
PHOKRURVSROLFLDLVPXGDUWRGDDSROtFLDJHUDomRGHHPSUHJRVLQYHVWLPHQWRHPHGXFDomR
FULDomRGHSURJUDPDVVRFLDLVLQYHVWLUPDLVQRVRFLDOO Globo
2VUHVXOWDGRVGHVVDSHVTXLVDQmRVXUSUHHQGHPDSHQDVFRQILUPDPRTXHWRGRPXQGRMiVDELD3ULPHLUR
D FULVH GH LQVHJXUDQoD p JHUDO DWLQJLQGR SREUHV H ULFRV DGXOWRV H FULDQoDV WUDEDOKDGRUHV H GRQDV GH FDVD
6HJXQGR D FDXVD GHVVD YLROrQFLD XUEDQD QmR p D PLVpULD D IRPH D SREUH]D D IDOWD GH PRUDGLD RX GH
LQYHVWLPHQWR QD HGXFDomR PDV VLP D RPLVVmR GR (VWDGR 8QLmR (VWDGRV H 0XQLFtSLRV QD VHOHomR
WUHLQDPHQWRUHPXQHUDomRGRVSROLFLDLVHDXPHQWRGRVVHXVHIHWLYRV
,VVRTXHRSRYRVDEHHGHQXQFLDKiPXLWRVDQRVVyDJRUDWHPVLGRDGPLWLGRSHODVQRVVDVDXWRULGDGHV2
*RYHUQDGRU GH 6mR 3DXOR *HUDOGR $OFNPLQ GHFODURX HP HQWUHYLVWD ³$ SROtWLFD GH FRPEDWH j YLROrQFLD QR
%UDVLOQmRGiUHVXOWDGRVFRQFUHWRVSRUTXHIDOWDDRJRYHUQRIHGHUDOWUDWDURDVVXQWRFRPRSULRULGDGHRTXHQmR
HVWiDFRQWHFHQGRFRPRJRYHUQRDWXDO(SULRULGDGHpUHFXUVRVHQmRpVyERDLQWHQomR$JUDQGHFRQWULEXLomR
TXHVHSRGHULDGDUSDUDUHVROYHUDLQVHJXUDQoDQDVFLGDGHVpGLVSRQLELOL]DUUHFXUVRVSDUDDPHOKRULDGDiUHDGH
WHFQRORJLDGDSROtFLDTXHKRMHQmRIXQFLRQD´O Globo
$HQWUHYLVWDGR*RYHUQDGRUGH6mR3DXORPHUHFHDSHQDVXPUHSDUR$IDOWDGHSULRULGDGHQmRpDSHQDV
GRJRYHUQRDWXDOPDVWDPEpPGHYiULRVDQWHULRUHVHHQYROYHWDPEpPRVJRYHUQRVHVWDGXDLVHPXQLFLSDLV
(P MXQKR GH  DSyV WHU R 5LR GH -DQHLUR SDVVDGR SRU TXHLPD GH {QLEXV UDMDGDV GH PHWUDOKDGRUDV
HP SUpGLRV S~EOLFRV LQWHUGLomR GD $YHQLGD %UDVLO H /LQKD 9HUPHOKD SRU EDQGLGRV R HQWmR 3UHVLGHQWH GD
5HS~EOLFDDTXLHVWHYHHDILUPRXQDDEHUWXUDGD,96HPDQD1DFLRQDO$QWLGURJDV³2(VWDGRWHPTXHUHFXSHUDU
RVHVSDoRVHYHQWXDOPHQWHSHUGLGRVSDUDRFULPHRUJDQL]DGRXPDVLWXDomRFRPRDDWXDOQDVIDYHODVGR5LRD
SRQWR GH OHYDU XP PHPEUR GR -XGLFLiULR D GHFODUDU TXH DOL R HVWDGR QmR H[LVWH Mi p GHJUDGDomR DQRPLD
DXVrQFLDGHOHLVTXDQGRR(VWDGRQmRH[LVWHpSUHFLVRUHSRUSRUTXHVHQmRQmRKiFLGDGDQLD+iRDUEtWULR´
O Globo
$SyVWmRILUPHSURQXQFLDPHQWRHUDGHVHHVSHUDUPHGLGDVJRYHUQDPHQWDLVIRUWHVHHPHUJHQFLDLVPDV
OHGRHQJDQR³WXGRFRQWLQXRXFRPRGDQWHVQRTXDUWHOGH$EUDQWHV´
2 FRPEDWH j YLROrQFLD XUEDQD QmR GHSHQGH GH PHGLGDV VRFLDLV FRQIRUPH GHPRQVWURX D SHVTXLVD GR
,%23( SRUTXH HOD QmR p SURPRYLGD SHORV SREUHV GHVHPSUHJDGRV PXLWR PHQRV SHORV IDYHODGRV 1R
FRPDQGR GHOD HVWi R FULPH RUJDQL]DGR TXDGULOKDV GH WUDILFDQWHV GH Wy[LFRV H DUPDV TXH QD DXVrQFLD GR
HVWDGRRFXSDUDPRVHVSDoRVGHL[DGRVHIRUPDUDPYHUGDGHLURpoder paralelo.(DRUJDQL]DomRpWmRIRUWHTXH
DUHDOLGDGHGHPRQVWURXTXHDOJXQVchefõesFRQWLQXDPQRFRPDQGRPHVPRGHSRLVGHSUHVRV
&RPR VXUJLX HVVH SRGHU SDUDOHOR H FRPR DWXD" $V VXDV UDt]HV VmR VyOLGDV H SURIXQGDV QD UHDOLGDGH
DVVXVWDGRUDVFRQIRUPHUHODWRGR6HQDGRU5REHUWR6DWXUQLQR%UDJDHPDUWLJRQRO Globo)D]SHORPHQRV
DQRV ± XP TXDUWR GH VpFXOR ± TXH SUHGRPLQRX QD SROtFLD GR 5LR R SUDJPDWLVPR GRV ³UHDOLVWDV´ &RP XPD
SROtFLD GH SRXFRV UHFXUVRV GH EDL[R HIHWLYR H VHP HTXLSDPHQWR DGHTXDGR YDOHULD PDLV HP WHUPRV GH
UHVXOWDGRVSUiWLFRVID]HUXPDFRUGRFRPRWUiILFRGHGURJDVHFRQFHQWUDUDDWHQomRHDVIRUoDVQRFRPEDWHj
FULPLQDOLGDGHFRPXP
$VVLPGHOLPLWDUDPVHGRLVWHUULWyULRVGHDomRHSRSXODomRGLVWLQWRVR³PRUUR´GRWUiILFRHGRSRYmRHR
³DVIDOWR´ RQGH YLYH D SRSXODomR TXH PHUHFLD VHU SURWHJLGD SHOD SROtFLD (VVD GLYLVmR IDFLOLWDYD PXLWR R
FXPSULPHQWRGDFOiXVXODIXQGDPHQWDO±³QyVQmRVXELPRVOiHYRFrVQmRGHVFHPFi´$OpPGLVVRSURVVHJXH
R 6HQDGRU HP VHX UHODWR FRP R DFRUGR D SROtFLD REWLQKD D FRODERUDomR GR WUiILFR QD SUHVHUYDomR GD SD] QR
DVIDOWRHVSHFLDOPHQWHQDVLPHGLDo}HVGRPRUURRQGHRWUiILFRHUDULJRURVRQDFRQWHQomRGRFULPH2DFRUGR
HYLWDYD WDPEpP LQFXUV}HV GD SROtFLD QR PRUUR TXH IUHTXHQWHPHQWH WHUPLQDYDP HP DEXVR H YLROrQFLD
PDQFKDQGR D LPDJHP GR JRYHUQR H WLUDQGR YRWRV GR HOHLWRUDGR TXH HUD FUHVFHQWH QR PRUUR ,VVR WXGR DLQGD
JDUDQWLDERQVUHQGLPHQWRVSDUDDSROtFLDTXHVHPSUHSDUWLFLSRXGRVUHVXOWDGRVILQDQFHLURVGHXPDDWLYLGDGH
H[WUHPDPHQWHOXFUDWLYD
(UD XP DFHUWR LQIRUPDO VHPHOKDQWH DR TXH KRXYH WDPEpP FRP R MRJR GR ELFKR ( HP DPERV RV FDVRV
KDYLDXPDUDFLRQDOLGDGHRMRJRGRELFKRQmRFKHJDYDDVHUFULPHHUDXPDFRQWUDYHQomRTXHQDYHUGDGHQmR
ID]LD PDO D QLQJXpP HUD D ORWHULD GRV SREUHV WDQWR TXH PXLWD JHQWH FRP ERDV UD]}HV UHFRPHQGDYD VXD
OHJDOL]DomR+RXYHDWpXPJRYHUQDGRUTXHFKHJRXDLQVWLWXFLRQDOL]DUR³ELFKR´PHVPRFRQWUDDOHLREWHQGR
GHOH VHPLRILFLDOPHQWH FRQWULEXLo}HV SDUD HQWLGDGHV ILODQWUySLFDV 2 WUiILFR QmR HUD WmR LQRFHQWH TXDQWR R
ELFKR PDV SRGLD WHU D VXD QRFLYLGDGH OLPLWDGD DR WHUULWyULR GR PRUUR H j SHTXHQD SDUWH GD VRFLHGDGH GR
DVIDOWRTXHTXHULDFRQVXPLUGURJDVHEHPSRGLDWHUHVVDOLEHUGDGHWROHUDGD
2 DFRUGR IXQFLRQRX GXUDQWH GpFDGDV ( R UHVXOWDGR IRL FRQVLGHUDGR UD]RiYHO SHODV DXWRULGDGHV
UHVSRQViYHLVHSHODPpGLDGDRSLQLmRGDFLGDGHTXHVySDVVRXDVHSUHRFXSDUFRPDTXHVWmRTXDQGRRFHQiULR
IRL PXGDQGR GH ILJXUD 2 WUiILFR FUHVFHX H JDQKRX status GH QHJyFLR VXVFLWDQGR GLVSXWDV DUPDGDV JXHUUDV
SDUWLFXODUHV GH JDQJXHV SHOR FRQWUROH GRV SRQWRV GH PDLRU OXFUDWLYLGDGH H LQYHVWLPHQWRV PXLWR PDLRUHV HP
DUPDPHQWRVHILFD]HVSDUDVXVWHQWDUHVVDJXHUUD3RUPXLWDVYH]HVRWUiILFRSURPRYHXDo}HVQR³DVIDOWR´SDUD
DUUDQMDU GLQKHLUR HP PRPHQWRV GLItFHLV OLJDQGRR D JUXSRV GH VHTXHVWUR H GH DVVDOWR H[LJLX XP FRPDQGR
PDLV VHYHUR GRV WUDILFDQWHV VREUH D FRPXQLGDGH GR ³PRUUR´ SDUD HYLWDU GHVOHDOGDGHV GHQWUR GRV JUXSRV
SURPRYHX DWRV GH FUXHOGDGH TXH FKRFDYDP DV SRSXODo}HV GR ³PRUUR´ H GR ³DVIDOWR´ ( SURGX]LX FKRTXHV H
HSLVyGLRV IUHTXHQWHV GH HQIUHQWDPHQWR FRP D SROtFLD Mi TXDVH FRPSOHWDPHQWH HQYROYLGD QD SDUWLFLSDomR GRV
OXFURVHFDGDYH]PDLViYLGDGHJDQKRVQDTXHOHQHJyFLRTXHFUHVFLDLQFRQWURODYHOPHQWH
&RQFOXL R 6HQDGRU 6XUJLX HQWmR QD FLGDGH R FUHVFHQWH JULWR GH ³EDVWD´ 0DV HUD WDUGH R SRGHULR GR
WUiILFR WLQKD DXPHQWDGR PXLWR DOpP GR LPDJLQDGR PXLWR PDLV TXH R GD SROtFLD H VH FRQVWLWXLX XP LQLPLJR
FXMR HQIUHQWDPHQWR HUD FDGD YH] PDLV GLItFLO H GHVJDVWDQWH SDUD D SROtFLD (VWD VHP UHFXUVRV SHUGLD XPD
JUDQGH TXDQWLGDGH GH KRPHQV H VH GHVPRUDOL]DYD QXPD JXHUUD TXH QmR WLQKD UHVSDOGR HIHWLYR H GHFLGLGR GD
F~SXODGLULJHQWHRQGHRVSUDJPiWLFRVFRQWLQXDYDPGDQGRDVRUGHQVQDOLQKDGRDFRUGRTXHVHGHWHULRUDYD
&RQVHTXHQWHPHQWHHVVHpoder paralelopPDLVIRUWHGRTXHDGPLWHPDVDXWRULGDGHVSROLFLDLVQmRVHQGR
VXILFLHQWH SDUD HQIUHQWiOR D PHUD ³FULDomR GH XP *DELQHWH GH *HVWmR ,QWHJUDGD GR 6XGHVWH H R PDSHDPHQWR
GDVTXDGULOKDVTXHDWXDPQRVPRUURV´FRQIRUPHDQXQFLDGRSHORHQWmR6HFUHWiULR1DFLRQDOGH6HJXUDQoDO
Globo(VVHPDSHDPHQWRMipFRQKHFLGRGDSRSXODomRKiPXLWRVDQRV(PGHDEULOGH
O GloboSXEOLFRXDUHODomRGDViUHDVPDLVDIHWDGDVSHORSRGHUSDUDOHOR(PEDLUURVGR5LRRVWUDILFDQWHV
HVFROKHP GLD H KRUD SDUD IHFKDU HVFRODV DWp XQLYHUVLGDGHV SRVWRV GH VD~GH HVWDEHOHFLPHQWRV FRPHUFLDLV H
LQGXVWULDLV1LQJXpPSRGHVXELURPRUURRXSHQHWUDUHPFHUWDVIDYHODVVHPDXWRUL]DomRGRVchefõesGREDQGR
2MRUQDOLVWD7LP/RSHVSRUGHVFXPSULUHVVDUHJUDIRLWRUWXUDGRHPRUWR$WpRVDOYRFRQGXWRSDUDRV{QLEXV
FLUFXODUHPpGDGRSHORWUiILFRTXHFULRXVXDViUHDVGHH[FOXVmR$SUySULD-XVWLoDILFDLPSHGLGDGHFKHJDUD
FHUWRVOXJDUHV(PGHMXQKRGHFRPRUHODWRUGHXPDDomRUHVFLVyULDHPFXUVRQRÏUJmR(VSHFLDOGR
7ULEXQDOGH-XVWLoDGR5LRGH-DQHLURDVVLQHLXPPDQGDGRGHFLWDomRGHXPGRVUpXVGDUHIHULGDDomR'LDV
GHSRLV R 2ILFLDO GH -XVWLoD TXH GHYHULD FXPSULU R PDQGDGR ODYURX D VHJXLQWH FHUWLGmR ³&HUWLILFR TXH HP
FXPSULPHQWR DR PDQGDGR retro GLULJLPH j (VWUDGD -RVp 5XFDV SDUWH RQGH IXL RULHQWDGR SRU PRUDGRUHV
SDUD QmR SURVVHJXLU D SDUWLU GR Q  GD UHIHULGD HVWUDGD SRLV R Q  HVWi VLWXDGR QR &RPSOH[R GR
$OHPmR 9LOD &UX]HLUR ORFDO GH IUHTXHQWHV DVVDOWRV H DERUGDJHQV YLROHQWDV GH EDQGLGRV VHQGR DLQGD
FRQVLGHUDGR SHODV DXWRULGDGHV SROLFLDLV iUHD GH ULVFR onde  nem  mesmo  a  polícia  entra  sem  que  haja
confronto.6HQGRDVVLPGHYROYRRPDQGDGRSDUDTXH9([DGHWHUPLQHRTXHIRUGHGLUHLWR´9HMDPDTXH
VLWXDomRFKHJDPRV
'H DFRUGR FRP R ,QVWLWXWR )HFRPpUFLR R 5LR SHUGHX QR SHUtRGR GH RXWXEUR GH  D VHWHPEUR GH
  ORMDV EDLUURV LQWHLURV HVWmR VHQGR HVYD]LDGRV FRP D VDtGD GH LQG~VWULDV H HVWDEHOHFLPHQWRV
FRPHUFLDLVSRUFDXVDGDYLROrQFLDHGDGHJUDGDomRXUEDQD
/HYDQWDPHQWR IHLWR SHOD &RPLVVmR &RQWUD D 9LROrQFLD H D ,PSXQLGDGH GD $VVHPEOHLD /HJLVODWLYD GR
(VWDGR GR 5LR IH] FRQVWDWDo}HV DODUPDQWHV (QWUH  H  R WUiILFR H[HFXWRX FHUFD GH FHP OtGHUHV
FRPXQLWiULRV RXWURV WUH]HQWRV GLUHWRUHV GH DVVRFLDo}HV WLYHUDP TXH DEDQGRQDU DV IDYHODV SDUD QmR VHUHP
PRUWRVPDLVGHTXDWURFHQWRVGLULJHQWHVGHHQWLGDGHVVHDVVRFLDUDPDEDQGLGRVO Globo7DOp
D IRUoD GHVVH SRGHU SDUDOHOR TXH RV PRUDGRUHV GDV IDYHODV RQGH HOH DWXD ID]HP PDQLIHVWDomR FRQWUD D DomR
SROLFLDO VHPSUH TXH XP WUDILFDQWH p PRUWR 6HLV {QLEXV IRUDP LQFHQGLDGRV SHORV PRUDGRUHV GD )DYHOD 9LOD
&UX]HLURQD3HQKDRQGHIRLWRUWXUDGRHPRUWRRMRUQDOLVWD7LP/RSHVUHYROWDGRVFRPSROLFLDLVGRž%30
2ODULDDFXVDGRVGHPDWDUGRLVWUDILFDQWHVO Globo
3DUD R VRFLyORJR *HUDOGR 7DGHX GD 8(5- TXH HVWXGD D UHODomR GR WUiILFR FRP DV FRPXQLGDGHV R
HQYROYLPHQWR GH OtGHUHV FRPXQLWiULRV FRP WUDILFDQWHV SDVVRX D VHU UHJUD (OH H[SOLFD TXH FRP R WHPSR
RFRUUHXXPSURFHVVRGHVXERUGLQDomRGHVVDVDVVRFLDo}HVDSDUWLUGRFUHVFLPHQWRH[DFHUEDGRGRWUiILFRFRPR
SRGHUPLOLWDUHHFRQ{PLFRQRkPELWRGHVVDVFRPXQLGDGHV
2 VRFLyORJR MXVWLILFD DLQGD D LQIOXrQFLD GR WUiILFR QDV FRPXQLGDGHV DOHJDQGR TXH R SRGHU S~EOLFR
OLPLWRXDVXDSUHVHQoDQDVIDYHODVjUHSUHVVmR2VWUDILFDQWHVRFXSDUDPHVVHVHVSDoRV(OHVWrPXPVLVWHPD
SUHYLGHQFLiULR SDUDOHOR GmR GLQKHLUR FHVWDV EiVLFDV 7rP WDPEpP XP VLVWHPD WULEXWiULR SDUDOHOR H FREUDP
LPSRVWRV GRV FRPHUFLDQWHV 7rP DLQGD XP VLVWHPD GH VHJXUDQoD FRPSOH[R FRP JHUHQWHV ³YDSRUHV´ H
³VROGDGRV´1DVIDYHODVKiLJUHMDVDVVRFLDo}HVH21*VPDVRWUiILFRWHPPDLVHVWUXWXUDeRJUDQGHSRGHU
SDUDOHOR
3DUD *HUDOGR 7DGHX DV FRPXQLGDGHV QmR WrP FRPR UHDJLU VHP XPD LQWHUYHQomR GR 3RGHU 3~EOLFR 2
VRFLyORJRGHIHQGHFRPDEVROXWDSURSULHGDGHTXHR(VWDGRDGRWHDo}HVHVWUDWpJLFDVGHPpGLRHORQJRSUD]RV
O Globo

53.1. As mílicias

4XDQGR SDUHFLD TXH KDYtDPRV FKHJDGR DR ILQDO GD OLQKD TXH QmR KDYLD PDLV FRPR SLRUDU VXUJLUDP DV
Milícias $SURYHLWDQGRVH GD RPLVVmR GR (VWDGR YHUGDGHLUD DXVrQFLD JUXSRV GH SROLFLDLV H H[ SROLFLDLV
PLOLWDUHV ERPEHLURV YLJLODQWHV DJHQWHV SHQLWHQFLiULRV PXLWRV GHOHV PRUDGRUHV GDV FRPXQLGDGHV VH
RUJDQL]DUDP SDUD LQLFLDOPHQWH RIHUHFHU SURWHomR j SRSXODomR ([SXOVDUDP RV WUDILFDQWHV GH GURJDV H
VHJXLQGRPpWRGRVVHPHOKDQWHVDRVGDPiILDLWDOLDQDFRPHoDUDPDFREUDUSHODSURWHomRPDVjPHGLGDTXHVH
H[SDQGLUDPSDVVDUDPWDPEpPDDWXDUQDFREUDQoDGHWD[DVVREUHDYHQGDGHLPyYHLVDJLRWDJHQVHH[SORUDomR
GHFHQWUDLVFODQGHVWLQDVGH79DFDERFRQKHFLGDVFRPR79DJDWR
2VXUJLPHQWRGDVPLOtFLDVHPiUHDVDQWHVGRPLQDGDVSHORWUiILFRIRLUHYHODGRSHORO GloboHPDEULOGH
 ¬ pSRFD UHODWyULRV GD 6HFUHWDULD GH 6HJXUDQoD LQGLFDYDP D SUHVHQoD GHVVHV JUXSRV HP  IDYHODV QR
5LR 9LQWH PHVHV GHSRLV R Q~PHUR GH iUHDV GRPLQDGDV SHORV SDUDPLOLWDUHV VDOWRX SDUD  $ H[SDQVmR GRV
SDUDPLOLWDUHVFRQWLQXRXDFHOHUDGDRTXHSRGHVHUFRPSURYDGDSHORUHODWyULRGD&3,'DV0LOtFLDVLQVWDODGDQD
$VVHPEOHLD /HJLVODWLYD GR 5LR GH -DQHLUR $/(5- (P PDUoR GH  DV PLOtFLDV Mi DWXDYDP HP 
FRPXQLGDGHV Vy QD FDSLWDO GR 5LR RX VHMD  GDV  IDYHODV GD FLGDGH $ ]RQD RHVWH GR 5LR &DPSR
*UDQGH6DQWD&UX]HWFFRQFHQWUDGHVVHWLSRGHOLJDo}HVFODQGHVWLQDVVHQGRDFREUDQoDGHSHGiJLRGH
FRRSHUDWLYDVGHWUDQVSRUWHDOWHUQDWLYRDVXDSULQFLSDOEDVHGHVXVWHQWDomRILQDQFHLUD2VPLOLFLDQRVWDPEpPMi
HVWHQGHUDPVXDVDWLYLGDGHVDPXQLFtSLRVGD%DL[DGD)OXPLQHQVH&D[LDV1RYD,JXDoXEHPFRPRD1LWHUyL
6mR*RQoDORHRXWURVPXQLFtSLRVGRLQWHULRUGR(VWDGRGR5LR
1XP SULPHLUR PRPHQWR HOHV VH DSUHVHQWDP FRPR SURWHWRUHV GD SRSXODomR FREUDP SDUD JDUDQWLU D
VHJXUDQoD JDQKDQGR D VLPSDWLD GRV PRUDGRUHV $SyV GHPDUFDU R WHUULWyULR SDVVDP D LQIOXLU HP RXWURV
VHJXLPHQWRVPDQWHQGRDVFRPXQLGDGHVQXPDHVSpFLHGHFDPLVDGHIRUoD

53.2. Unidades de Polícia Pacificadora – UPPs

)LQDOPHQWH R JRYHUQR GR (VWDGR GR 5LR GH -DQHLUR UHVROYHX HQIUHQWDU R SUREOHPD H UHFRQTXLVWDU R
HVSDoRSHUGLGRQRVOXJDUHVGRPLQDGRVSRUWUDILFDQWHVRXPLOLFLDQRV
&RQYHQFLGRGHTXHGHQDGDDGLDQWDID]HULQFXUV}HVPLOLWDUHVYLROHQWDVHVDQJUHQWDVQRVPRUURVSUHQGHU
H PDWDU DOJXQV WUDILFDQWHV DSUHHQGHU DUPDV H GURJDV H GHSRLV VH UHWLUDU GHL[DQGR QRYDPHQWH D SRSXODomR
HQWUHJXHDRGRPtQLRGRpoder paraleloR*RYHUQDGRU6HUJLR&DEUDO)LOKRFRQFHEHXHYHPH[HFXWDQGRXP
SODQR HVWUDWpJLFR TXH VH UHYHORX DOWDPHQWH HILFLHQWH $ SDUWLU GH XP 0RGHOR GH *HVWmR FULDGR FRP EDVH HP
HVWXGRV GR ,QVWLWXWR 1DFLRQDO GH 'HVHQYROYLPHQWR GH *HVWmR ,1'* D 6XEVHFUHWDULD GH ,QWHOLJrQFLD
GHVHQYROYHXXPSODQRGHPHWDVGHUHGXomRGDYLROrQFLDHGDFULPLQDOLGDGHQR5LRGH-DQHLURTXHWHPFRPR
FDUURFKHIHDV8QLGDGHVGH3ROtFLD3DFLILFDGRUD833V
$ HTXLSH GD 6HFUHWDULD GH 6HJXUDQoD FKHILDGD SHOR GHVWHPLGR VHFUHWiULR -RVp 0DULDQR %HOWUDPH DSyV
UHFRQTXLVWDU GHWHUPLQDGR HVSDoR PRUURV IDYHODV HWF H[SXOVDQGR RV WUDILFDQWHV RX PLOLFLDQRV R TXH jV
YH]HV p IHLWR FRP LQWHQVD OXWD DUPDGD LQVWDOD QR ORFDO XPD 8QLGDGH GH 3ROtFLD 3DFLILFDGRUD LQWHJUDGD SRU
SROLFLDLV PLOLWDUHV HVSHFLDOPHQWH HVFROKLGRV H WUHLQDGRV TXH DVVXPH R FRQWUROH SHUPDQHQWH GD VHJXUDQoD GD
SRSXODomR(PVtQWHVHDV833VVmRR(VWDGRGHYROWDDRVPRUURVHIDYHODVTXHKiPXLWRWLQKDPVLGRSRUHOH
DEDQGRQDGRV
2 DQR GH  WHUPLQRX FRP XP VDOGR DOWDPHQWH SRVLWLYR H SURPLVVRU -i IRUDP LQVWDODGDV VHLV 833V
&LGDGHGH'HXV±PLOPRUDGRUHVHSROLFLDLV%DWDQ±PLOPRUDGRUHVHSROLFLDLVPRUUR'RQD
0DUWD QR %RWDIRJR ±  PLO PRUDGRUHV H  SROLFLDLV &KDSpX GD 0DQJXHLUD H %DELO{QLD QR /HPH ±  PLO
PRUDGRUHV H  SROLFLDLV 7DEDMDUDV H &DEULWRV ±  PRUDGRUHV H  SROLFLDLV 3DYmR3DYmR]LQKR HP
,SDQHPD ±  PRUDGRUHV H  SROLFLDLV RXWUDV HVWmR SURJUDPDGDV SDUD  EHQHILFLDQGR D 7LMXFD
5RFLQKD9LGLJDO&RPSOH[RGR$OHPmRHWFeDSD]VRFLDOTXHFRPHoDDVHUUHFRQTXLVWDGD
6RE R WtWXOR ³2 5HYHLOORQ GD 3DFLILFDomR´ D PtGLD SURFODPRX TXH SHOD SULPHLUD YH] FRP VHXV PRUURV
SDFLILFDGRV SHOD SROtFLD H OLYUHV GR WHUURU LPSRVWR SRU WUDILFDQWHV GH GURJDV &RSDFDEDQD WHYH XP UpYHLOORQ
QRWDGH]&RPTXHLPDGHIRJRVDSODXGLGDSHODPXOWLGmRGHPLOK}HVGHSHVVRDVDVIDOWRHPRUURFHOHEUDUDP
HPSD]DFKHJDGDGHO Globo

53.3. O Alemão era o coração do mal

2SODQRGHPHWDVGHUHGXomRGDYLROrQFLDHGDFULPLQDOLGDGHQR5LRGH-DQHLURSURVVHJXLXFRPJUDQGH
VXFHVVR QRV DQRV GH  H  2 GLD  GH QRYHPEUR GH  PDUFRX D UHWRPDGD GR &RPSOH[R GR
$OHPmR³RFRUDomRGRPDO´QDGHILQLomRGRVHFUHWiULRGHVHJXUDQoDS~EOLFD-RVp0DULDQR%HOWUDPH
'HSRLVGHPDLVGHDQRVGHGRPtQLRGRWUiILFRRPDLRUFRQMXQWRGHIDYHODVGR5LR±IDYHODVTXH
WDQJHQFLDP FLQFR JUDQGHV EDLUURV GR VXE~UELR FDULRFD ± IRL UHWRPDGR GRV WUDILFDQWHV GHYROYHQGR D
WUDQTXLOLGDGHDPDLVGHPLOPRUDGRUHV1XPDYHUGDGHLUDRSHUDomRGHJXHUUDDJHQWHVGDSROtFLDFRP
WURSDVGDV)RUoDV$UPDGDVWDQTXHVHKHOLFySWHURVEOLQGDGRVLQYDGLUDPHRFXSDUDPR&RPSOH[RGR$OHPmR
HPSRXFRPDLVGHXPDKRUDRSHUDomRDFRPSDQKDGDSHODWHOHYLVmRSRUWRGRRSDtV
2 SUHIHLWR (GXDUGR 3DHV DQXQFLRX D HODERUDomR GH XP SODQR GH DomR FRP VHUYLoRV GD SUHIHLWXUD SDUD D
iUHDLQFOXLQGRHVFRODVFUHFKHVHFOtQLFDVGHIDPtOLD+RMHROXJDURQGHQHPD-XVWLoDWLQKDDFHVVRWRUQRXVH
SRQWRWXUtVWLFRQRTXDOH[LVWHXPWHOHIpULFRFRPEHODYLVWD
$UHWRPDGDGD5RFLQKDXPDGDVPDLVIDPRVDVIDYHODVGR%UDVLOIRLDRXWUDJUDQGHYLWyULDGRSODQRGH
PHWDVGHUHGXomRGDYLROrQFLDHGDFULPLQDOLGDGH2FRUUHXQDPDGUXJDGDGHGHQRYHPEURGHVHPR
GLVSDURGHXPVyWLUROLEHUWDQGRXPDFRPXQLGDGHTXHGXUDQWHDQRVHVWHYHVRERGRPtQLRGRVWUDILFDQWHV
5HVXOWRXQDSULVmRGHWUDILFDQWHV±HQWUHHOHVR1HPHRXWURVFKHIHVGDTXDGULOKD±HQDDSUHHQVmRGHXP
YHUGDGHLUR DUVHQDO GH IX]LV JUDQDGDV ERPEDV DUWHVDQDLV H PDLV GH  PLO EDODV GH GLYHUVRV FDOLEUHV R TXH
EHPGHPRQVWUDTXHH[LVWLDDOLXPSHTXHQRH[pUFLWR5HSUHVHQWRXDLQGDDOLEHUGDGHGHLUHYLUSDUDFHUFDGH
PLOSHVVRDV

53.4. As UPPs são apenas o primeiro passo

3HVTXLVD UHDOL]DGD HP DJRVWR GH  SHOR ,QVWLWXWR (QGHDYRU %UDVLO GD 8QLYHUVLGDGH *HRUJH
:DVKLQJWRQ 86$ HP  FRPXQLGDGHV EHQHILFLDGDV SHOR SURJUDPD GH 8QLGDGHV GH 3ROtFLD 3DFLILFDGRUD
833VUHYHODTXHGRVHQWUHYLVWDGRVDFKDPTXHRHQYROYLPHQWRGH30VFRPFRUUXSomRQmRH[LVWHRX
pPXLWRSHTXHQRHTXHRVSROLFLDLVVmREHPSUHSDUDGRV
$ SHVTXLVD UHYHORX DLQGD TXH D SDFLILFDomR PH[HX FRP D YLGD GHOHV  GL]HP VHU IHOL]HV RX PXLWR
IHOL]HVHDFUHGLWDPTXHpLPSRUWDQWHYLYHUHPVHJXUDQoDO Globo
1mR Ki G~YLGDV SRUWDQWR GH TXH DV FRPXQLGDGHV SDFLILFDGDV HVWmR UHDSUHQGHQGR D UHVSHLWDU R SRGHU
SROLFLDO H R SROLFLDO HVWi UHDSUHQGHQGR D UHVSHLWDU R PRUDGRU GH FRPXQLGDGH )RUDP DQRV GH DEDQGRQR GR
SRGHU S~EOLFR RV MRYHQV QDVFHUDP FRQKHFHQGR D SROtFLD FRUUXSWD YLROHQWD DJUHVVLYD TXH HQWUDYD QD IDYHOD
DWLUDQGRVHPVDEHUTXHPLULDDWLQJLU3DUDPXLWRVGHOHVpHVWUDQKRDJRUDFUX]DUFRPXPSROLFLDOQREHFRH
GDUERPGLD
(VVH H RXWURV DVSHFWRV OHYDUDP R VHFUHWiULR %HOWUDPH D UHFRQKHFHU TXH DV 833V QmR VmR VROXomR
GHILQLWLYDSDUDRVSUREOHPDVGHVHJXUDQoDGR5LRPDVDSHQDVRSULPHLURSDVVR
 (P KRPHQDJHP TXH OKH IRL SUHVWDGD SHOD 3DVWRUDO GR 0HQRU QD ~OWLPD VHPDQD GH PDLR GH 
%HOWUDPH OHX XP WH[WR TXH FODVVLILFRX FRPR XP ³UHFDGR´ j VRFLHGDGH ³2 JRYHUQR IH] VHX GHYHU GH FDVD
(QWUHJRX WRGDV DV 833V SURPHWLGDV +RMH  GRV FDULRFDV PRUDP DR ODGR GH XPD GHODV Mas  reduzir  o
debate da violência a uma resposta da polícia será sempre insuficiente.2VLVWHPDGHVHJXUDQoDQmRpD
SROtFLD DSHQDV &ODUR TXH HOD WHP VXDV REULJDo}HV PDV QmR DSHQDV HOD 1mR WHPRV R KiELWR GH GLYLGLU
UHVSRQVDELOLGDGHV 2 YtFLR p UHSDVVDU D FXOSD H YLUDU DV FRVWDV $FKR TXH D 833 DFHQGHX XPD HVSHUDQoD H
DEULXRVROKRVGDVSHVVRDVPDVHODQmRpDVROXomRVR]LQKD´
&DEH DJRUD DR (VWDGR WDPEpP VH ID]HU SUHVHQWH FRP VHUYLoRV HVVHQFLDLV FRPR VD~GH HGXFDomR iJXD
VDQHDPHQWRFROHWDGHOL[RHLOXPLQDomRS~EOLFDVHUYLoRVS~EOLFRVTXHKiGpFDGDVQmRFKHJDPDRVPRUURV
'HIDWRpIXQGDPHQWDOTXHRSRGHUS~EOLFRWHQKDXPDSROtWLFDTXHDVVHJXUHDUHWRPDGDGHILQLWLYDSDUDD
FLGDGDQLD GDV FRPXQLGDGHV DQWHV VXEMXJDGDV SHOR FULPH TXH R (VWDGR VH IDoD SUHVHQWH FRP SURJUDPDV
SHUHQHVGHLQFOXVmRVRFLDOHQmRDSHQDVFRPRVHXEUDoRFRHUFLWLYR
'HLPHGLDWRpSUHFLVRVRFRUUHURVMRYHQVTXHGHL[DUDPRWUiILFRFHUFDGHTXHFRPS}HPDFKDPDGD
³JHUDomRGROLPER´FXMDPDLRULDHQFRQWUDJUDQGHVGLILFXOGDGHVSDUDDUHLQWHJUDomRQDVRFLHGDGH$6HFUHWDULD
(VWDGXDO GH $VVLVWrQFLD 6RFLDO DQXQFLRX HP ERD KRUD XP SURJUDPD GH WXWRULD H DFRPSDQKDPHQWR GHVVHV
MRYHQVQRTXDOVHUmRLQYHVWLGRV5PLOK}HVVHQGR5PLOK}HVGR%DQFR0XQGLDOH5PLOK}HV
GRJRYHUQRHVWDGXDO
&RQFOXLVH GR H[SRVWR TXH D YLROrQFLD XUEDQD QmR p XPD FRQVHTXrQFLD GD SREUH]D PLVpULD RX IDOWD GH
LQVWUXomRWmRSRXFRGHFRUUHGDIDOWDGHOHLVRXGDDWXDomRGR-XGLFLiULReDomRGLUHWDGHXPSRGHUSDUDOHOR
TXH QDVFHX H FUHVFHX FRP D WROHUkQFLD SHOR PHQRV RPLVVmR GR 3RGHU 3~EOLFR 1mR p SRVVtYHO FRPEDWrOR
FRPPHGLGDVSDOLDWLYDVHGHPDJyJLFDVFRPRDVTXHYLQKDPVHQGRWRPDGDVeSUHFLVRGLVSRVLomRSROtWLFDGDV
WUrVHVIHUDVGHSRGHU±IHGHUDOHVWDGXDOHPXQLFLSDO&RPEDWHUDYLROrQFLDXUEDQDGHIRUPDSRQWXDOHLVRODGD
p R PHVPR TXH WHQWDU PDWDU D iUYRUH Vy DUUDQFDQGR DV IROKDV 'URJDV QmR QDVFHP QRV PRUURV QHP VmR DOL
LQGXVWULDOL]DGDV DUPDV QmR VmR IDEULFDGDV SRU IDYHODGRV QHP SRU FULDQoDV GHVQXWULGDV H VHP HVFROD 7XGR
YHP GH IRUD DWp PHVPR GR SDtV GH VRUWH TXH VHP XPD DomR LQWHJUDGD GD 8QLmR (VWDGRV H 0XQLFtSLRV
SODQHMDGD H GXUDGRXUD QmR KDYHUi UHFRQTXLVWD GRV HVSDoRV SHUGLGRV PXLWR PHQRV GD VHJXUDQoD TXH WRGRV
DOPHMDPRV

54. CRIMINALIDADE DE COLARINHO-BRANCO (WHITE COLLAR CRIME)

7UDWDVH GH XPD FDWHJRULD QmR FRQYHQFLRQDO GH FULPHV H FULPLQRVRV (OD VH GLVWLQJXH GD FULPLQDOLGDGH
FRQYHQFLRQDO SHOR IDWR GH VHU LQWHJUDGD SRU SHVVRDV GH DOWD FODVVH H UHVSHLWDELOLGDGH GHWHQWRUDV GH SRGHU
SROtWLFRRXHFRQ{PLFRTXHSRULVVRPHVPRVHMXOJDPDFLPDGDOHL
(QWUH QyV FRPR EHP DVVHQWRX R VDXGRVR 3URIHVVRU +HOHQR )UDJRVR UHODWyULR DSUHVHQWDGR QD 5HXQLmR
GD&RPLVVmR,QWHUQDFLRQDOGH-XULVWDVGD218R'LUHLWR3HQDOWHPVLGRXPDPDUJRSULYLOpJLRGRVSREUHVH
GHVIDYRUHFLGRVTXHSRYRDPQRVVDVSULV}HVKRUUtYHLVHFRQVWLWXHPDFOLHQWHODGRVLVWHPD$HVWUXWXUDJHUDOGH
QRVVRGLUHLWRSXQLWLYRHPWRGRVRVVHXVPHFDQLVPRVGHDSOLFDomRGHL[DLQWHLUDPHQWHDFLPDGDOHLRVTXHWrP
SRGHUHFRQ{PLFRRXSROtWLFRTXHGHODVHOLYUDPFRPIDFLOLGDGHSHODFRUUXSomRHSHORWUiILFRGHLQIOXrQFLDV
WRUQDQGRSXUDPHQWHLOXVyULDDLJXDOGDGHSURFODPDGDQRVGRFXPHQWRVSROtWLFRV
2 &HQWUR ,QWHUQDFLRQDO GH &ULPLQRORJLD &RPSDUDGD GD 8QLYHUVLGDGH GH 0RQWUHDO VHJXQGR R PHVPR
3URIHVVRU )UDJRVR HP FRQMXQWR FRP R ,QVWLWXWR GH &ULPLQRORJLD GD 8QLYHUVLGDGH GHO =XOLD HP 0DUDFDLER
9HQH]XHODHRXWUDVLQVWLWXLo}HVGHSHVTXLVDGRFRQWLQHQWHDPHULFDQRHQWUHDVTXDLVR,QVWLWXWRGH&LrQFLDV
3HQDLVGR5LRGH-DQHLURUHDOL]DPH[WHQVRSURMHWRGHSHVTXLVDVREUHDFULPLQDOLGDGHGHFRODULQKREUDQFRQD
$PpULFD /DWLQD (P UD]mR GHVVDV SHVTXLVDV SRGHVH GHVWDFDU TXH RV IDWRV TXH FRQVWLWXHP WDO FULPLQDOLGDGH
DSUHVHQWDPDVVHJXLQWHVFDUDFWHUtVWLFDV

a RV DXWRUHV SHUWHQFHP FRPR Mi VH GLVVH jV HOLWHV GLULJHQWHV HFRQ{PLFD ILQDQFHLUD RX SROtWLFD GD
IRUPDomRVRFLDO
b RIDWRDQWLVVRFLDOpSUDWLFDGRQRH[HUFtFLRGDDWLYLGDGH
c RGDQRFDXVDGRSHODDomRpH[WHQVRHFRQVLGHUiYHODWLQJLQGRHPUHJUDDFROHWLYLGDGHRXRSDWULP{QLR
 GHLQGHWHUPLQDGRQ~PHURGHSHVVRDV3HODH[WHQVmRGRVUHVXOWDGRVWDLVFULPHVVmRPXLWRPDLVJUDYHV
GR TXH R IXUWR H R URXER TXH SXQLPRV FRP WDQWD VHYHULGDGH YLVWR TXH DOpP GH DWLQJLUHP D
FROHWLYLGDGH VmR FDSD]HV GH DEDODU D SUySULD HVWUXWXUD HFRQ{PLFD RX SROtWLFD GR SDtV 0DV R SLRU GH
WXGRpTXHILFDPLPSXQHVRVVHXVDXWRUHVQDGDOKHVDFRQWHFHQGR

1mR VHQGR SRVVtYHO D HQXPHUDomR H[DXVWLYD GDV Do}HV DQWLVVRFLDLV TXH FDUDFWHUL]DP RV FULPHV GH
FRODULQKREUDQFRSRGHPRVWRGDYLDGHVWDFDURVIDWRVTXHDFDUUHWDP

a GDQRVFRQWUDDYLGDHDVD~GHGDFROHWLYLGDGH
b GDQRVFRQWUDRSDWULP{QLRGDFROHWLYLGDGH
c GDQRVFRQWUDRSDWULP{QLRHVWDWDOGDFROHWLYLGDGH

2V IDWRV DQWLVVRFLDLV TXH DFDUUHWDP GDQRV j YLGD RX j VD~GH GD FROHWLYLGDGH VHJXQGR R 3URIHVVRU
)UDJRVRSRGHPVHUDTXLFRORFDGRV

a DEXVRVSUDWLFDGRVHPUHODomRjIRUoDGHWUDEDOKR
b H[SORUDomRSUHGDWyULDGRVUHFXUVRVQDWXUDLV
c SURGXomRLQGXVWULDOLPSUySULDRXGHIHLWXRVD

(PUHODomRjforça de trabalhoSRGHPRVFRQVLGHUDU

 D UHGXomR GR WUDEDOKDGRU j FRQGLomR VXEKXPDQD SHORV VDOiULRV LQFDSD]HV GH UHSRU DV HQHUJLDV
FRQVXPLGDV QR WUDEDOKR LQFOXVLYH DWUDYpV GD H[SORUDomR GH WUDEDOKDGRUHV UXUDLV ERLDVIULDV
HPSUHJDGRVQDODYRXUDQDpSRFDGDVFROKHLWDV
 H[DXULPHQWRItVLFRHPHQWDOGRWUDEDOKDGRUSHODLPSRVLomRGHULWPRVH[FHVVLYRVGHWUDEDOKRHWDUHIDV
PRQyWRQDVHHPEUXWHFHGRUDVSURGX]LQGRGRHQoDVRXOHV}HVRFXSDFLRQDLV
 FRQGLo}HVGHLQVHJXUDQoDRXGHIDGLJDH[FHVVLYDFDXVDQGRPRUWHVHDFLGHQWHV

$ H[SORUDomR SUHGDWyULD GRV UHFXUVRV QDWXUDLV DSUHVHQWDVH DWUDYpV GD GHVWUXLomR GR DPELHQWH YLWDO
SURGX]LGR SHOR WUDEDOKR PLOHQDU GD QDWXUH]D VHMD SHOD H[SORUDomR GHVRUGHQDGD VHMD SHOD SROXLomR $
H[SORUDomRGHVRUGHQDGDFRQGX]jGHVWUXLomRGRDPELHQWHYLWDOH[DXVWmRHHURVmRGRVRORHGHVIORUHVWDPHQWR
VLVWHPiWLFR FULDQGR GHVHUWRV H SURYRFDQGR VHFDV LQFOXVLYH FRP R HPSUHJR GH SURGXWRV TXtPLFRV TXH
HOLPLQDP LQVHWRV H PLFURUJDQLVPRV QHFHVViULRV DR HTXLOtEULR HFROyJLFR H LQWR[LFDP R FRQVXPLGRU $
SROXLomRHPTXDOTXHUGHVHXVDVSHFWRVFRQVWLWXLGpELWRVRFLDOLOHJtWLPRGRSURFHVVRLQGXVWULDOHQmRRSUHoR
GRSURJUHVVRFRPRSURS}HDLGHRORJLDGRPLQDQWH
$ SURGXomR LQGXVWULDO LPSUySULD RX GHIHLWXRVD DWLQJH D YLGD RX D VD~GH GD FROHWLYLGDGH QmR Vy QR TXH
WDQJH DRV SURGXWRV DOLPHQWtFLRV RX PHGLFLQDLV FRPR DWUDYpV GH RXWURV SURGXWRV HJ SURMHWRV GD LQG~VWULD
DXWRPRELOtVWLFD TXH GHVDWHQGHP SRU LPSRVLo}HV GR PHUFDGR D H[LJrQFLD GD VHJXUDQoD PHGLFDPHQWRV
SUHMXGLFLDLV DR RUJDQLVPR SURGXWRV DOLPHQWtFLRV GH SULPHLUD QHFHVVLGDGH FRPR R SmR FRQWHQGR HOHPHQWRV
TXtPLFRV DOWDPHQWH QRFLYRV j VD~GH HWF GH DFRUGR FRP FRQVWDQWHV GHQ~QFLDV IHLWDV XOWLPDPHQWH SHOD
LPSUHQVD
'DQRV DR SDWULP{QLR GD FROHWLYLGDGH DSUHVHQWDPVH DWUDYpV GH PpWRGRV LUUHJXODUHV H IUDXGXOHQWRV GH
HQULTXHFLPHQWR 7HPRV DTXL D DGPLQLVWUDomR UXLQRVD GH GHWHUPLQDGDV HPSUHVDV HP HVSHFLDO DV OLJDGDV DR
PHUFDGRILQDQFHLURSURGX]LQGRTXHEUDVTXHDIHWDPDPSORVVHJPHQWRVGDFROHWLYLGDGHGHLQYHVWLGRUHVDOpP
GHRXWURVVHWRUHVGDVFODVVHVGRPLQDQWHVRXDOWHUQDWLYDPHQWHFRPRDFRQWHFHQR%UDVLOSURYRFDQGRLQMHo}HV
PDFLoDV GH GLQKHLURV S~EOLFRV FUpGLWRV H ILQDQFLDPHQWRV RX HQFDPSDo}HV RILFLDLV FRP HIHLWRV QHJDWLYRV
LGrQWLFRV
7HPRV DLQGD WRGD D VRUWH GH IUDXGHV H PDQLSXODo}HV QR PHUFDGR GH Do}HV EHP FRPR D SURSDJDQGD
IUDXGXOHQWD TXH FDXVD GDQR DR SDWULP{QLR GH LQGHWHUPLQDGR Q~PHUR GH FRQVXPLGRUHV OHVDGRV WDPEpP
IUHTXHQWHPHQWHQRSHVRHTXDQWLGDGHGHPHUFDGRULDVFRPHUFLDOL]DGDV
)LQDOPHQWHDVPDQREUDVPDLVYDULDGDVTXHYLVDPSURSRUFLRQDUDDOWDGHSUHoRVGHJrQHURVRXEHQVGH
FRQVXPRHVVHQFLDLV
2 HVWRXUR GH YiULRV EDQFRV GH DOJXQV DQRV SDUD Fi DOJXQV GHOHV GLULJLGRV SRU DOWDV SHUVRQDOLGDGHV GH
QRVVR FHQiULR SROtWLFR H HFRQ{PLFR FDXVDQGR ELOK}HV GH SUHMXt]R DRV FRIUHV S~EOLFRV H SDUWLFXODUHV EHP
LOXVWUDHVWHSRQWR
'DQRV DR SDWULP{QLR HVWDWDO GD FROHWLYLGDGH SRGHPRV LGHQWLILFDU QD HYDVmR GH LPSRVWRV TXH VH SUDWLFD
DWUDYpV GH EDODQoRV ILFWtFLRV H VXEIDWXUDPHQWR SURGX]LQGR OHVmR LQFRPSDUDYHOPHQWH PDLRU GR TXH D
UHSUHVHQWDGDSHODFULPLQDOLGDGHFRQWUDRSDWULP{QLRFRQYHQFLRQDO
,JXDOPHQWH D FRUUXSomR DGPLQLVWUDWLYD GH DOWR QtYHO OLJDGD j FRQFHVVmR GH IDYRUHV RX SULYLOpJLRV
HVSHFLDLV OHVLYRV SRU YH]HV DRV LQWHUHVVHV YLWDLV H HVWUDWpJLFRV GD FROHWLYLGDGH RX GD SUySULD LQWHJULGDGH
QDFLRQDO $ FRUUXSomR VXUJH WDPEpP QD FHOHEUDomR GH FRQWUDWRV S~EOLFRV YLFLDQGR FRQFRUUrQFLDV H
VXSHUIDWXUDQGRRVSUHoRVeFHUWRTXHDOJXPDVSUiWLFDVVmRGLUHWDPHQWHOHVLYDVDRXWURVJUXSRVGRPLQDQWHV
PDVVHXVHIHLWRVDWLQJHPDFROHWLYLGDGHWDPEpP
3RGHUVHLD WDPEpP PHQFLRQDU DTXL D DomR SUHGDWyULD GD HFRQRPLD QDFLRQDO SUDWLFDGD DWUDYpV GH
HPSUHVDV WUDQVQDFLRQDLV TXH DEXVDP GR SRGHU HFRQ{PLFR HOLPLQDQGR D FRQFRUUrQFLD GH JUXSRV QDFLRQDLV H
ID]HQGRFRPTXHVHMDHQWUHJXHDHVWUDQJHLURVRFRQWUROHGHiUHDVHVVHQFLDLVGDHFRQRPLDGDQDomR
/DPHQWDYHOPHQWH D QRVVD OHJLVODomR SHQDO DLQGD p GHILFLHQWH QD FRQILJXUDomR H SXQLomR GHVVD
FULPLQDOLGDGH FKDPDGD GH FRODULQKREUDQFR VHTXHU GLVSRPRV GH UHFXUVRV WpFQLFRV SDUD D VXD UiSLGD H
HILFLHQWHDSXUDomRRTXHID]FUHVFHURVHQWLPHQWRGHLPSXQLGDGHSDUDRVTXHQmRVmRSREUHV

55. A MACRODELINQUÊNCIA

(VVD H[SUHVVmR p PRGHUQDPHQWH XWLOL]DGD SDUD LQGLFDU R FULPH RUJDQL]DGR HQYROYHQGR D SUiWLFD GH
LOtFLWRVVRILVWLFDGRVHPTXHDYtWLPDpDFROHWLYLGDGHRVGDQRVVmRGLIXVRV'HGLItFLOGHWHFomRHVVHVGHOLWRV
VmR SUDWLFDGRV FRP R HPSUHJR GD PRGHUQD WHFQRORJLD H GHFRUUHP EDVLFDPHQWH GR XVR DEXVLYR GH
LQVWUXPHQWRV GD HFRQRPLD FRPR SRU H[HPSOR IUDXGH QR PHUFDGR DFLRQiULR H GH FkPELR IDOVLILFDomR GH
PRHGD H WtWXORV GD GtYLGD S~EOLFD ODYDJHP GH GLQKHLUR REWLGR LOLFLWDPHQWH IUDXGHV FRP WUDQVIHUrQFLDV
EDQFiULDV7HPDOJXQVSRQWRVHPFRPXPFRPDFULPLQDOLGDGHGRFRODULQKREUDQFRSRGHQGRVHULGHQWLILFDGD
SHODV VHJXLQWHV FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV a DEXVR GH SRGHU HFRQ{PLFR H SROtWLFR YDOHQGRVH FRP FRQVWkQFLD GR XVR
LQGHYLGR GH LQIRUPDo}HV SULYLOHJLDGDV D WtWXOR GH FRQVXOWRULD b UHTXHU DOWD HVSHFLDOL]DomR SURILVVLRQDO H
FRPSOHWRGRPtQLRRSHUDFLRQDOGRVPHLRVWHFQROyJLFRVSDUDDVXDH[HFXomRcUHYHVWHVHGHXPDDSDUrQFLDGH
OHJDOLGDGHDEVROXWDSRLVFRVWXPDDSRLDUVHHPDWLYLGDGHVOHJDLVTXHOKHGmRFREHUWXUDWiWLFDSDUDRVQHJyFLRV
LOtFLWRV d FRQGXWDV FULPLQRVDV WUDQVQDFLRQDLV e PXWDELOLGDGH QD IRUPD GH RSHUDUVH HP FRQVWDQWH
FRQVRQkQFLD FRP DV PXGDQoDV GRV PHFDQLVPRV HFRQ{PLFRV H SDUD GLILFXOWDU D LGHQWLILFDomR GDV RSHUDo}HV
LOtFLWDVfLPSXQLGDGHGRVDXWRUHVSRUXPODGRHPUD]mRGDVRILVWLFDomRGRVPHLRVXVDGRVDOLDGDDHVWUXWXUD
HSRURXWURSHODIDOWDGHOHLVSHQDLVDGHTXDGDV
$WUDQVQDFLRQDOL]DomRpXPDGDVPDLRUHVGLILFXOGDGHVQRFRPEDWHjPDFURFULPLQDOLGDGH2VFULPLQRVRV
XWLOL]DPSDtVHVGHDFRUGRFRPRVVHXVLQWHUHVVHVHDVIDFLOLGDGHVTXHQHOHVHQFRQWUDPSRLVR'LUHLWR3HQDOH
DDWXDomRGDSROtFLDVmROLPLWDGRVSHORSULQFtSLRGDWHUULWRULDOLGDGHHGDVREHUDQLDGRV(VWDGRV(VWmRHQWUHRV
SDtVHV SUHIHULGRV RV FKDPDGRV paraísos  fiscais RQGH R GLQKHLUR LOtFLWR HQWUD H VDL FRP IDFLOLGDGH 2XWUD
GLILFXOGDGH QR FRPEDWH GD PDFURFULPLQDOLGDGH UHVXOWD GR IDWR GH FRQVHJXLUHP RV FULPLQRVRV DGDSWDUVH
UDSLGDPHQWH jV FRQVWDQWHV PXGDQoDV GD HFRQRPLD R TXH QmR DFRQWHFH FRP R OHJLVODGRU H DV OHLV 4XDQGR R
OHJLVODGRU YDL WUDEDOKDU HP FLPD GD UHDOLGDGH HFRQ{PLFD HOD Mi QmR PDLV VH HQFRQWUD QR SDWDPDU TXH VH
SUHWHQGLD UHJXODPHQWDU 3DUD HODERUDU OHLV HILFD]HV QHVWD iUHD GD FULPLQDOLGDGH R OHJLVODGRU WHULD TXH WHU
SURIXQGR FRQKHFLPHQWR GD UHDOLGDGH HFRQ{PLFD H HVWDU SHUPDQHQWHPHQWH DWHQWR SDUD SUHYHU DV SRVVtYHLV
PXWDo}HVGHVHXVPHFDQLVPRV(QTXDQWRLVVRQmRDFRQWHFHURFRPEDWHILFDUiFLUFXQVFULWRDRVVLQWRPDVVHP
QXQFDFKHJDUVHjVFDXVDV
$ HVWUXWXUD SROtWLFD H HFRQ{PLFD H[LVWHQWH HVWi GH WDO IRUPD PRQWDGD TXH RFXOWD H SURWHJH HVVD
FULPLQDOLGDGHGRXUDGDGHPRGRTXHSRXFRDLQGDVDEHPRVDVHXUHVSHLWR,PS}HVHDVVLPDUHFRPHQGDomRGH
DPSOD SHVTXLVD GHYHQGR VHU XWLOL]DGDV DV WpFQLFDV GH SHVTXLVD VRFLROyJLFD DSHUIHLoRDGDV SHOD H[SHULrQFLD
LQFOXVLYHRHVWXGRGHFDVRV
4XDQWRjVPHGLGDVDVHUHPDGRWDGDVGHYHUmRDEUDQJHUGHVGHDFRPSOHWDUHIRUPDGDHVWUXWXUDSROtWLFDH
HFRQ{PLFDGRSDtVFRPRHVWDEHOHFLPHQWRGHXPDRUGHPVRFLDOPDLVMXVWDHGHPRFUiWLFDDWpDUHIRUPXODomR
GDOHJLVODomRSHQDORQGHDVDo}HVH[DPLQDGDVGHYHULDPVHUWLSLILFDGDVFRPRFULPHVVXMHLWRVDJUDYHVSHQDV
'H XPD FRLVD HQWUHWDQWR GHYHPRV QRV FRQVFLHQWL]DU HQTXDQWR WLYHUPRV FULPHV H FULPLQRVRV DFLPD GD
OHLGHQDGDDGLDQWDUiDUHSUHVVmRjFULPLQDOLGDGHFRQYHQFLRQDOeDPDFURFULPLQDOLGDGHTXHSURYRFDGHVQtYHLV
VRFLDLV FULVHV HFRQ{PLFDV DXPHQWRV LQFRQWUROiYHLV GH SUHoRV HOHYDomR GD LQIODomR FRQGLo}HV GH YLGD VXE
KXPDQDVFDXVDVSULQFLSDLVSRUVXDYH]GDFULPLQDOLGDGHFRPXP
eYHUGDGHTXHMiWHPRVXPDOHJLVODomRTXHSXQHRVcrimes econômicos ± /HL Q  GH 
TXH GHILQH RV FULPHV FRQWUD R 6LVWHPD )LQDQFHLUR 1DFLRQDO H /HL Q  GH  TXH GHILQH RV
FULPHVFRQWUDD2UGHP7ULEXWiULD(FRQ{PLFDHDV5HODo}HVGH&RQVXPR±PDVODPHQWDYHOPHQWHHVVDVOHLV
QmR WrP DOFDQoDGR RV REMHWLYRV GHVHMDGRV QmR Vy SHODV SHQDV H[WUHPDPHQWH EUDQGDV QHODV SUHYLVWDV FRPR
WDPEpP SHOD LPSUHFLVmR GRV VHXV WLSRV 2V WLSRV SHQDLV DEHUWRV TXH SHUPLWHP YiULDV LQWHUSUHWDo}HV FULDP
FRQIXVmR H FRQFRUUHP SDUD D LPSXQLGDGH $GHPDLV D QRVVD SROtFLD QmR HVWi DSDUHOKDGD H QHP HVSHFLDOL]DGD
SDUDLQYHVWLJDUWDOWLSRGHFULPLQDOLGDGH
(P HQWUHYLVWD FRQFHGLGD j UHYLVWD Veja HP QRYHPEUR GH  R 'HOHJDGR +pOLR 7DYDUHV /X] HQWmR
&KHIHGD3ROtFLD&LYLOGR5LRGH-DQHLURLQGDJDGRVREUHTXDORFULPHTXHGDUiPDLVWUDEDOKRSDUDDSROtFLD
EUDVLOHLUDUHVSRQGHX

³/8=±O crime do colarinho­brancoDVRQHJDomRILVFDODODYDJHPGHGLQKHLUR4XDQGRTXLVHUHP
FRPEDWHUHVVHWLSRGHFULPHQmRKDYHUiPDLVFRQGLo}HV&ULPHSRUGHILQLomRpRTXHRIHQGHDTXLORTXH
DQRUPDMXUtGLFDTXHUSURWHJHUNo caso dos crimes do colarinho­branco, viola­se a norma que protege
a  sociedade  como  um  todo,  que  resguarda  o  bem  comum,  que  é  a  arrecadação  do  Estado. e XP
SUREOHPDJUDYHSRUHVVHkQJXORHWDPEpPSHORIDWRGHVHUHPcrimes fora do alcance da polícia.
9(-$±Como assim?
/8=±A políciaWHPXPSUREOHPDGHIRUPDomRNão tem o conhecimento básico para combater os
crimes do colarinho­branco8PSROLFLDOQmRHVWiVXILFLHQWHPHQWHDSDUHOKDGRSDUDHQWUDUQRVPHDQGURV
GH XP FULPH FRPHWLGR QD HVSHFXODomR QD EROVD GH YDORUHV 1mR FRQVHJXLPRV SRUWDQWR DOFDQoDU HVVD
WXUPD$OpPGLVVRKiRIDWRGHTXHSDUDDVRFLHGDGHRVHQJUDYDWDGRVQmRVmRFRQVLGHUDGRVPDUJLQDLV
(VWRXUDU XP SRQWR GR MRJR GR ELFKR SHUVHJXLU XP LQWHJUDQWH GR &RPDQGR 9HUPHOKR SUHQGHU R
0LOWLQKR GR 'HQGr VmR Do}HV TXH QmR FDXVDP QHQKXP WLSR GH SUREOHPD 0DV QD KRUD GH HQWUDU QRV
HVFULWyULRV UHIULJHUDGRV GR ƒ DQGDU GD $YHQLGD 5LR %UDQFR RX QXP JDELQHWH DWDSHWDGR QD $YHQLGD
3DXOLVWDDFRLVDVHFRPSOLFD´

55.1 O caos dos presídios brasileiros

+i XP YHUGDGHLUR DELVPR HQWUH D QRVVD OHJLVODomR H RV QRVVRV SUHVtGLRV 1mR REVWDQWH D &RQVWLWXLomR
GLVSRUHPVHXDUWLJRžLQFLVR;/,;³TXHpDVVHJXUDGRDRVSUHVRVRUHVSHLWRjLQWHJULGDGHItVLFDHPRUDO´R
VLVWHPD FDUFHUiULR EUDVLOHLUR TXH HVWi HQWUH RV SLRUHV GR PXQGR ID] MXVWDPHQWH R FRQWUiULR ± GHVUHVSHLWD D
LQWHJULGDGHItVLFDHPRUDOGRVSUHVRVPDQWHQGRRVHPFRQGLo}HVGHSORUiYHLVFRPRDVXSHUORWDomRDIDOWDGH
VHSDUDomRHQWUHGHWHQWRVSURFHVVDGRVHFRQGHQDGRV7DQWRpDVVLPTXHRHQWmR0LQLVWURGD-XVWLoD3URIHVVRU
-RVp (GXDUGR &DUGR]R DILUPRX QR ILQDO GH  TXH ³DV SULV}HV EUDVLOHLUDV VmR PHGLHYDLV H TXH SUHIHULD D
PRUWHDFXPSULUSHQDHPXPDGHODV´
2V Q~PHURV VmR LPSUHVVLRQDQWHV DSHVDU GH LPSUHFLVRV )DODVH HP  D  PLO SUHVRV QR %UDVLO
GDGRV GR 'HSDUWDPHQWR 3HQLWHQFLiULR 1DFLRQDO ± '(3(1 7HPRV D TXDUWD PDLRU SRSXODomR FDUFHUiULD GR
PXQGR SHUGHPRV DSHQDV SDUD RV (VWDGRV 8QLGRV &KLQD H 5~VVLD 1R HQWDQWR D FDSDFLGDGH Pi[LPD GDV
XQLGDGHVSULVLRQDLVEUDVLOHLUDVpGHDSUR[LPDGDPHQWHPLOGHWHQWRVRTXHLPSRUWDGL]HUTXHKiXP
GpILFLWGHPDLVGHPLOYDJDVJHUDQGRXPDVXSHUSRSXODomRFDUFHUiULDYHUGDGHLURVDPRQWRDGRVGHSUHVRV
HPWRGDVDVXQLGDGHVGDIHGHUDomR$LQGDSLRURQ~PHURGHGHWHQWRVSURYLVyULRVFKHJDDQR%UDVLO'RV
 PLO SUHVRV QR SDtV  PLO HVSHUDP SRU MXOJDPHQWR VHJXQGR UHODWyULR GD &RPLVVmR ,QWHUDPHULFDQD GH
'LUHLWRV +XPDQRV &,'+ GD 2UJDQL]DomR GRV (VWDGRV $PHULFDQRV 2($ GLYXOJDGR SHOR O  Globo HP
+iSRUWDQWRWRWDOGHVUHVSHLWRjLQWHJULGDGHItVLFDHPRUDOGRVSUHVRVMXVWDPHQWHRFRQWUiULRGR
TXHGHWHUPLQDD&RQVWLWXLomR
,PSUHVVLRQD WDPEpP R Q~PHUR GH FUHVFLPHQWR GH SUHVRV 'H DFRUGR FRP R OHYDQWDPHQWR GR ,QVWLWXWR
$YDQWH %UDVLO QRV ~OWLPRV  DQRV  R FUHVFLPHQWR FKHJRX D  VHQGR TXH QR PHVPR
SHUtRGRDSRSXODomRQDFLRQDODXPHQWRXDSHQDV1RVGH]~OWLPRVDQRVKRXYHXPDXPHQWR
GHQRPRQWDQWHGHHQFDUFHUDGRVQRSDtVFRQWUDDSHQDVQRV(VWDGRV8QLGRV
0LFKDHO%ORRPEHUJSUHIHLWRGH1RYD<RUNDILUPRXTXHQRV~OWLPRVGH]DQRVRWRWDOGHHQFDUFHUDPHQWR
QDTXHOD FLGDGH GLPLQXLX  (P  1RYD <RUN FRQWDYD FRP D WD[D GH  SUHVRV SRU FDGD  PLO
KDELWDQWHVHQTXDQWRDPpGLDDPHULFDQDQRPHVPRDQRHUDGHSUHVRVSDUDFDGDPLOKDELWDQWHV
4XDLVVmRDVUD]}HVGDHTXDomRPHQRVSUHVRVHPHQRVFULPH"2SUHIHLWRUHVSRQGH³$VWiWLFDVHIHWLYDV
GDSROtFLDSDUDSUHYHQLURFULPHHDH[SDQVmRGRVSURJUDPDVVRFLDLVHPPDWpULDGHMXVWLoD$OJXPDVSHVVRDV
GL]HP TXH D ~QLFD PDQHLUD GH IUHDU R FULPH p R HQFDUFHUDPHQWR PDVVLYR 3URYDPRV TXH LVVR QmR p FHUWR D
H[LWRVDSUHYHQomRGRFULPHHRIUHLRDRVFLFORVGDDWLYLGDGHFULPLQRVDSRGHPVDOYDUPLOKDUHVGHSHVVRDVGH
LUHPSDUDDFDGHLDÉ preciso educar para não punir´O Globo,
1R %UDVLO R TXH HVWDPRV ID]HQGR" $FHOHUDQGR QRVVD IiEULFD GH HQFDUFHUDPHQWR GH PDVVD SRLV DV
FRQGLo}HVGRVQRVVRVSUHVtGLRVVmRKiPXLWDVGpFDGDVDXWrQWLFDVXQLYHUVLGDGHVGRFULPH$UHLQFLGrQFLDpGH
DSUR[LPDGDPHQWH
3DUHFH TXH QRV HVTXHFHPRV TXH punir  custa  mais  caro  do  que  educar2 JRYHUQR IHGHUDO GHVSHQGH
FHUFD GH 56  PLO SRU DQR SRU FDGD SUHVLGLiULR WUrV YH]HV PDLV GR TXH DSOLFD SRU XP HVWXGDQWH
XQLYHUVLWiULR
$JUDYD PXLWR HVVH TXDGUR R IDWR GH QmR VHU DGPLVVtYHO D WUDGLFLRQDO GHVFXOSD GH IDOWD GH UHFXUVRV 2
)XQGR3HQLWHQFLiULR1DFLRQDO)XQSHQFULDGRHPMDQHLURGHUHFHEHSRUOHLGDVORWHULDVHGDV
FXVWDVSURFHVVXDLV'HVGHDVXDFULDomRUHFHEHXFHUFDGH5ELOK}HVHPYDORUHVDWXDOL]DGRV1RHQWDQWR
FRPR HVFODUHFH R UHODWyULR GR SUySULR 0LQLVWpULR GD -XVWLoD ³RV UHSDVVHV GR IXQGR VmR FODVVLILFDGRV FRPR
WUDQVIHUrQFLDV YROXQWiULDV RX VHMD QmR GHFRUUHP GH REULJDomR FRQVWLWXFLRQDO RX OHJDO H GHVVD IRUPD VXDV
GRWDo}HV RUoDPHQWiULDV ID]HP SDUWH GD FKDPDGD EDVH FRQWLQJHQFLiYHO TXH R JRYHUQR IHGHUDO GLVS}H SDUD
REWHQomRGRVXSHUiYLWSULPiULR
1RV ~OWLPRV  DQRV GRV 5  ELOK}HV DXWRUL]DGRV QR RUoDPHQWR GD 8QLmR DSHQDV 5  ELOKmR
 IRL HIHWLYDPHQWH GHVHPEROVDGR &RPR R GLQKHLUR HQWUD PDV QmR VDL FUHVFH R FDRV QR VLVWHPD
SHQLWHQFLiULRHQTXDQWRRVDOGRFRQWiELOGR)XQSHQpDWXDOPHQWHGH5ELOKmR
&RPRVHYrRFDRVGRVLVWHPDFDUFHUiULREUDVLOHLURpXPSUREOHPDGHJHVWmR

55.2 Parceria Público-Privada (PPP) na construção e administração de penitenciárias.

Luz no fim do túnel

(QWUHDVTXHVW}HVXUJHQWHVHH[SORVLYDVDVHUHPHQIUHQWDGDVHPUHODomRDRQRVVRVLVWHPDFDUFHUiULRHVWi
QD SDXWD D TXH GL] UHVSHLWR j SULYDWL]DomR GH SUHVtGLRV $ GHVSHLWR GD GLVFXVVmR VREUH D FRQYHQLrQFLD GH
HQWUHJDUQDVPmRVGDLQLFLDWLYDSULYDGDRGHVWLQRHDUHVVRFLDOL]DomRGHPLOKDUHVGHSUHVRVDSULYDWL]DomRGRV
SUHVtGLRVJDQKRXIRUoDDSDUWLUGDRQGDQHROLEHUDOTXHHQ[XJRXR(VWDGRDSDUWLUGDGpFDGDGHHPYiULRV
SDtVHVHPSDUWLFXODU(8$H,QJODWHUUD'LIHUHQWHVJUDXVGHSDUWLFLSDomRGDLQLFLDWLYDSULYDGDVmRFRQVWDWDGRV
HP SDtVHV WmR GLIHUHQWHV TXDQWR $XVWUiOLD 1RYD =HOkQGLD ÈIULFD GR 6XO ,VUDHO )UDQoD H $OHPDQKD HQWUH
RXWURV2H[HPSORPDLVUDGLFDOHQFRQWUDVHQRV(8$RQGHQmRDSHQDVDDGPLQLVWUDomRGRSUHVtGLRFRPRDV
H[HFXo}HVSHQDLVHVWmRQDVPmRVGHHPSUHVDVSULYDGDV
1R%UDVLODH[SHULrQFLDWHYHLQtFLRQRHVWDGRGH0LQDV*HUDLVRSULPHLURDLQDXJXUDUQRPXQLFtSLRGH
5LEHLUmRGDV1HYHVHPXPFRPSOH[RSHQLWHQFLiULRFRQVWLWXtGRSRUFLQFRXQLGDGHVFRQVWUXtGR
SHODFKDPDGD3DUFHULD3~EOLFR3ULYDGD3332LQYHVWLPHQWRGH5PLOK}HVQDFRQVWUXomRGRFRPSOH[R
SHQLWHQFLiULR IRL EDQFDGR SHOR FRQVyUFLR *3$ TXH JDQKRX D OLFLWDomR FRP R JRYHUQR GH 0LQDV *HUDLV HP
 H VHUi UHVSRQViYHO SHOD DGPLQLVWUDomR GH WXGR QRV SUHVtGLRV RQGH WUDEDOKDUmR  HPSUHJDGRV FRP
H[FHomRGRDFRPSDQKDPHQWRGDH[HFXomRSHQDOGRVSUHVRVDFDUJRGHVHUYLGRUHV
¬FUtWLFDGHTXHLVVRVHULDDSULYDWL]DomRGRVSUHVtGLRVUHVSRQGH5{PXORGH&DUYDOKR)HUUD]VHFUHWiULR
GH'HIHVD6RFLDOGH0LQDV³7HPRVSUHVtGLRVFRPPLOSUHVRVDOpPGHFDGHLDVS~EOLFDVGD3ROtFLD
&LYLO FRP VHWH PLO SUHVRV R TXH WRWDOL]D  PLO HQFDUFHUDGRV 1mR WHPRV FRPR DGPLQLVWUDU LVVR FRP
HILFLrQFLD SRUTXH R VHUYLoR S~EOLFR p EXURFUiWLFR H GHPRUDGR >«@ $OpP GLVVR QmR Ki UHFXUVRV SDUD D
FRQVWUXomRGHSUHVtGLRVSRUTXHRVFXVWRVVmRHOHYDGRVQDEDVHGH5PLOSRUYDJD'HFLGLPRVFULDUXPD
333 TXH GHL[DVVH QDV PmRV GD LQLFLDWLYD SULYDGD D FRQVWUXomR H D DGPLQLVWUDomR GR SUHVtGLR HQTXDQWR
WRPDPRVFRQWDGDREULJDomRFRQVWLWXFLRQDOGHDGPLQLVWUDUDH[HFXomRGDSHQD´
2 FRQWUDWR HQWUH R JRYHUQR GH 0LQDV H R FRQVyUFLR *3$ HVWDEHOHFH  LQGLFDGRUHV TXH YmR DYDOLDU D
SUHVWDomRGRVHUYLoRFRPRTXDOLGDGHGHDOLPHQWRVHURXSDVDWHQGLPHQWRPpGLFRKRUDVJDVWDVFRPHGXFDomR
HWHUDSLDRFXSDFLRQDOSDUWLFLSDomRHPRILFLQDVGHWUDEDOKRHQWUHRXWURV&DGDSUHVtGLRSRVVXLFDSDFLGDGHSDUD
DEULJDUVHLVRILFLQDVGLIHUHQWHVGHWUDEDOKRTXHVHUmRFULDGDVDSDUWLUGHSDUFHULDVHQWUHJRYHUQRHHPSUHVDV
SULYDGDV
+i PXLWR HQWXVLDVPR FRP R SURMHWR FRQVLGHUDGR SHORV HVSHFLDOLVWDV QR VLVWHPD SUHVLGLiULR FRPR XP
GLYLVRUGHiJXDVSRUTXHWUD]XPHOHPHQWRGHJHVWmRWUDQVIRUPDGRU6HDHPSUHVDDGPLQLVWUDGRUDGRSUHVtGLR
R FRQVyUFLR QmR FXPSULU RV LQGLFDGRUHV GH TXDOLGDGH HVWDEHOHFLGRV QR FRQWUDWR UHFHEHUi SHQDOLGDGHV
ILQDQFHLUDVSRGHQGRDWpFKHJDUjUHVFLVmRGRFRQWUDWR
3HUQDPEXFRpRVHJXQGRHVWDGREUDVLOHLURDDSRVWDUHPSUHVtGLRFRQVWUXtGRHDGPLQLVWUDGRSHORPRGHOR
3DUFHULD 3~EOLFR3ULYDGR (VWi FRQVWUXLQGR Mi HP IDVH ILQDO XP FRPSOH[R SHQLWHQFLiULR HP ,WDTXLWLQJD D
FHUFDGHTXLO{PHWURVGH5HFLIH6HUiDVHJXQGD333VGHSUHVtGLRQR%UDVLOXPDQRYDYLDDRPRGHORKRMH
H[LVWHQWH R GRV SUHVtGLRV YHUGDGHLUDV PDVPRUUDV PHGLHYDLV DGPLQLVWUDGRV SHOR (VWDGR H RV SUHVtGLRV
DGPLQLVWUDGRVFRPDLQLFLDWLYDSULYDGDHPFRQWUDWRVGHJHVWmR
(VVHQRYRPRGHORGHSUHVtGLRVGDGRDVERDVH[SHFWDWLYDVTXHRIHUHFHWHPVLGRVDXGDGRFRPRuma luz
no fim do túnel.4XHDVVLPVHMD

55.3. A Lei Seca – efeitos positivos

$ /HL Q  GH  GH MXQKR GH  SRSXODUPHQWH GHQRPLQDGD /HL 6HFD p XP WHVWHPXQKR
HORTXHQWHGRVHIHLWRVSRVLWLYRVTXHXPDOHLSRGHSURGX]LUTXDQGRDOpPGHHILFD]UHFHEHWDPEpPDDGHVmRGR
SRGHUS~EOLFRHGDVRFLHGDGHQDVXDDSOLFDomR(PPDUoRGHR*UXSDPHQWRGH6RFRUURGH(PHUJrQFLD
*6(GR&RUSRGH%RPEHLURVGR5LRGH-DQHLURGLYXOJRXRVUHVXOWDGRVREWLGRVHPXPDQRSHOD2SHUDomR
/HL 6HFD GD 6HFUHWDULD (VWDGXDO GH JRYHUQR ODQoDGD FRP R REMHWLYR GH FRPEDWHU FRP ULJRU D PLVWXUD GH
iOFRRO H GLUHomR $ 2SHUDomR /HL 6HFD HYLWRX TXH SHOR PHQRV  SHVVRDV PRUUHVVHP RX VH IHULVVHP HP
DFLGHQWHVGHWUkQVLWR±XPDTXHGDGHQRQ~PHURGHDFLGHQWDGRVVHFRPSDUDGRDLJXDOSHUtRGRGRDQR
DQWHULRU
1HVWH SHUtRGR  PRWRULVWDV IRUDP DERUGDGRV QDV RSHUDo}HV  GHOHV UHFHEHUDP PXOWDV H
YHtFXORVIRUDPUHERFDGRV(PXPDQRFDUWHLUDVGHKDELOLWDomRIRUDPUHFROKLGDVHRVDJHQWHV
UHDOL]DUDP  WHVWHV FRP EDI{PHWUR )RUDP DSOLFDGDV  VDQo}HV DGPLQLVWUDWLYDV H  FULPLQDLV
TXDQGRRtQGLFHGHDOFRROHPLDSDVVDGHPJO

³O saldo da Operação Lei Seca é altamente positivo,VWRVHGHYHjGHILQLomRGHXPDSROtWLFDS~EOLFD
GH JRYHUQR DR HVWDEHOHFLPHQWR GRV IRFRV GH ILVFDOL]DomR H j FRQVFLHQWL]DomR R TXH FRQWULEXLX SDUD D
PXGDQoDGHFRPSRUWDPHQWRGRVFLGDGmRV3DUWLFLSDPGDRSHUDomRSROLFLDLVFLYLVHPLOLWDUHVR'HWUDQHD
&(75LR $SRLDP D DomR D 8(5- D 8)5- D 6RFLHGDGH %UDVLOHLUD GH 2UWRSHGLD H 7UDXPDWRORJLD D
21* 7UkQVLWR $PLJR  DVVRFLDo}HV GH WD[LVWDV D )HWUDQVSRU )HGHUDomR GDV (PSUHVDV GH
7UDQVSRUWHVGH3DVVDJHLURVGR(VWDGRGR5LRGH-DQHLURD6XSHU9LDR0HWU{5LRHDV%DUFDV6$´O
Globo

/DPHQWDYHOPHQWHHPRXWURVHVWDGRVD/HL6HFDQmRDSUHVHQWRXUHVXOWDGRSRVLWLYRRTXHEHPUHYHODTXH
QmREDVWDWHUOHLVERDVpSUHFLVRDSOLFiODVFRPHILFLrQFLD

56. CONSIDERAÇÕES GERAIS

([LVWHPDLQGDRXWUDVTXHVW}HVTXHHVWmRDH[LJLUHVWXGRDSURIXQGDGRHXUJHQWHGHILQLomRGROHJLVODGRUD
PDFRQKDGHYHVHUGHVFULPLQDGD"&RPRH[SOLFDURVHXXVRQDVSUDLDV"$HXWDQiVLDGHYHRXQmRVHUDXWRUL]DGD"
1D )UDQoD QR PHVPR GLD HP TXH VH FRPHPRURX XPD GHFLVmR LQpGLWD MXGLFLDO DXWRUL]DQGR XP FDVR GH
HXWDQiVLDQRSDtVR7ULEXQDO(XURSHXGH'LUHLWRV+XPDQRVDDQXORXO Globo,$OLEHUDomRGR
DERUWR WDO FRPR SURSRVWR SHOR &RQVHOKR )HGHUDO GH 0HGLFLQD &)0 GHYH VHU DFROKLGD SHOD QRVVD
OHJLVODomR"
$VVLQDOHVHSRU~OWLPRTXHQRYRVIDWRVVRFLDLVQHFHVVLWDPVHUHQIUHQWDGRVFRPULJRUFRPRDYLRODomRGD
LQWLPLGDGH FRP LQVWUXPHQWRV H DSDUHOKRV HOHWU{QLFRV e LQDGPLVVtYHO TXH DOJXpP IRWRJUDIH XPD SHVVRD
IDPRVDHPVXDLQWLPLGDGHHYHQGDLPSXQHPHQWHHVVDIRWRJUDILDjLPSUHQVDSDUDREWHUJDQKRIiFLORXGLYXOJXH
DR PXQGR SHOD LQWHUQHW $ HVFXWD WHOHI{QLFD SRU VHX WXUQR YXOJDUPHQWH FKDPDGD GH JUDPSR FKHJRX DWp R
3DOiFLRGR3ODQDOWRWDODRXVDGLDGRVVHXVSUDWLFDQWHVHVFXGDGRVQDLPSXQLGDGH

57. DIREITO FINANCEIRO E TRIBUTÁRIO

2VHIHLWRVVRFLDLVGDVOHLVTXHGLVFLSOLQDPRUHJLPHGDVILQDQoDVS~EOLFDVHSULYDGDVEHPFRPRGDVOHLV
WULEXWiULDV HP JHUDO SULQFLSDOPHQWH DV UHSHUFXVV}HV TXH SURYRFDP QD RSLQLmR S~EOLFD REVHUYD ) $ GH
0LUDQGD5RVDSociologia do DireitoSVmRDOJXPDVGDVTXHVW}HVDPHUHFHUSHVTXLVDDFXUDGDGD
6RFLRORJLD-XUtGLFD
3RUUD]}HVTXHSUHFLVDPVHUHVWXGDGDVKiXPDJUDQGHGLVWkQFLDHQWUHDHILFiFLDWHyULFDHDUHDOGDVOHLV
ILVFDLV HP JHUDO (PERUD WRGRV HVWHMDP GH DFRUGR TXDQWR j QHFHVVLGDGH GH SDJDU WULEXWRV FRPR IRUPD GH
FXVWHDU RV VHUYLoRV S~EOLFRV ± VHJXUDQoD S~EOLFD WUDQVSRUWHV VD~GH HGXFDomR ± Ki XPD UHVLVWrQFLD
SHUPDQHQWH SRU SDUWH GRV FRQWULEXLQWHV TXDQWR D SDJDU HIHWLYDPHQWH RV WULEXWRV H[LJLGRV SHORV yUJmRV
OHJLIHUDQWHVSURFXUDQGRRVPDLVYDULDGRVPHLRVSDUDIXJLUDRVHXLPSpULR
7RPHPRVSDUDH[HPSORRFDVRGRLPSRVWRGHUHQGD(PWHVHQDGDKiPDLVMXVWRTXHFDGDXPFRQWULEXLU
SDUDDVQHFHVVLGDGHVS~EOLFDVSURSRUFLRQDOPHQWHjVVXDVUHQGDV1RHQWDQWRHPWRGRVRVSDtVHVHPTXHIRL
LQVWLWXtGRQmRKiH[HPSORGHDFHLWDomRPDQVDRXGHDSOLFDomRIiFLOGHVVHWULEXWR&KHJRXVHPHVPRDIRUPDU
D LGHLD GH TXH FRQVWLWXL YLUWXGH RX SHOR PHQRV KDELOLGDGH HVSHUWH]D VRQHJDU R LPSRVWR GH UHQGD
)UHTXHQWHPHQWH HP UHXQL}HV VRFLDLV SHVVRDV UHVSHLWiYHLV YDQJORULDPVH GH WHUHP FRQVHJXLGR EXUODU R
LPSRVWR GH UHQGD HP YXOWRVDV TXDQWLDV -DPDLV FRQIHVVDULDP TXH VXEWUDtUDP XP QtTXHO GH TXHP TXHU TXH
VHMD LVVR VHULD WUHPHQGDPHQWH GHVRQURVR PDV TXDQWR DRV WULEXWRV p DOJR SHUIHLWDPHQWH WROHUiYHO SHORV
FRVWXPHVHDWpHQDOWHFHGRU
(VVH GHVFRPSDVVR FRPR Mi VH GLVVH HQWUH D HILFiFLD SUHWHQGLGD FRP UHODomR jV OHLV WULEXWiULDV H VXD
DSOLFDomR UHDO FRQVWLWXL IDWR LPSRUWDQWH D UHFODPDU PDLRU DWHQomR GRV VRFLyORJRV GRV HFRQRPLVWDV GRV
MXULVWDVHGDVDXWRULGDGHVHPJHUDO6HPG~YLGDDVOHLVILVFDLVVHULDPUHFHELGDVGHIRUPDPDLVSDFtILFDSHOD
VRFLHGDGHHRVUHVXOWDGRVVHULDPPXLWRPDLVVDWLVIDWyULRVLVWRpDUUHFDGDUVHLDPDLVFRPPHQRVHVIRUoRVH
DVFDXVDVGDUHVLVWrQFLDSXGHVVHPVHUOHYDQWDGDVHHOLPLQDGDV
3URYDYHOPHQWH XPD GDV FDXVDV GD UHVLVWrQFLD DR SDJDPHQWR GR LPSRVWR GH UHQGD GHFRUUH GD LQMXVWLoD
GRV FULWpULRV XWLOL]DGRV HP VXD IL[DomR e FRQKHFLGR R SURFHVVR GH DXPHQWR DYDVVDODGRU GH WULEXWRV QRV
~OWLPRVDQRV$FDUJDWULEXWiULDQR%UDVLODWLQJLXHPDIDL[DGHGR3,%DPDLRUGRVSDtVHVGD
$PpULFD/DWLQDHDWpDFLPDGDWD[DGRVSDtVHVGHVHQYROYLGRVFRPRRV(VWDGRV8QLGRVHR-DSmR(VWXGRGD
$VVRFLDomR &RPHUFLDO GH 6mR 3DXOR PRVWUD TXH QR ~OWLPR GLD GH  FDGD EUDVLOHLUR WHUi GHVHPEROVDGR
DSUR[LPDGDPHQWH 5  SDUD SDJDU WULEXWRV QHVVH DQR H WHUi WUDEDOKDGR FLQFR PHVHV Vy SDUD HVVH ILP
0DVODVWLPDYHOPHQWHHVVDHQRUPHFDUJDWULEXWiULDQmRHQFRQWUDUHWRUQRHPEHQHItFLRVRFLDO
2,QVWLWXWR%UDVLOHLURGH3ODQHMDPHQWRH7ULEXWDomR,%37ORFDOL]DR%UDVLOQR~OWLPROXJDUGDOLVWDQD
UHODomR HQWUH LPSRVWRV H GHVHQYROYLPHQWR VRFLDO HPERUD VH HQFRQWUH HQWUH RV  SDtVHV GH PDLRU FDUJD
WULEXWiULDQRPXQGR6HUYLoRVHVVHQFLDLVFRPRVD~GHHGXFDomRWUDQVSRUWHHVHJXUDQoDQmRVmRSUHVWDGRVRX
VmRGHSpVVLPDTXDOLGDGHGDtRSURWHVWRSRSXODUSHGLQGRHVFRODVHKRVSLWDLV³SDGUmR)LID´
6H QmR EDVWDVVH p H[WUHPDPHQWH SHUYHUVR R QRVVR VLVWHPD WULEXWiULR DR XVDU H DEXVDU GRV FKDPDGRV
impostos invisíveis, WULEXWRV LQGLUHWRV TXH LQFLGHP SULQFLSDOPHQWH VREUH R FRQVXPR 2 LPSDFWR p HQRUPH
VREUH DV IDPtOLDV SREUHV FXMD PDLRU SDUWH GR UHQGLPHQWR p GHVWLQDGD DR FRQVXPR 'H IRUPD LQGLUHWD HVVDV
IDPtOLDVDFDEDPHQWUHJDQGRFRPSXOVRULDPHQWHDR(VWDGRFHUFDGHGHVXDUHQGDPHQVDOGHGRLVVDOiULRV
PtQLPRV
2SUySULRJRYHUQRUHFRQKHFHDQHFHVVLGDGHGHXPDUHIRUPDWULEXWiULDQR%UDVLOSRLVDFDUJDWULEXWiULD
DOpP GH VHU XPD GDV PDLRUHV GR PXQGR QmR Gi j SRSXODomR D FRQWUDSDUWLGD GRV VHUYLoRV HP TXDOLGDGH H
TXDQWLGDGH QHFHVViULDV 4XHP SRGH SDJD GXSODPHQWH UHFROKH R LPSRVWR H FRPSUD RV VHUYLoRV TXH GHYHULD
UHFHEHU HP VD~GH HGXFDomR H VHJXUDQoD 4XHP QmR SRGH FRPSUDU HVVHV VHUYLoRV R TXH UHSUHVHQWD D JUDQGH
PDLRULDSDGHFHQDVILODVGR686HPDWULFXODVHXVILOKRVHPHVFRODVS~EOLFDVFRPSURYDGDPHQWHGHILFLHQWHV
$IDOWDGHFRQILDQoDGRS~EOLFRHPJHUDOQDILHODSOLFDomRGRVWULEXWRVjVILQDOLGDGHVDTXHVHGHVWLQDPp
RXWUDTXHVWmRDVHUHQIUHQWDGD2HVFODUHFLPHQWRGDRSLQLmRS~EOLFDDUHVSHLWRGRTXHIRLIHLWRFRPRGLQKHLUR
S~EOLFR±REUDVHGXFDomRVD~GHHWF±DMXGDULDDTXHEUDUDUHVLVWrQFLDHDDQJDULDUFRQILDQoD

58. DIREITO DO TRABALHO

2'LUHLWRGR7UDEDOKRRIHUHFHLJXDOPHQWHFDPSRIpUWLOjLQYHVWLJDomRVRFLROyJLFDSRUTXHVHWUDWDGHXP
QRYR UDPR GR GLUHLWR RQGH PDLV GR TXH HP TXDOTXHU RXWUR ID]VH QRWyULR R FRQGLFLRQDPHQWR GLUHWR TXH D
UHDOLGDGH VRFLDO H[HUFH VREUH D RUGHP MXUtGLFD 6HX GHVHQYROYLPHQWR WHP VLGR UiSLGR HP YLUWXGH GDV
FRQVWDQWHVSUHVV}HVH[HUFLGDVSHORVIDWRVVRFLDLVVREUHDVIRUoDVHJUXSRVGHWHQWRUHVGRFRQWUROHGDHFRQRPLD
3RUHVVDPHVPDUD]mRDOHJLVODomRWUDEDOKLVWDDLQGDTXHQRYDWHPVLGRDOWHUDGDFRPIUHTXrQFLD
7mR QRWyULR p R FRQGLFLRQDPHQWR VRFLDO VREUH DV OHLV WUDEDOKLVWDV TXH SRGHPRV DILUPDU FRP VHJXUDQoD
TXH WRGDV DV FRQTXLVWDV GRV WUDEDOKDGRUHV QHVVH UDPR GR GLUHLWR FRPR IpULDV GH WULQWD GLDV JUDWLILFDomR
QDWDOLQD UHDMXVWHV VDODULDLV DSRVHQWDGRULD GHFRUUHUDP GDV SUHVV}HV IHLWDV SHORV yUJmRV GH FODVVH DFDWDGDV
PXLWR D FRQWUDJRVWR SHORV SDWU}HV )RUDP FRQFHVV}HV IHLWDV SDVVR D SDVVR VHPSUH QD PHQRU PHGLGD
SRVVtYHODRVLPSXOVRVVRFLDLVGDVQRYDVUHLYLQGLFDo}HVGHPDVVD

58.1. Interferência das forças sindicais no processo de formação do direito do trabalho

6HJXQGR R 3URI 0LUDQGD 5RVD 2E FLW S  D LQIOXrQFLD VLQGLFDO QR SURFHVVR GH IRUPDomR GR
'LUHLWR7UDEDOKLVWDDSUHVHQWDWUrVIDFHWDVGLVWLQWDVDVDEHU

a DomRVREUHRVyUJmRVOHJLVODWLYRVHH[HFXWLYRVYLVDQGRjHGLomRGHQRUPDVMXUtGLFDVFRQYHQLHQWHVDRV
LQWHUHVVHVGRVVHXVDVVRFLDGRV
b DomR VREUH R -XGLFLiULR SURFXUDQGR REWHU GHFLV}HV GD MXVWLoD IDYRUiYHLV FDSD]HV GH FRQGLFLRQDU XP
HQWHQGLPHQWRXQLIRUPHQRVHQWLGRGHVHMDGR
c DomR VREUH D RSLQLmR S~EOLFD WHQGHQWH D FULDU DPELHQWH VRFLDO PDLV DPSOR VLPSiWLFR jV SRVLo}HV
DVVXPLGDVSHORVJUXSRVGHWUDEDOKDGRUHVYLQFXODGRVDWDLVRUJDQL]Do}HVVLQGLFDLV

'H DFRUGR FRP R PHVPR DXWRU 2E FLW S  HP DOJXQV SDtVHV HVVD LQIOXrQFLD p H[HUFLGD GLUHWD H
RVWHQVLYDPHQWH VREUH RV yUJmRV SURGXWRUHV GR GLUHLWR jV YH]HV DWp PHVPR FRP FHUWR H[LELFLRQLVPR SDUD
HYLGHQFLDUDHILFLrQFLDGDVRUJDQL]Do}HVFODVVLVWDVHVLQGLFDLVQDGHIHVDGRVLQWHUHVVHVGHVHXVDVVRFLDGRV(P
RXWURV p PDLV GLVFUHWD D LQWHUYHQomR GRV VLQGLFDWRV QD IRUPXODomR GDV QRUPDV MXUtGLFDV GR WUDEDOKR VHMD
SHODV FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV SUySULDV GR PRYLPHQWR VLQGLFDO VHMD SHODV UHVWULo}HV TXH D RUJDQL]DomR SROtWLFD OKHV
LPS}H (P TXDOTXHU GDV KLSyWHVHV SRUpP D LQIOXrQFLD TXH H[HUFHP RV yUJmRV GH FODVVH p LQHJiYHO
LPSUHVVLRQDQWHHLQHYLWiYHO([HPSORGLVWRWLYHPRVQDGpFDGDGHQD3RO{QLDDGHVSHLWRGRUHJLPHSROtWLFR
GXURHDXVWHUROiH[LVWHQWH2OtGHUVLQGLFDOFKHJRXj3UHVLGrQFLDGDTXHOH3DtV
2%UDVLOTXHGXUDQWHPXLWRVDQRVHVWHYHHQWUHRVSDtVHVGRVHJXQGRJUXSRGHSRLVGDDEHUWXUDSROtWLFD
YHP VH FRORFDQGR QR SULPHLUR FRQIRUPH IRL SRVVtYHO FRQVWDWDU DWUDYpV GRV PRYLPHQWRV JUHYLVWDV QR $%&
3DXOLVWD8POtGHUVLQGLFDOFKHJRXj3UHVLGrQFLDGR3DtVHSURPRYHXUHIRUPDVFRQVWLWXFLRQDLVVLJQLILFDWLYDV
EHPFRPRQDOHJLVODomRRUGLQiULD
$Wp RQGH HVVD LQIOXrQFLD p ~WLO QHFHVViULD YiOLGD H OHJtWLPD p TXHVWmR D VHU H[DPLQDGD DWUDYpV GH
LQYHVWLJDomRSURIXQGDGDUHDOLGDGHVRFLDOGHWHUPLQDQWH
2TXHIRLGLWRQHVWDSDUWHVHUYHSDUDGHPRQVWUDURTXHSRGHULDHGHYHULDVHUIHLWRHPWRGRVRVUDPRVGR
'LUHLWRFRPUHODomRDGHWHUPLQDGDVUHDOLGDGHVVRFLDLVSRUHOHDLQGDQmRDGHTXDGDPHQWHGLVFLSOLQDGDV

59. LEIS PROTETIVAS DOS MAIS FRACOS

$ &RQVWLWXLomR )HGHUDO HVWDEHOHFH QR caput GR VHX DUW ƒ TXH ³WRGRV VmR LJXDLV SHUDQWH D OHL VHP
GLVWLQomRGHTXDOTXHUQDWXUH]D´JDUDQWLQGRDWRGRVGLUHLWRjYLGDjOLEHUGDGHjVHJXUDQoDHjSURSULHGDGH2
LQFLVR , GR PHVPR DUWLJR UHIRUoD HVVH SULQFtSLR DVVHJXUDQGR D LJXDOGDGH HQWUH KRPHQV H PXOKHUHV HP
GLUHLWRVHREULJDo}HV0DVQmRVHWUDWDGHSULQFtSLRQRYRHPQRVVDRUGHPMXUtGLFDSRUTXHD&RQVWLWXLomRGR
,PSpULR MXUDGD HP  Mi FRQVDJUDYD QR VHX DUW  D LJXDOGDGH GH WRGRV SHUDQWH D OHL H GHVGH
HQWmRHVVHSULQFtSLRIRLPDQWLGRHPWRGDVDVFRQVWLWXLo}HVTXHVHVHJXLUDPDWpDDWXDO
6H DVVLP p LQGDJDVH SRU TXH HQWmR D QRVVD VRFLHGDGH p WmR GHVLJXDO" 3RU TXH DLQGD WHPRV JUXSRV
FODVVHVRXFDWHJRULDVGHSHVVRDVTXHHVWmRHPIODJUDQWHGHVLJXDOGDGH"$UD]mRGHVVDGLVSDULGDGHGHFRUUHGR
IDWRde ter sido meramente formal a igualdade perante a leiSURFODPDGDSRUWRGDVDVQRVVDVFRQVWLWXLo}HV
DQWHULRUHV QmR SDVVRX GD folha  de  papel QD EHOD H[SUHVVmR GH /DVVDOOH QmR KRXYH VLQWRQLD HQWUH D QRUPD
FRQVWLWXFLRQDO H D UHDOLGDGH VRFLDO 1D YHUGDGH D GHQRPLQDGD LJXDOGDGH RX isonomia  formal QmR OHYD HP
FRQWDDdesigualdade realRXmaterialH[LVWHQWHHQWUHDVSHVVRDVHPUD]mRGDFXOWXUDGRVH[RGDFRUGDV
FRQGLo}HVHFRQ{PLFDVHWF
(P IDFH GD GHVLJXDOGDGH VXEVWDQFLDO H[LVWHQWH HQWUH DV SHVVRDV Mi VH SURFODPRX GHVGH $ULVWyWHOHV QD
*UpFLD TXH D verdadeira  igualdade  consiste  em  tratar  desigualmente  os  desiguais  na  medida  em  que  se
desigualam H LVVR WHP TXH VHU IHLWR SRU PHLR GH OHLV HVSHFLDLV SURWHWLYDV GRV PDLV IUDFRV YLVDQGR j
VXSUHVVmRGDVGLIHUHQoDVHGHVLJXDOGDGHVSUySULDVGHFDGDJUXSRRXFODVVHGHSHVVRDV$LJXDOGDGHVRPHQWH
SRGHVHUYHULILFDGDHQWUHSHVVRDVTXHVHHQFRQWUDPHPVLWXDomRHTXLYDOHQWHVHQGROHYDGRVHPFRQVLGHUDomR
RVIDWRUHVGLWDGRVSHODUHDOLGDGHHFRQ{PLFDVRFLDOHFXOWXUDO
e R TXH -RUJH 0LUDQGD UHQRPDGR FRQVWLWXFLRQDOLVWD SRUWXJXrV GHQRPLQD GH discriminação  positiva
QHVWDSULPRURVDOLomR³2VGLUHLWRVVmRRVPHVPRVSDUDWRGRVPDVFRPRQHPWRGRVVHDFKDPHPLJXDOGDGH
GH FRQGLo}HV SDUD RV H[HUFHU p SUHFLVR TXH HVWDV FRQGLo}HV VHMDP FULDGDV RX UHFULDGDV DWUDYpV GD
WUDQVIRUPDomRGDYLGDHGDVHVWUXWXUDVGHQWURGDVTXDLVDVSHVVRDVVHPRYHPPHVPRTXDQGRDLJXDOGDGH
VRFLDO VH WUDGX] QD FRQFHVVmR GH FHUWRV GLUHLWRV RX DWp FHUWDV YDQWDJHQV HVSHFLILFDPHQWH D GHWHUPLQDGDV
SHVVRDV±DVTXHVHHQFRQWUDPHPVLWXDo}HVGHLQIHULRULGDGHGHFDUrQFLDGHPHQRUSURWHomR±DGLIHUHQFLDomR
RX D discriminação positiva WHP HP YLVWD DOFDQoDU D LJXDOGDGH H WDLV GLUHLWRV RX YDQWDJHQV FRQILJXUDPVH
FRPR LQVWUXPHQWDLV QR UXPR SDUD HVVHV ILQV´ Manual  de  direito  constitucional  HG &RLPEUD W ,9 S

(P VXPD R SULQFtSLR GD LVRQRPLD JDUDQWH TXH DV QRUPDV QmR GHYHP VHU VLPSOHVPHQWH HODERUDGDV H
DSOLFDGDVLQGLVWLQWDPHQWHDWRGRVRVLQGLYtGXRVYDLDOpPQDPHGLGDHPTXHFRQVLGHUDDH[LVWrQFLDGHJUXSRV
PLQRULWiULRVHKLSRVVXILFLHQWHVTXHQHFHVVLWDPGHXPDSUHVWDomRHVSHFLDOSDUDTXHDOFDQFHPDigualdade real
HVWDVLPXPDH[LJrQFLDGRSULQFtSLRPDLRUGDGLJQLGDGHGDSHVVRDKXPDQD
3RUWDQWR D LJXDOGDGH SUHYLVWD QD &RQVWLWXLomR GH  p D igualdade substancial 6H DVVLP QmR IRVVH
QmRKDYHULDGLIHUHQoDHQWUHHODHD&RQVWLWXLomRGR,PSpULRTXHFRPRYLPRVFRQVDJUDYDWDPEpPRSULQFtSLR
GD LJXDOGDGH GH WRGRV SHUDQWH D OHL PDV SHUPLWLD D FRQYLYrQFLD GR LQGLJLWDGR SULQFtSLR FRP D YHUJRQKD GR
UHJLPHHVFUDYRFUDWD(VVDLJXDOGDGHVXSHUILFLDOGLVFULPLQDGRUDSDUDGR[DOUHSLWDVHQmRpPDLVDLJXDOGDGH
TXH D &RQVWLWXLomR DWXDO DSUHJRD 9LYHPRV XP QRYR WHPSR HP TXH D &RQVWLWXLomR GHL[RX R VHX SDSHO
FRDGMXYDQWHHWUDQVPXGRXVHHPSURWDJRQLVWDGRRUGHQDPHQWRMXUtGLFR'HGRFXPHQWRIRUPDOOLPLWDGRUGR
SRGHU HVWDWDO H GHILQLGRU GD RUJDQL]DomR JRYHUQDPHQWDO SDVVRX D FRQILJXUDUVH HP /HL PDWHULDO HIHWLYD
SURWHWLYDFRQVDJUDGRUDGRVGLUHLWRVKXPDQRV
 2 QRVVR (VWDGR 'HPRFUiWLFR WHP SRLV FRPSURPLVVR FRP D LJXDOGDGH UHDO VXEVWDQFLDO H QmR
PHUDPHQWHQRPLQDO1HVVHFRQWH[WRDVVXPHPUHOHYkQFLDSROtWLFDHMXUtGLFDDVOHLVSURWHWLYDVGRVPDLVIUDFRV
XPD YH] TXH D UHDOLGDGH GHPRQVWURX TXH VHP HVVD WXWHOD HVSHFtILFD DV QRUPDV MXUtGLFDV FRPXQV QmR VmR
VXILFLHQWHVSDUDLPSHGLUDSHUSHWXDomRGHLQMXVWLoDV

59.1. O Código do Consumidor

2 &yGLJR GH 'HIHVD GR &RQVXPLGRU YHLR D OXPH SRU H[SUHVVD GHWHUPLQDomR FRQVWLWXFLRQDO SDUD
GHIHQGHU H SURWHJHU R FRQVXPLGRU 'LVS}H R DUW ƒ LQF ;;;,, GD &RQVWLWXLomR )HGHUDO ³O  Estado
promoverá,  na  forma  da  lei,  a  defesa  do  consumidor´ 'HIHQGHU R FRQVXPLGRU SRU TXr" 3RUTXH HOH p
vulnerávelHQWHQGHQGRVHFRPRWDODVXDVLWXDomRGHIUDJLOLGDGHHGHVLJXDOGDGHHPIDFHGRIRUQHFHGRU
$ vulnerabilidade p D HVSLQKD GRUVDO GR &'& D UD]mR GH VHU GD SURWHomR GR FRQVXPLGRU D SHGUD
IXQGDPHQWDO GR GLUHLWR GR FRQVXPLGRU 1mR WHQGR QHQKXPD DWXDomR QR SURFHVVR GH SURGXomR GLVWULEXLomR H
FRPHUFLDOL]DomR GH SURGXWRV H VHUYLoRV GHOH SDUWLFLSDQGR DSHQDV QD HWDSD ILQDO R FRQVXPR R FRQVXPLGRU
HUD RIHQGLGR IHULGR OHVDGR HP VXD LQWHJULGDGH ItVLFD HFRQ{PLFD SVLFROyJLFD RX PRUDO 5HFRQKHFHQGRVH D
GHVLJXDOGDGHH[LVWHQWHHQWUHRIRUQHFHGRUHRFRQVXPLGRUEXVFRXVHHVWDEHOHFHUXPDigualdade realHQWUHDV
SDUWHV QDV UHODo}HV GH FRQVXPR $V QRUPDV GR &'& HVWmR VLVWHPDWL]DGDV D SDUWLU GHVVD LGHLD EiVLFD GH
SURWHomRGHXPGHWHUPLQDGRVXMHLWRRFRQVXPLGRUSRUVHUHOHvulnerável$YXOQHUDELOLGDGHSRGHVHUfática,
técnicaRXjurídica.
2 &yGLJR GR &RQVXPLGRU SDUD FXPSULU D VXD YRFDomR FRQVWLWXFLRQDO ± promover  a  defesa  do
consumidor ± HVWDEHOHFHX XPD SROtWLFD QDFLRQDO GH FRQVXPR XPD GLVFLSOLQD MXUtGLFD ~QLFD H XQLIRUPH SDUD
WXWHODUWRGRVRVGLUHLWRVPDWHULDLVHPRUDLVGRVFRQVXPLGRUHV
3DUDWHUPRVXPDLGHLDGRFDPSRGHLQFLGrQFLDGR&yGLJRGH'HIHVDGR&RQVXPLGRU±&'&±EDVWDTXH
VH GLJD TXH VRPRV KRMH PDLV GH  PLOK}HV GH FRQVXPLGRUHV QR %UDVLO JHUDQGR GLDULDPHQWH RXWURV WDQWRV
PLOK}HV GH UHODo}HV HP WRGDV DV iUHDV GR PHUFDGR GH FRQVXPR VD~GH KDELWDomR YHVWXiULR DOLPHQWDomR
WUDQVSRUWHVVHJXUDQoDSURGXWRVVHUYLoRVHWF
(QWUH DV LQ~PHUDV LQRYDo}HV WUD]LGDV SHOR &'& PHUHFHP GHVWDTXH DTXHODV TXH SURFXUDP SURWHJHU R
FRQVXPLGRU QRV SRQWRV HP TXH p PDLV YXOQHUiYHO D VXD LQWHJULGDGH ItVLFRSVtTXLFD H D VXD LQWHJULGDGH
HFRQ{PLFD 3DUD DWLQJLU D VXD ILQDOLGDGH QR TXH GL] UHVSHLWR DR SULPHLUR SRQWR R &'& HVWDEHOHFHX
UHVSRQVDELOLGDGH REMHWLYD SDUD R IRUQHFHGRU GH SURGXWRV RX VHUYLoRV QR TXH WDQJH DR VHJXQGR SRQWR R
&yGLJRDGRWRXDFRQFHSomRVRFLDOGRFRQWUDWR

59.2. A responsabilidade objetiva do fornecedor de produtos ou serviços

$WpR&yGLJRGR&RQVXPLGRURVULVFRVGRFRQVXPRFRUULDPSRUFRQWDGRFRQVXPLGRU(QWHQGLDVHTXH
R IRUQHFHGRU GH SURGXWRV RX VHUYLoRV OLPLWDYDVH D ID]HU D FKDPDGD ³RIHUWD LQRFHQWH´ VHQGR WULEXWDGRV DRV
ULVFRVGRDWRGHFRQVXPLUWRGRVRVDFLGHQWHVGHFRQVXPR)DODYDVHDWpQDDYHQWXUDGRFRQVXPRSDUDLQGLFDU
D VLWXDomR GDTXHOH TXH VH DYHQWXUDYD D FRQVXPLU SURGXWR RX VHUYLoR 2 &'& DWHQGHQGR DQWLJD H[LJrQFLD
VRFLDO GHX XPD JXLQDGD GH FHQWR H RLWHQWD JUDXV DR WUDQVIHULU RV ULVFRV GR FRQVXPR GR FRQVXPLGRU SDUD R
IRUQHFHGRU FRORFDQGRVH QHVVH H HP RXWURV SRQWRV HQWUH DV PHOKRUHV H PDLV DYDQoDGDV OHJLVODo}HV GR
PXQGR
+RMH D UHVSRQVDELOLGDGH GR IRUQHFHGRU p REMHWLYD YDOH GL]HU UHVSRQGH SHORV GDQRV TXH FDXVDU DR
FRQVXPLGRULQGHSHQGHQWHPHQWHGHFXOSDFRQVRDQWHDUWVHGR&'&
)XQGDVHDUHVSRQVDELOLGDGHGRIRUQHFHGRUQDteoria do risco do empreendimentoRXHPSUHVDULDOTXH
SRGHVHUDVVLPUHVXPLGDWRGRDTXHOHTXHVHGLVSRQKDDH[HUFHUDOJXPDDWLYLGDGHQRFDPSRGRIRUQHFLPHQWR
GH EHQV H VHUYLoRV WHP R GHYHU GH UHVSRQGHU SHORV IDWRV H YtFLRV UHVXOWDQWHV GR HPSUHHQGLPHQWR
LQGHSHQGHQWHPHQWH GH FXOSD $ UHVSRQVDELOLGDGH GHFRUUH GR VLPSOHV IDWR GH GLVSRUVH DOJXpP D UHDOL]DU
DWLYLGDGHGHSURGX]LUHVWRFDUGLVWULEXLUHFRPHUFLDOL]DUSURGXWRVRXVHUYLoRV
59.3. A concepção social do contrato no Código do Consumidor

1DVXDYLVmRFOiVVLFDRXWUDGLFLRQDORHOHPHQWRQXFOHDUGRFRQWUDWRpDDXWRQRPLDGDYRQWDGH8PDYH]
PDQLIHVWDGDDYRQWDGHFULDXPYtQFXORHQWUHRVFRQWUDWDQWHVGRTXDOQDVFHPGLUHLWRVHREULJDo}HV7mRIRUWHp
HVVHYtQFXORTXHVHFRVWXPDGL]HUTXHRFRQWUDWRpOHLHQWUHDVSDUWHV
$ OLEHUGDGH GH FRQWUDWDU p R UHIOH[R GD ILORVRILD GR (VWDGR /LEHUDO TXH H[LJLD XPD VHSDUDomR TXDVH
DEVROXWDHQWUHR(VWDGRHDVRFLHGDGHUHFRQKHFHQGRSHUIHLWDLJXDOGDGHHDEVROXWDOLEHUGDGHHQWUHDVSHVVRDV
2LQGLYtGXRHVWDULDDVVLPOLYUHSDUDFRQWUDWDURXQmRFRQWUDWDUSDUDGHILQLURFRQWH~GRGRFRQWUDWRHDLQGD
SDUDHVFROKHURSDUFHLURFRQWUDWXDO
2SURJUHVVRLQGXVWULDOFLHQWtILFRHWHFQROyJLFRYHLRGHPRQVWUDUTXHRGRJPDGDOLEHUGDGHFRQWUDWXDOQmR
SDVVDYDGHXPDILFomR(PIDFHGRGHVHTXLOtEULRHFRQ{PLFRGDVSDUWHV±XPIRUWHSRGHURVRHRRXWURIUDFR
VHP RSRUWXQLGDGH GH HVFROKD ± D OLEHUGDGH GH XP LPSRUWDYD HP RSUHVVmR GR RXWUR Mi TXH QmR Ki LJXDOGDGH
UHDOHQWUHRVKRPHQVQDVRFLHGDGH1DV~OWLPDVGpFDGDVWRUQRXVHQHFHVViULRVXEVWLWXLUDFRQFHSomRFOiVVLFD
GR FRQWUDWR SRU XPD FRQFHSomR VRFLDO R TXH Vy YHLR D RFRUUHU GH IRUPD H[SUHVVLYD QR &yGLJR GR
&RQVXPLGRU
3RUHVVDQRYDFRQFHSomRDDXWRQRPLDGDYRQWDGHGHL[DGHVHURHOHPHQWRQXFOHDUGRFRQWUDWRSDVVDQGR
D VHU VXEVWLWXtGD SHOR interesse  social $ HILFiFLD MXUtGLFD GR FRQWUDWR QmR PDLV GHSHQGH DSHQDV GD
PDQLIHVWDomRGHYRQWDGHPDVWDPEpPHSULQFLSDOPHQWHGRVVHXVHIHLWRVVRFLDLVHGDVFRQGLo}HVHFRQ{PLFDV
H VRFLDLV GDV SDUWHV TXH GHOH SDUWLFLSDP 2 (VWDGR SDVVD D LQWHUYLU QD IRUPDomR GRV FRQWUDWRV GH FRQVXPR
QmR Vy FRQWURODQGR SUHoRV PDV WDPEpP YHGDQGR FHUWDV FOiXVXODV LPSRQGR R FRQWH~GR GH RXWUDV FKHJDQGR
DR SRQWR GH REULJDU D FRQWUDWDU HP GHWHUPLQDGRV FDVRV $ DXWRQRPLD GD YRQWDGH Vy H[LVWH QDV FRQGLo}HV
SHUPLWLGDVSHODOHLTXHQDFRQFHSomRVRFLDOGRFRQWUDWRQmRWHPPDLVPHURSDSHOLQWHUSUHWDWLYRRXVXSOHWLYR
PDV FRJHQWH SURWHJH GHWHUPLQDGRV LQWHUHVVHV VRFLDLV H VHUYH GH LQVWUXPHQWR OLPLWDGRU GD DXWRQRPLD GD
YRQWDGH
&RPR H[HPSOR GHVVD QRYD SRVWXUD GD OHL HP IDFH GR FRQWUDWR GH FRQVXPR GHYHP VHU OHPEUDGRV RV
&DStWXORV 9 H 9, GR &'& TXH YHGDP D SXEOLFLGDGH HQJDQRVD H DEXVLYD DUWV  SURtEHP DV SUiWLFDV
FRPHUFLDLVDEXVLYDVDUWHFRQVLGHUDPQXODVGHSOHQRGLUHLWRDVFOiXVXODVDEXVLYDVDUWV
&RQFOXLQGR SRGHVH DILUPDU TXH R &yGLJR GR &RQVXPLGRU p D PDLV UHYROXFLRQiULD OHL GR VpFXOR ;;
IUXWRGHXPFRQVFLHQWHHEHPVXFHGLGRHVIRUoRGROHJLVODGRUSDUDDGHTXDUDQRVVDOHJLVODomRjUHDOLGDGHVRFLDO
QRTXHGL]UHVSHLWRjVUHODo}HVGHFRQVXPR7HPVLGRSURFODPDGRTXHHOHUHSUHVHQWDXPDYHUGDGHLUDPXGDQoD
QDDomRSURWHWRUDGR'LUHLWR&LYLO%UDVLOHLURSRLVGHXPDYLVmROLEHUDOHLQGLYLGXDOLVWDSDVVDPRVDXPDYLVmR
VRFLDO TXH YDORUL]D DV OHJtWLPDV H[SHFWDWLYDV GDV SHVVRDV QDV UHODo}HV GH FRQVXPR 4XDQWR DRV HIHLWRV
SRVLWLYRVTXHHVVDOHLYHPSURGX]LQGRUHSRUWDPRQRVDRTXHILFRXGLWRQRLWHP
$WHQWHVHWRGDYLDSDUDDDGYHUWrQFLDGR3URIHVVRU.D]XR:DWDQDEH³'HQDGDDGLDQWDUiWXGRLVVRVHP
TXH VH IRUPH QRV RSHUDGRUHV GR GLUHLWR XPD QRYD PHQWDOLGDGH FDSD] GH ID]rORV FRPSUHHQGHU DFHLWDU H
HIHWLYDPHQWHS{UHPSUiWLFDRVSULQFtSLRVHVWDEHOHFLGRVQR&yGLJRGR&RQVXPLGRU´

59.4. O Estatuto do Idoso

1R FHQVR GH  D SRSXODomR EUDVLOHLUD HUD GH  PLOK}HV GH SHVVRDV GDV TXDLV  PLOK}HV WLQKDP
PDLVGHDQRVGHLGDGHHTXLYDOHQWHDGRWRWDO+RMHVmRPDLVGHPLOK}HVGHSHVVRDVFRPPDLVGH
 DQRV  GD SRSXODomR WRWDO H DV SURSRUo}HV DSRQWDP SDUD  PLOK}HV GH LGRVRV HP QRVVR SDtV DWp
(VVDpDPDJQLWXGHGDTXHVWmRVRFLDOGRLGRVR2TXHWHPVLGRIHLWRSDUDHQIUHQWiOD"
$WpRILPGDGpFDGDGHSUDWLFDPHQWHQDGDKDYLDVLGRIHLWRRHQYHOKHFLPHQWRHDYHOKLFHQmRID]LDP
SDUWH GD DJHQGD SROtWLFD GR %UDVLO 2V LGRVRV EUDVLOHLURV HVWDYDP QRV DVLORV H[FOXtGRV PDUJLQDOL]DGRV
GHVUHVSHLWDGRVHHVTXHFLGRVSHODVRFLHGDGH$WpTXHLGRVRVPRUUHUDPHPXPDPHVPDVHPDQDQXPDLQGD
FKDPDGR³DVLOR´QR5LRGH-DQHLUR2IDWRFKRFRXDRSLQLmRS~EOLFDHUHYHORXDQHFHVVLGDGHGHVHHQIUHQWDUD
TXHVWmRGRHQYHOKHFLPHQWRPHVPRTXHVHDFUHGLWDVVHTXHpUDPRVXPSDtVGHMRYHQV
(PIRLVDQFLRQDGDD3ROtWLFD1DFLRQDOGR,GRVRUHJXODPHQWDGDHPLQLFLDQGRVHYiULDVDo}HV
YLVDQGR D SURPRYHU XPD DERUGDJHP SRVLWLYD GR HQYHOKHFLPHQWR H D VXSHUDU SUHFRQFHLWRV DVVRFLDGRV DRV
LGRVRV
$SHQDV HP  IRL DSURYDGR R (VWDWXWR GR ,GRVR /HL Q  LPSRUWDQWH DYDQoR SDUD D
JDUDQWLD GRV GLUHLWRV GDV SHVVRDV LGRVDV H j PHGLGD TXH HOH YHP VHQGR LPSODQWDGR RV LGRVRV EUDVLOHLURV
HVWmR UHVJDWDQGR VXD DXWRHVWLPD VHXV GLUHLWRV VmR KRMH PDLV UHVSHLWDGRV HP QRVVD VRFLHGDGH 'H XP LGRVR
IUiJLOHGHSHQGHQWHYLVWRFRPRSHVRQDVRFLHGDGHHQHFHVVLWDGRGHDPSDURFDPLQKDVHSDUDXPLGRVRDWLYR
TXH DOpP GH WHU DMXGDGR D FRQVWUXLU HVWD QDomR H DLQGD VHU PXLWDV YH]HV R HVWHLR GD IDPtOLD FRQWLQXD
FRQWULEXLQGRSDUDDVRFLHGDGH
$OpPGDSOHQDDSOLFDomRGR(VWDWXWRGR,GRVRRXWUDVPHGLGDVGHYHUmRVHUSHUVHJXLGDVFRPRDDSURYDomR
GR )XQGR 1DFLRQDO GR ,GRVR HP WUDPLWDomR QR 6HQDGR SRLV Vy DVVLP SRGHUHPRV FRQVWUXLU XPD VRFLHGDGH
SDUDWRGDVDVLGDGHV

59.5. A Lei Maria da Penha

$YLROrQFLDGRPpVWLFDFRQWUDDPXOKHUpIDWRTXHRFRUUHKiPXLWRWHPSR(VWHFRPSRUWDPHQWRGHFRUUHGD
HVWUDWLILFDomRGHXPDFXOWXUDSUHFRQFHLWXRVDHPDFKLVWDHPUHODomRjPXOKHU
2SUREOHPDVHDJUDYRXWRPDQGRGLPHQV}HVJLJDQWHVFDVSRUTXHVHHQWHQGLDQRkPELWRSROLFLDOMXGLFLDO
HOHJLVODWLYRTXHTXHVW}HVHQYROYHQGRPDULGRHPXOKHUFDUDFWHUL]DGRVSRUYLROrQFLDItVLFDSVLFROyJLFDHGH
QDWXUH]DVH[XDOFRQWUDDPXOKHUHUDPDVVXQWRVTXHGHYHULDPVHUWUDWDGRVHUHVROYLGRVQDLQWLPLGDGHHQWUHRV
SHUVRQDJHQV HQYROYLGRV QmR VH DGPLWLQGR D LQWHUIHUrQFLD GH WHUFHLURV (P VXPD ³HP EULJD GH PDULGR H
PXOKHUQmRVHPHWHDFROKHU´
8PD YH] PDLV IRL SUHFLVR DFRQWHFHU XP IDWR JUDYH TXH FKRFDVVH D RSLQLmR S~EOLFD SDUD GHVSHUWDU D
DWHQomR H D DomR GDV QRVVDV DXWRULGDGHV (P  XPD IDUPDFrXWLFD FKDPDGD 0DULD GD 3HQKD 0DLD
)HUQDQGHV IRL YtWLPD GH GXDV WHQWDWLYDV GH KRPLFtGLR SHUSHWUDGDV SHOR VHX HQWmR PDULGR 0DUFR $QWRQLR
9LYHLURVHFRQRPLVWD
1D SULPHLUD WHQWDWLYD 0DULD GD 3HQKD IRL DWLQJLGD SRU XP WLUR GH HVSLQJDUGD GLVSDUDGR SRU 0DUFR
$QWRQLR TXDQGR HOD GRUPLD 2 WLUR DWLQJLXD HP VXDV FRVWDV H HP UD]mR GDV OHV}HV WRUQRXD SDUDSOpJLFD
6REUHYLYHQGRDRDWHQWDGRGHVIHFKDGRSHORSUySULRPDULGRTXHDOHJDYDVHUDXWRUGRGLVSDURXPDVVDOWDQWHTXH
VH LQWURGX]LUD QR TXDUWR DILQDO GHVPHQWLGR SHOD SURYD SURGX]LGD 0DUFR $QWRQLR WHQWRX PDWDU 0DULD GD
3HQKDSRUeletrocussãoTXDQGRHODLDWRPDUEDQKR
0DUFR$QWRQLRIRLVXEPHWLGRDMXOJDPHQWRSHOR7ULEXQDOGR-~ULHPHDSyVLQ~PHURVSHUFDOoRV
SURFHVVXDLVHPIRLFRQGHQDGRjSHQDGHDQRVHPHVHVGHUHFOXVmRSHUPDQHFHQGRQRHQWDQWROLYUH
DWp  TXDQGR IRL ILQDOPHQWH SUHVR SDVVDGRV  DQRV GD SULPHLUD WHQWDWLYD GH KRPLFtGLR H VHQGR
EHQHILFLDGRFRPRUHJLPHGHSURJUHVVmRGDSHQDFXPSUHDHPOLEHUGDGH
$GHPRUDQDSXQLomRHDIDOWDGHULJRUQRWUDWDPHQWRGHGHOLWRVGHVVDQDWXUH]DRXVHMDRVGHFRUUHQWHVGH
YLROrQFLD GRPpVWLFD OHYDUDP 0DULD GD 3HQKD FRP R DSRLR GH RUJDQL]Do}HV IHPLQLVWDV D SURPRYHU
UHFODPDomR SHUDQWH D &RPLVVmR ,QWHUDPHULFDQD GH 'LUHLWRV +XPDQRV TXDQWR j OHQLrQFLD H LQHILFLrQFLD GR
(VWDGREUDVLOHLURHPFXPSULUDVQRUPDWLYDVLQWHUQDFLRQDLV
$ &RPLVVmR ,QWHUDPHULFDQD GH 'LUHLWRV +XPDQRV GHOLEHURX QR 5HODWyULR Q  GH  TXH R %UDVLO
HPERUD WHQKD WRPDGR DOJXPDV PHGLGDV GHVWLQDGDV D UHGX]LU R DOFDQFH GD YLROrQFLD GRPpVWLFD H D WROHUkQFLD
HVWDWDOGDPHVPDHVVDVPHGLGDVHQWUHWDQWRDLQGDQmRSRVVLELOLWDUDPUHGX]LUFRQVLGHUDYHOPHQWHRSDGUmRGH
WROHUkQFLDHVWDWDOSDUWLFXODUPHQWHHPYLUWXGHGDIDOWDGHHIHWLYLGDGHGDDomRSROLFLDOHMXGLFLDOFRPUHVSHLWRj
YLROrQFLDFRQWUDDPXOKHU
'HQWUHDVUHFRPHQGDo}HVR5HODWyULRQSUHFRQL]RXDFRQWLQXLGDGHHRDSURIXQGDPHQWRGRSURFHVVR
UHIRUPDWyULRGRVLVWHPDOHJLVODWLYRQDFLRQDODILPGHPLWLJDUDWROHUkQFLDHVWDWDOjYLROrQFLDGRPpVWLFDFRQWUD
D PXOKHU QR %UDVLO H HP HVSHFLDO UHFRPHQGRX ³VLPSOLILFDU RV SURFHGLPHQWRV MXGLFLDLV SHQDLV D ILP GH TXH
SRVVD VHU UHGX]LGR R WHPSR SURFHVVXDO VHP DIHWDU RV GLUHLWRV H DV JDUDQWLDV GR GHYLGR SURFHVVR H R
HVWDEHOHFLPHQWRGHIRUPDVDOWHUQDWLYDVjVMXGLFLDLVUiSLGDVHHIHWLYDVGHVROXomRGHFRQIOLWRVLQWUDIDPLOLDUHV
EHPFRPRGHVHQVLELOL]DomRFRPUHVSHLWRjVXDJUDYLGDGHHjVFRQVHTXrQFLDVSHQDLVTXHJHUD´
$ SURPXOJDomR GD /HL Q  GH  GH DJRVWR GH  p D UHVXOWDQWH QmR Vy GH UHJXODU SURFHVVR
OHJLVODWLYRH[SUHVVDQGRDYRQWDGHSRSXODUPDVVHPG~YLGDpRUHVXOWDGRGDIRUoDHHILFiFLDGHFRQYHQo}HV
LQWHUQDFLRQDLVUDWLILFDGDVSHOR%UDVLO
(VWDOHLIRLJHUDGDSHORLQFRQIRUPLVPRHSHODGRUItVLFDHPRUDOGHXPDYtWLPDGHYLROrQFLDGRPpVWLFD
TXHEXVFDYDDDSOLFDomRGDOHLHVXDHIHWLYDH[HFXomR
$ /HL Q  UHSUHVHQWD D SDUWLFLSDomR EUDVLOHLUD QR FRQFHUWR GDV QDo}HV QD HIHWLYLGDGH GR
SULPDGRGDOLEHUGDGHGDLJXDOGDGHHGDVROLGDULHGDGHSLODUHVHPTXHVHDVVHQWDDGLJQLGDGHKXPDQD
(SRULVVRIRLEDWL]DGDFRPR³/HL0DULDGD3HQKD´
$ /HL Q  GH  GH DJRVWR GH  WHP R HVFRSR GH FULDU PHFDQLVPRV SDUD FRLELU D YLROrQFLD
GRPpVWLFDHIDPLOLDUFRQWUDDPXOKHUQRVWHUPRVGR†ƒGRDUWGD&RQVWLWXLomR)HGHUDOGD&RQYHQomR
VREUHD(OLPLQDomRGH7RGDVDV)RUPDVGH'LVFULPLQDomRFRQWUDDV0XOKHUHVHGD&RQYHQomR,QWHUDPHULFDQD
SDUD 3UHYHQLU 3XQLU H (UUDGLFDU D 9LROrQFLD 'RPpVWLFD H )DPLOLDU FRQWUD D 0XOKHU DOWHUD R &yGLJR GH
3URFHVVR3HQDOR&yGLJR3HQDOHD/HLGH([HFXomR3HQDOHGiRXWUDVSURYLGrQFLDV
9rVH DVVLP TXH D /HL Q  QmR Vy WHP R SURSyVLWR GH GDU FRQFUHomR DR FRPDQGR
FRQVWLWXFLRQDO GH SURWHomR j PXOKHU FRPR WDPEpP R GH DWHQGHU jV UHFRPHQGDo}HV GD 5HVROXomR Q  GH
GD&RPLVVmR,QWHUDPHULFDQDGH'LUHLWRV+XPDQRV
2V SURSyVLWRV GD /HL Q  VmR DEUDQJHQWHV H PXOWLGLVFLSOLQDUHV GLVSRQGR VREUH PDWpULDV
FtYHLVHSHQDLVDVTXDLVVmRDQDOLVDGDVHMXOJDGDVSRUXPPHVPRMXL]QXPDYLVmRLQWHJUDWLYDGR'LUHLWRQmR
VHFLUFXQVFUHYHQGRDSHQDVDRkPELWRGHSURWHomRGDPXOKHUFRPRYtWLPDPDVWDPEpPUHVJXDUGDQGRDSHVVRD
GR DJUHVVRU SRU QHFHVVLWDU GH WUDWDPHQWRV HVSHFLDLV ( WDPEpP DV SHVVRDV GRV ILOKRV HVSHFLDOPHQWH RV
PHQRUHVTXHVRIUHPRVHIHLWRVHFRQVHTXrQFLDVGDGHVDJUHJDomRGHVHXVSDLV
2V HOHYDGRV REMHWLYRV GD /HL Q  SRU VHX DVSHFWR PXOWLIDFHWiULR H PXOWLGLVFLSOLQDU QmR
SRGHULDP VHU DOFDQoDGRV VH QmR SRU PHLR GH SROtWLFDV S~EOLFDV TXH DUWLFXOHP Do}HV LQWHJUDGDV GH WRGRV RV
HQWHV HVWDWDLV ± 8QLmR (VWDGRV0HPEURV 'LVWULWR )HGHUDO H 0XQLFtSLRV ± HP FRQMXQWR FRP D VRFLHGDGH
FLYLOHPJHUDOHFRPRUJDQL]Do}HVQmRJRYHUQDPHQWDLV
(VWDV Do}HV DEUDQJHP D LQWHJUDomR GR 3RGHU -XGLFLiULR GR 0LQLVWpULR 3~EOLFR GD 'HIHQVRULD 3~EOLFD
FRPDViUHDVGHVHJXUDQoDS~EOLFDDVVLVWrQFLDVRFLDOVD~GHHGXFDomRWUDEDOKRHKDELWDomR
1D SDXWD GH Do}HV LQWHJUDGDV LQVHUHPVH FDPSDQKDV HGXFDWLYDV GH SUHYHQomR j YLROrQFLD GRPpVWLFD H
IDPLOLDUFRQWUDDPXOKHUDLQVHUomRQRVFXUUtFXORVHVFRODUHVGHWRGRVRVQtYHLVGHHQVLQRSDUDRVFRQWH~GRV
UHODWLYRV DRV GLUHLWRV KXPDQRV QmR Vy FRP UHODomR j YLROrQFLD GRPpVWLFD H IDPLOLDU FRQWUD D PXOKHU PDV
WDPEpPjHTXLGDGHGHJrQHURHGHUDoDRXHWQLD7UHFKRVGRDUWLJRGR0LQLVWURGR67-0DVVDPL8\HGDQD
Revista Justiça e CidadaniaQRYHPEUR
$R FRPSOHWDU VHLV DQRV GH H[LVWrQFLD D /HL 0DULD GD 3HQKD FRQWDELOL]D UHVXOWDGRV DOHQWDGRUHV SDUD
EUDVLOHLUDVYtWLPDVGHYLROrQFLDGRPpVWLFD/HYDQWDPHQWRIHLWRSHOR&RQVHOKR1DFLRQDOGD-XVWLoD&1-FRP
EDVH HP LQIRUPDo}HV GRV WULEXQDLV DSXURX HP PDUoR GH  TXH WUDPLWDP QRV HVWDGRV PDLV GH  PLO
SURFHVVRVQDVYDUDVHMXL]DGRVHVSHFLDLV
'HVGH DJRVWR GH  TXDQGR D OHL HQWURX HP YLJRU SHOR PHQRV  PXOKHUHV FRQVHJXLUHP QD
MXVWLoDPHGLGDVGHSURWHomRSDUDVDLUGDVLWXDomRGHULVFRHPDLVGHVHQWHQoDVGHILQLWLYDVHPSURFHVVR
SRUDJUHVVmRDPXOKHUHVIRUDPSXEOLFDGDV
2 5LR GH -DQHLUR RQGH IRUDP LQVWDODGRV -XL]DGRV (VSHFLDLV GH 3URWHomR GD 0XOKHU DSUHVHQWD RV
PHOKRUHV UHVXOWDGRV  PHGLGDV SURWHWLYDV H  VHQWHQoDV Vy QR DQR GH  RV MXL]DGRV GR 5LR
FRQFHGHUDPPHGLGDVGHSURWHomRKiSURFHVVRVHPDQGDPHQWRQRVVHXVMXL]DGRV
$ /HL 0DULD GD 3HQKD QD YLVmR GD 0LQLVWUD &DUPHQ /~FLD GR 6XSUHPR 7ULEXQDO )HGHUDO ³TXHEURX
SDUDGLJPDV H PXGRX R GLUHLWR EUDVLOHLUR´ $ GHFODUDomR IRL GDGD SHOD 0LQLVWUD GXUDQWH DXGLrQFLD S~EOLFD QR
6HQDGRSDUDGHEDWHUSRVVtYHLVDOWHUDo}HVQHVVD/HL
$LQGDVREUHRVHIHLWRVSRVLWLYRVGD/HL0DULDGD3HQKDDILUPRXD0LQLVWUD³DOHJLVODomRUHSUHVHQWDXP
DYDQoRQRTXHVHUHIHUHDRVGLUHLWRVKXPDQRVHPHVSHFLDOQDSURWHomRGRVGLUHLWRVGDVPXOKHUHVPXGRX
FRPSOHWDPHQWHDIRUPDFRPRR(VWDGREUDVLOHLURHDMXVWLoDLQWHUSUHWDPRHVSDoRS~EOLFRHSULYDGR2TXDUWR
GHXPFDVDOSRUH[HPSORGHL[RXGHVHUHVSDoRSULYDGRSDUDWRUQDUS~EOLFRTXDQGRKRXYHUYLROrQFLDFRQWUDD
PXOKHU´
 3DUD D 0LQLVWUD &DUPHQ /~FLD ³D OHL WDPEpP WUDQVIRUPRX GLUHLWRV GHFODUDGRV FRPR RV GLUHLWRV
KXPDQRV H HVWi FRQVHJXLQGR GHUUXEDU TXHVW}HV FRPR R PHGR H D YHUJRQKD TXH DQWHV LPSHGLDP TXH DV
PXOKHUHVYtWLPDVGHYLROrQFLDGHQXQFLDVVHPVHXVDJUHVVRUHV´

59.6. As leis de cotas raciais. Ações afirmativas

2XWUDiUHDHPTXHDneutralidade estatalIUDFDVVRXFRPSOHWDPHQWHpDTXHGL]UHVSHLWRjVGHVLJXDOGDGHV
pWQLFDV 1HJURV H tQGLRV HP IDFH GR SULQFtSLR GD LJXDOGDGH IRUPDO QmR PHUHFHUDP QHQKXP WUDWDPHQWR
HVSHFtILFR GR (VWDGR QmR UHFHEHUDP SURWHomR HVSHFLDO DOJXPD +DYLD PHVPR TXHP VXVWHQWDVVH H DLQGD Ki
VHU LQFRQVWLWXFLRQDO TXDOTXHU SROtWLFD VRFLDO SURWHFLRQLVWD HP IDYRU GH QHJURV H tQGLRV SRU VXSRVWD YLRODomR
GRVSULQFtSLRVGDLVRQRPLDHGRPpULWR
0DUWLQ/XWKHU.LQJPiUWLUGHVVDUHVLVWrQFLDQRV(VWDGRV8QLGRVEHPFRORFRXDTXHVWmR³$FDGDYH]
TXH HVVD TXHVWmR DWXDO GR WUDWDPHQWR SUHIHUHQFLDO SDUD R QHJUR p OHYDQWDGD DOJXQV GH QRVVRV DPLJRV VH
UHWUDHP KRUURUL]DGRV 2 QHJUR GHYH REWHU D JDUDQWLD GD LJXDOGDGH FRQFRUGDP HOHV PDV HOH QmR GHYH SHGLU
QDGD DOpP GLVVR 6XSHUILFLDOPHQWH LVVR SDUHFH UD]RiYHO SRUpP QmR p UHDOLVWD 3RLV UHVXOWD yEYLR TXH VH XP
KRPHPpFRORFDGRQDOLQKDGHSDUWLGDGHXPDFRUULGDWUH]HQWRVDQRVDSyVRXWURKRPHPRSULPHLURWHUiTXH
UHDOL]DUXPIHLWRLPSRVVtYHOSDUDDOFDQoDURVHXFRPSHWLGRUQDFRUULGD´Why we can’t+DSHU 5RZ
%DVWDROKDUPRVDRUHGRUSDUDFRQVWDWDUPRVDVLWXDomRGHIODJUDQWHGHVYDQWDJHPGRVQHJURVWDPEpPQR
%UDVLO $OJXQV GDGRV HVWDWtVWLFRV FRPSURYDP D H[LVWrQFLD GH WUHPHQGD GHVLJXDOGDGH IiWLFD HQWUH EUDQFRV H
QHJURV(PFRQVXOWDDRsiteGD318'WRPDPRVFRQKHFLPHQWRGR³$WODV5DFLDO%UDVLOHLUR´GHVREUHR
WHPD ³,QVXILFLrQFLD GH 5HQGD SREUH]D H LQGLJrQFLD´ R TXDO PRVWUD TXH 65%  dos  pobres  e  70%  dos
indigentes brasileiros são negros
$OpP GLVVR FRQIRUPH R HVWXGR VXSUDPHQFLRQDGR ³1mR VH YHULILFD QHQKXP DYDQoR QD GLPLQXLomR GRV
GLIHUHQFLDLVHQWUHQHJURVHEUDQFRVSREUHV$SURSRUomRGHnegros abaixo da linha de pobreza no total da
população negra no Brasil é de 50%HQTXDQWRTXHpGHDGHEUDQFRVQRFRQMXQWRGDSRSXODomREUDQFD
GHVGH ´ 318' ± 3URJUDPD GDV 1Do}HV 8QLGDV SDUD R 'HVHQYROYLPHQWR ±
ZZZSQXGRUJEUSXEOLFDo}HVDWODVWH[WRV
2 PHVPR HVWXGR FRQFOXL TXH QR %UDVLO D SURSRUomR GH SREUHV QD SRSXODomR UHYHOD D SHUVLVWrQFLD GD
GHVLJXDOGDGHUDFLDOEUDVLOHLUDXPDYH]TXHQmRVHWHPYHULILFDGRDYDQoRQDGLPLQXLomRGRVGLIHUHQFLDLVHQWUH
QHJURVHEUDQFRVSREUHVGHVGHRLQtFLRGDGpFDGDGH
&RQIRUPH R $WODV 5DFLDO GH  R PHVPR DFRQWHFH FRP D SURSRUomR GH QHJURV DEDL[R GD OLQKD GD
LQGLJrQFLD TXH YHP PDQWHQGR D PHVPD WHQGrQFLD GHVGH  RX VHMD 25%  dos  negros  são  indigentes,
HQTXDQWRVyGRVEUDQFRVVmRLQGLJHQWHV
1R FDPSR HGXFDFLRQDO FRQIRUPH &DUORV $UL 6XQIHOG p SDWHQWH D GLIHUHQoD HQWUH QHJURV H EUDQFRV $
WD[DGHanalfabetismo entre negros com mais de 15 anos é de 33,7%HQTXDQWRDSHQDVGRVEUDQFRVQD
PHVPDIDL[DHWiULDQmRVDEHPOHUHHVFUHYHUDireito Público e Igualdade Étnico­Racial
'DGRV GR ,%*( QD 3HVTXLVD 1DFLRQDO SRU $PRVWUD GH 'RPLFtOLRV GH  FRPSURYDP TXH GRV
EUDVLOHLURV FRP ensino  superior  completo,  78%  são  brancos,  enquanto  3,3%  são  negros  e  16,5%  são
pardos
(VVDGHVLJXDOGDGHUDFLDODODUPDQWHQDiUHDGDHGXFDomRWHPVHXVUHIOH[RVGLUHWRVQRFDPSRGRHPSUHJR
3HVTXLVD HODERUDGD SHOR ,QVWLWXWR (WKRV PRVWUD TXH 96,5%  dos  cargos  executivos  são  ocupados  por
brancos e apenas 1,8% o são por negros. Nos cargos de gerência, o percentual é de 89% de brancos e
8,8% de negros
3RUWDQWRILFDFODURTXHRVQHJURVHVWmRHPVLWXDomRGHLQIHULRULGDGHHPUHODomRDRVEUDQFRVHPWRGRVRV
LQGLFDGRUHV VRFLDLV UHOHYDQWHV $OpP GLVVR D SURSRUomR GH QHJURV H[HUFHQGR IXQo}HV GH PDLRU GHVWDTXH QD
VRFLHGDGHFRPRQDPDJLVWUDWXUDQRVSDUODPHQWRVHQDVHPSUHVDVpPXLWRLQIHULRUOHYDGDHPFRQVLGHUDomRD
SURSRUomRGHQHJURVQDSRSXODomREUDVLOHLUD
$FRQFOXVmRTXHVHFKHJDpTXHQmRSRGHPRVDILUPDUTXHKiLJXDOGDGHGHIDWRHQWUHEUDQFRVHQHJURVQR
%UDVLO$VFRQVHTXrQFLDVKLVWyULFDVGRSDVVDGRGHVXMHLomRHHVFUDYLGmRQmRIRUDPDSDJDGDV1mRVHWUDWDGH
XPDTXHVWmRSXUDPHQWHHFRQ{PLFDPDVGHFXQKRQRWDGDPHQWHUDFLDO
$V SROtWLFDV XQLYHUVDOLVWDV QmR WrP VLGR HILFD]HV SDUD UHYHUWHU HVVD UHDOLGDGH 3ROtWLFDV HVSHFtILFDV
YROWDGDV j LQFOXVmR GRV DIURGHVFHQGHQWHV VmR QHFHVViULDV H XUJHQWHV SDUD DOWHUDU HVVH TXDGUR GH
GLVFULPLQDomR
(QTXDQWR RV QHJURV HVWmR VXEUHSUHVHQWDGRV QDV HVWUXWXUDV GH SRGHU QDV SRVLo}HV GH GHVWDTXH GD
VRFLHGDGH EUDVLOHLUD HQFRQWUDPVH VXSHUUHSUHVHQWDGRV QDV FDGHLDV QRV HPSUHJRV VXEDOWHUQRV H VXE
KXPDQRV 6mR IDWRV TXH JHUDP XP VHQWLPHQWR GH EDL[D DXWRHVWLPD H GH LQIHULRUL]DomR QRV QHJURV
UHSURGX]LQGRXPHVWLJPDTXHQmRVHDSDJD
20LQLVWUR-RDTXLP%DUERVD*RPHVGR67)GLVFRUUHQGRVREUHRWHPDGHQXQFLD

“Brancos monopolizam inteiramente o aparelho do Estado e nem sequer se dão conta da anomalia
que  isso  representa  à  luz  dos  princípios  da  Democracia 3RU GLYHUVRV PHFDQLVPRV LQVWLWXFLRQDLV
UDUDPHQWHDERUGDGRVFRPDGHYLGDVHULHGDGHHKRQHVWLGDGHa educação de boa qualidade é reservada às
pessoas portadoras de certas características identificadoras de (suposta ou real) ascendência europeia,
materializando  uma  tendência  social  perversa,  agravando  ainda  mais  o  tenebroso  quadro  de
desigualdade  social  pelo  qual  o  país  é  universalmente  conhecido. 1R GRPtQLR GR DFHVVR DR HPSUHJR
LPSHUD QmR VRPHQWH D GLVFULPLQDomR GHVDEULGD PDV WDPEpP XPD RXWUD GH VXDV IDFHWDV PDLV
LJQRPLQLRVDV ± a  hierarquização  –,  que  faz  com  que  as  ocupações  de  prestígio,  poder  e  fama  sejam
vistas  como  apanágio  dos  brancos  reservando­se  aos  negros  e  mestiços  aquelas  atividades  suscetíveis
de realçar­lhes a condição de inferioridade”Ação afirmativa e princípio constitucional da igualdade.
6mR3DXOR5HQRYDUS

1HVVH FRQWH[WR WRUQRXVH LPSHULRVD D LQVWLWXLomR GH SROtWLFDV HVSHFtILFDV YROWDGRV j LQFOXVmR GRV
DIURGHVFHQGHQWHVWDPEpPQR%UDVLOWDOFRPRMiYLQKDRFRUUHQGRHPRXWURVSDtVHVPHUHFHQGRGHVWDTXHHQWUH
HVVDVSROtWLFDVDVações afirmativas
Ações afirmativas VmR SROtWLFDV S~EOLFDV YROWDGDV DR GHVHQYROYLPHQWR RX j SURWHomR GH FHUWRV JUXSRV
FRP R ILWR GH JDUDQWLUOKHV HP FRQGLo}HV GH LJXDOGDGH R SOHQR H[HUFtFLR GRV GLUHLWRV GR KRPHP H GDV
OLEHUGDGHVIXQGDPHQWDLV6mRPHGLGDVHVSHFLDLVSDUDFRUULJLUGLVWRUo}HVUHVXOWDQWHVGDLQFLGrQFLDPHUDPHQWH
IRUPDOGRSULQFtSLRGDLJXDOGDGHWpFQLFDVGHGLVWULEXLomRGHMXVWLoDFRPRREMHWLYRGHSURPRYHUDLQFOXVmR
VRFLDOGHJUXSRVH[FOXtGRVHVSHFLDOPHQWHDTXHOHVTXHKLVWRULFDPHQWHIRUDPFRPSHOLGRVDYLYHUQDSHULIHULD
GDVRFLHGDGH
(P VXPD Do}HV DILUPDWLYDV VmR PHFDQLVPRV LQVWLWXFLRQDLV YROWDGRV j FRQFUHWL]DomR GR SULQFtSLR GD
LJXDOGDGH PDWHULDO H GD QHXWUDOL]DomR GRV HIHLWRV SHUYHUVRV GD GLVFULPLQDomR UDFLDO GH JrQHUR GH VH[R GH
LGDGHHFRUIRUPDVGHHQFXUWDUGLVWkQFLDVHSURPRYHURVGHVIDYRUHFLGRV
(P VXD REUD SLRQHLUD VREUH R WHPD GDV Do}HV DILUPDWLYDV QR GLUHLWR S~EOLFR EUDVLOHLUR R Mi FLWDGR
0LQLVWUR-RDTXLP%DUERVD*RPHVUHFRUUHjSUHFLRVDGHILQLomRGDPLQLVWUDCarmem Lúcia Antunes Rocha
TXHPXLWREHPFRQFHLWXDDDomRDILUPDWLYDQRSODQRMXUtGLFRFRQVWLWXFLRQDOHQRVGiRWRPGDIXQomRTXHHODV
VHSUHVWDPDH[HUFHU

³DGHILQLomRMXUtGLFDREMHWLYDHUDFLRQDOGDGHVLJXDOGDGHGRVGHVLJXDLVKLVWyULFDHFXOWXUDOPHQWH
GLVFULPLQDGRV p FRQFHELGD FRPR XPD IRUPD SDUD VH SURPRYHU D LJXDOGDGH GDTXHOHV TXH IRUDP H VmR
PDUJLQDOL]DGRV SRU SUHFRQFHLWRV HQFUDYDGRV QD FXOWXUD GRPLQDQWH QD VRFLHGDGH Por  esta  desigualação
positiva  promove­se  a  igualação  jurídica  efetiva;  por  ela  afirma­se  uma  fórmula  jurídica  para  se
provocar efetiva igualação social, política, econômica e segundo o Direito, tal como assegurado formal
e materialmente no sistema constitucional democrático...´2EFLWS

59.7. Ações afirmativas: a evolução do instituto no direito comparado

$V Do}HV DILUPDWLYDV WLYHUDP VXD RULJHP HP P~OWLSORV VLVWHPDV H RUGHQDPHQWRV MXUtGLFRV D SDUWLU GR
VpFXOR ;; VHPSUH HP VRFLHGDGHV TXH VH YLDP GLDQWH GH VLWXDo}HV GH GHVLJXDOGDGH ODWHQWH TXH HVWDYDP D
GHPDQGDUVROXo}HVGHMXVWLoDFRPSHQVDWyULDHGLVWULEXWLYDFRPRpRFDVRHVSHFtILFRGRVLVWHPDGHFRWDVHGH
RXWUDVPRGDOLGDGHVDSOLFDGDVHPGLYHUVRVSDtVHV3RUH[HPSORQDFRQVWLWXLomRLQGLDQDHJDUWVH
 SURPXOJDGD DSyV D LQGHSHQGrQFLD TXDQGR SHOD SULPHLUD YH] HVVDV Do}HV DSDUHFHUDP FRPR XP
LQVWUXPHQWRFRQVWLWXFLRQDODSWRDGDUSOHQDHIHWLYDomRDRSULQFtSLRGDLVRQRPLDH[SORUDQGRRHPWRGDDVXD
GHQVLGDGHHSHUTXLULQGRRVHXFRQWH~GRVXEVWDQFLDO
2VHXHVFRSRHUDFRUULJLUDVGHVLJXDOGDGHVUHVXOWDQWHVGRVLVWHPDGHFDVWDVLQVHULQGRQDTXHODVRFLHGDGH
QmRDSHQDVGHPRGRIRUPDORVdalitsLQWRFiFHLVHRVFRPSRQHQWHVGHRXWUDVFDVWDVLQIHULRUL]DGDV
$VSROtWLFDVDWLQHQWHVjVDo}HVDILUPDWLYDVIRUDPSOHQDPHQWHDFHLWDVHTXDQGRD6XSUHPD&RUWHLQGLDQD
FRJLWRX GD LQFRQVWLWXFLRQDOLGDGH HVSHFLILFDPHQWH TXDQWR j UHVHUYD GH YDJDV QR kPELWR GR HQVLQR
XQLYHUVLWiULRQRFDVRState of Madras VS. Champakan Dorairajan,VHVHJXLXXPDIRUWHUHDomRLQFOXVLYHGR
SDUODPHQWRTXHSRUHPHQGDIH]FRQVWDUPHQomRH[SUHVVDQDFRQVWLWXLomRVREUHDYDOLGDGHGRVPHFDQLVPRV
GHGLVFULPLQDomRSRVLWLYD
'LDQWH GLVVR DV Do}HV DILUPDWLYDV IRUDP FDGD YH] PDLV XWLOL]DGDV QDTXHOH SDtV $ SUySULD 6XSUHPD
&RUWH TXH RXWURUD DV KDYLD FRQVLGHUDGR LQFRQVWLWXFLRQDO QXP FDVR HVSHFtILFR GHL[RX DVVHQWH TXH HUDP
PHGLGDVTXHORQJHGHFRQVWLWXtUHPXPDH[FHomRjUHJUDWUDGX]LDPVHHPPHLRHILFD]SDUDUHDOL]DURD[LRPD
GDLJXDOGDGHFRPRQRFDVRStake of Kerala vs. N.M.Thomas.
1mR DSHQDV D ËQGLD PDV WDPEpP D ÈIULFD GR 6XO TXH D H[HPSOR GDTXHOH SDtV VRIULD FRP XP UDGLFDO
IHQ{PHQR GH VHJUHJDomR VRFLDO LPSODQWRX HP VXD FRQVWLWXLomR PHFDQLVPRV GH Do}HV DILUPDWLYDV SDUD
FRUULJLURVUHVXOWDGRVGHVDVWURVRVGHFRUUHQWHVGHDQRVGHUHJLPHGRapartheid.2DUWƒGD&DUWDVXODIULFDQD
pHPEOHPiWLFRQHVWHVHQWLGR9HMDVH

³$ LJXDOGDGH SHUDQWH D OHL LQFOXL D SOHQD IUXLomR GH WRGRV RV GLUHLWRV H OLEHUGDGHV 3DUD SURPRYHU D
REWHQomR GHVVD LJXDOGDGH medidas  legislativas  e  outras  que  visem  proteger  ou  favorecer  pessoas,  ou
categorias de pessoas prejudicadas por discriminação injusta poderão ser tomadas´

&RPLVVRRSDtVDIULFDQRDOFDQoRXH[SUHVVLYRVtQGLFHVGHGLPLQXLomRGDGHVLJXDOGDGHHSULQFLSDOPHQWH
GDpráxisGDGLVFULPLQDomR
2V (VWDGRV 8QLGRV GD $PpULFD WDPEpP DGRWDUDP R LQVWUXPHQWR GDV Do}HV DILUPDWLYDV FRPR IRUPD GH
UHGXomR GD GHVLJXDOGDGH H GR UDFLVPR 3ULPHLUR DWUDYpV GDV SURYLGrQFLDV LQLFLDLV GR JRYHUQR .(11('<
FRP D HGLomR GD Executive Order Q  YLVDQGR j LJXDODomR GH RSRUWXQLGDGHV QR PHUFDGR GH WUDEDOKR
FRQILUPDQGRXPDWHQGrQFLDYHULILFDGDDLQGDQRJRYHUQR5226(9(/7TXDQGRDExecutive OrderQ
GHLPSHGLDSHUHPSWRULDPHQWHDGLVFULPLQDomRUDFLDOQDVDGPLVV}HVGHSHVVRDOQRVHUYLoRS~EOLFR(P
VHJXLGD Mi QR JRYHUQR /<1'21 -2+1621 GLWDV Do}HV IRUDP FDGD YH] PDLV FRQTXLVWDQGR DPSOLWXGH
3RVWHULRUPHQWH SDVVRXVH D VH XWLOL]DU DPSODPHQWH D YDULDGD JDPD GH LQVWUXPHQWRV SHUWLQHQWHV j TXHVWmR
GHQWUHHOHVRGDUHVHUYDGHYDJDVQDVXQLYHUVLGDGHVVHQGRFHUWRTXHPHVPRDVHQWLGDGHVSULYDGDVSDVVDUDP
SRU VXD SUySULD YRQWDGH H FRQVFLrQFLD D DGRWDU WDLV SROtWLFDV 2 PDLRU H[HPSOR GR VXFHVVR GDV Do}HV
DILUPDWLYDVQDTXHOHSDtVpGRDIURDPHULFDQR%$5$&.+866(12%$0$2DWXDOSUHVLGHQWHGRV(VWDGRV
8QLGRV GD $PpULFD p HJUHVVR GD 8QLYHUVLGDGH GH +DYDUG RQGH LQJUHVVRX FRPR EHQHILFLiULR GD SROtWLFD GH
FRWDVTXHQDTXHODLQVWLWXLomREHQHILFLDDQHJURVHODWLQRV
1R &DQDGi GHVGH R ³&KDUWHU RI 5LJKWV´ YHLFXODGR SHOR ³&RQVWLWXWLRQ $FW´ GH  FRPR LQIRUPD
Paulo Lucena de MenesesH[LVWHDGHQRPLQDGD³DIILUPDWLYHDFWLRQFODXVH´TXHHVWLSXODTXHDLVRQRPLDQmR
LPSHGLUi ³TXDOTXHU OHL SURJUDPD RX DWLYLGDGH TXH WHQKD FRPR VHX REMHWR D PHOKRULD GDV FRQGLo}HV GH
LQGLYtGXRV RX JUXSRV GHVIDYRUHFLGRV LQFOXLQGR DTXHOHV TXH Mi HVWmR HP GHVYDQWDJHP GHYLGR j UDoD RULJHP
pWQLFD RX QDFLRQDO FRU UHOLJLmR VH[R LGDGH GHILFLrQFLD ItVLFD RX PHQWDO´ FRQVDJUDGD QD ³VHFWLRQ ´ GR
FLWDGR³&RQVWLWXWLRQ$FW´Ação afirmativa no direito norte­americano5HYGRV7ULEXQDLVS
$OpPGHVVHVSDtVHVGH]HQDVGHRXWURVMiDGRWDPSROtWLFDVGHDo}HVDILUPDWLYDVGHQWUHRVTXDLVpYiOLGR
FLWDU $XVWUiOLD 1RYD =HOkQGLD ,VUDHO &KLQD 5~VVLD 1LJpULD 6UL /DQND ,OKDV )LML 0DOiVLD &RO{PELD
6XpFLDDUWƒGD&RQVWLWXLomR$OHPDQKDDUWžGD&RQVWLWXLomRH)LQOkQGLDDUWGD&RQVWLWXLomR
No  Brasil R WHPD LQJUHVVRX QD DJHQGD QDFLRQDO VRPHQWH DSyV D &RQIHUrQFLD GD 218 UHDOL]DGD HP
'XUEDQ QD ÈIULFD GR 6XO FRQWUD R UDFLVPR D [HQRIRELD H RXWUDV IRUPDV GH LQWROHUkQFLD FRUUHODWD 1DTXHOD
RFDVLmRRGRFXPHQWRGR(VWDGREUDVLOHLURDSUHVHQWDGRj&RQIHUrQFLDUHFRQKHFHXRILFLDOPHQWHDH[LVWrQFLDGH
UDFLVPR QR %UDVLO H SUHFRQL]RX D DGRomR GH SROtWLFDV GH DomR DILUPDWLYD QD HGXFDomR H QR WUDEDOKR 'HVGH
HQWmRLQLFLDUDPVHDVPHGLGDVHIHWLYDVQHVWHVHQWLGRFRPRDHGLomRGR'HFUHWRGHGHPDLRGHTXH
FULRXXPSURJUDPDGHDomRDILUPDWLYDQRkPELWRGD$GPLQLVWUDomR3~EOLFD)HGHUDO
6mR QRWiYHLV DV WHQWDWLYDV Mi UHDOL]DGDV GHVGH R SULPHLUR HGLWDO ODQoDGR SHOR 0LQLVWpULR GR
'HVHQYROYLPHQWR$JUiULRSUHYHQGRFRWDVGHSDUDDIURGHVFHQGHQWHVDWpRH[HPSORGDGRSHOR6XSUHPR
7ULEXQDO )HGHUDO TXH H[LJLX D REVHUYkQFLD GH FRWD LGrQWLFD SDUD D FRQWUDWDomR GH MRUQDOLVWDV SRU HPSUHVD GH
FRPXQLFDomR VRFLDO VHOHFLRQDGD SDUD SUHVWDU VHUYLoRV j &RUWH e EHP GH YHU TXH R VLVWHPD MXUtGLFR QDFLRQDO
FRPSRUWD DLQGD Do}HV DILUPDWLYDV TXH EHQHILFLDP PXOKHUHV HVWDEHOHFHQGR D UHVHUYD GH  GDV YDJDV GDV
FDQGLGDWXUDV QRV SDUWLGRV SROtWLFRV EHP FRPR RXWUDV TXH EHQHILFLDP SHVVRDV SRUWDGRUDV GH GHILFLrQFLD
JDUDQWLDFRQVWDQWHGHQRVVD&DUWD0DJQDDUW9,,,H,9MXQWDPHQWHFRPLQGtJHQDVQHJURVHDOXQRV
GDUHGHS~EOLFD
$VDo}HVDILUPDWLYDVVmRSRLVXPDH[LJrQFLDHXPLQVWUXPHQWRGHQRVVRWHPSR(ODVSURYrPGHXPD
PDLRU WRPDGD GH FRQVFLrQFLD SHORV SRYRV TXH QXPD EXVFD FUHVFHQWH SHOD HIHWLYDomR GRV GLUHLWRV KXPDQRV
WHP DEVRUYLGR PHFDQLVPRV GH LQFOXVmR SHQVDGRV D SDUWLU GH XPD YLVmR KXPDQLVWD TXH FRPSUHHQGH D
QHFHVVLGDGH GH HVWDEHOHFHUHPVH QmR SULYLOpJLRV PDV EHQHItFLRV TXH SRVVDP HOHYDU D SDWDPDUHV VXSHULRUHV
JUXSRVVRFLDLVWUDGLFLRQDOPHQWHDOLMDGRVGDFLGDGDQLD

59.8. A Lei de Cotas no Estado do Rio de Janeiro

%RP H[HPSOR GH DomR DILUPDWLYD p D UHVHUYD GH YDJDV HP XQLYHUVLGDGHV S~EOLFDV SDUD LQWHJUDQWHV GH
VHWRUHVPDUJLQDOL]DGRVGDVRFLHGDGH
2SULPHLURHVWDGRDLQVWLWXLUQR%UDVLODSROtWLFDGHFRWDVIRLR(VWDGRGR5LRGH-DQHLURHP$SyV
FLQFR DQRV GH SRVLWLYRV HIHLWRV QRYD OHL IRL HGLWDGD /HL Q  FRP PDLRU FDPSR GH DEUDQJrQFLD
FXMD FRQVWLWXFLRQDOLGDGH IRL UHFRQKHFLGD SHOR ÏUJmR (VSHFLDO GR 7ULEXQDO GH -XVWLoD GR (VWDGR GR 5LR GH
-DQHLURQD5HSUHVHQWDomR3RU,QFRQVWLWXFLRQDOLGDGHQGDTXDOIXLRUHODWRUMXOJDGDHP
5HFRQKHFHXR7ULEXQDOTXHDigualdade formal Vy VH HIHWLYD DSyV D JDUDQWLD GH VXFHVVR GD igualdade
materialVHPRTXHQmRSDVVDGHOHWUDPRUWD*DUDQWLURGLUHLWRjLJXDOGDGHVHPSHUPLWLUTXHHVWHVHUHDOL]H
PDWHULDOPHQWH p D IDOiFLD H R GLOHPD GRV GLUHLWRV KXPDQRV QRV GLDV GH KRMH 1HVWD SHUVSHFWLYD D DomR
DILUPDWLYDOLJDVHSRUXPYtQFXORLQTXHEUDQWiYHODRSULQFtSLRGDLVRQRPLDUHDO(ODpRLQVWUXPHQWRHILFD]D
JDUDQWLUVXDFRQFUHWL]DomRQRVHLRGDVRFLHGDGHTXHDH[HPSORGDQRVVDMiQDVFHPDUFDGDSHODGHVLJXDOGDGHH
SHOR SUHFRQFHLWR (P VXPD DV Do}HV DILUPDWLYDV EXVFDP VXSULU D ODFXQD HQWUH R enunciar  direitos H R
conferir direitos
2DFyUGmRUHIXWRXHDIDVWRXWRGRVRVDUJXPHQWRVFRQWUiULRVjOHLFRQIRUPHUHSURGX]LPRVDVHJXLU
eVLPSOLVPRDOHJDUTXHD&RQVWLWXLomRSURtEHdiscrímenIXQGDGRHPUDoDRXHPFRU2TXHDSDUWLUGD
'HFODUDomRGRV'LUHLWRV+XPDQRVEXVFRXVHSURLELUIRLDLQWROHUkQFLDHPUHODomRjVGLIHUHQoDVRWUDWDPHQWR
GHVIDYRUiYHODGHWHUPLQDGDVHWQLDV%DVWDROKDUHPYROWDSDUDSHUFHEHUTXHRQHJURQR%UDVLOQmRGHVIUXWDGH
LJXDOGDGHQRTXHWDQJHDRGHVHQYROYLPHQWRGHVXDVSRWHQFLDOLGDGHVHDRSUHHQFKLPHQWRGRVHVSDoRVGHSRGHU
e VLPSOLVPR LJXDOPHQWH GL]HU TXH DV FRWDV QDV XQLYHUVLGDGHV QmR VmR R UHPpGLR DGHTXDGR TXH R
WUDWDPHQWRDVHUGLVSHQVDGRDRSUREOHPDHVWiHPSURSLFLDUVHXPHQVLQREiVLFRGHPRFUDWL]DGRHGHTXDOLGDGH
eFODURTXHDVFRWDVUDFLDLVQmRFRQVWLWXHPD~QLFDSURYLGrQFLDQHFHVViULDQmRVmRXPDSDQDFHLDSDUDWRGRV
RVPDOHV0DVQmRpPHURSDOLDWLYRFRPRDOJXQVTXHUHP&RQWULEXLUmRVHPG~YLGDSDUDDIRUPDomRGHXPD
HOLWH QRYD HTXLOLEUDGD HP GLYHUVLILFDomR UDFLDO TXH HP PXLWR FRQFRUUHUi SDUD D FRQVWUXomR GD VRFLHGDGH
SOXUDOLVWDHGHPRFUiWLFDTXHR%UDVLOUHTXHU
&RPR EHP REVHUYRX D GRXWD 3URFXUDGRULD GR (VWDGR D SROtWLFD GH FRWDV SDUD VHU EHP FRPSUHHQGLGD
GHYHVHUSRVWDHPVXDVGHYLGDVEDOL]DVVHPTXHVHDVXEHVWLPHRXVXSHUHVWLPH'HYHUDVDSROtWLFDGHFRWDV
QmR p D ~QLFD VROXomR WDPSRXFR p XPD HQJDQDomR (OD FRQVXEVWDQFLDVH QXPD PHGLGD necessária  e
temporáriaQHPPDLVQHPPHQRVGRTXHLVWR
'HIHQGHUFRPRPXLWRVID]HPTXHDSROtWLFDGHFRWDVHDPHOKRULDQRHQVLQRS~EOLFRGHEDVHVmRDo}HV
HPVLH[FOXGHQWHVpXPHUUR2IDWRpTXHXPDFRPSOHPHQWDDRXWUD6HDSRVWDUPRVWRGDVDVQRVVDVILFKDVVy
QD SROtWLFD GH FRWDV QRV IUXVWUDUHPRV SRLV SRU PDLV TXH GHOD DGYHQKDP ERQV UHVXOWDGRV HOD QmR VHUi XPD
PHGLGDWHPSRUiULDPDVSHUPDQHQWHSRUTXDQWRDIRQWHGRVSUREOHPDVFRQWLQXDDSURGX]LORV3RURXWURODGR
VHDFKDUPRVTXHVyDUHIRUPDGRHQVLQREiVLFRpFDSD]GHUHVROYHUDTXHVWmRYHUHPRVTXHQDSUHYLVmRPDLV
RWLPLVWD GH TXH KDYHULD XPD UHIRUPD WRWDO H LPHGLDWD QD LQWHJUDOLGDGH GR HQVLQR S~EOLFR RV VHXV SULPHLURV
UHVXOWDGRVVRPHQWHVHSURGX]LULDPDSyVRDGYHQWRGHXPDQRYDJHUDomRDSUR[LPDGDPHQWHDQRVSHUtRGR
GXUDQWH R TXDO D GHVLJXDOGDGH FRQWLQXDULD FUHVFHQWH 'HVVH PRGR DV UHIRUPDV LPSOHPHQWDGDV FRP YLVWDV j
PHOKRULDGHVWDVLWXDomRVHULDPLQVXILFLHQWHVSRLVDGHVLJXDOGDGHWHULDDXPHQWDGRHQHVVHVDQRVDUHDOLGDGH
MiVHULDRXWUDPDLVJUDYH
2SUREOHPDSRLVWHPGHVHUHQIUHQWDGRQDVVXDVGXDVSRQWDVeSUHFLVRDWDFiORQDRULJHPHQRGHVWLQR
FRQMXQWDPHQWH 6H D OHL GH FRWDV QmR SXGHU FRQWLQXDU D UHDOL]DU HVVD IXQomR GH FRQWHQomR LPHGLDWD H
HPHUJHQFLDO os  desafios  da  também  necessária  reforma  do  ensino  básico  serão  ainda  maiores EHP
FRPR R WHPSR TXH OHYDUHPRV SDUD FRUULJLU RV JUDYHV SUREOHPDV GD GHVLJXDOGDGH H GD Pi TXDOLGDGH GD
HGXFDomRHPQRVVR(VWDGR
eSUHFLVRTXHVHHQWHQGDTXHDSROtWLFDGHFRWDVHPERUDGHFXQKRHPHUJHQFLDOHWHPSRUiULRQmRpDOJR
SDWHUQDOLVWD (OD SURPRYH XPD WUDQVIRUPDomR VRFLDO TXH DFHOHUD DV RXWUDV PXGDQoDV TXH FRP HOD VmR
QHFHVViULDV SDUD R SURJUHVVR GR (VWDGR 4XDQGR QHJURV H HVWXGDQWHV SREUHV GH HVFRODV S~EOLFDV JDQKDP D
SHUVSHFWLYDGHLQJUHVVDUHPQRHQVLQRXQLYHUVLWiULRHOHVWrPXPDDOWHUDomRHPVHXFRPSRUWDPHQWR$RLQYpV
GHDEDQGRQDUHPRVHVWXGRVSRUVHUHYHODUHPLQ~WHLVSDVVDPDGHVHMDUDFRQFOXVmRGRHQVLQRPpGLR$VVLP
FRPHoDP D H[LJLU PDLRU Q~PHUR GH YDJDV DR PHVPR WHPSR HP TXH SURWHVWDP SRU XP HQVLQR GH PDLRU
TXDOLGDGH &XPSUH OHPEUDU TXH D SROtWLFD GH FRWDV QmR p FDSD] GH LQVHULU WRGRV RV VHXV EHQHILFLiULRV QD
XQLYHUVLGDGH(QWUHHOHVKiWDPEpPXPDFRPSHWLomRSRLVRQ~PHURGHYDJDVpSHTXHQR'HWDOVRUWHTXHHOD
GiDRVVHXVGHVWLQDWiULRVDFKDQFHGHFKHJDUjXQLYHUVLGDGHPDVH[LJHTXHHOHVIDoDPSRUPHUHFrOD$OHLGH
FRWDV JHUD XP LQFRQIRUPLVPR FRP R HQVLQR RIHUHFLGR SHOR (VWDGR SRU XPD SDUFHOD GD SRSXODomR TXH
FRPS}H D VXD FOLHQWHOD H TXH VHPSUH VH PDQWHYH DFRPRGDGD SRLV R HVWXGR HUD LQFDSD] GH OKH DEULU SRUWDV
SDUDRIXWXUR(PVXPDDSROtWLFDGHFRWDVIRPHQWDDEXVFDSRUXPDPHOKRULDQDTXDOLGDGHGRHQVLQRS~EOLFR
FRPRXPWRGR
e VLPSOLVPR SRU ~OWLPR VXVWHQWDU TXH D SROtWLFD GH FRWDV UDFLDLV SRGHULD VHU D RULJHP GH XP
FRPSRUWDPHQWRUDFLDOGLVFULPLQDWyULRTXHLQDXJXUDHPQRVVDVRFLHGDGHDVHJUHJDomRHRyGLRDRVQHJURV
&RP D GHYLGD YrQLD GL]HU TXH D SROtWLFD GH FRWDV RFDVLRQDULD R DGYHQWR GH XP apartheid DWp HQWmR
GHVFRQKHFLGR QR %UDVLO p R PHVPR TXH QHJDU D QRVVD SUySULD KLVWyULD 6LJQLILFD IHFKDU RV ROKRV SDUD D
UHDOLGDGH FRWLGLDQD GH QHJURV KXPLOKDGRV ,PDJLQDU TXH R yGLR UDFLDO QDVFH GH XPD DomR DILUPDWLYD p
LQJHQXLGDGHRXLJQRUkQFLD
6HDSUHYLVmRGLDEyOLFDGHTXHVHLQVWDXUDULDXPFRQIOLWRDEHUWRHQWUHEUDQFRVHQHJURVSRUFRQWDGHVVDV
SROtWLFDV VH FRQFUHWL]DVVH HOD QmR UHSUHVHQWDULD QDGD DOpP GR ILP GD KLSRFULVLD TXH LPSHUD HP QRVVD
VRFLHGDGH 2 HQIUHQWDPHQWR UDFLDO TXH FLUFXQGD DV SUHYLV}HV GRV TXH QmR GHVHMDP D LJXDOGDGH GHYHUDV
H[LVWLXGHVGHVHPSUHHPQRVVRSDtVHSHUPDQHFHIODJUDQWH
'HIHQGHU TXH R UDFLVPR QR %UDVLO p GHVSLGR GH YLROrQFLD VLPEROL]D D DWLWXGH SUySULD GDTXHOHV TXH
GHVFRQKHFHP RX QmR VH LPSRUWDP FRP D YLROrQFLD FRP TXH RV QHJURV VmR WUDWDGRV SRU DOJXPDV
³DXWRULGDGHV´ TXH DFKDP QRUPDO IHFKDU RV YLGURV GR FDUUR TXDQGR XP QHJUR VH DSUR[LPD GHYLGR DR
HVWHUHyWLSRFULDGRGHTXHQHJURpFULPLQRVRTXHHVWmRDFRVWXPDGRVDYHUQHJURVOLPSDQGRRVVHXVDPELHQWHV
GHWUDEDOKR
(OHVSULPHLURQHJDPDH[LVWrQFLDGHUDFLVPRQR%UDVLOHGHSRLVGL]HPTXHTXDQGRHOHH[LVWHQmRWUD]
FRQVLJRYLROrQFLD0DVHOHVVmREUDQFRVHFRPS}HPDHOLWH6HUiTXHRVPLOK}HVGHQHJURVSREUHVGRQRVVR
SDtVDFKDPTXHQmRH[LVWHUDFLVPRRXTXHRUDFLVPREUDVLOHLURpSDFtILFR"Florestan FernandesVRFLyORJR
GH HVFRO IRL XP GRV SULPHLURV D WUD]HU j OX] D YHUGDGH GRV IDWRV ( D YHUGDGH p TXH D VRFLHGDGH EUDVLOHLUD
SRVVXLXPUDFLVPRHVWUXWXUDOWmRDUUDLJDGRTXHpLQFDSD]GHVHGDUFRQWDGHOHPHVPRHDRLQYpVGHFRPEDWr
ORQHJDR(QHJDQGRRFRQWLQXDDSURSDJiORUHSURGX]LQGRDWLWXGHVTXHMiWLQKDLQWHUQDOL]DGRFRPRQDWXUDLV
(VWD p XPD PRGDOLGDGH VLQLVWUD GH ação  afirmativa  de  sinal  trocado IRQWH GH SHUSHWXDomR GH
GHVLJXDOGDGHV
$ OHL GH FRWDV WHP R PpULWR GH WUD]HU SDUD D XQLYHUVLGDGH XPD QRYD OLomR TXH p D GH HQVLQDU DRV
HVWXGDQWHVQmRDSHQDVDROKDURVHXSDtVVXSHUILFLDOPHQWHPDVVREUHWXGRDHQ[HUJDURTXHYHHPDPHGLWDU
VREUH DV GHVLJXDOGDGHV TXH PDUFDP D VRFLHGDGH HP TXH YLYHP D UHSDUDU TXH QmR Ki GLIHUHQoDV HQWUH
LQGLYtGXRV QHJURV RX EUDQFRV SREUHV RX ULFRV GHILFLHQWHV RX QmR TXH MXVWLILTXHP HVVDV GHVLJXDOGDGHV D
EXVFDUPHLRVGHVXSHUDUDVGLIHUHQoDVVHPGHVUHVSHLWiODVDWUDoDUQRYRVUXPRVSDUDRSURJUHVVRGHWRGDD
SRSXODomRHQmRDSHQDVGDPLQRULDSRVWDQRiSLFHGHQRVVDSLUkPLGHVRFLDO
1HVVHV DQRV WRGRV HP TXH D OHL GH FRWDV WHP YLJLGR HP QRVVR (VWDGR UHYHORXVH XP VXFHVVR $V
GLYHUVDV SHVTXLVDV VREUH R WHPD TXH VH SUROLIHUDP DFHOHUDGDPHQWH DSRQWDP WRGDV QD PHVPD GLUHomR (ODV
GHPRQVWUDP j H[DXVWmR TXH RV DOXQRV FRWLVWDV WrP QD PDLRULD GRV FXUVRV XP coeficiente  de  rendimento
(CR)  maior  ou  igual DR GRV DOXQRV QmR FRWLVWDV H TXH RV DOXQRV FRWLVWDV SRVVXHP XP menor  índice  de
abandono do cursoHPUHODomRDRVQmRFRWLVWDVHVSDQFDQGRRPLWRGHTXHHOHVODUJDULDPRVHVWXGRVSRUIDOWD
GHFRQGLo}HVGHVHPDQWHUQDXQLYHUVLGDGH
4XHUGL]HUFRQVLGHUDQGRRREMHWLYRtQVLWRjXQLYHUVLGDGHGHIRUPDomRGHXPDFRPXQLGDGHFLHQWtILFDTXH
DODYDQTXHRGHVHQYROYLPHQWRGDVRFLHGDGHSRGHPRVDILUPDUTXHRVDOXQRVFRWLVWDVGHVSRQWDPFRPRRVPDLV
TXDOLILFDGRV H LQWHUHVVDGRV HP DWLQJLU HVWH ILP /HPEUHPRV TXH D YHUED XWLOL]DGD SDUD FXVWHDU DV
XQLYHUVLGDGHVHVWDWDLVpGLQKHLURS~EOLFRHFRPRWDOGHYHVHSUHVWDUDMXVWLILFDUSROtWLFDVHILFLHQWHVGHDYDQoR
HGXFDFLRQDOHGHLQFOXVmRVRFLDOeDWUDYpVGDOHLGHFRWDVTXHDXQLYHUVLGDGHS~EOLFDHJUDWXLWDHQFRQWUDVXD
UD]mRGHVHUSRLVSRUPHLRGHODDOFDQoDHVVDGXSODMXVWLILFDomR
$PDQXWHQomRGDDQWLJDSUiWLFDHVVDVLPSDWHUQDOLVWDGHR(VWDGRGHVSHQGHUYXOWRVDYHUEDSDUDFXVWHDU
DSHQDV RV ILOKRV GD HOLWH EUDQFD p IODJUDQWHPHQWH FRQWUiULD DRV SULQFtSLRV GD $GPLQLVWUDomR 3~EOLFD ( VRE
yWLFDPHUDPHQWHXWLOLWDULVWDpXPDYLOWHjHILFLrQFLD
3HODOHLGHFRWDVR(VWDGRGR5LRGH-DQHLURRSULPHLURDLQVWLWXLUHVWDSROtWLFDQR%UDVLOGHXH[HPSOR
DRUHVWRGRSDtVHGHPRQVWURXTXHRWHPSRGDLQpUFLDHGDFRPSODFrQFLDILQGRXeSUHFLVRSRLVDQWHRQRYR
PRGHORGHFRQVWLWXFLRQDOLVPRTXHYLYHPRVQmRPDLVVHOLPLWDUDHGLWDUQRUPDVSURLELWLYDVGHGLVFULPLQDo}HV
RXFRQFHVVLYDVGHGLUHLWRV$FLPDGHWXGRpQHFHVViULRTXHR(VWDGRDVVXPDSRVWXUDSUyDWLYDQRVHQWLGRGH
DWXDU SDUD D FRQFUHWL]DomR GHVVDV QRUPDV 1HVVH VHQWLGR DV OHLV DVVXPHP QRYRV FRQWRUQRV 1mR SUHFLVDP
DSHQDV HVWDU HP FRQVRQkQFLD FRP D WHRULD GR RUGHQDPHQWR MXUtGLFR DOpP GLVVR SUHFLVDP FRQIRUPDUVH DR
RUGHQDPHQWRVRFLDOYLJHQWH1mREDVWDjVOHLVHPQRVVRVWHPSRVVHUHPFRQVWLWXFLRQDLVSUHFLVDPDLQGDVHU
HIHWLYDV1HVVHFHQiULRDOHLGHFRWDVVXUJHQmRFRPRXPGLSORPDFRQFHVVLYRGHGLUHLWRVYH]TXHHVWHVMiVmR
DVVHJXUDGRV QD &RQVWLWXLomR H HP RXWURV GLSORPDV $ OHL GH FRWDV HP YHUGDGH p GLSORPD FRQFUHWL]DGRU GH
GLUHLWRVGHFRQVWLWXFLRQDOLGDGHLQGXYLGRVD
(P MXOJDPHQWR KLVWyULFR RFRUULGR HP  R 6XSUHPR 7ULEXQDO )HGHUDO GHX H[WUDRUGLQiULR
DYDQoRjVDo}HVDILUPDWLYDVQR%UDVLODRUHFRQKHFHUDFRQVWLWXFLRQDOLGDGHGDV/HLVGH&RWDVGD8QLYHUVLGDGH
GH%UDVtOLD
(QWHQGHUDPRV0LQLVWURVGD6XSUHPD&RUWHTXHFRPDVFRWDVEXVFDVHWHPSHUDURULJRUGDDIHULomRGR
PpULWRGRVFDQGLGDWRVTXHSUHWHQGHPDFHVVRjXQLYHUVLGDGHFRPRSULQFtSLRGDLJXDOGDGHPDWHULDO2PpULWR
GRV FRQFRUUHQWHV TXH VH HQFRQWUDP HP VLWXDomR GH GHVYDQWDJHP HP YLUWXGH GH VXDV FRQGLo}HV VRFLDLV RX
HFRQ{PLFDV QmR SRGH VHU DIHULGR SHOD yWLFD SXUDPHQWH OLQHDU FRP DTXHOHV TXH SDUWHP GH SRQWRV GH ODUJDGD
SULYLOHJLDGRV³2PHUHFLPHQWRpFULWpULRMXVWRPDVDSHQDVHPUHODomRDFDQGLGDWRVTXHWHQKDPRSRUWXQLGDGHV
LGrQWLFDVTXHSDUWHPGRPHVPRSDWDPDU´0LQLVWUR&H]DU3HOXVR³$PHULWRFUDFLDVHPLJXDOGDGHGHSRQWRV
GHSDUWLGDpDSHQDVIRUPDYHODGDGHDULVWRFUDFLD´0LQLVWUR0DUFR$XUpOLR0HOOR
1DUHDOLGDGHVmRQHFHVViULDVLQWHUYHQo}HVGR(VWDGRSRUPHLRGHDo}HVDILUPDWLYDVDILPGHVHFRUULJLU
DGHVLJXDOGDGHFRQFUHWDGHPRGRTXHDLJXDOGDGHIRUPDOYROWHDWHUVHXSDSHOEHQpILFR³$VDo}HVDILUPDWLYDV
QmRVmRDVPHOKRUHVRSo}HVDPHOKRURSomRpXPDVRFLHGDGHFRPWRGRPXQGROLYUHSDUDVHURTXHTXLVHU
,VVR p XP SURFHVVR XPD HWDSD XPD QHFHVVLGDGH HP XPD VRFLHGDGH RQGH LVVR QmR DFRQWHFHX QDWXUDOPHQWH´
0LQLVWUD&DUPHQ/~FLD³$SDUWLUGHVWDGHFLVmRR%UDVLOWHPPDLVXPPRWLYRSDUDVHROKDUQRHVSHOKRGD
KLVWyULDHQmRFRUDUGHYHUJRQKD´0LQLVWUR$\UHVGH%ULWRSUHVLGHQWHGR67)
 O  Poder  Legislativo:  eleição  dos  legisladores.  O  papel  desempenhado  pela  Justiça  Eleitoral.  O  Poder
Judiciário. Estrutura do Judiciário brasileiro: a justiça estadual; organização da justiça federal; estrutura
da  justiça  especial.  Função  do  Superior  Tribunal  de  Justiça  e  do  Supremo  Tribunal  Federal.  A  crise  do
Judiciário em nosso país. Causas da crise do Judiciário brasileiro.

$SyVWHUPRVH[DPLQDGRQRVFDStWXORVDQWHULRUHVRSULPHLURLWHPGDFODVVLILFDomRSURSRVWDSRU5HQDWR
7UHYHV SDUD R REMHWR GD 6RFLRORJLD -XUtGLFD ± HILFiFLD H HIHLWRV ± YDPRV DJRUD QRV GHGLFDU DR H[DPH GR
VHJXQGRLWHPGDFODVVLILFDomR±HVWXGRGRVLQVWUXPHQWRVKXPDQRVGHUHDOL]DomRGDRUGHPMXUtGLFDHGHVXDV
LQVWLWXLo}HV ± TXDQGR WHUHPRV RSRUWXQLGDGH GH YHU TXH QmR EDVWD H[LVWLUHP OHLV ERDV H HILFD]HV e SUHFLVR
WDPEpP JHQWH HVSHFLDOL]DGD H HP Q~PHUR VXILFLHQWH SDUD DSOLFDU D OHL EHP FRPR XPD HVWUXWXUD PDWHULDO
DGHTXDGD
$ PiTXLQD Mi VXEVWLWXLX R KRPHP HP LQ~PHUDV DWLYLGDGHV DXPHQWDQGR LQILQLWDPHQWH DV SRVVLELOLGDGHV
GHSURGXomR(PFHUWDVDWLYLGDGHVHQWUHWDQWRRKRPHPpLQVXEVWLWXtYHOGHQWUHHODVDVDWLYLGDGHVGHHODERUDU
HGHDSOLFDUOHLV1LQJXpPPHOKRUTXH(GXDUGR&RXWXUHUHVVDOWRXHVVDYHUGDGH³$VHQWHQoDSRGHUiVHUMXVWD
RX LQMXVWD SRUTXH RV KRPHQV QHFHVVDULDPHQWH VH HTXLYRFDP 1mR VH LQYHQWRX DLQGD XPD PiTXLQD SDUD
SURGX]LU VHQWHQoDV 1R GLD HP TXH IRU SRVVtYHO GHFLGLU RV FDVRV MXGLFLDLV FRPR VH GHFLGHP DV FRUULGDV GH
FDYDORVPHGLDQWHXPROKRPHFkQLFRTXHUHJLVWUDILVLFDPHQWHRWULXQIRRXDGHUURWDDFRQFHSomRFRQVWLWXWLYD
GR SURFHVVR SHUGHUi VHX VHQWLGR H D VHQWHQoD VHUi XPD PHUD GHFODUDomR FRPR TXHULD 0RQWHVTXLHX 0DV
HQTXDQWRQmRVHSXGHUHQFRQWUDUHVVDPiTXLQDGHID]HUVHQWHQoDVo conteúdo humanoSURIXQGRHPHGXODU
GRGLUHLWRQmRSRGHVHUGHVDWHQGLGRQHPGHVREHGHFLGRHDVVHQWHQoDVYDOHUmRRTXHYDOKDPRVKRPHQVTXHD
SURILUDP´ Introdução  ao  estudo  do  processo  civil  S  )iFLO p SRUWDQWR FRPSUHHQGHU TXH WmR
LPSRUWDQWH TXDQWR WHU OHLV HILFD]HV p WHU HVWUXWXUD PDWHULDO H KXPDQD SDUD DSOLFiODV FDVR FRQWUiULR WRGD D
RUGHP MXUtGLFD GH XPD VRFLHGDGH SRGH ILFDU VHULDPHQWH FRPSURPHWLGD &DEH DTXL UHOHPEUDU R TXH GL]LD
0RQWHVTXLHX³4XDQGRYRXDGHWHUPLQDGRSDtVQmRLQGDJRVHKiOHLVERDVPDVVHDVH[HFXWDPSRUTXHOHLV
ERDVKiHPWRGDSDUWH´
3LRUGRTXHQmRWHUOHLVUHSHWLPRVpWrODVHQmRDSOLFiODV
3RU LQVWUXPHQWRV KXPDQRV GH UHDOL]DomR GD RUGHP MXUtGLFD GHYHP VHU HQWHQGLGRV DTXHOHV yUJmRV RX
LQVWLWXLo}HV DWUDYpV GRV TXDLV D RUGHP MXUtGLFD GH XPD VRFLHGDGH p GHFODUDGD DVVHJXUDGD PDQWLGD H
PRGLILFDGD7DLVLQVWLWXLo}HVpyEYLRVmRLQWHJUDGDVSRUFULDWXUDVKXPDQDVRSHVVRDOWpFQLFRHHVSHFLDOL]DGR
TXHQHODVDWXDjVTXDLVDVRFLHGDGHFRQIHUHDWULEXLo}HVSDUDHODERUDUHDSOLFDUDVOHLV'RERPIXQFLRQDPHQWR
GHVVDVLQVWLWXLo}HVHGDHILFLrQFLDGRSHVVRDOTXHQHODVDWXDGHSHQGHUiDHILFiFLDGDRUGHPMXUtGLFDLQFOXVLYH
RVHIHLWRVVRFLDLVSRVLWLYRVTXHWRGDQRUPDWHPSRUILQDOLGDGHSURGX]LU
'HVGHTXHSDVVRXDSUHYDOHFHUQDVVRFLHGDGHVGHPRFUiWLFDVRSULQFtSLRGDVHSDUDomRGRVSRGHUHVGRLV
GHOHVHVWmRGLUHWDPHQWHOLJDGRVjRUGHPMXUtGLFDR3RGHU/HJLVODWLYRTXHWHPSRUIXQomRSUHYDOHQWHHODERUDU
DV OHLV H R 3RGHU -XGLFLiULR FXMD IXQomR SULQFLSDO p DSOLFDU D OHL DR FDVR FRQFUHWR FRPSRQGR RV FRQIOLWRV
VRFLDLV 'H DFRUGR FRP 6HDEUD )DJXQGHV D IXQomR OHJLVODWLYD OLJDVH DR IHQ{PHQR GH FULDomR GR GLUHLWR DR
SDVVR TXH DV IXQo}HV DGPLQLVWUDWLYD H D MXGLFLDO VH SUHQGHP j VXD UHDOL]DomR /HJLVODU p HGLWDU R GLUHLWR
SRVLWLYR DGPLQLVWUDU p DSOLFDU D OHL GH RItFLR MXOJDU p DSOLFDU D OHL FRQWHQFLRVDPHQWH O  controle  dos  atos
administrativos pelo poder judiciário.S

60. PODER LEGISLATIVO

23RGHU/HJLVODWLYRHPQRVVR3DtVGLYLGHVHHPWUrVHVIHUDVDVDEHU

 Federal±FRPSRVWRSHOD&kPDUDGRV'HSXWDGRVH6HQDGR)HGHUDODGRWDPRVRVLVWHPDELFDPHUDO
TXHHPFRQMXQWRIRUPDPR&RQJUHVVR1DFLRQDO
 Estadual±IRUPDGRSHOD$VVHPEOHLD/HJLVODWLYDGHFDGD(VWDGR
 Municipal±&kPDUDGH9HUHDGRUHVGHFDGD0XQLFtSLR

2 3RGHU /HJLVODWLYR )HGHUDO DWUDYpV GRV 'HSXWDGRV )HGHUDLV H 6HQDGRUHV HODERUD OHLV SDUD WRGR R
WHUULWyULREUDVLOHLUROHLVIHGHUDLVVHQGRDVVLPUHVSRQViYHOSHODGHFODUDomRHPRGLILFDomRGDRUGHPMXUtGLFD
QDFLRQDO 2 3RGHU /HJLVODWLYR (VWDGXDO Vy HODERUD OHLV SDUD R kPELWR WHUULWRULDO GH FDGD (VWDGR H PHVPR
DVVLPFRPUHODomRjTXHODVPDWpULDVTXHQmRVmRGDFRPSHWrQFLDSULYDWLYDGD8QLmR3RUVXDYH]D&kPDUD
0XQLFLSDOGH9HUHDGRUHVILFDUHVWULWDDRVOLPLWHVGRVHX0XQLFtSLRHjVPDWpULDVGHVXDFRPSHWrQFLD
(QWUH DV IXQo}HV S~EOLFDV D GH OHJLVODU p VHP G~YLGD D PDLV LPSRUWDQWH SRUTXH GHOD HPDQDUmR OHLV D
YLJRUDUSDUDWRGRRJUXSRVRFLDO6HSDUDRH[HUFtFLRGDVPDLVVLPSOHVIXQo}HVpQHFHVViULRWHUDSHVVRDFHUWD
QROXJDUFHUWRSRUPDLRUUD]mRpSUHFLVRTXHROHJLVODGRUVHMDDOJXpPSUHSDUDGRSDUDRH[HUFtFLRGHVVDIXQomR
HHVFROKLGRPHGLDQWHFULWHULRVRSURFHVVRVHOHWLYR

60.1. Eleição dos legisladores

+RMHQmRPDLVVHDGPLWHTXDOTXHUGLVFXVVmRVREUHDVYDQWDJHQVGHTXDOTXHURXWURSURFHVVRVHOHWLYRGRV
OHJLVODGRUHVTXHQmRVHMDRGDYRWDomRSRSXODUYLVWRHVWDUFRQVDJUDGRHPWRGDVDVVRFLHGDGHVGHPRFUiWLFDVR
VLVWHPDGDHOHLomRGLUHWDSDUDWDOILP(QHPSRGHULDVHUGLIHUHQWHMiTXHDIXQomROHJLVODWLYDpH[HUFLGDSRU
GHOHJDomRGRSRYRjTXHOHVTXHIRUDPHVFROKLGRVFRPRVHXVPDQGDWiULRVRXOHJtWLPRVUHSUHVHQWDQWHV$VVLP
VHQGRDVTXHVW}HVPDLVUHOHYDQWHVVREUHHVWHSRQWRFRQVLVWHPDSHQDVHPVDEHUFRPRHYLWDUDVGLVWRUo}HVTXH
WrPRFRUULGRQDVHOHLo}HVGLUHWDVGHPRGRDWRUQDUSRVVtYHODHVFROKDGRVPHOKRUHV
&RP HIHLWR QLQJXpP PDLV GHVFRQKHFH TXH R SURFHVVR GH VHOHomR GRV PHPEURV GR /HJLVODWLYR HVWi D
H[LJLUXUJHQWHDSULPRUDPHQWR/DPHQWDYHOPHQWHDHOHLomRGLUHWDQmRWHPSURGX]LGRRVHIHLWRVGHVHMDGRVQmR
SRUTXH R EUDVLOHLUR QmR VDLED YRWDU FRPR DILUPRX Ki DOJXP WHPSR GHWHUPLQDGR SROtWLFR PDV VLP SHODV
GLVWRUo}HV TXH VH YHULILFDP QD VXD H[HFXomR e QRWyULR SRU H[HPSOR TXH DLQGD WHPRV FXUUDLV HOHLWRUDLV QR
LQWHULRU D PDQLSXODomR GD RSLQLmR S~EOLFD SHORV yUJmRV GH FRPXQLFDomR QDV JUDQGHV FLGDGHV D HOHLomR
FRQTXLVWDGD HP WURFD GH IDFLOLGDGHV HPSUHJXLVPR H RXWURV LQWHUHVVHV HFRQ{PLFRV R YRWR YLQFXODGR D
SHTXHQDVYDQWDJHQVPDWHULDLVDWpGLVWULEXLomRGHDOLPHQWRVHPiUHDVGHJUDQGHSREUH]DDPiTXLQDHOHLWRUDO
UHHOHJHQGR RV PHVPRV SDUODPHQWDUHV D FDGD QRYD OHJLVODWXUD D GHVSHLWR GH QDGD WHUHP IHLWR DR ORQJR GH
PXLWRV DQRV GH YLGD S~EOLFD R SRGHU HFRQ{PLFR SHVDQGR HP IDYRU GHVWH RX GDTXHOH FDQGLGDWR ILQDQFLDQGR
VXDPLOLRQiULDFDPSDQKDHFRPSUDQGRDGHV}HV&RPRHVWDVPXLWDVRXWUDVFLUFXQVWkQFLDVH[LVWHPGLILFXOWDQGR
RXDWpPHVPRLPSHGLQGRTXHRSURFHVVRVHOHWLYRGRVOHJLVODGRUHVSURSRUFLRQHXPHILFLHQWHUHVXOWDGR
)DODVH PXLWR QD UHIRUPD SROtWLFD H HOD p UHDOPHQWH QHFHVViULD 1mR HQWUHWDQWR XPD UHIRUPD SDUFLDO
FDVXtVWLFD GHVWLQDGD H[FOXVLYDPHQWH D DVVHJXUDU D YLWyULD jTXHOHV TXH Mi VH HQFRQWUDP QR SRGHU FRPR WHP
VLGR IHLWR jV YpVSHUDV GH FDGD QRYD HOHLomR e SUHFLVR XPD UHIRUPD GH EDVH SURIXQGD YHUGDGHLUD VpULD
GHVWLQDGDDUHDOPHQWHDSULPRUDURVLVWHPDH[LVWHQWH3DUDWDQWRVHULDLQGLVSHQViYHOLQLFLDOPHQWHXPDSHVTXLVD
GHWDOKDGDGDUHDOLGDGHDWXDOOHYDQWDQGRVHDVVXDVSULQFLSDLVGHILFLrQFLDVSDUDDVHJXLUVHUHPHODERUDGDVDV
UHIRUPDV QHFHVViULDV DSUHVHQWDGDV DV VROXo}HV PDLV DGHTXDGDV j UHDOL]DomR GRV LQWHUHVVHV FROHWLYRV H QmR
VLPSOHVPHQWHSHVVRDLV'HWmRYHOKDVHFRQKHFLGDVDOJXPDVTXHVW}HVFRQVWDPGDSDXWDGHWRGDVDVSURSRVWDV
GHUHIRUPDSROtWLFDPDVTXHODPHQWDYHOPHQWHQmRVDtUDPGRSDSHO$VVLPSRUH[HPSORRILQDQFLDPHQWRGH
FDPSDQKDHOHLWRUDOSRUGRDo}HVGHHPSUHVDVSULYDGDV6HJXQGR2VODLQ6DQWDQD'HOHJDGRGD3ROtFLD)HGHUDOH
GLUHWRU GR &RPEDWH DR &ULPH 2UJDQL]DGR pelo  menos  metade  dos  casos  de  corrupção  tem  relação  com
financiamento  de  campanha  eleitoral O  Globo,  ,VVR OHYRX D 2$% D DMXL]DU QR 6XSUHPR
7ULEXQDO)HGHUDOD$GLQQDTXDOSHGHDWRWDOSURLELomRGRILQDQFLDPHQWRGDVFDPSDQKDVHOHLWRUDLV
SRUHPSUHVDVSULYDGDV2MXOJDPHQWRIRLVXVSHQVRTXDQGRMiKDYLDYRWRVIDYRUiYHLVjSURLELomRHPUD]mR
GHXPSHGLGRGHYLVWDGR0LQLVWUR*LOPDU0HQGHV
1R DEDOL]DGR HQWHQGLPHQWR GH *HUDOGR 7DGHX 0RQWHLUR FLHQWLVWD SROtWLFR H GLUHWRU GR ,83(5- PXLWDV
VmRDVUD]}HVTXHMXVWLILFDPDSURLELomR(PSULPHLUROXJDUSRUTXHVmRDVHPSUHVDVSULYDGDVDVUHVSRQViYHLV
SHORV DOWRV FXVWRV GDV FDPSDQKDV HOHLWRUDLV (QWUH  H  R PRQWDQWH WRWDO GH JDVWRV GHFODUDGRV FRP
FDPSDQKDVHOHLWRUDLVQR%UDVLOVXELXGH5PLOK}HVSDUD5ELOK}HVXPFUHVFLPHQWRGHFRQWUD
XPDLQIODomRGHQRSHUtRGR(PVHJXQGROXJDUSRUTXHDLQIOXrQFLDGRGLQKHLURQRVUHVXOWDGRVHOHLWRUDLV
pGLUHWD$QiOLVHVHVWDWtVWLFDVPRVWUDPTXHDFRUUHVSRQGrQFLDHQWUHQ~PHURGHYRWRVHJDVWRGHFDPSDQKDpGH
DSUR[LPDGDPHQWHSDUDRTXHVLJQLILFDTXHVmRHOHLWRVRVTXHPDLVJDVWDP,VVRUHSUHVHQWDXPDHQRUPH
GLVWRUomR GR SULQFtSLR GHPRFUiWLFR (P WHUFHLUR OXJDU SHOR SRWHQFLDO GH FRUUXSomR FRQWLGR QHVVH VLVWHPD GH
ILQDQFLDPHQWRHOHLWRUDO
1DV HOHLo}HV GH  DSHQDV XPD FRQVWUXWRUD FRQWULEXLX FRP PDLV GH 5  PLOK}HV SDUD GLIHUHQWHV
FDPSDQKDV 8P GRV PDLRUHV FRQJORPHUDGRV ILQDQFHLURV GR %UDVLO GHVHPEROVRX 5  PLOK}HV (QWUH RV
GH] PDLRUHV FRQWULEXLQWHV VHLV VmR JUDQGHV FRQVWUXWRUDV $ SHUJXQWD TXH VH GHYH ID]HU p VHUi SRU SXUD
FRQYLFomR SROtWLFD RX LGHROyJLFD TXH HVVDV HPSUHVDV JDVWDP HVVD IRUWXQD" 6H DVVLP IRVVH SRU TXH HODV
FRVWXPDP FRQWULEXLU FRP FDQGLGDWRV GH GLIHUHQWHV SDUWLGRV FRLQFLGHQWHPHQWH HP VXD PDLRULD SDUWLGRV
JRYHUQLVWDV"
3HVTXLVDFRQGX]LGDSHOR.HOORJJ,QVWLWXWHPRVWURXTXHFDGDUHDOGRDGRSDUDFDPSDQKDVHOHLWRUDLVUHVXOWD
HP5HPFRQWUDWRVFRPRSRGHUS~EOLFR1HQKXPLQYHVWLPHQWRGLVSRQtYHOQRPHUFDGRpFDSD]GHWUD]HU
WDQWRUHWRUQRO Globo,
2 0LQLVWUR GR 6XSUHPR 7ULEXQDO )HGHUDO -RVp $QWRQLR 'LDV 7RIIROL SRXFR DQWHV GH DVVXPLU D
SUHVLGrQFLDGR7ULEXQDO6XSHULRU(OHLWRUDO76(DILUPRXTXHdoações de empresas em eleições são quase
extorsão.RTXHpPDLVLPSRUWDQWHID]HUHPPDWpULDGHFDPSDQKDpRTXHHXFKDPRGHILQDQFLDPHQWRGD
GHPRFUDFLD«4XHPWHPRGLUHLWRGHILQDQFLDUDGHPRFUDFLD"6HDGHPRFUDFLDpRJRYHUQRGRSRYRVyR
SRYR WHP R GLUHLWR GH ILQDQFLDU D GHPRFUDFLD ,VVR VLJQLILFD GL]HU TXH DV HPSUHVDV QmR WrP R GLUHLWR GH
SDUWLFLSDUILQDQFLDQGRFDPSDQKDVHOHLWRUDLV4XHPQmRYRWDQmRWHPRGLUHLWRGHSDUWLFLSDUGDVHOHLo}HVFRPR
ILQDQFLDGRUHV « 2 PHX HQWHQGLPHQWR p TXH QmR FDEH H QmR p SHUPLWLGR SHOD &RQVWLWXLomR TXH SHVVRD
MXUtGLFDILQDQFLHDGHPRFUDFLDO Globo,
$SURLELomRGRILQDQFLDPHQWRGHFDPSDQKDVHOHLWRUDLVSRUHPSUHVDVSULYDGDVWHPVLGRDSRQWDGDFRPRD
³PmHGHWRGDVDVUHIRUPDVGDSROtWLFDEUDVLOHLUD´HVHUHDOPHQWHRFRUUHUFRPRVHHVSHUDVHUiPDLVXPDYH]
IHLWD SHOR 6XSUHPR 7ULEXQDO )HGHUDO FRPR Mi R IH] DR LPSRU D YHUWLFDOL]DomR GDV FROLJDo}HV  DR
GHUUXEDUDFOiXVXODGHEDUUHLUDDRGHFLGLUTXHRVPDQGDWRVSHUWHQFHPDRVSDUWLGRVHDRMXOJDUD
FRQVWLWXFLRQDOLGDGHGD/HLGD)LFKD/LPSD
2XWUDTXHVWmRSUREOHPiWLFDpDQRVVDDOWDIUDJPHQWDomRSDUWLGiULDTXHWRUQDR%UDVLORSDtVFRPVLVWHPD
SDUWLGiULRPDLVIUDJPHQWDGRGRPXQGR,VVRpUXLPSDUDDGHPRFUDFLDSRUTXHUHSUHVHQWDPDLVFXVWRVSDUDVH
REWHUXPJRYHUQRGHFRDOL]mRHPHQRVHILFLrQFLDDGPLQLVWUDWLYD/LEHUDomRGHYHUEDVHPHQGDVRUoDPHQWDULDV
LQGLYLGXDLV GLVWULEXLomR GH PLQLVWpULRV DOWRV FDUJRV QR JRYHUQR HWF HVWmR YLQFXODGRV D XPD coalizão
partidária na base do governo
&DUORV3HUHLUDFLHQWLVWDSROtWLFRHDXWRUGDWHVH±Quais as condições para o sucesso presidencial na
área  legislativa?  A  conexão  eleitoral  brasileira ± DVVLP H[DPLQD HVVD TXHVWmR ³3UHILUR LQWHUSUHWDU DV
UHODo}HV ([HFXWLYR/HJLVODWLYR j OX] GRV LQFHQWLYRV LQVWLWXFLRQDLV GDV UHJUDV GR VLVWHPD SROtWLFR EUDVLOHLUR
(OHSURSRUFLRQDLQFHQWLYRVSDUDFRPSRUWDPHQWRVLQGLYLGXDLVHSDUWLGiULRVDRPHVPRWHPSR3RUXPODGRDV
UHJUDV HOHLWRUDLV R PXOWLSDUWLGDULVPR H R IHGHUDOLVPR DJHP GHVFHQWUDOL]DQGR R VLVWHPD H LQFHQWLYDQGR
FRPSRUWDPHQWRVSDUWLFXODUHV3RURXWURDVUHJUDVLQWHUQDVGRSURFHVVRGHGHFLVmRGR&RQJUHVVRHRVSRGHUHV
FRQVWLWXFLRQDLVGHOHJLVODUHGHGLVWULEXLUUHFXUVRVGRSUHVLGHQWHDJHPLQFHQWLYDQGRDFHQWUDOL]DomRGRVLVWHPD
HRFRPSRUWDPHQWRSDUWLGiULR
 ³3RUFDXVDGHVVDVUHJUDVHOHLWRUDLVRVSDUODPHQWDUHVSDUDVHUHPHOHLWRVVHDSUR[LPDPHPGHPDVLD
GHVXDVEDVHVHOHLWRUDLVFRPDVTXDLVHVWDEHOHFHPFRPSURPLVVRVORFDOLVWDV2XVHMDQmRKiDPHGLDomR
GRV SDUWLGRV SROtWLFRV R TXH ID] FRP TXH R H[HUFtFLR GR PDQGDWR VHMD YROWDGR SDUD DWHQGLPHQWR GHVWDV
GHPDQGDV (QWUHWDQWR p R *RYHUQR R UHVSRQViYHO SHOD H[HFXomR GHVWDV GHPDQGDV EHP FRPR p HOH TXH
FHQWUDOL]DRSURFHVVRGHFLVyULRHDDJHQGDGR&RQJUHVVR$VVLPQHJRFLDUFRPR&RQJUHVVRSXQLQGRRX
SUHPLDQGR SDUODPHQWDUHV VHJXQGR VHX GHVHPSHQKR p GHFLVmR GR JRYHUQR SURYHQLHQWH GRV LQFHQWLYRV
LQVWLWXFLRQDLVGDVUHJUDVGRMRJR´
³'LDQWHGHXPGHVHQKRLQVWLWXFLRQDOFRPRHVWHTXHSURSRUFLRQDLQFHQWLYRVSDUDGR[DLVVLPXOWkQHRV
D DWLWXGH GR ([HFXWLYR YLQFXODQGR R DWHQGLPHQWR GDV GHPDQGDV GRV SDUODPHQWDUHV DRV VHXV
FRPSRUWDPHQWRV GH YRWR QmR p QDGD PDLV GR TXH R LQVWUXPHQWR DFKDGR SDUD PLWLJDU DV IUDJLOLGDGHV GH
XP VLVWHPD SDUWLGiULR IUDFR QD DUHQD HOHLWRUDO H IRUWDOHFrOR GHQWUR GR &RQJUHVVR GH IRUPD D YHU
FXPSULGDDVXDDJHQGDGHJRYHUQR(DDWLWXGHGR/HJLVODWLYRGHFRQWLQXDUMRJDQGRHVWHMRJRWHPVLGRD
~QLFDVDtGDSDUDDVREUHYLYrQFLDSROtWLFDGRVSDUODPHQWDUHV2GHVDILRHQWmRpUHGHVHQKDUDVLQVWLWXLo}HV
SROtWLFDVVHPFDLUQDYDODFRPXPGRPRUDOLVPR´O Globo

4XDOVHULDHVVHUHGHVHQKRGDVLQVWLWXLo}HVSROtWLFDV"4XHVLVWHPDSHUPLWLULDHOLPLQDURVLQFRQYHQLHQWHVH
GLVWRUo}HVLQHYLWiYHLVQRDWXDOVLVWHPDSROtWLFR"(VVDpDTXHVWmR
8PD GDV VROXo}HV DSRQWDGDV VHULD D DGRomR GR voto  distrital  misto VLVWHPD XWLOL]DGR FRP VXFHVVR HP
DOJXQV SDtVHV 3HOR YRWR GLVWULWDO PLVWR RV (VWDGRV VmR GLYLGLGRV HP UHJL}HV H VRPHQWH XPD SDUWH GRV
FDQGLGDWRV JHUDOPHQWH D PHWDGH p HOHLWD SRU YRWDomR PDMRULWiULD VHQGR TXH D RXWUD PHWDGH RX IUDomR
HVWLSXODGD HP OHL p HVFROKLGD SHOR VLVWHPD SURSRUFLRQDO TXH SRU VXD YH] SRGH VHU GH YRWDomR uninominal
FDGDSDUWLGRLQGLFDVHXFDQGLGDWRSDUDHVFROKDGRHOHLWRUDGRRXYRWDomRplurinominalWDPEpPFKDPDGRGH
sistema  de  lista HP TXH FDGD SDUWLGR DSUHVHQWD DRV HOHLWRUHV VXD OLVWD GH FDQGLGDWRV $V OLVWDV SRGHP VHU
fechadasRXabertas 1R SULPHLUR FDVR R SDUWLGR HVFROKH RV FDQGLGDWRV TXH TXHU HOHJHU H R HOHLWRU YRWD QR
SDUWLGRQDKiYRWRQRPLQDOVRPHQWHYRWRQDOHJHQGDIRUWDOHFHRSDUWLGRPDVGiHQVHMRDRDIDVWDPHQWRGDV
PLQRULDV H DR HQJUDQGHFLPHQWR GD ILJXUD GRV caciques 1R FDVR GH lista  aberta R SDUWLGR QmR HVFROKH RV
FDQGLGDWRV TXH TXHU HOHJHU DSUHVHQWD XP Q~PHUR GH FDQGLGDWRV IL[DGR HP OHL DSURYDGRV HP FRQYHQomR
VHQGRTXHRHOHLWRUWHPDRSomRGHYRWDUQRSDUWLGRRXQDSHVVRDGRFDQGLGDWRGHVXDSUHIHUrQFLD
(QWUHDVYDQWDJHQVGHVVHVLVWHPDHVWDULDWDPEpPDGHHYLWDUGLVWRUo}HVGDUHSUHVHQWDomRSRSXODUTXHKRMH
RFRUUHPFRPRDTXHODGRYRWRGH5RUDLPDYDOHUVHWHYH]HVPDLVGRTXHRGH6mR3DXOR
1HOVRQGH&DUYDOKRFLHQWLVWDSROtWLFRHDXWRUGDREUDE no início eram as basesGD(GLWRUD5HYDQIH]
XP SURIXQGR HVWXGR GR QRVVR VLVWHPD SROtWLFR QR TXDO GHPRQVWURX TXH D QRVVD &kPDUD GRV 'HSXWDGRV p
GLYLGLGD LJXDOPHQWH HQWUH WUrV WLSRV GH SROtWLFRV RV GR SULPHLUR JUXSR VHULDP RV GLVWULWDLV SXURV TXH
GRPLQDP D YRWDomR HP GHWHUPLQDGD iUHD FRQKHFLGR WHFQLFDPHQWH FRPR FRQFHQWUDGRVGRPLQDQWHV 2XWUR
JUXSRVHULDRTXHHOHFKDPDGH³DQRVVDYDULiYHOQRUGHVWLQDGRYRWRGLVWULWDO´TXHIUDJPHQWDDYRWDomRSHOR
HVWDGRLQWHLURFRPPRWLYDomRSDURTXLDO2FRQFHQWUDGRQmRGRPLQDQWHpRWHUFHLURWLSRVHULDRSROtWLFRGDV
iUHDV PHWURSROLWDQDV YROWDGR SDUD WHPDV TXH FRQFHQWUD VXD YRWDomR HP PXQLFtSLRV PXLWR JUDQGHV H FRPR
QmRGRPLQDHVVDiUHDQmRSRGHUHLYLQGLFDUFUpGLWRVSRUEHQHItFLRV
6HJXQGR R HVWXGR SDUD R FDQGLGDWR GD iUHD PHWURSROLWDQD R SULPHLUR UHFXUVR HOHLWRUDO p D DWXDomR
OHJLVODWLYD D PDQHLUD FRPR HOH YRWD QD &kPDUD -i R SROtWLFR GR GLVWULWDO SXUR SULRUL]D RV UHFXUVRV
RUoDPHQWiULRV 2V IUDJPHQWDGRVGRPLQDQWHV TXH SUHGRPLQDP QR 1RUGHVWH ³VmR RV TXH WrP  SUHIHLWRV
HVSDOKDGRV H R SULPHLUR UHFXUVR SROtWLFR GHOHV p R HQFDPLQKDPHQWR GDV GHPDQGDV GDV OLGHUDQoDV ORFDLV
(VVHVVmRIUXWRGHXPDGLVWRUomRGRYRWRGLVWULWDOjEUDVLOHLUDHDFDEDULDPFRPDDGRomRGRVPHJDGLVWULWRV´
3DUD &DUYDOKR ³R VLVWHPD GLVWULWDO XQLQRPLQDO LQFHQWLYD R SDURTXLDOLVPR FRPR QRV (VWDGRV 8QLGRV
RQGHRVSROtWLFRVORFDLVQmRWrPUHVSRQVDELOLGDGHVREUHDVYHUEDV6HFDGDXPIRUPD[LPL]DUREHQHItFLRSDUD
R GLVWULWR YRFr SURMHWD RV LQWHUHVVHV GLIXVRV GD VRFLHGDGH H SURYRFD XPD HVSLUDO GH JDVWRV &RP R GLVWULWDO
PLVWR SRGHPRV WHU DTXL R SLRU GRV GRLV PXQGRV GDU j ROLJDUTXLD SDUWLGiULD R GRPtQLR VREUH D OLVWD H DR
PHVPRWHPSRFRQWHPSODURSDURTXLDOLVPRTXHMiH[LVWH´
$SyV HVVDV SRQGHUiYHLV UHIOH[}HV 1HOVRQ &DUYDOKR SURS}H D DGRomR GR VLVWHPD HOHLWRUDO XWLOL]DGR QD
(VSDQKD3RUWXJDOH*UpFLD±SDtVHVTXHSDVVDUDPSRUWUDQVLo}HVGHPRFUiWLFDVSDUHFLGDVFRPDQRVVD±TXH
HPYH]GHDGRWDURYRWRGLVWULWDOPLVWRDGRWDPRVFKDPDGRVDistritos de Média MagnitudeTXHHOHJHPGH
DGHSXWDGRVHQmRDSHQDVXP
&RP HVVH VLVWHPD R LQWHULRU GR HVWDGR SDVVD D DWULEXLU MXVWD UHSUHVHQWDomR D iUHDV TXH KRMH YLUDP
FROFKDV GH UHWDOKR ³DWDFDGDV SRU YiULRV SROtWLFRV TXH GLVSHUVDP VXD YRWDomR H QmR WrP FRPSURPLVVR FRP
QHQKXPDGHODV´2VSDtVHVFLWDGRVSRU&DUYDOKRXVDPRVLVWHPDGHOLVWDPDVHOHQmRWHPGHILQLomRVREUHVH
RYRWRGHYHVHUQDOLVWDRXGLUHWDPHQWHQRFDQGLGDWR
(OH WDPEpP Yr YDQWDJHP QHVVH WLSR GH YRWR SURSRUFLRQDO FRP GLVWULWRV PDLRUHV ³SRUTXH HQ[XJD R
Q~PHURGHSDUWLGRV´'HQWURGRHVWDGR³GiVHXPDMXVWDPHGLGDjVGLYHUVDViUHDVQmRDFRQWHFHRIHQ{PHQR
GD VXEUHSUHVHQWDomR GH iUHDV LPSRUWDQWHV FRPR DV PHWURSROLWDQDV H Gi XPD YLVLELOLGDGH PDLRU DR
UHSUHVHQWDQWH HOLPLQDQGR D SRVVLELOLGDGH GHVVD FRPSUD GD UHSUHVHQWDomR LQRUJkQLFD TXH YDL SHJDQGR XP
YRWLQKRDTXLRXWURDOLHHPYiULDViUHDVGLVWLQWDV´
&RQFOXL 1HOVRQ GH &DUYDOKR ³0HVPR VH IL]HUPRV YRWR GLVWULWDO FRP OLVWD IHFKDGD SDUD SULRUL]DU RV
SDUWLGRV SROtWLFRV HP GHWULPHQWR GR YRWR SHVVRDO RV FDFLTXHV YmR FRQWLQXDU GRPLQDQGR RV SDUWLGRV 2V
GLVWULWRVGHPpGLDPDJQLWXGHGLOXLULDPDLQWHUIHUrQFLDGLUHWDGRFDFLTXHORFDO´
$ JUDQGH GLILFXOGDGH HP VH DSURYDU XPD UHIRUPD SROtWLFD HVWi HP TXH WHUi HOD TXH VHU YRWDGD SHORV
SUySULRV SDUODPHQWDUHV TXH WURFDP GH SDUWLGRV YRWDP PRWLYDGRV SRU IDYRUHV SROtWLFRV SUDWLFDP R
FOLHQWHOLVPRHQILPSRUDTXHOHVTXHHYHQWXDOPHQWHVHUmRSRUHODSUHMXGLFDGRV$UHIRUPDSROtWLFDVyYDLVDLU
TXDQGRXPEHORGLDRVOtGHUHVGRVPDLRUHVSDUWLGRVVHVHQWDUHPjPHVDHFRQFOXtUHPTXHWRGRVHVWmRVHQGR
SUHMXGLFDGRV SULQFLSDOPHQWH R HOHLWRUDGR 2EWHU QRYDV DGHV}HV QD EDVH GD DULWPpWLFD SRGH VHU LPSRUWDQWH
PRPHQWDQHDPHQWHPDVDORQJRSUD]RVyGiSUHMXt]R

60.2. O papel desempenhado pela Justiça Eleitoral

-XVWLoD VHMD IHLWD j -XVWLoD (OHLWRUDO %UDVLOHLUD 2 YRWR HOHWU{QLFR D LQIRUPDWL]DomR GD DSXUDomR GDV
HOHLo}HV D RUJDQL]DomR GR SOHLWR H RXWUDV PHGLGDV DGPLQLVWUDWLYDV DGRWDGDV IL]HUDP GD QRVVD ~OWLPD HOHLomR
XP PRGHOR SDUD R PXQGR WRGR 1R GLD GR SOHLWR PLOK}HV GH EUDVLOHLURV MRYHQV H YHOKRV FXOWRV RX QmR
FRPSDUHFHUDP RUGHLUDPHQWH jV XUQDV HP WRGR R SDtV PHVPR QRV OXJDUHV ORQJtQTXRV H GH GLItFLO DFHVVR H
FRQVHJXLUDPGHSRVLWDURVHXYRWR+RUDVGHSRLVRVUHVXOWDGRVIRUDPSURFODPDGRVQR%UDVLOWRGRVHPIUDXGH
VHP TXHVWLRQDPHQWRV VHP LPSXJQDo}HV )RL XP HVSHWiFXOR GHPRFUiWLFR GH FLYLVPR H FLGDGDQLD 'HVVD
IRUPD D -XVWLoD (OHLWRUDO %UDVLOHLUD GHX VXD GHFLVLYD FRQWULEXLomR SDUD R DSULPRUDPHQWR GR VLVWHPD SROtWLFR
YLJHQWHQmRREVWDQWHDVVXDVFRQKHFLGDVGHILFLrQFLDV
3URVVHJXH D -XVWLoD (OHLWRUDO QHVVD LPSRUWDQWH WDUHID SURPRYHQGR UHFDGDVWUDPHQWR GRV HOHLWRUHV H
UHLYLQGLFDQGRGHEDWHPDLVSURIXQGRVREUHDOHJLVODomRHOHLWRUDO27ULEXQDO5HJLRQDO(OHLWRUDOGR(VWDGRGR
5LR GH -DQHLUR SRU H[HPSOR UHFDGDVWURX RV HOHLWRUHV HP  PXQLFtSLRV QRV TXDLV FRQVWDWRX GHVSURSRUomR
HQWUHRQ~PHURGHHOHLWRUHVHGHKDELWDQWHV$SURSRUomRHVWDYDDFLPDGHGDSRSXODomRRTXHLQGLFDULDD
H[LVWrQFLD GH HOHLWRUHV IDQWDVPDV 3URPRYH WDPEpP GHEDWH VREUH R ILQDQFLDPHQWR S~EOLFR GD FDPSDQKD
HOHLWRUDO $ H[SHULrQFLD GHPRQVWUD TXH VH QmR Ki ILQDQFLDPHQWR S~EOLFR R FDQGLGDWR YDL j OXWD EXVFDU TXHP
EDQTXHVXDFDPSDQKDDVVXPLQGRFRPSURPLVVRVSROtWLFRVFRPRVPDLVYDULDGRVHTXHVWLRQiYHLVVHJXLPHQWRV
VRFLDLV8PDYH]HOHLWRQmRGHYHQDGDDRSDUWLGR(DVVLPVHQGRQmRH[LVWHILGHOLGDGHSDUWLGiULDQHPFRPR
SUHVWDUFRQWDVGRVJDVWRVFRPDFDPSDQKD

60.3. A Lei da Ficha Limpa é lição de democracia

8P GRV SUHVLGHQWHV GR 7ULEXQDO 5HJLRQDO (OHLWRUD GR 5LR GH -DQHLUR HP HQWUHYLVWD DR MRUQDO O Globo
GLVVH³$OHJLVODomRpTXDVHULVtYHO6HRFDQGLGDWRpGHUURWDGRDSUHVWDomRQmRYDOHQDGD(OH
SRGH VHU FDQGLGDWR QRYDPHQWH PHVPR FRP DV FRQWDV UHMHLWDGDV 6H DV FRQWDV IRUHP MXOJDGDV GHSRLV GD
GLSORPDomRHQmRKiWHPSRSDUDTXHVHMDPMXOJDGDVDQWHVWDPEpPQmRWHPQHQKXPHIHLWR8PYHUGDGHLUR
ID]GHFRQWDHVVHQHJyFLRGHSUHVWDomRGHFRQWDVTXHQmRWHPVHQWLGRREMHWLYR´3RLVEHPHVVDODVWLPiYHOH
FRQVWUDQJHGRUDUHDOLGDGHIRLILQDOPHQWHVXSHUDGDSHODFKDPDGD/HLGD)LFKD/LPSD
(P MXOJDPHQWR FRQFOXtGR HP  GHSRLV GH ORQJR GHEDWH R 6XSUHPR 7ULEXQDO )HGHUDO
UHFRQKHFHX SRU  YRWRV D  D FRQVWLWXFLRQDOLGDGH GD /HL GD )LFKD /LPSD 9LWyULD GH LPSUHVVLRQDQWH
PRYLPHQWRGHPRELOL]DomRSRSXODURUJDQL]DGRVHPURPSHUUHJUDVFRQVWLWXFLRQDLV
&RP HIHLWR R SURMHWR GH /HL ³)LFKD /LPSD´ QDVFHX GH LQLFLDWLYD SRSXODU TXH FROHWRX PDLV GH GRLV
PLOK}HV GH DVVLQDWXUDV HP WRGR R SDtV SDUD LPSHGLU TXH SHVVRDV FRQGHQDGDV SXGHVVHP VH FDQGLGDWDU $ OHL
QmR GHL[D G~YLGDV ILFDP LQHOHJtYHLV SRU RLWR DQRV PDLV R WHPSR GD SHQD GHILQLGD SHOD -XVWLoD SHVVRDV
FRQGHQDGDVHPVHJXQGDLQVWkQFLDRXFROHJLDGRHQmRPDLVFRPRWUkQVLWRHPMXOJDGRGDVHQWHQoDHVFXGRTXH
SHUPLWLDTXHGRQRVGHSURQWXiULRSROLFLDOFRQWLQXDVVHPQDYLGDSROtWLFDVHPHPEDUDoRV
$6XSUHPD&RUWHUHFRQKHFHXTXHD/HLGD)LFKD/LPSDIRLXPJUDQGHSDVVRSDUDDpWLFDQDYLGDSROtWLFD
SRU HVWDU HP VLQWRQLD FRP RV SULQFtSLRV GD SURELGDGH H GD PRUDOLGDGH DGPLQLVWUDWLYD SUHYLVWRV QD
&RQVWLWXLomR (PERUD QmR VHMD XP HOL[LU PiJLFR GH FXUD GH WRGDV DV PD]HODV GD SROtWLFD p XP H[SUHVVLYR
SURJUHVVRQDOXWDSHODPRUDOL]DomRGDSROtWLFD

61. PODER JUDICIÁRIO

+RXYH WHPSR HP TXH D MXVWLoD HUD SULYDGD H IHLWD SHODV SUySULDV PmRV 2 FUHGRU SRGLD H[LJLU SHORV
PHLRVTXHEHPHQWHQGHVVHDREULJDomRGRGHYHGRU$YtWLPDRXVHXYLQJDGRUSRGLDLQIOLJLUDRFDXVDGRUGR
GDQR PDO LGrQWLFR DR SURGX]LGR QR RIHQGLGR H DVVLP SRU GLDQWH (UD D MXVWLoD GR ROKR SRU ROKR GHQWH SRU
GHQWHTXHVHFDUDFWHUL]DYDPDLVFRPRXPDIRUPDGHYLQJDQoDGRTXHSURSULDPHQWHGHMXVWLoD
2EYLDPHQWH WDO IRUPD GH MXVWLoD SUHVWDGD SHOR SDUWLFXODU LQWHUHVVDGR VHP LPSDUFLDOLGDGH ORQJH GH
FRPSRU RV FRQIOLWRV VRFLDLV FULDYD RXWURV PDLRUHV JHUDQGR XPD YHUGDGHLUD UHDomR HP FDGHLD $LQGD KRMH
WHPRVH[HPSORVGRTXHRFRUUHTXDQGRRSDUWLFXODUUHVROYHID]HUMXVWLoDFRPDVSUySULDVPmRVVHUYLQGRFRPR
LOXVWUDomR R FRQKHFLGR FDVR GH XPD FLGDGH QRUGHVWLQD RQGH GXUDQWH DOJXPDV GpFDGDV GXDV IDPtOLDV VH
GHVWUXtUDPPXWXDPHQWH
&KHJRX R GLD HP TXH D VRFLHGDGH DSyV RUJDQL]DUVH SROtWLFD H MXULGLFDPHQWH H HP IDFH GRV
LQFRQYHQLHQWHVGDMXVWLoDSULYDGDUHVROYHXDVVXPLUHVVDIXQomRWRUQDQGRDH[FOXVLYDPHQWHVXD±PRQRSyOLR
HVWDWDO $ SDUWLU GDt Vy R (VWDGR SDVVRX D WHU R SRGHU GH ID]HU MXVWLoD GH DSOLFDU D OHL DR FDVR FRQFUHWR SDUD
FRPSRU RV FRQIOLWRV VRFLDLV +RMH ID]HU MXVWLoD FRP DV SUySULDV PmRV p XPD IRUPD GH XVXUSDomR GH IXQomR
S~EOLFDFDUDFWHUL]DQGRRFULPHSUHYLVWRQRDUWGR&yGLJR3HQDO
(VVD UHOHYDQWH IXQomR S~EOLFD DSyV D VHSDUDomR GRV SRGHUHV IRL FRQIHULGD DR 3RGHU -XGLFLiULR
FRQVWLWXLQGR D FKDPDGD IXQomR MXULVGLFLRQDO &DEH DR SDUWLFXODU WmR VRPHQWH R GLUHLWR GH SHGLU MXVWLoD GH
LQYRFDUDSUHVWDomRMXULVGLFLRQDOVHPSUHTXHGHODQHFHVVLWDURTXHSRUVXDYH]FDUDFWHUL]DRGLUHLWRGHDomR
$IXQomRSUHYDOHQWHGR3RGHU-XGLFLiULRSRUWDQWRpGLVWULEXLUMXVWLoDQDVRFLHGDGHRTXHID]DSOLFDQGRD
OHLDRFDVRFRQFUHWRFRPSRQGRRVFRQIOLWRVVRFLDLV(VVDIXQomRpQHFHVViULRVDOLHQWDUWHUiTXHVHUH[HUFLGD
HPIDYRUGHWRGRVRVTXHGHODQHFHVVLWDUHPULFRVRXSREUHVFXOWRVRXLJQRUDQWHVIUDFRVRXSRGHURVRVQR
PRPHQWR HP TXH VH WRUQDU QHFHVViULD QmR DOFDQoDUi RV VHXV REMHWLYRV VRFLDLV VH D DomR GD MXVWLoD YLHU
WDUGLDPHQWHHQROXJDURQGHIRUQHFHVViULDSRLVFDVRFRQWUiULRILFDUiDHPHQGDSLRUGRTXHRVRQHWR
&RP HIHLWR VH D -XVWLoD VH RPLWLU RX UHWDUGDU QR H[HUFtFLR GH VXD IXQomR R TXH VHUi GD VRFLHGDGH" 2V
FRQIOLWRV VRFLDLV FRQWLQXDUmR RFRUUHQGR SRUTXH H[LVWLUmR HQTXDQWR H[LVWLU D VRFLHGDGH 2V LQWHUHVVDGRV QmR
SRGHUmR UHVROYrORV SRU VXDV SUySULDV PmRV Mi TXH LVWR FRQVWLWXL XPD IXQomR H[FOXVLYDPHQWH S~EOLFD PDV
TXHP WHP R GHYHU GH H[HUFrOD QmR R ID] &RP R FRUUHU GR WHPSR RV FRQIOLWRV VH DJUDYDP H DXPHQWDP
WRUQDQGRLPSRVVtYHODYLGDHPFROHWLYLGDGHHPRWLYDQGRRUHWRUQRjMXVWLoDSULYDGD
3DUDTXHR-XGLFLiULRSRVVDH[HUFHUHILFLHQWHPHQWHDVXDIXQomR±ID]HUMXVWLoDDTXHPSUHFLVDUTXDQGRH
RQGHIRUQHFHVViULR±pLQGLVSHQViYHOTXHHVWHMDGHYLGDPHQWHHVWUXWXUDGRHDSDUHOKDGR7DOFRPRXPDJUDQGH
HPSUHVD SUHVWDGRUD GH VHUYLoRV TXH SDUD UHDOL]DU RV VHXV REMHWLYRV QHFHVVLWD GH LQVWDODo}HV VHGH DJrQFLDV
SRVWRVSHVVRDOHWFR-XGLFLiULRSUHFLVDGHHVWUXWXUDPDWHULDOHKXPDQDSDUDGHVHPSHQKDUDVXDWDUHID
7RPHPRVSDUDH[HPSORGRTXHHVWDPRVTXHUHQGRHQIDWL]DURFDVRGR686±6LVWHPDÒQLFRGH6D~GH±
TXHVHSURS}HSUHVWDUDVVLVWrQFLDPpGLFDHKRVSLWDODUDWRGDDSRSXODomREUDVLOHLUD2TXHpSUHFLVRSDUDTXH
SRVVDUHDOL]DULVWR"8PDLQILQLGDGHGHKRVSLWDLVFOtQLFDVSRVWRVGHVD~GHHWFHVSDOKDGRVSRUWRGRRWHUULWyULR
QDFLRQDO WDQWR QDV FLGDGHV FRPR QR LQWHULRU H QHOHV XPD PXOWLGmR GH PpGLFRV HQIHUPHLURV IXQFLRQiULRV
JHQWH WpFQLFD H HVSHFLDOL]DGD HPSHQKDGD QD UHDOL]DomR GHVVH REMHWLYR )DOWDQGR HVVD HVWUXWXUD QHFHVViULD
YHUHPRV R TXH HVWDPRV FDQVDGRV GH YHU $V ILODV DXPHQWDQGR FDGD YH] PDLV QDV SRUWDV GRV DPEXODWyULRV
SHVVRDVHVSHUDQGRjVYH]HVPHVHVSDUDSRGHUHPVHUFRQVXOWDGDVRTXHWRUQDHPFRPSOHWRIUDFDVVRRREMHWLYR
DTXHVHSURS}HDHQWLGDGH
&RLVDLGrQWLFDRFRUUHUiHMiHVWiRFRUUHQGRFRPR-XGLFLiULRVHOKHIDOWDUHPRVLQVWUXPHQWRVPDWHULDLVH
KXPDQRV QHFHVViULRV 7DPEpP HOH WHUi TXH FRQWDU FRP LQVWDODo}HV DGHTXDGDV SRVWRV GH MXVWLoD VH DVVLP
SRGHPRV GL]HU HVSDOKDGRV SRU WRGR R WHUULWyULR QDFLRQDO WDQWR QDV FDSLWDLV FRPR QR LQWHULRU H QHOHV XPD
PXOWLGmRGH-Xt]HVVHUYHQWXiULRVHWFJHQWHWpFQLFDHHVSHFLDOL]DGDGHGLFDGDjIXQomRMXULVGLFLRQDOVRESHQD
GHVHDYROXPDUHPRVSURFHVVRVQDVSUDWHOHLUDV

62. ESTRUTURA DO JUDICIÁRIO BRASILEIRO

(PQRVVR3DtVR-XGLFLiULRVHGLYLGHHPGXDVHVIHUDVIHGHUDOHHVWDGXDO23RGHU-XGLFLiULR)HGHUDOSRU
VXDYH]VXEGLYLGHVHHPTXDWURiUHDVHVSHFtILFDVDVDEHU

 -XVWLoD(OHLWRUDO±TXHVyWUDWDGDVTXHVW}HVUHODFLRQDGDVFRPRGLUHLWRHOHLWRUDO
 -XVWLoD7UDEDOKLVWD±TXHFXLGDGRVSUREOHPDVHQYROYHQGRHPSUHJDGRUHHPSUHJDGR
 -XVWLoD0LOLWDU±FXMDFRPSHWrQFLDpMXOJDURVFULPHVSUHYLVWRVQR&yGLJR3HQDO0LOLWDU
 -XVWLoD )HGHUDO ± j TXDO FRPSHWHP WRGDV DV FDXVDV HP TXH KRXYHU LQWHUHVVH GD 8QLmR RX GH VHXV
GHVPHPEUDPHQWRV DGPLQLVWUDWLYRV DXWDUTXLDV H HPSUHVDV S~EOLFDV FRPR DXWRUD Up RX VLPSOHV
LQWHUHVVDGD $VVLP SRU H[HPSOR VH D 8QLmR UHVROYHU GHVDSURSULDU XP GHWHUPLQDGR LPyYHO GHYHUi
SURSRU D DomR H[SURSULDWyULD SHUDQWH XPD GDV YDUDV GD -XVWLoD )HGHUDO VH XP SDUWLFXODU SUHWHQGHU
H[LJLU GD 8QLmR LQGHQL]DomR SRU GDQR PDWHULDO RX PRUDO GHFRUUHQWH GH DWR SUDWLFDGR SHOD
DGPLQLVWUDomRIHGHUDOGHYHUiWDPEpPDSUHVHQWDUVXDSRVWXODomRSHUDQWHDPHVPDMXVWLoD

¬-XVWLoD(VWDGXDOFRPSHWHRUHVWDQWHGDVTXHVW}HVTXHSRGHPVHUOHYDGDVDMXt]R7RGDVDVGHPDQGDV
HQYROYHQGR FRQIOLWRV GH LQWHUHVVH HQWUH SDUWLFXODUHV TXHVW}HV GH IDPtOLD FRQWUDWRV VXFHVV}HV FULPHV HWF
EHP FRPR DV GHPDQGDV HP TXH Ki LQWHUHVVH GRV SUySULRV (VWDGRV 0XQLFtSLRV H VHXV GHVPHPEUDPHQWRV
DGPLQLVWUDWLYRVVHUmRGDFRPSHWrQFLDGDMXVWLoDHVWDGXDO,VVRHYLGHQFLDGHVGHORJRTXHDJUDQGHVREUHFDUJD
GHWUDEDOKRUHSRXVDVREUHR-XGLFLiULR(VWDGXDO

62.1. Estrutura da Justiça Estadual

+iGXDVLQVWkQFLDVQD-XVWLoD(VWDGXDOinstânciapKLHUDUTXLDRXJUDXGHjurisdição±TXHpRSRGHUGH
ID]HUMXVWLoDDSOLFDQGRDOHLDRFDVRFRQFUHWR7HPRVDVVLPDSULPHLUDHDVHJXQGDLQVWkQFLDVQR-XGLFLiULR
GHFDGD(VWDGR
'HUHJUDpDMXVWLoDGHSULPHLUDLQVWkQFLDTXHWRPDFRQKHFLPHQWRHGHFLGHHPSULPHLUROXJDUDVFDXVDV
TXH VmR OHYDGDV j DSUHFLDomR GR -XGLFLiULR 3RU LVVR HVWi HP FRQWDWR GLUHWR FRP DV SDUWHV DXWRU UpX
WHVWHPXQKDV DGYRJDGRV DWXDQGR HP WRGD D IRUPDomR GR SURFHVVR GHVGH D SULPHLUD SHWLomR DWp D VHQWHQoD
ILQDO 3DUD QmR VHU PXLWR RQHURVR H GLItFLO jV SDUWHV R DFHVVR D HVVD MXVWLoD HQILP SDUD TXH SRVVD HVWDU DR
DOFDQFH GH WRGRV HVWi HOD RUJDQL]DGD HP WRGR R WHUULWyULR GR (VWDGR WDQWR QDV FLGDGHV GR LQWHULRU FRPR QD
FDSLWDO$VGHFLV}HVGDSULPHLUDLQVWkQFLDVmRSURODWDGDVSRU-XL]VLQJXODULVWRpSRUXPVyMXOJDGRU
&DEH DR &yGLJR GH 2UJDQL]DomR -XGLFLiULD GH FDGD (VWDGR HVWDEHOHFHU D RUJDQL]DomR GD VXD MXVWLoD GH
SULPHLUD LQVWkQFLD GH PRGR D SRGHU HOD UHDOL]DU GD PHOKRU IRUPD SRVVtYHO DV VXDV ILQDOLGDGHV (P OLQKDV
JHUDLVSRGHPRVGL]HUTXHWRGRRWHUULWyULRGR(VWDGRpGLYLGLGRHPYiULDViUHDVGHQRPLQDGDV&RPDUFDVWDO
FRPR RFRUUH FRP RV 0XQLFtSLRV PXLWR HPERUD QHP VHPSUH H[LVWD FRUUHVSRQGrQFLD HQWUH VXDV iUHDV
JHRJUiILFDV(PFDGD&RPDUFDWHPRVXPDVHGHGR-XGLFLiULR(VWDGXDOTXHYHPDVHURForo(PFDGD)RUR
WHPRV SHOR PHQRV XP yUJmR LQYHVWLGR GD IXQomR MXULVGLFLRQDO TXH p R Juízo RX Vara H HP FDGD 9DUD XP
MXL]RHVFULYmRVHUYHQWXiULRVHWF
¬ PHGLGD TXH D &RPDUFD YDL VH GHVHQYROYHQGR SROtWLFD HFRQ{PLFD H VRFLDOPHQWH DXPHQWDQGR D VXD
SRSXODomR DV DWLYLGDGHV HPSUHVDULDLV HWF H FRQVHTXHQWHPHQWH DXPHQWDQGR R VHUYLoR GD MXVWLoD WRUQDVH
QHFHVViULD D FULDomR GH QRYRV MXt]RV XPD RX PDLV YDUDV WDQWDV TXDQWDV IRUHP QHFHVViULDV SDUD DWHQGHU j
GHPDQGD GRV QRYRV FRQIOLWRV VRFLDLV VRE SHQD GH WRUQDUVH OHQWD GHPRUDGD FRQJHVWLRQDGD H GHILFLHQWH D
SUHVWDomRMXULVGLFLRQDO
&DEHWDPEpPDFDGD(VWDGRRUJDQL]DUDVXD-XVWLoDGHVHJXQGDLQVWkQFLDSRGHQGRVHWRGDYLDGL]HUTXH
DVVXDVSULQFLSDLVFDUDFWHUtVWLFDVVmRDVVHJXLQWHV

 WRPDFRQKHFLPHQWRGDVFDXVDVHPVHJXQGROXJDUHPVHJXQGRJUDXSRLVWUDWDVHGHUHJUDGHXPD
DWLYLGDGHUHYLVRUD
 QmR HVWi HP FRQWDWR GLUHWR FRP DV SDUWHV FRPR D SULPHLUD LQVWkQFLD OLPLWDQGRVH j DSUHFLDomR
GDTXLORTXHMiVHHQFRQWUDQRSURFHVVR
 Vy H[LVWH QDV FDSLWDLV GRV (VWDGRV SRU LVVR TXH UHDOL]DGD DWUDYpV GRV 7ULEXQDLV GH -XVWLoD GRV
(VWDGRV
 p XPD MXVWLoD FROHJLDGD YLVWR TXH DV GHFLV}HV VmR DOL SURODWDGDV SRU SHOR PHQRV WUrV MXOJDGRUHV
$VVLPFDGD(VWDGRWHPRVHX7ULEXQDOGH-XVWLoDFXMRVPHPEURVVmRFKDPDGRV'HVHPEDUJDGRUHV
GLYLGLGRVHPYiULDVFkPDUDVSDUDRQGHVmRHQFDPLQKDGRVRVSURFHVVRVVHPSUHTXHKRXYHUUHFXUVR
GH TXDOTXHU GHFLVmR GD SULPHLUD LQVWkQFLD $SUHFLDGR R UHFXUVR R SURFHVVR p GHYROYLGR j 9DUD GH
RULJHPRQGHDVHQWHQoDVHUiH[HFXWDGD

7HPRV DLQGD QRV (VWDGRV RV Juizados  Especiais  Cíveis  e  Criminais FXMD FULDomR IRL GHWHUPLQDGD SHOD
/HL Q  GH  HP VXEVWLWXLomR DRV -XL]DGRV GH 3HTXHQDV &DXVDV 3UHYLVWRV SDUD GHVDIRJDU D
MXVWLoDFRPXPHVVHVMXL]DGRVMXOJDPFDXVDVGHPHQRUFRPSOH[LGDGHFDXVDVFXMRYDORUQmRH[FHGDDTXDUHQWD
YH]HVRVDOiULRPtQLPRHWFHLQIUDo}HVSHQDLVGHPHQRUSRWHQFLDORIHQVLYRFRQWUDYHQo}HVSHQDLVHRVFULPHV
D TXH D OHL FRPLQH SHQD Pi[LPD QmR VXSHULRU D XP DQR DWUDYpV GH SURFHVVR VXPDUtVVLPR RULHQWDGR SHORV
FULWpULRVGDRUDOLGDGHVLPSOLFLGDGHHFHOHULGDGH(VVDOHLSUHYrDSDUWLFLSDomRGHconciliadoresHJuízes leigos
FRPR DX[LOLDUHV GD MXVWLoD QD IDVH GD FRQFLOLDomR DWULEXLQGR HQWUHWDQWR H[FOXVLYDPHQWH DR -XL] 7RJDGR D
FRPSHWrQFLDSDUDSURIHULUDVHQWHQoDFDVRQmRKDMDRDFRUGR
'D VHQWHQoD FDEH UHFXUVR SDUD XPD WXUPD UHFXUVDO FRPSRVWD SRU WUrV MXt]HV WRJDGRV HP H[HUFtFLR QR
SULPHLUR JUDX GH MXULVGLomR UHXQLGRV QD VHGH GR MXL]DGR 9DOH GL]HU TXH GDV VHQWHQoDV SURIHULGDV SHORV
MXL]DGRV HVSHFLDLV QmR FDEH UHFXUVR SDUD R 7ULEXQDO GH -XVWLoD DSHQDV SDUD D WXUPD UHFXUVDO GR SUySULR
MXL]DGR 2 REMHWLYR FRPR VH Yr p DOLYLDU D FDUJD GH UHFXUVRV GDTXHOHV 7ULEXQDLV GHL[DQGRRV FRP PDLV
WHPSRSDUDDSUHFLDURVUHFXUVRVGHPDLRUFRPSOH[LGDGH
2XWUD SHFXOLDULGDGH GRV -XL]DGRV (VSHFLDLV p D GHVQHFHVVLGDGH GH DGYRJDGR QDV FDXVDV FXMR YDORU QmR
H[FHGDDYLQWHVDOiULRVPtQLPRVVyVHWRUQDQGRREULJDWyULDDVXDSDUWLFLSDomRVHKRXYHUUHFXUVRV
2V-XL]DGRV(VSHFLDLVVmRXPDIHOL]LGHLDQRVHQWLGRGHGDUFHOHULGDGHjVFDXVDVGHPHQRUFRPSOH[LGDGH
HYLWDQGR TXH HODV VH PLVWXUHP H FDLDP QD YDOD FRPXP GDV GHPDLV FDXVDV 2 VXFHVVR GHVVD LGHLD WRGDYLD
GHSHQGH GD FDSDFLGDGH DGPLQLVWUDWLYD H HFRQ{PLFD GRV (VWDGRV SDUD GDUHP FXPSULPHQWR j OHL SRLV
QHFHVVLWDUmRGHHVWUXWXUDPDWHULDOHKXPDQDSDUDLVVRLQVWDODo}HVMXt]HVVHUYHQWXiULRVHWF
1R DQR GH  HQWUDUDP WRPEDGDV  Do}HV Vy QRV MXL]DGRV HVSHFLDLV FtYHLV IRUDP MXOJDGDV
  UHGX]LQGR R DFHUYR GRV DQRV DQWHULRUHV 1R DQR GH  R Q~PHUR GH Do}HV VXELX SDUD
 VHQGR MXOJDGDV   (P  IRUDP GLVWULEXtGDV  Do}HV H IRUDP MXOJDGDV


62.2. Organização da Justiça Federal

+i WDPEpP QD -XVWLoD )HGHUDO GXDV LQVWkQFLDV FRP DV PHVPDV FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV GD -XVWLoD (VWDGXDO $
SULPHLUD LQVWkQFLD IHGHUDO H[LVWH GH UHJUD QDV FDSLWDLV GRV (VWDGRV H QDV JUDQGHV FLGDGHV GR LQWHULRU D
VHJXQGDpH[HUFLGDSHORV7ULEXQDLV5HJLRQDLV)HGHUDLVFULDGRVSHOD&RQVWLWXLomRGHHPVXEVWLWXLomRDR
DQWLJR 7ULEXQDO )HGHUDO GH 5HFXUVRV (VVHV 7ULEXQDLV VHGLDGRV QRV SULQFLSDLV (VWDGRV 6mR 3DXOR 5LR GH
-DQHLUR3HUQDPEXFRHHP%UDVtOLDMXOJDPRVUHFXUVRVRULXQGRVGDSULPHLUDLQVWkQFLDGDUHVSHFWLYDUHJLmR
WRUQDQGRPDLVFpOHUHDMXVWLoD

62.3. Estrutura da Justiça Especial

$SULPHLUDLQVWkQFLDGD-XVWLoD0LOLWDUVyH[LVWHQDVFLGDGHVRQGHKiJUXSDPHQWRPLOLWDUJHUDOPHQWHQDV
FDSLWDLV H p LQWHJUDGD SHODV $XGLWRULDV GR ([pUFLWR GD $HURQiXWLFD H GD 0DULQKD 7UDWDVH GH XPD MXVWLoD
FXMDVGHFLV}HVVmRSURODWDGDVSRUXPFROHJLDGR$VHJXQGDLQVWkQFLDFRPVHGHHP%UDVtOLDpFRQVWLWXtGDSHOR
6XSHULRU7ULEXQDO0LOLWDU±670LQWHJUDGRSRUPLQLVWURV
$ -XVWLoD 7UDEDOKLVWD WHP D VXD SULPHLUD LQVWkQFLD GLVWULEXtGD SHODV SULQFLSDLV FLGDGHV GR %UDVLO
QRWDGDPHQWH DTXHODV RQGH Ki PDLRU FRQFHQWUDomR GH WUDEDOKDGRUHV 1DV FLGDGHV RQGH QmR Ki MXVWLoD
WUDEDOKLVWD DV FDXVDV HQYROYHQGR HVVD PDWpULD VmR GHFLGLGDV SHOD -XVWLoD (VWDGXDO $ VHJXQGD LQVWkQFLD p
FRQVWLWXtGD SHORV 7ULEXQDLV 5HJLRQDLV GR 7UDEDOKR ± 757V +i QHVVD MXVWLoD XPD WHUFHLUD LQVWkQFLD R
7ULEXQDO6XSHULRUGR7UDEDOKRLQWHJUDGRSRUPLQLVWURVFRPVHGHQDFDSLWDOGD5HS~EOLFDSDUDRQGHYmR
RVSURFHVVRVHPKLSyWHVHVHVSHFLDLV
4XDQWRj-XVWLoD(OHLWRUDODVXDSULPHLUDLQVWkQFLDpGLYLGLGDHP]RQDVGLVWULEXtGDVSRUWRGRR7HUULWyULR
1DFLRQDODVHJXQGDLQVWkQFLDVmRRV7ULEXQDLV5HJLRQDLV(OHLWRUDLV±75(VXPQDFDSLWDOGHFDGD(VWDGRH
DWHUFHLUDLQVWkQFLDpR7ULEXQDO6XSHULRU(OHLWRUDO±76(FRPVHGHHP%UDVtOLD

62.4. Função do Superior Tribunal de Justiça e do Supremo Tribunal Federal

$&RQVWLWXLomRGHFRPRSURSyVLWRGHDOLYLDUDVREUHFDUJDGR6XSUHPR7ULEXQDO)HGHUDOFULRXR
6XSHULRU 7ULEXQDO GH -XVWLoD D TXHP FRPSHWH ]HODU SHOD VXSUHPDFLD GDV OHLV IHGHUDLV H SURPRYHU D
XQLIRUPL]DomR GD VXD LQWHUSUHWDomR 4XDOTXHU GHFLVmR GRV 7ULEXQDLV (VWDGXDLV RX )HGHUDLV HP TXH KRXYHU
YLRODomRGHOHLIHGHUDOSRGHUiVHUUHH[DPLQDGDSHOR67-DWUDYpVGRUHFXUVRHVSHFLDO(VVH7ULEXQDOWHPVHGH
HP%UDVtOLDHRVVHXVPHPEURVVmRFKDPDGRVGH0LQLVWURV
26XSUHPR7ULEXQDO)HGHUDOFRPRRSUySULRQRPHGL]HPERUDVHQGRXPyUJmRIHGHUDOVREUHS}HVHD
WRGRRDSDUHOKRMXGLFLDOeRPDLVHOHYDGR7ULEXQDOGR3RGHU-XGLFLiULRQR%UDVLORyUJmRPi[LPRGD-XVWLoD
DF~SXODGRUHJLPHDEDL[RGRTXDOVHHQFRQWUDPWRGRVRV7ULEXQDLV6XSHULRUHVRV7ULEXQDLVGH-XVWLoDHRV
7ULEXQDLV5HJLRQDLV)HGHUDLVHGR7UDEDOKR(PKLSyWHVHVHVSHFLDLVSUHYLVWDVQD&RQVWLWXLomRHDWUDYpVGR
UHFXUVR H[WUDRUGLQiULR SRGH R 6XSUHPR UHH[DPLQDU GHFLV}HV GH TXDOTXHU MXVWLoD HVWDGXDO IHGHUDO RX
HVSHFLDOSUHYDOHFHQGRDVXDGHFLVmRFRPRSDODYUDILQDOHLPXWiYHO,QWHJUDGRSRUPLQLVWURVpR6XSUHPR
R JXDUGLmR GD &RQVWLWXLomR )HGHUDO GHFODUDQGR D LQFRQVWLWXFLRQDOLGDGH GDV OHLV VHPSUH TXH YLRODUHP
SULQFtSLRVFRQVDJUDGRVQD&DUWD0DJQD7HPDLQGDSRUIXQomRDWXDUFRPRPRGHUDGRUGRVGHPDLVSRGHUHVR
ILHOGDEDODQoDQRTXHH[HUFHXPDIXQomRHPLQHQWHPHQWHSROtWLFD

62.5. A crise no Judiciário em nosso país

+i PDLV GH WULQWD DQRV RXYLPRV DV PHVPDV FUtWLFDV DR -XGLFLiULR D MXVWLoD p OHQWD HPSHUUDGD
EXURFUiWLFD LQHILFLHQWH H FDUD RV SURFHVVRV VH SURORQJDP SRU DQRV H DQRV D ILR TXDVH VH HWHUQL]DP D
SUHVWDomRMXULVGLFLRQDOVHWRUQDLQyFXDHFDXVDJUDYHVSUHMXt]RVDRVMXULVGLFLRQDGRV(PGHIHVDRVPHPEURV
GR -XGLFLiULR FXOSDP R ([HFXWLYR H R /HJLVODWLYR DV OHLV SURFHVVXDLV VmR PDO HODERUDGDV HVWmR
GHVDWXDOL]DGDVKiH[FHVVRGHUHFXUVRVSURFHVVXDLVHIDOWDGHUHFXUVRVILQDQFHLURV3RUVXDYH]R([HFXWLYRH
R /HJLVODWLYR SUHJDP D XUJHQWH QHFHVVLGDGH GH XPD UHIRUPD GR -XGLFLiULR FRP FRQWUROH H[WHUQR H RXWUDV
LQRYDo}HV
(P TXH PHGLGD FDEH DR -XGLFLiULR D FXOSD SHOD PRURVLGDGH GD MXVWLoD" $Wp TXH SRQWR D SURSDODGD
UHIRUPDUHVROYHUiRSUREOHPDGR-XGLFLiULR"(VVDpDTXHVWmRQRGDO
4XDQWR DR VHJXQGR LWHP VHULD FRQYHQLHQWH OHPEUDU TXH RXWUDV UHIRUPDV GR -XGLFLiULR Mi IRUDP IHLWDV
VHPTXDOTXHUUHVXOWDGRSUiWLFR(PDEULOGHTXDQGRR&RQJUHVVRIRLIHFKDGRSHOD~OWLPDYH]RSUHWH[WR
XWLOL]DGRIRLDUHIRUPDGR-XGLFLiULR$TXHODUHIRUPDIHLWDVRERPDLVULJRURVRVLJLORSHORVGRQRVGDYHUGDGH
GDpSRFDIRLSXUDPHQWHWHyULFDGHPDJyJLFDQXQFDSDVVRXGRSDSHOHHPDOJXQVSRQWRVWRUQRXDMXVWLoDSLRU
1D UHDOLGDGH WHYH REMHWLYRV SROtWLFRV FRPR D FULDomR GH VHQDGRUHV EL{QLFRV H RXWUDV DEHUUDo}HV
FRQVWLWXFLRQDLV ,VVR HYLGHQFLD TXH D PHUD PRGLILFDomR GH DOJXQV SRQWRV GD &RQVWLWXLomR QmR EDVWD SDUD
UHVROYHUDFULVHGR-XGLFLiULR
1R TXH GL] UHVSHLWR j OHQWLGmR GD MXVWLoD p IRUoRVR UHFRQKHFHU TXH QmR FDEH DR -XGLFLiULR D FXOSD
H[FOXVLYD 2 (VWDGR EUDVLOHLUR HP WRGRV RV VHXV QtYHLV DOpP GH JUDQGH FULDGRU GH FRQIOLWRV p XP PDX
SDJDGRU$FDGDQRYRHPLUDERODQWHSODQRHFRQ{PLFREDL[DGRSHORJRYHUQRPLOKDUHVHPLOKDUHVGHDo}HVVmR
GHWRQDGDV QD -XVWLoD FDGD QRYD UHIRUPD LPSODQWDGD QR SDtV OHYD RXWURV WDQWRV PLOKDUHV GH SHVVRDV DR
-XGLFLiULR (PERUD WHQKD SOHQD FRQVFLrQFLD GRV GLUHLWRV GRV DSRVHQWDGRV SHQVLRQLVWDV PXWXiULRV H
FRQWULEXLQWHVD$GPLQLVWUDomRQmRRVUHFRQKHFHREULJDQGRRVWLWXODUHVGHVVHVGLUHLWRVDEXVFiORVQDMXVWLoD
(PHVPRGHSRLVGHFRQGHQDGDUHFRUUHDEXVLYDPHQWH
3URYD GLVVR VmR DV ILODV LQWHUPLQiYHLV GH DSRVHQWDGRV H SHQVLRQLVWDV GR ,166 SOHLWHDQGR D UHYLVmR GRV
VHXV PLQJXDGRV EHQHItFLRV QRV -XL]DGRV (VSHFLDLV )HGHUDLV R TXH SRGHULD H GHYHULD VHU UHVROYLGR QD HVIHUD
DGPLQLVWUDWLYD PLOK}HV GH Do}HV HP DQGDPHQWR QD MXVWLoD FRP LGrQWLFD ILQDOLGDGH FHQWHQDV GH PLOKDUHV GH
UHFXUVRVUHSHWLWLYRVTXHDEDUURWDPR6XSHULRU7ULEXQDOGH-XVWLoDHR6XSUHPR7ULEXQDO)HGHUDO
0DVQmRSDUDDtDFRQWULEXLomRGR(VWDGREUDVLOHLURjPRURVLGDGHGDMXVWLoD&RPRMiVDOLHQWDGRHOHp
WDPEpP PDX SDJDGRU 0HVPR GHSRLV GH YHQFLGR HP PLOKDUHV GH Do}HV QmR FXPSUH DV GHFLV}HV MXGLFLDLV
&RPRRVEHQVS~EOLFRVQmRSRGHPVHUSHQKRUDGRVSDUDSDJDUDFRQGHQDomRDH[HFXomRGRHVWDGRWHPTXHVHU
IHLWD SRU PHLR GH SUHFDWyULRV TXH QDGD PDLV VmR GR TXH UHTXLVLo}HV GH SDJDPHQWR HP GLQKHLUR GH GpELWRV
MXGLFLDLV H[SHGLGDV SHOR 3RGHU -XGLFLiULR DR 3RGHU ([HFXWLYR 2V SUHFDWyULRV H[SHGLGRV DWp ƒ GH MXOKR GH
FDGD DQR GHYHUmR VHU LQFOXtGRV QR RUoDPHQWR GR DQR VHJXLQWH H SDJRV QD RUGHP GH DSUHVHQWDomR 6y TXH RV
SUHFDWyULRV WDPEpP QmR VmR SDJRV (P DJRVWR GH  6mR 3DXOR H 5LR GH -DQHLUR QmR SDJDYDP RV
SUHFDWyULRV GHVGH  2 SULPHLUR GHYLD DRV FUHGRUHV MXGLFLDLV SHQVLRQLVWDV VHUYLGRUHV YtWLPDV GH
DFLGHQWHVHWFFHUFDGHELOK}HVGHUHDLVHRVHJXQGRPLOK}HV2FDORWHGRVSUHFDWyULRVpXPDUHJUD
HPTXDVHWRGRVRVHVWDGRV
3LRUTXHWXGRHPGHVHWHPEURGHR&RQJUHVVR1DFLRQDODSURYRXDHPHQGDFRQVWLWXFLRQDOQ
DXWRUL]DQGRRSDUFHODPHQWRGDVGtYLGDVMXGLFLDLVGD8QLmR(VWDGRVH0XQLFtSLRVHPDWpGH]DQRV9DOHGL]HU
R FRQWULEXLQWH TXH HQWUD QD -XVWLoD SDUD UHFODPDU D GHYROXomR GH XP WULEXWR TXH OKH IRL FREUDGR
LQGHYLGDPHQWHGHSRLVGHHVSHUDUGRLVRXWUrVDQRVSHODVHQWHQoDTXHOKHFRQFHGHDMXVWDGHYROXomRWHUiDLQGD
TXHDJXDUGDUSRUPDLVGH]DQRVRLQWHJUDOFXPSULPHQWRGHVVDGHFLVmR(VVHWHPSRGHHVSHUDVHUiIDWDOPHQWH
GHELWDGRjPRURVLGDGHGDMXVWLoD$TXHPLQWHUHVVDDOHQWLGmRGDMXVWLoD"

63. CAUSAS DA CRISE DO JUDICIÁRIO BRASILEIRO. REPERCUSSÃO GERAL E RECURSOS

REPETITIVOS

'LDJQyVWLFREDVHDGRQDSUiWLFDHQDREVHUYDomRSHUPLWHQRVDGLDQWDUTXHWUrVVmRDVSULQFLSDLVFDXVDVGD
FULVHGR-XGLFLiULRRSHUDFLRQDLVIXQFLRQDLVHHVWUXWXUDLV
As  causas  operacionais HVWmR UHODFLRQDGDV FRP D LQIUDHVWUXWXUD QHFHVViULD DR ERP IXQFLRQDPHQWR GD
MXVWLoD ± UHFXUVRV PDWHULDLV KXPDQRV H ILQDQFHLURV QRWRULDPHQWH GHILFLHQWHV SULQFLSDOPHQWH QD SULPHLUD
LQVWkQFLD
&RPHIHLWRSDUDTXHDMXVWLoDGHSULPHLUDLQVWkQFLDSRVVDIXQFLRQDUDGHTXDGDPHQWHpQHFHVViULRTXHHP
FDGD&RPDUFDVHFULHPWDQWDV9DUDVRX-Xt]RVTXDQWRVIRUHPQHFHVViULRVSDUDDWHQGHUDRDXPHQWRGRQ~PHUR
GH GHPDQGDV GHFRUUHQWHV GR GHVHQYROYLPHQWR HFRQ{PLFR SROtWLFR H VRFLDO GR OXJDU (P FDGD 9DUD SRU VXD
YH]pSUHFLVRWHULQVWDODo}HVDGHTXDGDVFDUWyULRVHFUHWDULDVVDODVGHDXGLrQFLDJDELQHWHVHWFHJHQWHSDUD
UHDOL]DURVHUYLoRGDMXVWLoDMXL]SURPRWRUHVGHIHQVRUHVHVFULYmHVVHUYHQWXiULRVRILFLDLVGHMXVWLoDHWFHP
Q~PHURVXILFLHQWHVRESHQDGHRVHUYLoRILFDUDFXPXODGRHRVSURFHVVRVSDUDOLVDGRV
'LDULDPHQWHXPMXL]GHVSDFKDGH]HQDVHDWpFHQWHQDVGHSURFHVVRVHPFDGDXPGHWHUPLQDQGRXPDVpULH
GHSURYLGrQFLDVRXGLOLJrQFLDVDVHUHPFXPSULGDV±intime­secite­seoficie­seprenda­setome­se por termo
HWF2TXHDFRQWHFHUiVHQmRKRXYHULQIUDHVWUXWXUDSDUDTXHWRGRVRVGHVSDFKRVGRMXL]VHMDPFXPSULGRVFRP
HILFLrQFLD H UDSLGH]" 1DGD 2 SURFHVVR ILFDUi SDUDGR SRU PHVHV H DQRV D ILR DJXDUGDQGR R FXPSULPHQWR GD
GHWHUPLQDomR MXGLFLDO FRP JUDYHV SUHMXt]RV SDUD DV SDUWHV 5HFRUGRPH GH WHU FHUWD IHLWD FRQVWDWDGR
HQFRQWUDUVH HP SRGHU GH XP Vy RILFLDO GH MXVWLoD PDLV GH PLO PDQGDGRV SHQGHQWHV GH FXPSULPHQWR R TXH
VLJQLILFDTXHKDYLDPDLVGHPLOSURFHVVRVSDUDGRVVyQDTXHODYDUDHPYLUWXGHGDRPLVVmRGHXPRILFLDOGH
MXVWLoDRXGHH[FHVVRGHVHUYLoR
(PSDtVHVFRPRD,WiOLDHD)UDQoDGHSRSXODomRHVWiYHOHGHHFRQRPLDMiGHVHQYROYLGDRFUHVFLPHQWR
GR PRYLPHQWR IRUHQVH p YHJHWDWLYR QR VHQWLGR GH TXH Vy DFRPSDQKD D FRPSOH[LGDGH FDGD YH] PDLRU GDV
UHODo}HV GHQWUR GD VRFLHGDGH ,VVR WRGDYLD QmR p R TXH RFRUUH HP QDo}HV FRPR D QRVVD GH DOWR tQGLFH GH
FUHVFLPHQWRGHPRJUiILFRHPSOHQRGHVHQYROYLPHQWRHFRQ{PLFRHLQJUHVVDQGRQDVRFLHGDGHGHFRQVXPR
1R %UDVLO DSyV D &RQVWLWXLomR GH  QmR KRXYH SURSULDPHQWH XP FUHVFLPHQWR IRUHQVH PDV VLP
YHUGDGHLUD H[SORVmR MXGLFLiULD 2V Q~PHURV DSUHVHQWDGRV SHOR &RQVHOKR 1DFLRQDO GD -XVWLoD &1- HP VHX
UHODWyULR DQXDO ³-XVWLoD HP 1~PHURV´ EHP UHWUDWDP HVVD UHDOLGDGH (P  IRUDP DMXL]DGDV SHUWR GH 
PLODo}HVHPWRGRVRVVHJPHQWRVGDMXVWLoD(PGHUDPHQWUDGDFHUFDGHPLOK}HVGHIHLWRVHP
PLOK}HVGHQRYDVGHPDQGDVQ~PHURHVWHTXHVXELXSDUDPLOK}HVHP
$WXDOPHQWH Ki FHUFD GH  PLOK}HV GH SURFHVVRV HP DQGDPHQWR QD MXVWLoD EUDVLOHLUD R TXH UHVXOWD HP
XPDPpGLDGHSURFHVVRVSRUMXL]HXPSURFHVVRSDUDFDGDGRLVKDELWDQWHV8PQ~PHURLPSUHVVLRQDQWH
VH FRPSDUDGR FRP D $XVWUiOLD RQGH Ki XP SURFHVVR SDUD FDGD  PLO FLGDGmRV 2XWUD FRPSDUDomR
LPSRUWDQWHSDUDFDGDPLOKDELWDQWHVKiQR%UDVLOXPDPpGLDGHRLWRMXt]HVDPpGLDQD(VSDQKDpGH
MXt]HVQD,WiOLDH$UJHQWLQDQD)UDQoDHHP3RUWXJDO
$ PHQRV TXH HVWHMDPRV GLVSRVWRV D DSDUHOKDU R -XGLFLiULR SDUD HQIUHQWDU HVVD UHDOLGDGH D GLVWkQFLD VH
WRUQDUiFDGDYH]PDLRUHQWUHDMXVWLoDHRVVHXVREMHWLYRVVRFLDLV3HORkQJXORoperacionalWHPRVFRPRFHUWR
TXH D PDLRU QHFHVVLGDGH GR -XGLFLiULR QmR p D SURSDODGD UHIRUPD PDV VLP gestão. e SUHFLVR LQYHVWLU HP
LQVWDODo}HVGHQRYRVyUJmRVMXOJDGRUHVDXPHQWDURQ~PHURGHMXt]HVFRQWURODUDTXDOLGDGHHDSURGXWLYLGDGH
GRV PDJLVWUDGRV PRGHUQL]DU HTXLSDPHQWRV LQIRUPDWL]DU WRGD D MXVWLoD WUHLQDU H DYDOLDU SHULRGLFDPHQWH RV
VHUYHQWXiULRV SDGURQL]DU PpWRGRV H SURFHGLPHQWRV PHOKRU DSURYHLWDU RV UHFXUVRV KXPDQRV H PDWHULDLV
GLVSRQtYHLV HQILP DGRWDU PpWRGRV PRGHUQRV H HILFLHQWHV GH JHUHQFLDPHQWR H DGPLQLVWUDomR $t HVWi HP
QRVVRHQWHQGHUDVROXomRSDUDDPDLRULDGRVSUREOHPDVTXHHPSHUUDUDPDPiTXLQDMXGLFLiULDHPSULPHLURH
VHJXQGRJUDXVQRVHVWDGRVHQDHVIHUDIHGHUDO
2PHOKRUH[HPSORSDUDFRQILUPDUHVVDDVVHUWLYDYHPGR6XSHULRU7ULEXQDOGH-XVWLoD(PVHWHPEURGH
R0LQLVWUR&HVDU$VIRU5RFKDDRID]HUXPUHODWyULRGHVXDJHVWmRQD3UHVLGrQFLDGR6XSHULRU7ULEXQDO
GH-XVWLoDHQIDWL]RXTXHR67-IRLRSULPHLURWULEXQDOGRPXQGRDLPSODQWDURSURFHVVRMXGLFLDOWRWDOPHQWH
HOHWU{QLFRRTXHQmRVyDJLOL]RXDWUDPLWDomRGRVUHFXUVRVFRPRWDPEpPHQFXUWRXGLVWkQFLDVHGHPRFUDWL]RX
R DFHVVR DR 7ULEXQDO +RMH  WULEXQDLV GH VHJXQGD LQVWkQFLD GH WRGR R %UDVLO HVWmR HQYLDQGR UHFXUVRV SRU
PHLRHOHWU{QLFR2SRUWDOGR67)HVWiFRPXPDPpGLDGHPLOK}HVGHDFHVVRVSRUPrVHPHR
67- UHFHEHX  SURFHVVRV H MXOJRX  VHQGR  HP VHVVmR H  GHFLGLGRV
PRQRFUDWLFDPHQWH
$-XVWLoDGR(VWDGRGR5LRGH-DQHLURKiDOJXQVDQRVYHPVHJXLQGRHVVHFDPLQKRHMiREWHYHUHVXOWDGRV
VXUSUHHQGHQWHV&ULRXXP)XQGR(VSHFLDOGHVWLQDGRDFREULUDVGHVSHVDVRSHUDFLRQDLVHGHLQYHVWLPHQWRVGR
-XGLFLiULR R TXH SHUPLWLX PHGLDQWH DGPLQLVWUDomR VpULD H FRPSHWHQWH GRV UHFXUVRV DVVLP REWLGRV FRQVWUXLU
GH]HQDV GH QRYRV IRURV H UHFXSHUDU RXWURV WDQWRV LQVWDODU FHQWHQDV GH QRYDV YDUDV H MXL]DGRV HVSHFLDLV SRU
WRGRR(VWDGRLQIRUPDWL]DUWRGDDMXVWLoDQRSULPHLURHQRVHJXQGRJUDXVGHVRUWHTXHRDFRPSDQKDPHQWR
GHWRGRHTXDOTXHUSURFHVVRHPFXUVRQDPDLVGLVWDQWHFRPDUFDRXQRWULEXQDOSRGHVHUIHLWRSHODLQWHUQHWGH
TXDOTXHUSDUWHGRSDtV
1R TXH GL] UHVSHLWR j SURGXWLYLGDGH RV UHVXOWDGRV VmR WDPEpP VXUSUHHQGHQWHV 'RV  SURFHVVRV
DXWXDGRVQR7ULEXQDOGH-XVWLoDGR5LRGH-DQHLURQRDQRGHUHFXUVRVHSURFHVVRVRULJLQiULRVIRUDP
MXOJDGRV  LVWR p  QXP WHPSR PpGLR GH  GLDV HQWUH D DXWXDomR H R MXOJDPHQWR 1mR
REVWDQWH R H[SUHVVLYR DXPHQWR GH UHFXUVRV D FDGD DQR R 7ULEXQDO PHOKRURX R VHX GHVHPSHQKR FRPR
PRVWUDPRVQ~PHURVTXHVHJXHP(PIRUDPUHFHELGRVSURFHVVRVHMXOJDGRVHP
R Q~PHUR GH SURFHVVRV DXPHQWRX SDUD  H IRUDP MXOJDGRV   QXP WHPSR PpGLR GH 
GLDV HQWUH D DXWXDomR H R MXOJDPHQWR HP  QRYR DXPHQWR GH SURFHVVRV UHFHELGRV  H MXOJDGRV
FRPUHGXomRGRWHPSRGHMXOJDPHQWRSDUDGLDV(PQRYRDXPHQWRGHSURFHVVRVH
PDLVXPUHFRUGHGHMXOJDPHQWRUHFHELGRVHMXOJDGRVWHPSRGHMXOJDPHQWRGHGLDV
(VWHVUHVXOWDGRVVmRDLQGDPDLVH[SUHVVLYRVSRUTXHKDYLD7ULEXQDLVGHRXWURV(VWDGRVFRPFHUFDGH
PLOSURFHVVRVHVSHUDQGRGLVWULEXLomRSRUPDLVGHDQRV
1RSULPHLURJUDXRVUHVXOWDGRVGDMXVWLoDIOXPLQHQVHVmRWDPEpPVDWLVIDWyULRV1RDQRGHHQWUDUDP
WRPEDGDV  Do}HV H IRUDP MXOJDGDV  HP  HQWUDUDP  MXOJDGRV  HP
 HQWUDUDP  MXOJDGRV  HP  HQWUDUDP  MXOJDGRV  HP 
HQWUDUDPQRYDVDo}HVHIRUDPMXOJDGDVFRPSHQVDQGRDUHGXomRGHSURGXWLYLGDGHGRDQR
DQWHULRU
1RV ~OWLPRV GDGRV GR &1- UHODWLYRV D  D  LQVWkQFLD UHFHEHX  SURFHVVRV H MXOJRX
$LQVWkQFLDUHFHEHXUHFXUVRVHMXOJRX1RVGRLVFDVRVFKHJRXVHDXPtQGLFH
GHSURGXWLYLGDGHGH
$Vcausas funcionaisGL]HPUHVSHLWRDRGHILFLHQWHVLVWHPDUHFXUVDOEUDVLOHLURFXMDUHIRUPDpUHDOPHQWH
LPSUHVFLQGtYHO SDUD YLDELOL]DU R IXQFLRQDPHQWR GR 6XSUHPR 7ULEXQDO )HGHUDO H GR 6XSHULRU 7ULEXQDO GH
-XVWLoD 7HPRV KRMH SUDWLFDPHQWH TXDWUR LQVWkQFLDV R TXH WRUQD R WHPSR GRV SURFHVVRV QRV WULEXQDLV PXLWR
VXSHULRU DR WHPSR GH DQGDPHQWR HP SULPHLUR JUDX H WLUDP D UHOHYkQFLD GD VHQWHQoD DOL SURODWDGD (VVD
UHIRUPDSURFHVVXDOQDRSLQLmRGR0LQLVWUR&DUORV0iULR9HOORVRH[WHUQDGDTXDQGR3UHVLGHQWHGR6XSUHPR
7ULEXQDO)HGHUDOO Globo  GHYH LQFOXLU D súmula vinculante SDUD DV GHFLV}HV GRV 7ULEXQDLV
6XSHULRUHVHDarguição de relevânciaSDUDLPSHGLUTXHHQ[XUUDGDVGHDo}HVEDQDLVFRQWLQXHPDEDUURWDQGR
RV7ULEXQDLV
$V~PXODYLQFXODQWHREULJDULDDMXVWLoDGHSULPHLURJUDXDDSOLFDUDMXULVSUXGrQFLDGRWULEXQDOVXSHULRU
VREUH GHWHUPLQDGDV TXHVW}HV ,VVR HYLWDULD OLPLQDUHV GHVQHFHVViULDV VHQWHQoDV FRQWUDGLWyULDV HQWUH MXt]HV
UHSHWLomRLQWHUPLQiYHOGHDo}HVHPWRUQRGHPDWpULDVMiMXOJDGDVHUHFXUVRVSURWHODWyULRV
3HVTXLVDUHDOL]DGDQRILQDOGHUHYHODGDGRVLQTXLHWDQWHVQRSHUtRGRGHRXWXEURGHDPDUoRGH
  GRV DFyUGmRV SURIHULGRV SHOR 67) IRUDP UHSHWLWLYRV 1mR REVWDQWH D HQRUPH UHVLVWrQFLD j
DGRomR GD V~PXOD YLQFXODQWH DR DUJXPHQWR GH TXH DWXDULD FRQWUD D OLEHUGDGH GH MXOJDU GR MXt]R HOD IRL
LQWURGX]LGD HP QRVVD &RQVWLWXLomR DUW $ SHOD (PHQGD &RQVWLWXFLRQDO Q  FRQIRUPH YLPRV QR LWHP
$SDUWLUGDVXDLPSODQWDomRSHOR6XSUHPR7ULEXQDO)HGHUDOYHPVHUHYHODQGRXPSRGHURVRLQVWUXPHQWR
SURFHVVXDO SDUD HYLWDU GHFLV}HV FRQWUDGLWyULDV HP MXt]RV H WULEXQDLV H D UHSHWLomR LQWHUPLQiYHO GH Do}HV HP
WRUQRGHPDWpULDVMiMXOJDGDVHUHFXUVRVSURWHODWyULRV
2LQVWLWXWRGDrepercussão geralSRUVXDYH]FULDGRSHOD/HLQGHTXHDFUHVFHQWRX
RDUWLJR%DR&yGLJRGH3URFHVVR&LYLOIRLRXWURQRWiYHOLQVWUXPHQWRSURFHVVXDOSDUDHYLWDURVUHFXUVRV
UHSHWLWLYRV 4XDQGR Ki multiplicidade  de  recursos FRP IXQGDPHQWR HP LGrQWLFD FRQWURYpUVLD FDEH DR
7ULEXQDO GH RULJHP VHOHFLRQDU XP RX PDLV UHFXUVRV UHSUHVHQWDWLYRV GD FRQWURYpUVLD H HQFDPLQKiORV DR
6XSUHPR7ULEXQDO)HGHUDOILFDQGRVREUHVWDGRVRVGHPDLVDWpRSURQXQFLDPHQWRGHILQLWLYRGD&RUWH1HJDGDD
H[LVWrQFLDGHUHSHUFXVVmRJHUDORVUHFXUVRVVREUHVWDGRVVHUmRFRQVLGHUDGRVDXWRPDWLFDPHQWHQmRDGPLWLGRV
*UDoDVjDPSODDSOLFDomRGRILOWURGDrepercussão geralHPKRXYHXPDUHGXomRGHQRWRWDO
GH SURFHVVRV GLVWULEXtGRV SDUD R 6XSUHPR 7ULEXQDO )HGHUDO HP FRPSDUDomR FRP  2V UHFXUVRV
H[WUDRUGLQiULRV H RV DJUDYRV GH LQVWUXPHQWR UHSUHVHQWDYDP  GR WRWDO GRV SURFHVVRV HP FXUVR QR
6XSUHPRQRDQRGH(PUHSUHVHQWDUDPRTXHVLJQLILFDXPDUHGXomRGHGHVVDVFODVVHV
SURFHVVXDLVHPDSHQDVXPDQR$GLIHUHQoDpDLQGDPDLVPDUFDQWHQDFRPSDUDomRFRPDUHGXomRIRLGH

'HVGH TXH DV UHJUDV GD repercussão  geral SDVVDUDP D VHU DSOLFDGDV TXDVH  PLO UHFXUVRV
H[WUDRUGLQiULRV IRUDP GHVFDUWDGRV SHOD QHJDWLYD GH VHJXLPHQWR GLDQWH GD DXVrQFLD GD SUHOLPLQDU GH
UHSHUFXVVmRJHUDO
$PDLRUYDQWDJHPGDH[LJrQFLDGDUHSHUFXVVmRJHUDOpSHUPLWLUTXHR6XSUHPR7ULEXQDO)HGHUDOH[HUoD
HIHWLYDPHQWHVHXSDSHOFRQVWLWXFLRQDOGHDQDOLVDUTXHVW}HVGHJUDQGHUHOHYkQFLDSDUDDVRFLHGDGH
'DGRV GR 6XSHULRU 7ULEXQDO GH -XVWLoD PRVWUDP RV HIHLWRV SRVLWLYRV GD OHL GH recursos repetitivosGD
TXDOWUDWDPRVQRLWHP267-DQXQFLRXTXHPDLVGHPLOMXOJDPHQWRVHUHSHWLWLYRVPDUFDUDPRDQR
GH3DUDRVHXSUHVLGHQWH0LQLVWUR&HVDU$VIRU5RFKDDOHLGHUHFXUVRVUHSHWLWLYRVOLYURXR67-GHXP
FRODSVRLPLQHQWH$TXDQWLGDGHGHSURFHVVRVGLVWULEXtGRVQRWULEXQDOGHVFUHYLDXPDFXUYDDVFHQGHQWHDFDGD
DQR $ /HL GH UHFXUVRV UHSHWLWLYRV UHGX]LX H[SUHVVLYDPHQWH R Q~PHUR GRV UHFXUVRV LPSHGLQGR TXH JUDQGHV
SUHVWDGRUDVGHVHUYLoREDQFRVHPSUHVDVGHWHOHIRQLDUHGHVGHYDUHMRRUJDQL]DVVHPEDWDOK}HVGHDGYRJDGRV
SDUDSURWHODUGXUDQWHDQRVRMXOJDPHQWRGDVDo}HV
3DUD SRU XP SDUDGHLUR jV SURFUDVWLQDo}HV GR 3RGHU 3~EOLFR XVHLUR H YH]HLUR HP SRVWHUJDU R
FXPSULPHQWRGHGHFLV}HVMXGLFLDLVR0LQLVWUR&HOVRGH0HOORH[SUHVLGHQWHGR6XSUHPR7ULEXQDO)HGHUDO
SURS}H D HGLomR GH V~PXODV DGPLQLVWUDWLYDV YLQFXODQWHV FRPR DXWRUL]DGR SHOD /HL &RPSOHPHQWDU Q 
(PFRQIHUrQFLDSURIHULGDQDDEHUWXUDGR)yUXP1DFLRQDOGH'HEDWHVGR3RGHU-XGLFLiULRHPMXQKRGH
VXD ([FHOrQFLD DVVLP FRORFRX D TXHVWmR ³'HYR REVHUYDU DLQGD VHP SUHMXt]R GD DGRomR GH RXWUDV VROXo}HV
SURFHVVXDLV TXH VH D FDXVD UHDO GR FRQJHVWLRQDPHQWR GR DSDUHOKR MXGLFLiULR UHVLGH ± FRPR HIHWLYDPHQWH
RFRUUH±QDDWXDomRSURFHVVXDOFRPSXOVLYDGR3RGHU3~EOLFRPXLWDVYH]HVDJLQGRFRPRimprobus litigator,
RSRQGR UHVLVWrQFLD HVWDWDO LQMXVWLILFDGD H DUELWUiULD D SUHWHQV}HV OHJtWLPDV GHGX]LGDV SRU FLGDGmRV GH ERDIp
FXPSUH DSOLFDU DV GLVSRVLo}HV GD /HL &RPSOHPHQWDU Q  LQWHLUDPHQWH DSOLFiYHLV j 8QLmR )HGHUDO H jV
VXDV DXWDUTXLDV LQFOXVLYH DR ,166 UHVSRQViYHLV HP JUDQGH SDUWH SHOR H[FHVVR GH OLWLJLRVLGDGH UHFXUVDO
TXH KRMH YLUWXDOPHQWH LQYLDELOL]D R 6XSUHPR 7ULEXQDO )HGHUDO H R 6XSHULRU 7ULEXQDO GH -XVWLoD 2UD D
DSOLFDomR GHVVH LQVWUXPHQWR OHJDO FHUWDPHQWH UHIOHWLUVHi GH PDQHLUD SRVLWLYD QD VROXomR GRV SUREOHPDV
JHUDGRV SHOR FRQJHVWLRQDPHQWR GR DSDUHOKR MXGLFLiULR SRLV QDV TXHVW}HV REMHWR GD MXULVSUXGrQFLD LWHUDWLYD
GRVWULEXQDLV±XPDYH]HGLWDGDDV~PXODDGPLQLVWUDWLYDYLQFXODQWH±D8QLmR)HGHUDOHDVVXDVDXWDUTXLDVQmR
PDLV LQVLVWLUmR HP WHVHV MXUtGLFDV UHMHLWDGDV SHOR 67) RX SHOR 67- SHUPLWLQGR GHVVH PRGR HP PDWpULD GH
FDUiWHU DGPLQLVWUDWLYR WULEXWiULR RX SUHYLGHQFLiULR TXH SUHWHQV}HV OHJLWLPDPHQWH PDQLIHVWDGDV SHOD SDUWH
SULYDGDVHMDPDWHQGLGDVGHVGHORJRDWpPHVPRQDSUySULDLQVWkQFLDDGPLQLVWUDWLYD´
(QWUH DV causas  estruturais SRGHPRV DSRQWDU D IDOWD GH XP &RQVHOKR 1DFLRQDO GH $GPLQLVWUDomR GD
-XVWLoD yUJmR QDFLRQDO GH SODQHMDPHQWR H FRQWUROH GR -XGLFLiULR GRWDGR GH HVWUXWXUD OHYH HILFLHQWH H FRP
IXQFLRQDPHQWR SHUPDQHQWH (VVH yUJmR DVVHVVRUDGR SRU WpFQLFRV GH YiULDV iUHDV WUDoDULD DV SROtWLFDV
DGPLQLVWUDWLYD H ILQDQFHLUD GR -XGLFLiULR DSURYHLWDULD DV H[SHULrQFLDV EHP VXFHGLGDV GH RXWURV OXJDUHV
IRUPXODULD DOWHUQDWLYDV DGPLQLVWUDWLYDV FRQWURODULD R ERP IXQFLRQDPHQWR GD DWLYLGDGH MXGLFLDO HQILP VHULD
XPFHQWURGHGHEDWHVGHVWLQDGRDSHQVDUHUHSHQVDUFRQWLQXDPHQWHR-XGLFLiULR
1mR REVWDQWH D UHVLVWrQFLD j FULDomR GR &RQVHOKR 1DFLRQDO GD -XVWLoD DR DUJXPHQWR GH TXH FRP HOH VH
SUHWHQGLDFRQWURODUDVGHFLV}HVMXGLFLDLVRTXHUHDOPHQWHFRQVWLWXLULDXPDWHQWDGRDRSULQFtSLRGDDXWRQRPLD
GRVSRGHUHVR&RQVHOKRIRLFULDGRSHOD(PHQGD&RQVWLWXFLRQDOQTXHDFUHVFHQWRXRDUWLJR%
QD&RQVWLWXLomR)HGHUDO,QVWDODGRQRLQtFLRGHR&RQVHOKR1DFLRQDOGH-XVWLoD&1-DSyVTXDWURDQRV
GH H[LVWrQFLD FRPHoD D FXPSULU R VHX SDSHO ± WUDoDU DV SROtWLFDV DGPLQLVWUDWLYD H ILQDQFHLUD GR -XGLFLiULR
DSURYHLWDQGRDVH[SHULrQFLDVEHPVXFHGLGDVGHRXWURVOXJDUHVHFRQWURODURERPIXQFLRQDPHQWRGDDWLYLGDGH
MXGLFLDO 0HUHFH GHVWDTXH D GHQRPLQDGD 0(7$  TXH FRQVLVWLX HP LGHQWLILFDU RV SURFHVVRV MXGLFLDLV PDLV
DQWLJRV H QD DGRomR GH PHGLGDV FRQFUHWDV SDUD R MXOJDPHQWR GH WRGRV RV IHLWRV GLVWULEXtGRV DWp 
HPƒHƒJUDXVHWULEXQDLVVXSHULRUHV$WpRILQDOGRDQRGHIRUDPMXOJDGRVSURFHVVRVHP
WRGDDMXVWLoD
2 LQVLJQH MXULVWD (XJrQLR 5DXO =DIIDURQL XP GRV PDLRUHV QRPHV GR 'LUHLWR 3HQDO QD $PpULFD /DWLQD
HP QRWiYHO WUDEDOKR VREUH R 3RGHU -XGLFLiULR FULVH DFHUWRV H GHVDFHUWRV ID] DOJXPDV FRORFDo}HV TXH
PHUHFHP VHU WUDQVFULWDV QR HQFHUUDPHQWR GHVWH FDStWXOR ³4XDOTXHU LQVWLWXLomR GHYH FXPSULU GHWHUPLQDGDV
IXQo}HVHVXDHVWUXWXUDRWLPL]DGDGHSHQGHUiGDFODUDDWULEXLomRSUpYLDGHVVDVIXQo}HVTXHUGL]HUDHVWUXWXUD
RWLPL]DGD GH XPD LQVWLWXLomR VHUi VHPSUH D TXH D FDSDFLWH SDUD PHOKRU GHVHPSHQKR GR TXH D HOD VHUi
FRPHWLGR 4XDQGR R TXH OKH p FRPHWLGR QmR VHMD EHP GHILQLGR DLQGD PHQRV GHILQLGRV VHUmR VHXV PRGHORV
HVWUXWXUDLV
$ UHODomR HQWUH D HVWUXWXUD LQVWLWXFLRQDO H DV IXQo}HV PDQLIHVWDV H ODWHQWHV p LQGLVVRO~YHO D HVWUXWXUD
LQGLFDUiDVXDFDSDFLGDGHGHGHVHPSHQKRGDVIXQo}HVPDQLIHVWDVHRJUDXGHLQFDSDFLGDGHSDUDHODVPHVPDV
HVWDUiDVVLQDODQGRRFXPSULPHQWRGHIXQo}HVODWHQWHVDOLMDGDVGDTXHODV
2V GLUHLWRV GH TXDOTXHU QDWXUH]D VH IXQGDP QR WULSp LQWHJUDGRV SRU VXD FRQVDJUDomR OHJLVODWLYD SHOD
SUHYLVmR GRV PHLRV SDUD UHFODPiORV H SHOD HVWUXWXUDomR GR VHWRU HVWDWDO TXH WRUQH HIHWLYDV DV UHFODPDo}HV
7HPRV HODERUDGR FRPSOH[DV WHRULDV IUHTXHQWHPHQWH GH DOWR QtYHO VREUH RV FRQIOLWRV TXH FRPSURPHWHP
GLUHLWRV H VREUH VXDV VROXo}HV H PHLRV GH SUHVHUYiODV mas  existe  uma  notória  disparidade  entre  este  nível
teórico e aquele que trata das instituições destinadas a efetivar essas soluções
Em síntese, as estruturas judiciárias latino­americanas são inadequadas para assumirem as demandas
de  uma  democracia  moderna,  na  medida  em  que  sua  debilidade  e  dependência  não  lhes  permitem
desempenhar  eficazmente  a  função  delimitadora  que  requer  a  consolidação  do  espaço  democrático 1D
PHGLGDHPTXHVHDPSOLDDGLVWkQFLDHQWUHDIXQomRODWHQWHRXUHDOHDVGHPDQGDVVRFLDLVDXPHQWDRSHULJR
SDUDWRGRRVLVWHPDGHPRFUiWLFR´2EFLW5HYGRV7ULEXQDLVSH
(QTXDQWR QmR IRUHP IHLWDV DV UHIRUPDV QHFHVViULDV DV GHILFLrQFLDV LQIUDHVWUXWXUDLV GR -XGLFLiULR
IDWDOPHQWH FRQWLQXDUmR DFDUUHWDQGR R UHWDUGDPHQWR GRV MXOJDPHQWRV D UHDOL]DomR WDUGLD GRV REMHWLYRV GD
MXVWLoD RX DWp PHVPR D VXD LQHILFLrQFLD R GHVSUHVWtJLR H D SHUGD GH FRQILDQoD QR -XGLFLiULR SRU SDUWH GD
FROHWLYLGDGHHDEXVFDGHRXWURVPHLRVSDUDVHFRQVHJXLUMXVWLoDSURYRFDQGRPXLWDVYH]HVDYROWDjMXVWLoD
SULYDGDIHLWDSHODVSUySULDVPmRV

63.1. A ascensão institucional do Judiciário

1mRREVWDQWHDVVXDVGHILFLrQFLDVHGLILFXOGDGHVR-XGLFLiULREUDVLOHLURYHPFRQTXLVWDQGRXPDDVFHQVmR
LQVWLWXFLRQDOQD~OWLPDGpFDGDSRUPHLRGRDWLYLVPRMXGLFLDOHGDFKDPDGDMXGLFLDOL]DomR
Ativismo JudicialpXPDH[SUHVVmRTXHVHWRUQRXXVXDOSDUDLQGLFDUDDWXDomRGR-XGLFLiULRHPTXHVW}HV
TXH QRUPDOPHQWH QmR VHULDP GH VXD FRPSHWrQFLD ,QGLFD D MXULVSUXGrQFLD SURJUHVVLVWD GRV WULEXQDLV
SULQFLSDOPHQWHGD6XSUHPD&RUWHDUHVSHLWRGHSROtWLFDVVRFLDLVHGLUHLWRVIXQGDPHQWDLVGHTXHVmRH[HPSORV
DV GHFLV}HV VREUH GLUHLWR j VD~GH IRUQHFLPHQWR JUDWXLWR GH PHGLFDPHQWRV YHGDomR GR QHSRWLVPR SHVTXLVDV
FRP FpOXODVWURQFR HPEULRQiULDV OLEHUGDGH GH H[SUHVVmR H UDFLVPR UHVWULomR DR XVR GH DOJHPDV H XQLmR
KRPRDIHWLYD
&RPR EHP REVHUYD /XtV 5REHUWR %DUURVR ³D LGHLD GH DWLYLVPR MXGLFLDO HVWi DVVRFLDGD D XPD
SDUWLFLSDomRPDLVDPSODHLQWHQVDGR-XGLFLiULRQDFRQFUHWL]DomRGRVYDORUHVHILQVFRQVWLWXFLRQDLVFRPPDLRU
LQWHUIHUrQFLD QR HVSDoR GH DWXDomR GRV RXWURV GRLV 3RGHUHV (P PXLWDV VLWXDo}HV VHTXHU Ki FRQIURQWR PDV
PHUD RFXSDomR GH HVSDoRV YD]LRV´ Revista  da  Associação  Mineira  do  Ministério  Público DQR  Q 
MXOGH]S
1D YLVmR GH &KDLP 3HUHOPDQ ³(VVD GLDOpWLFD LPSOLFDGD SHOD EXVFD GH XPD VROXomR FRQYLQFHQWH
LQVWDXUDGRUD GD SD] MXGLFLiULD SRU VHU DR PHVPR WHPSR UD]RiYHO H FRQIRUPH DR GLUHLWR FRORFD R SRGHU
MXGLFLiULR QXPD UHODomR QRYD GLDQWH GR SRGHU OHJLVODWLYR 1HP LQWHLUDPHQWH VXERUGLQDGR QHP VLPSOHVPHQWH
RSRVWRDRSRGHUOHJLVODWLYRFRQVWLWXLXPDVSHFWRFRPSOHPHQWDULQGLVSHQViYHOVHXTXHOKHLPS}HXPDWDUHID
QmR DSHQDV MXUtGLFD PDV WDPEpP SROtWLFD D GH KDUPRQL]DU D RUGHP MXUtGLFD GH RULJHP OHJLVODWLYD FRP DV
LGHLDVGRPLQDQWHVVREUHRTXHpMXVWRHHTXLWDWLYRHPGDGRPHLReSRUHVVDUD]mRTXHDDSOLFDomRGRGLUHLWR
D SDVVDJHP GD UHJUD DEVWUDWD DR FDVR FRQFUHWR QmR p XP VLPSOHV SURFHVVR GHGXWLYR PDV XPD DGDSWDomR
FRQVWDQWH GRV GLVSRVLWLYRV OHJDLV DRV YDORUHV HP FRQIOLWR QDV FRQWURYpUVLDV MXGLFLDLV´ Lógica  Jurídica
0DUWLQV)RQWHVS
'HQWUH DV LQ~PHUDV FDXVDV TXH MXVWLILFDP HVVH FRPSRUWDPHQWR DILUPDWLYR GR 3RGHU -XGLFLiULR GH TXH
UHVXOWDXPDSRVLWLYDFULDomRMXULVSUXGHQFLDOGRGLUHLWRLQFOXLVHDQHFHVVLGDGHGHID]HUSUHYDOHFHUDSULPD]LD
GD&RQVWLWXLomR)HGHUDOPXLWDVYH]HVWUDQVJUHGLGDHGHVUHVSHLWDGDSRUSXUDRPLVVmRGRVSRGHUHVS~EOLFRV
&RP HIHLWR D LQpUFLD GR &RQJUHVVR 1DFLRQDO SRU YH]HV RIHUHFH ULVFRV j GHPRFUDFLD R TXH WRUQD
QHFHVViULR R DWLYLVPR MXGLFLiULR FRPR IRUPD GH ³HPSXUUDU D KLVWyULD´ QD IHOL] H[SUHVVmR GR 0LQLVWUR /XtV
5REHUWR%DUURVR
3UiWLFDV GH DWLYLVPR MXGLFLDO PRGHUQDPHQWH GHVHPSHQKDGDV SHOD &RUWH 6XSUHPD HP PRPHQWRV
H[FHSFLRQDLV WRUQDPVH XPD QHFHVVLGDGH LQVWLWXFLRQDO TXDQGR RV yUJmRV GR 3RGHU 3~EOLFR VH RPLWHP RX
UHWDUGDP H[FHVVLYDPHQWH R FXPSULPHQWR GH REULJDo}HV D TXH HVWmR VXMHLWRV DLQGD PDLV VH HVWLYHU SUHVHQWH
TXHR3RGHU-XGLFLiULRWUDWDQGRVHGHFRPSRUWDPHQWRVHVWDWDLVRIHQVLYRVj&RQVWLWXLomRQmRSRGHVHUHGX]LU
DXPDSRVLomRGHSXUDSDVVLYLGDGH
 1DUHDOLGDGHR6XSUHPR7ULEXQDO)HGHUDODRVXSULUDVRPLVV}HVLQFRQVWLWXFLRQDLVGRVyUJmRVHVWDWDLVH
DR DGRWDU PHGLGDV TXH REMHWLYDP UHVWDXUDU D &RQVWLWXLomR YLRODGD SHOD LQpUFLD GRV SRGHUHV GR (VWDGR QDGD
PDLV ID] VHQmR FXPSULU D VXD PLVVmR FRQVWLWXFLRQDO H GHPRQVWUDU FRP HVVH JHVWR R UHVSHLWR LQFRQGLFLRQDO
TXHWHPSHODDXWRULGDGHGD/HL)XQGDPHQWDOGD5HS~EOLFD
$ RPLVVmR GR (VWDGR ± TXH GHL[D GH FXPSULU HP PDLRU RX PHQRU H[WHQVmR D LPSRVLomR GLWDGD SHOR
WH[WR FRQVWLWXFLRQDO ± TXDOLILFDVH FRPR FRPSRUWDPHQWR UHYHVWLGR GD PDLRU JUDYLGDGH SROtWLFRMXUtGLFD HLV
TXHPHGLDQWHLQpUFLDR3RGHU3~EOLFRWDPEpPGHVUHVSHLWDD&RQVWLWXLomRRIHQGHGLUHLWRVTXHQHODVHIXQGDP
HLPSHGHSRUDXVrQFLDRXLQVXILFLrQFLDGHPHGLGDVFRQFUHWL]DGRUDVDSUySULDDSOLFDELOLGDGHGRVSRVWXODGRV
H SULQFtSLRV GD /HL )XQGDPHQWDO WUHFKR GR YRWR GR 0LQLVWUR &HOVR GH 0HOOR QR MXOJDPHQWR GD XQLmR
KRPRDIHWLYD
%RQVH[HPSORVGHDWLYLVPRMXGLFLDOVmRRVFDVRVSROrPLFRVGHFLGLGRVSHOR6XSUHPR7ULEXQDO)HGHUDOD
SDUWLU GH  ± )LGHOLGDGH SDUWLGiULD  ± 'HPDUFDomR GH WHUUDV LQGtJHQDV  ± 8QLmR KRPRDIHWLYD
 ± $ERUWR GH DQHQFpIDORV  ± 'RDo}HV HOHLWRUDO GH HPSUHVDV FXMR MXOJDPHQWR DLQGD QmR IRL
FRQFOXtGR
$TXHVWmRTXHUHPDQHVFHQHVWHWHPDFRQWLQXDVHQGRDGHHQFRQWUDUDIyUPXODLGHDORSRQWRGHHTXLOtEULR
HQWUH DWLYLVPR H DXWRFRQWHQomR GRV WULEXQDLV SULQFLSDOPHQWH HP VH WUDWDQGR GH GHPDQGDV UHODFLRQDGDV D
SROtWLFDVS~EOLFDVRXSDUDFRUULJLURUXPRGHGHFLV}HVWRPDGDVSRURXWURVSRGHUHV
Judicialização p RXWUD H[SUHVVmR PRGHUQDPHQWH XWLOL]DGD SDUD LQGLFDU D VXEPLVVmR DR -XGLFLiULR GH
TXHVW}HV UHOHYDQWHV GR SRQWR GH YLVWD SROtWLFR VRFLDO RX PRUDO HP GHWULPHQWR GDV LQVWkQFLDV SROtWLFDV
WUDGLFLRQDLV TXH VmR R /HJLVODWLYR H R ([HFXWLYR (VVD H[SDQVmR GD MXULVGLomR H GR GLVFXUVR MXUtGLFR
FRQVWLWXLDLQGDQDYLVmRGH/XtV5REHUWR%DUURVRXPDPXGDQoDGUiVWLFDQRPRGRGHVHSHQVDUHSUDWLFDUR
GLUHLWRQRPXQGRURPDQRJHUPkQLFRHWHPSRUFDXVDSULPHLUDRUHFRQKHFLPHQWRGDLPSRUWkQFLDGR-XGLFLiULR
IRUWHHLQGHSHQGHQWHFRPRHOHPHQWRHVVHQFLDOSDUDDVGHPRFUDFLDVPRGHUQDV$VHJXQGDFDXVDHQYROYHFHUWD
GHVLOXVmR FRP D SROtWLFD PDMRULWiULD HP UD]mR GD FULVH GH UHSUHVHQWDWLYLGDGH GRV SDUODPHQWRV HP JHUDO $
WHUFHLUD VHULD TXH RV SUySULRV DWRUHV SROtWLFRV PXLWDV YH]HV SUHIHUHP TXH R -XGLFLiULR VHMD D LQVWkQFLD
GHFLVyULD GH FHUWDV TXHVW}HV SROrPLFDV HP UHODomR jV TXDLV H[LVWD GHVDFRUGR PRUDO UD]RiYHO QD VRFLHGDGH
&RP LVVR HYLWDP R SUySULR GHVJDVWH QD GHOLEHUDomR GH WHPDV GLYLVLYRV FRPR D GHPDUFDomR GH WHUUDV
LQGtJHQDVHDLQWHUUXSomRGDJUDYLGH]GHIHWRDQHQFpIDOR
AnencefaliaFRQVLVWHQDPDOIRUPDomRGRWXERQHXUDODFDUDFWHUL]DUVHSHODDXVrQFLDSDUFLDOGRHQFpIDOR
HGRFUkQLRUHVXOWDQWHGHGHIHLWRQRIHFKDPHQWRGRWXERQHXUDOGXUDQWHRGHVHQYROYLPHQWRHPEULRQiULR3DUD
RGLDJQyVWLFRGHVVDDQRPDOLDpQHFHVViULDDDXVrQFLDGRVKHPLVIpULRVFHUHEUDLVGRFHUHEHORHGHXPWURQFR
FHUHEUDO UXGLPHQWDU RX D LQH[LVWrQFLD SDUFLDO RX WRWDO GR FUkQLR 1HVVHV WHUPRV R HQFpIDOR DVVLP FRPR R
PRUWR FHUHEUDO QmR GHWpP DWLYLGDGH FRUWLFDO GH PRGR TXH VH PRVWUD GHILFLHQWH GH IRUPD JUDYH QR SODQR
QHXUROyJLFRGDGRTXHOKHIDOWDULDPQmRVRPHQWHRVIHQ{PHQRVGDYLGDSVtTXLFDPDVWDPEpPDVHQVLELOLGDGH
D PRELOLGDGH D LQWHJUDomR GH TXDVH WRGDV DV IXQo}HV FRUSyUHDV (VVD PiIRUPDomR VHULD GRHQoD FRQJrQLWD
OHWDOSRLVQmRKDYHULDSRVVLELOLGDGHGHGHVHQYROYLPHQWRGHPDVVDHQFHIiOLFDHPPRPHQWRSRVWHULRUSHORTXH
LQH[LVWLULD SUHVXQomR GH YLGD H[WUDXWHULQD (P VXPD D DQHQFHIDOLD PRVWUDVH LQFRPSDWtYHO FRP D YLGD
H[WUDXWHULQD
(PMXOJDPHQWRRFRUULGRQRVGLDVHGHDEULOGHRSOHQiULRGR6XSUHPR7ULEXQDO)HGHUDOSRU
PDLRULD UHFRQKHFHX R GLUHLWR GD JHVWDQWH GH VXEPHWHUVH D DQWHFLSDomR WHUDSrXWLFD GH SDUWR QR FDVR GH
JUDYLGH] GH IHWR DQHQFpIDOR SUHYLDPHQWH GLDJQRVWLFDGD SRU SURILVVLRQDO KDELOLWDGR VHP HVWDU FRPSHOLGD D
DSUHVHQWDUDXWRUL]DomRMXGLFLDORXTXDOTXHURXWUDIRUPDGHSHUPLVVmRGR(VWDGR
3RU VHU R DQHQFpIDOR DEVROXWDPHQWH LQYLiYHO REVHUYRX R 0LQLVWUR 5HODWRU 0DUFR $XUpOLR 0HOOR QmR
VHULD WLWXODU GR GLUHLWR j YLGD PRWLYR SHOR TXDO R FRQIOLWR HQWUH GLUHLWRV IXQGDPHQWDLV VHULD DSHQDV DSDUHQWH
GDGRTXHHPFRQWUDSRVLomRDRVGLUHLWRVGDPXOKHUQmRVHHQFRQWUDULDRGLUHLWRjYLGDRXjGLJQLGDGHKXPDQD
GHTXHPHVWLYHVVHSRUYLU$VVHQWRXTXHRIHWRDQHQFpIDORPHVPRTXHELRORJLFDPHQWHYLYRSRUTXHIHLWRGH
FpOXODV H WHFLGRV YLYRV VHULD MXULGLFDPHQWH PRUWR GH PDQHLUD TXH QmR GHWHULD SURWHomR MXUtGLFD
SULQFLSDOPHQWHDMXUtGLFRSHQDO&RUURERURXHVVHHQWHQGLPHQWRDRLQIHULURFRQFHLWRMXUtGLFRGHPRUWHFHUHEUDO
GD/HLQGHPRGRTXHVHULDLPSUySULRIDODUHPGLUHLWRjYLGDLQWUDRXH[WUDXWHULQDGRDQHQFpIDOR
QDWLPRUWR FHUHEUDO 'HVWDUWH D LQWHUUXSomR GH JHVWDomR GH IHWR DQHQFHIiOLFR QmR FRQILJXUDULD FULPH FRQWUD D
YLGDSRUTXDQWRVHUHYHODULDFRQGXWDDWtSLFD$OpPGLVVRUHSXWRXLQFRQWURYHUVRTXHLPSRUDFRQWLQXLGDGHGD
JUDYLGH] GH IHWR DQHQFpIDOR SRGHULD FRQGX]LU D JHVWDQWH D TXDGUR SVtTXLFR GHYDVWDGRU KDMD YLVWD TXH
SUHGRPLQDULDP QD PDLRULD GDV YH]HV VHQWLPHQWRV PyUELGRV GH GRU DQJ~VWLD LPSRWrQFLD OXWR H GHVHVSHUR
WHQGRHPFRQWDDFHUWH]DGRyELWR
'HVFUHYHXRVRIULPHQWRGHVVDVPXOKHUHVGHIRUPDTXHVHSRGHULDFODVVLILFDUFRPRWRUWXUDRDWRHVWDWDO
GH FRPSHOLODV D SURVVHJXLU QD JHVWDomR GH IHWR SRUWDGRU GD DQRPDOLD SRUTXDQWR DV FRORFDULD HP HVSpFLH GH
FiUFHUHSULYDGRGRVHXSUySULRFRUSRGHVSURYLGDGRPtQLPRHVVHQFLDOGHDXWRGHWHUPLQDomRHOLEHUGDGH
1HVVHFHQiULRFRPRVHYrHPUHJUDpR3RGHU-XGLFLiULR±HQmRR/HJLVODWLYR±TXHH[HUFHXPSDSHO
FRQWUDPDMRULWiULR H SURWHWLYR GH HVSHFLDOtVVLPD LPSRUWkQFLD H[DWDPHQWH SRU QmR VHU FRPSURPLVVDGR FRP DV
PDLRULDV YRWDQWHV PDV DSHQDV FRP D OHL H FRP D &RQVWLWXLomR VHPSUH HP YLVWD D SURWHomR GRV GLUHLWRV
KXPDQRV IXQGDPHQWDLV VHMDP HOHV GDV PLQRULDV RX GDV PDLRULDV 'HVVD IRUPD DR FRQWUiULR GR TXH SHQVDP
RV FUtWLFRV D GHPRFUDFLD VH IRUWDOHFH SRUTXDQWR HVWD VH DILUPD FRPR IRUPD GH JRYHUQR QmR GDV PDLRULDV
RFDVLRQDLVPDVGHWRGRV
(QTXDQWR R &RQJUHVVR 1DFLRQDO QR FDVR EUDVLOHLUR QmR DVVXPH H[SOLFLWDPHQWH VXD FRSDUWLFLSDomR
QHVVHSURFHVVRFRQVWLWXFLRQDOGHGHIHVDHSURWHomRGRVVRFLDOPHQWHYXOQHUiYHLVQmRSRGHR3RGHU-XGLFLiULR
GHPLWLUVHGHVVHPLVWHUVRESHQDGHDFHLWDomRWiFLWDGHXP(VWDGRTXHVRPHQWHp³GHPRFUiWLFR´IRUPDOPHQWH
VHPTXHWDOSUHGLFDWLYRUHVLVWDDXPDPtQLPDLQYHVWLJDomRDFHUFDGDXQLYHUVDOL]DomRGRVGLUHLWRVFLYLVWUHFKR
GRYRWRGR0LQLVWUR/XLV)HOLSH6DORPmRQR5(VSQ56±MXOJDPHQWRGR&DVDPHQWR&LYLOHQWUH
3HVVRDVGR0HVPR6H[R
3RGHVH SRUWDQWR FRQFOXLU TXH D -XVWLoD GHX YLGD DRV GLUHLWRV GRV FRQVXPLGRUHV GDV FULDQoDV GRV
DGROHVFHQWHV GDV PXOKHUHV GR PHLR DPELHQWH H GD FLGDGDQLD &RP LVVR DXPHQWRX D VHJXUDQoD MXUtGLFD H D
LJXDOGDGHJHUDQGRFRQILDQoDQRVLVWHPDDVHUYLoRGRMXULVGLFLRQDGR
 Sistema  eletivo.  Sistema  da  nomeação.  Sistema  do  concurso  público.  O  sistema  utilizado  no  Brasil.
Aprimoramento do nosso sistema. Perfil da magistratura brasileira.

'HQWUR GR WHPD H[DPLQDGR QR FDStWXOR DQWHULRU ± ,QVWUXPHQWRV +XPDQRV GH 5HDOL]DomR GD 2UGHP
-XUtGLFD ± Ki DLQGD GXDV TXHVW}HV LPSRUWDQWHV D VHUHP DERUGDGDV 1HVWD SDUWH WUDWDUHPRV GRV VLVWHPDV GH
HVFROKD GRV PDJLVWUDGRV H QD SUy[LPD H[DPLQDUHPRV DV UD]}HV VRFLDLV GDV JDUDQWLDV FRQVWLWXFLRQDLV GRV
PDJLVWUDGRV
$FUHGLWDPRV Mi WHU ILFDGR GHPRQVWUDGD D LPSRUWkQFLD GD IXQomR GHVHPSHQKDGD SHOR MXL] GHFLGLU DV
FDXVDVTXHVmROHYDGDVjVXDDSUHFLDomRGDUDSDODYUDILQDOQRVFRQIOLWRVGHLQWHUHVVHID]HQGRYDOHURGLUHLWR
DSOLFiYHO DR FDVR -XOJDU FRPR WHP VLGR GLWR DWp FRP XP SRXFR GH SRHVLD p TXDVH XPD IXQomR GLYLQD
SULQFLSDOPHQWHTXDQGRHVWiHPMRJRDYLGDRXDOLEHUGDGHGHXPVHUKXPDQR
(YLGHQWHPHQWHSDUDRH[HUFtFLRGHXPDIXQomRS~EOLFDDVVLPWmRUHOHYDQWHpSUHFLVRDOJXpPDOWDPHQWH
TXDOLILFDGRWDQWRQRDVSHFWRWpFQLFRFRPRQRPRUDO$OpPGHFRQKHFHGRUGRGLUHLWRGHYHRMXL]VHUGHWHQWRU
GHXPFDUiWHULPSROXWRHGHXPDSHUVRQDOLGDGHDMXVWiYHOjIXQomR
³0DLVYDOHXPMXL]ERPHSUXGHQWHGRTXHXPDERDOHL´GL]R&yGLJR*HUDOGD6XpFLDGH³&RP
XPMXL]PDXHLQMXVWRXPDOHLERDGHQDGDVHUYHSRUTXHHOHDYHUJDHDWRUQDLQMXVWDDVHXPRGR´
([SUHVVDDLQGDDUHOHYkQFLDGRWHPDRSHQVDPHQWRGR0DJLVWUDGR)UDQoRLV*RUSKHFRQVWDQWHGRVDQDLV
GRPrimo Congresso Internazionale dei Magistrati0LOmRW,SFLWDGRSHOR3URI$OFLQR6DOD]DU
³$MXVWLoDYDOHRTXHYDOHPRVMXt]HVSRLVQDPDJLVWUDWXUDPDLVTXHHPRXWUDVLQVWLWXLo}HVRSUREOHPDGR
SHVVRDOFRQGLFLRQDRVGHPDLV´
(PYHUGDGHDQRUPDMXUtGLFDWRUQDUVHiERDRXPiSURGXWLYDRXSUHMXGLFLDOHORJLiYHORXLQtTXDQmR
WDQWRSHORVHXFRQWH~GRHVSHFtILFRSRUpPDQWHVHDFLPDGHWXGRSHODSUySULDLQWHUSUHWDomRTXHRPDJLVWUDGR
OKHLPSULPLU586620$125RVDKLições de direito constitucionalS
6XUJH HQWmR D TXHVWmR FRPR HVFROKHU R PDJLVWUDGR" 4XDO R FULWpULR VHOHWLYR PDLV HILFLHQWH" 4XDOTXHU
HPSUHVDGHFHUWRSRUWHFRQKHFHDLPSRUWkQFLDGHVHWHUDSHVVRDFHUWDQROXJDUFHUWRHSRULVVRJDVWDWHPSRH
GLQKHLURQDVHOHomRHWUHLQDPHQWRGRVHXSHVVRDO6HDWpPHVPRSDUDRH[HUFtFLRGDVIXQo}HVPDLVVLPSOHVp
LQGLVSHQViYHOWHUFHUWDVTXDOLILFDo}HVSURILVVLRQDLVHPRUDLVVRESHQDGHVHLQVWLWXLURDEVXUGRRTXHVHULDD
IXQomR GH MXOJDU H[HUFLGD SRU DOJXpP TXH QmR FRQKHoD R GLUHLWR RX TXH QmR WHQKD RV LQHUHQWHV UHTXLVLWRV
PRUDLV"
'Dt D LPSRUWkQFLD VRFLROyJLFD GD TXHVWmR RUD HP H[DPH Mi TXH GH XPD ERD VHOHomR GHSHQGHUmR
JUDQGHPHQWHDHILFLrQFLDDLQGHSHQGrQFLDHDGLJQLGDGHGDPDJLVWUDWXUD

64. SISTEMA ELETIVO

'HQWUH RV YiULRV VLVWHPDV H[LVWHQWHV H DGRWDGRV SRU GLIHUHQWHV SDtVHV SDUD D VHOHomR GRV VHXV
PDJLVWUDGRVKiWUrVTXHSURFXUDUHPRVGHVWDFDURGDHOHLomRRGDQRPHDomRHRGRFRQFXUVRS~EOLFR
3HOR VLVWHPD HOHWLYR RV PDJLVWUDGRV VmR HVFROKLGRV DWUDYpV GH YRWDomR GLUHWD WDO FRPR RV PHPEURV GR
/HJLVODWLYR &RVWXPDVH DSUHVHQWDU FRPR VXD SULQFLSDO YDQWDJHP R IDWR GH VHU GHPRFUiWLFR UiSLGR H SRXFR
RQHURVRSDUDRVFRIUHVS~EOLFRV
'HPRFUiWLFR SRUTXH p R SUySULR SRYR QR H[HUFtFLR GR VREHUDQR GLUHLWR GR YRWR TXH HVFROKH RV VHXV
MXt]HV WDO FRPR RV VHXV JRYHUQDQWHV H OHJLVODGRUHV UHFDLQGR D HVFROKD VREUH DTXHOHV TXH PHUHFHUDP D
SUHIHUrQFLD SRSXODU 5iSLGR SRUTXH HP XP PHVPR GLD SRGHP VHU HOHLWRV WRGRV RV MXt]HV GH XP HVWDGR RX
PHVPR GR SDtV 3RXFR RQHURVR SRUTXH DV GHVSHVDV FRP XPD FDPSDQKD HOHLWRUDO FRUUHP QRUPDOPHQWH SRU
FRQWDGRFDQGLGDWRRXGRVHXSDUWLGR
2 VLVWHPD GH HOHLomR SDUD D 0DJLVWUDWXUD HVWi HP SOHQR GHVXVR QR PXQGR LQWHLUR 2V SDtVHV GD DQWLJD
FRUWLQDGHIHUURTXHRDGRWDYDPMiQmRRID]HPPDLVHWrPVHDSUR[LPDGRGRVHVWDGRVGD8QLmR(XURSHLD
VREUHWXGRGD)UDQoDH3RUWXJDOHPEXVFDGHRULHQWDomRVREUHFULWpULRVGHVHOHomRHIRUPDomRGHPDJLVWUDGRV
1RV(VWDGRV8QLGRVD-XVWLoD)HGHUDOQmRDGRWDRVLVWHPDHOHLWRUDOSDUDHVFROKDGHVHXVMXt]HV(QmR
VmRPDLVWRGRVRVHVWDGRVGD)HGHUDomRDDGRWDUHPRVLVWHPDGHHOHLo}HVGLUHWDV1DYHUGDGHOiH[LVWHP
TXDWURWLSRVGHHVFROKDVGHMXt]HVHVWDGXDLVaQRPHDomRSHORFKHIHGR([HFXWLYRFRPSUpYLDDSURYDomRQR
/HJLVODWLYR b QRPHDomR SHOR FKHIH GR ([HFXWLYR HQWUH QRPHV FRQVWDQWHV GH OLVWD IRUPDGD SRU FRPLVVmR
LQGHSHQGHQWHGHDOWRQtYHOcHOHLomRLQGLUHWDSHOR/HJLVODWLYRdHOHLomRSRSXODU
e SUHFLVR OHPEUDU TXH RV MXt]HV HVWDGXDLV DPHULFDQRV QmR WrP FDUUHLUD DSRQWDGRV RX HOHLWRV SDUD XPD
countyFRPDUFDDOLILFDPDWpRILQDOGHVHXPDQGDWRTXHpYDULiYHOSRGHQGRVHUUHFRQGX]LGRVRXUHHOHLWRV
SDUDRPHVPRSRVWR1mRKiSURPRo}HVRXUHPRo}HV
'XYHUJHU UHIHULQGRVH DRV MXt]HV HOHLWRV GL] R VHJXLQWH ³1R VpFXOR ;,; H QR FRPHoR GR ;; RV
SDUWLGRVDPHULFDQRVWRPDUDPIUHTXHQWHPHQWHDIRUPDGHPiTXLQDVPDQLSXODGDVSRUSROtWLFRVGHVRQHVWRVTXH
WUDWDYDP GH DVVHJXUDU D LPSXQLGDGH PHGLDQWH D VLPXOWkQHD HOHLomR GR MXL] GR FKHIH GH SROtFLD H GRV
DGPLQLVWUDGRUHV ORFDLV´ Institutiones  politiques 3DULV  S  0D[ :HEHU WDPEpP UHFRUGD R
EDL[tVVLPRQtYHOWpFQLFRGHVVHVMXt]HVHRPDLRUSUHVWtJLRGRVMXt]HVIHGHUDLV
(P WHUPRV GH %UDVLO DFUHGLWDPRV TXH D HOHLomR GRV PDJLVWUDGRV DSUHVHQWDULD JUDYHV LQFRQYHQLHQWHV R
TXH D WRUQD WRWDOPHQWH GHVDFRQVHOKiYHO &RP HIHLWR QHP VHPSUH VH HOHJHP RV PHOKRUHV FRQIRUPH Mi
DVVLQDODGR TXDQGR WUDWDPRV GD HVFROKD GRV PHPEURV GR /HJLVODWLYR HP UD]mR GDV JUDYHV GLVWRUo}HV TXH
RFRUUHP QD H[HFXomR GH XPD HOHLomR GLUHWD $OpP GLVVR RV PHOKRUHV QHP VHPSUH HVWDULDP GLVSRVWRV D
HQIUHQWDU RV SHUFDOoRV GH XPD FDPSDQKD HOHLWRUDO RX WHULDP UHFXUVRV SDUD FXVWHiOD RX HQFRQWUDULDP DSRLR
SDUWLFXODUjVXDFDQGLGDWXUD
'HYHVH DLQGD OHYDU HP FRQWD TXH D IXQomR GH MXOJDU p PXLWR GLIHUHQWH GD IXQomR SROtWLFD ([LJH
LPSDUFLDOLGDGH LQGHSHQGrQFLD GHVFRPSURPHWLPHQWR GH WRGD D VRUWH 2 MXL] QmR SRGH SURFXUDU DJUDGDU D
QLQJXpPFRPVXDVGHFLV}HV'HYHGDUJDQKRGHFDXVDDTXHPWLYHUGLUHLWRHFRPLVWRGHVDJUDGDPXLWDVYH]HV
RVULFRVHSRGHURVRVWRUQDQGRVHLPSRSXODU0DVVHRMXL]QHFHVVLWDUGHYRWRVSDUDVHHOHJHURXUHHOHJHUVH
VHPSUHTXHWLYHUTXHGHFLGLUTXHVW}HVUHOHYDQWHVHGHUHSHUFXVVmRVRFLDOHVWDUiVXMHLWRDWRGRWLSRGHSUHVV}HV
GRVHXHOHLWRUDGRRXHPQRPHGHOHVHPIDODUQRVFRPSURPLVVRVTXHWHUiTXHDVVXPLUFRPSHVVRDVHJUXSRV
SDUDFRQVHJXLUHOHJHUVHSHUGHQGRDLPSDUFLDOLGDGHHDVHJXUDQoDQHFHVViULDVDRMXOJDGRU
&RPREHPDUJXPHQWD(PtOLR5DERVD³1RVSRVWRVGHFDUiWHUSROtWLFRTXHVmRRVTXHVHFRQIHUHPSRU
HOHLo}HV D OHDOGDGH DR SDUWLGR p XPD YLUWXGH PDV QR FDUJR GH MXL] p XP YtFLR GHJUDGDQWH´ 2
FRPSURPHWLPHQWR HFRQ{PLFR GRV SDUODPHQWDUHV SDUD ILQDQFLDU VXDV RQHURVDV FDPSDQKDV HOHLWRUDLV p
FRQVWDQWHPHQWHGLYXOJDGRSHODLPSUHQVD,VVRQR-XGLFLiULRVHULDRFDRV

65. SISTEMA DA NOMEAÇÃO

(P DOJXQV SDtVHV RV PDJLVWUDGRV VmR HVFROKLGRV PHGLDQWH OLYUH QRPHDomR GR FKHIH GR ([HFXWLYR
$SRQWDVHFRPRYDQWDJHPGRVLVWHPDGHQRPHDomRRIDWRGHVHUUiSLGRHSRXFRRQHURVRYLVWRTXHHPXPVy
OLVWmRSRGHPVHUQRPHDGRVWDQWRVMXt]HVTXDQWRVIRUHPQHFHVViULRV+iWRGDYLDWDQWRVLQFRQYHQLHQWHVQHVVD
IRUPDGHVHOHomRTXHVHDGRWDGDHPQRVVRSDtVJHUDULDRFDRV
 'H WRGRV p VDELGR TXH TXDQGR YLJRUD R FULWpULR GD OLYUH HVFROKD SHOR ([HFXWLYR Vy FRQVHJXHP VHU
QRPHDGRV DTXHOHV TXH SRVVXHP SLVWROmR DPL]DGHV FRQKHFLPHQWRV HWF 'LVVR UHVXOWD VHU HVVH VLVWHPD
DQWLGHPRFUiWLFRSRVWRTXHQmRGiLGrQWLFDVRSRUWXQLGDGHVDWRGRVEHQHILFLDQGRVHPSUHRVPHVPRVDILOKDGRV
H DSDGULQKDGRV 3RU HVVDV PHVPDV UD]}HV QXQFD VH FRQVHJXH HVFROKHU RV PHOKRUHV Mi TXH RV DSDGULQKDGRV
VmRVHPSUHDTXHOHVTXHPHQRVTXDOLGDGHVSRVVXHPSURFXUDQGRYHQFHUQDYLGDVHPID]HUIRUoD
( DLQGD TXH DVVLP QmR IRVVH TXHU GL]HU PHVPR TXH R FKHIH GR ([HFXWLYR HVWLYHVVH HPSHQKDGR
VLQFHUDPHQWHHPHVFROKHURVPHOKRUHVGLILFLOPHQWHFRQVHJXLULDSRUTXHQmRVDEHQGRTXHPVmRRVPHOKRUHV
WHULDTXHVHYDOHUGDLQGLFDomRGRVVHXVDVVHVVRUHV(pHYLGHQWHTXHSRUPDLVIUDFRLQFDSD]HGHVTXDOLILFDGR
TXH VHMD R SUHWHQGHQWH TXHP R LQGLFD VHPSUH R DSUHVHQWD FRPR R PHOKRU HOHPHQWR GR PXQGR ± R PDLV
KRQHVWRLQWHOLJHQWHFDSD]LQGX]LQGRDHUURRQRPHDQWH
$ WXGR LVVR VH VREUHS}H R IDWR GH R VLVWHPD GD QRPHDomR WLUDU D LQGHSHQGrQFLD GR MXL] FRP UHODomR
jTXHOHTXHRQRPHRXRXLQIOXHQFLRXSDUDDQRPHDomR'HL[DRPDJLVWUDGRQXPDVLWXDomRGHVXEVHUYLrQFLDRX
SHORPHQRVQRGHYHUGHUHFRQKHFLPHQWRSUHMXGLFLDOjIXQomRGHMXOJDU$VXDQRPHDomRFXVWDUOKHiEDVWDQWH
FDURHVHUOKHiFREUDGDFRPMXURVHFRUUHomRPRQHWiULDGHYLGDPHQWHOHPEUDGDVHPSUHTXHQHFHVViULR

66. SISTEMA DO CONCURSO PÚBLICO

2 LQJUHVVR QD PDJLVWUDWXUD SRU HVWH VLVWHPD VH ID] DWUDYpV GH FRQFXUVR S~EOLFR GH SURYDV H WtWXORV
SUHHQFKHQGRVHDVYDJDVH[LVWHQWHVFRPDTXHOHVTXHPHOKRUIRUHPFODVVLILFDGRV
7HP FRPR GHVYDQWDJHP R IDWR GH VHU GHPRUDGR H EDVWDQWH RQHURVR H[LJH XPD FRPLVVmR GH DOWR QtYHO
SDUDUHDOL]DURFRQFXUVRHPXLWRWHPSRQRSURFHVVRGHLQVFULomRH[DPHGDGRFXPHQWDomRGHFDGDFDQGLGDWR
DSOLFDomR H FRUUHomR GDV SURYDV HVFULWDV H UHDOL]DomR GDV SURYDV RUDLV (QWUHWDQWR RIHUHFH YDQWDJHQV TXH
QHQKXPRXWURVLVWHPDDSUHVHQWDGHQWUHRVTXDLVSRGHPRVGHVWDFDU

 e XP VLVWHPD GHPRFUiWLFR SRLV RIHUHFH LJXDLV RSRUWXQLGDGHV D WRGRV 'HVGH TXH R FDQGLGDWR
SUHHQFKDRVUHTXLVLWRVHVWDEHOHFLGRVQRUHJXODPHQWRGRFRQFXUVRSRGHUiLQVFUHYHUVHHFRQFRUUHUD
XPDYDJDVHMDRXQmRFRQKHFLGRGHIDPtOLDLOXVWUHRXKXPLOGH
 (QVHMDDHVFROKDGRVPHOKRUHVWDQWRGRSRQWRGHYLVWDWpFQLFRHLQWHOHFWXDOFRPRGRPRUDO$RID]HU
D LQVFULomR GHYHUi R FDQGLGDWR MXQWDU GRFXPHQWRV TXH SURYHP R SUHHQFKLPHQWR GRV UHTXLVLWRV
HVWDEHOHFLGRVQRUHJXODPHQWRGRFRQFXUVR

$OpPGRPDLVVmRVROLFLWDGDVLQIRUPDo}HVVREUHRFRQFRUUHQWHDSHVVRDVFRQKHFLGDVQRPXQGRMXUtGLFR
HDRVSUySULRVyUJmRVRILFLDLVVyVHQGRGHIHULGDDLQVFULomRGHSRLVGHVVHH[DPHSUHOLPLQDU
$V SURYDV HVFULWDV HODERUDGDV SRU H[DPLQDGRUHV GH DOWR QtYHO HVSHFLDOLVWDV HP FDGD PDWpULD VmR
FRUULJLGDV VHP LGHQWLILFDomR GH PRGR D HYLWDU TXDOTXHU SURWHFLRQLVPR 6RPHQWH FRQFRUUHP jV SURYDV RUDLV
DTXHOHV TXH QmR IRUHP HOLPLQDGRV QDV HVFULWDV RV DSURYDGRV QDV SURYDV HVFULWDV H RUDLV WHUmR FRPSXWDGRV
HQWmRRVSRQWRVREWLGRVQRVWtWXORVVHQGRQRPHDGRVRVPHOKRUHVFODVVLILFDGRVQRF{PSXWRJHUDOGRVSRQWRV
REWLGRVQDVSURYDVHWtWXORV
&RPR VH Yr FRP HVVH ORQJR H ULJRURVR SURFHVVR VHOHWLYR p PDLV SURYiYHO TXH VH FRQVLJD HVFROKHU RV
PHOKRUHV
(P WHUFHLUR OXJDU GHVWDFDPRV TXH R VLVWHPD GR FRQFXUVR S~EOLFR DSUHVHQWD DLQGD D YDQWDJHP GH
DVVHJXUDU DR PDJLVWUDGR D QHFHVViULD LQGHSHQGrQFLD SDUD MXOJDU 1mR WHQGR D VXD QRPHDomR GHSHQGLGR GR
SUHVWtJLRRXLQIOXrQFLDGHTXHPTXHUTXHVHMDPDVVLPGDVXDSUySULDFDSDFLGDGHLQWHOLJrQFLDHHVIRUoRQmR
GHYH IDYRUHV D QLQJXpP SRGHQGR GHFLGLU RV FRQIOLWRV GH LQWHUHVVH TXH OKH YLHUHP jV PmRV FRP WRWDO
LPSDUFLDOLGDGH1LQJXpPWHPQDGDDOKHFREUDUPDVPXLWRDDGPLUDUUHVSHLWDUHFRQILDUHPIDFHGDFXOWXUD
TXHUHYHORXSRVVXLUDRVHUDSURYDGRHPULJRURVRFRQFXUVRVHOHWLYR
2FRQFXUVRS~EOLFRpRVLVWHPDXWLOL]DGRQRVSULQFLSDLVSDtVHVGD(XURSDRUDFRPRPHLRSDUDLQJUHVVDU
QDHVFRODGDPDJLVWUDWXUDRUDSDUDLQJUHVVRGLUHWRQDFDUUHLUD
(P 3RUWXJDO D VHOHomR GRV PDJLVWUDGRV p IHLWD SRU FRQFXUVR S~EOLFR QR H[FHOHQWH &HQWUR GH (VWXGRV
-XGLFLiULRVRQGHRVDSURYDGRVVmRSUHSDUDGRVSRUPHVHVDQWHVGHDVVXPLUHPDIXQomRMXGLFDQWH
1D )UDQoD RV FDQGLGDWRV D MXL] LQJUHVVDP SRU FRQFXUVR QD eFROH 1DWLRQDOH GH OD 0DJLVWUDWXUH H DOL
UHFHEHPIRUPDomRLQLFLDOGHGRLVDQRVHVHWHPHVHV
1D ,WiOLD RV SUHWHQGHQWHV j 0DJLVWUDWXUD ID]HP SURYDV HVFULWDV H RUDLV GLVSXWDGtVVLPDV H GHSRLV
VHJXHPXPFXUVRGHWLURFtQLRGHQRPtQLPRVHLVPHVHVHP)UDVFDWWL
1D(VSDQKDFRPDVXDSLRQHLUD(VFXHOD-XGLFLDORVDVSLUDQWHVDMXL]WrPGHVHVXEPHWHUDXPFRQFXUVR
S~EOLFRGHGLVVHUWDomRRUDOHHPVHJXLGDID]HPXPFXUVRGHGRLVDQRVHP%DUFHORQD
1D$OHPDQKDWDPEpPQmRKiHOHLomRSDUDMXL]QHPFRQFXUVRS~EOLFR$VQRPHDo}HVOHYDPHPFRQWDRV
JUDXVREWLGRVQRVH[DPHVILQDLVGDVIDFXOGDGHVGH'LUHLWR
1D $XVWUiOLD RV MXt]HV VmR HVFROKLGRV H QRPHDGRV SHOR JRYHUQDGRUJHUDO UHSUHVHQWDQWH GD UDLQKD
DVVHVVRUDGRQDHVFROKDSHOR&RQVHOKR)HGHUDOHQWUHQRPHVGHSHVVRDVDOWDPHQWHTXDOLILFDGDV
'HL[DQGRD(XURSDHLQGRSDUDR2ULHQWHYHUHPRVTXHQR-DSmRRVIXWXURVPDJLVWUDGRVWrPGHYHQFHU
XPYHVWLEXODUULJRURVtVVLPRQR,QVWLWXWR-XUtGLFRGH7UHLQDPHQWRRQGHHVWXGDPSRUGRLVDQRVDSyVRVTXDLV
VHDSURYDGRVVHUmRQRPHDGRV
1DYHUGDGHRTXHVHYrSHORPXQGRDIRUDpXPDJUDQGHSUHRFXSDomRFRPDVHOHomRGRVMXt]HVHWHQGR
HP YLVWD D SHFXOLDULGDGH GD IXQomR MXGLFDQWH QmR VH UHFRPHQGD R SURFHVVR HOHLWRUDO PDV VLP R FRQFXUVR
S~EOLFRTXHpWmRGHPRFUiWLFRTXDQWRDVHOHLo}HV

67. O SISTEMA UTILIZADO NO BRASIL

2LQJUHVVRQDPDJLVWUDWXUDGHSULPHLUDLQVWkQFLDSRUIRUoDGHGLVSRVLWLYRFRQVWLWXFLRQDOQR%UDVLOID]
VHDWUDYpVGHFRQFXUVRS~EOLFRGHSURYDVHWtWXORVRTXHUHYHODWHUPRVDGRWDGRRPHOKRUVLVWHPDVHOHWLYR$
HVFROKD GRV PDJLVWUDGRV LQWHJUDQWHV GRV WULEXQDLV VXSHULRUHV HQWUHWDQWR LVWR p RV 0LQLVWURV GR 6XSUHPR
7ULEXQDO)HGHUDOGR6XSHULRU7ULEXQDO0LOLWDUGR7ULEXQDO6XSHULRUGR7UDEDOKRHGR6XSHULRU7ULEXQDOGH
-XVWLoDVmRQRPHDGRVSHOR3UHVLGHQWHGD5HS~EOLFDGHSRLVGHDSURYDGDDHVFROKDSHOR6HQDGR)HGHUDO
7HPRV DVVLP XP VLVWHPD PLVWR LQWHJUDGR SRU FRQFXUVR S~EOLFR GH SURYDV H WtWXORV SDUD D VHOHomR GRV
PDJLVWUDGRVGHSULPHLUDLQVWkQFLDHSRUQRPHDomRSHOR&KHIHGR([HFXWLYRSDUDRVPLQLVWURVGRVWULEXQDLV
VXSHULRUHV
1RV7ULEXQDLVGH-XVWLoDGRV(VWDGRVXPTXLQWRGRVPHPEURVVmRWDPEpPHVFROKLGRVSRUQRPHDomRGR
&KHIH GR ([HFXWLYR (VWDGXDO *RYHUQDGRU PHGLDQWH OLVWD WUtSOLFH RUJDQL]DGD SHOR UHVSHFWLYR 7ULEXQDO GH
-XVWLoD PHWDGH GDV YDJDV GHFRUUHQWHV GR TXLQWR p SDUD FDQGLGDWRV RULXQGRV GD 2$% LVWR p DGYRJDGRV
PLOLWDQWHV H D RXWUD PHWDGH SDUD PHPEURV GR 0LQLVWpULR 3~EOLFR FXMRV yUJmRV VXSHULRUHV HQFDPLQKDP DR
7ULEXQDOGH-XVWLoDXPDOLVWDVr[WXSODSDUDDHODERUDomRGDOLVWDWUtSOLFH
2REMHWLYRGRTXLQWRpHQULTXHFHURV7ULEXQDLVGH-XVWLoDFRPHOHPHQWRVGHGHVWDFDGDFXOWXUDMXUtGLFDH
HOHYDGD HQYHUJDGXUD PRUDO PLOLWDQWHV GRV TXDGURV GR 0LQLVWpULR 3~EOLFR RX GD 2$% WUD]HQGR SDUD RV
UHIHULGRV WULEXQDLV XPD PHQWDOLGDGH PDLV HFOpWLFD R TXH ODPHQWDYHOPHQWH QHP VHPSUH RFRUUH HP IDFH GDV
LQIOXrQFLDVSROtWLFDVTXHVHYHULILFDPQRPRPHQWRGRSUHHQFKLPHQWRGDVYDJDVTXHRFRUUHP
$ QRPHDomR GRV 0LQLVWURV GRV 7ULEXQDLV 6XSHULRUHV SHOR 3UHVLGHQWH GD 5HS~EOLFD SULQFLSDOPHQWH GRV
TXH YmR LQWHJUDU R 6XSUHPR 7ULEXQDO )HGHUDO WHP VLGR DOYR GH PXLWDV FUtWLFDV HP UD]mR GDV LQMXQo}HV
SROtWLFDVTXHQHODVHID]HPSUHVHQWHV$HVFROKDGHSHQGHGHFRQKHFLPHQWRSUpYLRGRSUHVLGHQWHDUHVSHLWRGR
HVFROKLGRSRUFRQWDGHVXDVUHODo}HVSHVVRDLVSURILVVLRQDLVRXGDVLQGLFDo}HVGRQ~FOHRSROtWLFRSDODFLDQR
$OHJDVH TXH R VLVWHPD GH QRPHDomR QmR SULYLOHJLD R FULWpULR GD PHULWRFUDFLD QHP VHPSUH SRVVLELOLWDQGR D
HVFROKD GR PHOKRU PDV VLP GDTXHOH TXH WHP PDLRU SUHVWtJLR RX DSRLR SROtWLFR DOpP GH FRPSURPHWHU D
LQGHSHQGrQFLDGRHVFROKLGRTXDQGRWLYHUTXHGHFLGLUTXHVW}HVGHLQWHUHVVHGRQRPHDQWH1mRpSRUDFDVRTXH
Ki SUHVHQWHPHQWH VHWH 3URSRVWDV GH (PHQGD j &RQVWLWXLomR 3(& HP WUDPLWDomR QD &kPDUD SURSRQGR
PXGDQoDV
1HQKXPD GHVVDV SURSRVWDV HQWUHWDQWR LQGLFD JDUDQWLD GH DSHUIHLoRDPHQWR HP UHODomR DR VLVWHPD DWXDO
QHP VH SRGH DILUPDU TXH R PRGHOR YLJHQWH WHQKD JHUDGR PiV HVFROKDV 2 TXH SRGH H GHYH VHU IHLWR SDUD
PHOKRUiOR p H[LJLU GR 6HQDGR PDLRU VHULHGDGH H VHYHULGDGH TXDQGR GD VDEDWLQD H DSURYDomR GR FDQGLGDWR
FRPR QRUPDOPHQWH RFRUUH QR &RQJUHVVR QRV (VWDGRV 8QLGRV VHPSUH HTXLOLEUDGR HQWUH RV SDUWLGRV
5HSXEOLFDQR H 'HPRFUDWD 2 HIHWLYR ELSDUWLGDULVPR LPSOLFD SRVLFLRQDPHQWRV PDLV FODURV H PDLRU
SRVVLELOLGDGH GH WUDQVSDUrQFLD VREUH R SURFHVVR GH HVFROKD H R SHUILO GRV LQGLFDGRV R TXH QmR RFRUUH HQWUH
QyVHPUD]mRGDYHUGDGHLUD³JHOHLD´LGHROyJLFDSDUWLGiULDH[LVWHQWHSDUWLGRVSROtWLFRVDWXDOPHQWH

68. APRIMORAMENTO DO NOSSO SISTEMA

(PERUDRVLVWHPDGRFRQFXUVRS~EOLFRVHMDRPDLVUHFRPHQGiYHOFRQIRUPHMiH[SRVWRFRPSRUWDDOJXQV
DSULPRUDPHQWRVSDUDSHUPLWLUDIRUPDomRGHXPTXDGURGHPDJLVWUDGRVPDLVHILFLHQWH
2 MXL] QD SXUH]D GHVVH VLVWHPD WmR ORJR DSURYDGR QR FRQFXUVR H QRPHDGR DVVXPH LPHGLDWDPHQWH DV
VXDV IXQo}HV H FRPHoD D GHVSDFKDU H GHFLGLU HP FHQWHQDV GH SURFHVVRV VHP QXQFD GDQWHV WHU IHLWR LVVR
HQFRQWUDQGR XPD VpULH GH GLILFXOGDGHV SHUSOH[LGDGHV G~YLGDV HWF 7RGRV TXH Mi SDVVDUDP SRU HVVD
H[SHULrQFLD VDEHP GR TXH IDODPRV $ H[SHULrQFLD p DLQGD PDLV GRORURVD TXDQGR R MXL] FRPHoDQGR D VXD
FDUUHLUD QXPD FRPDUFD Oi GR LQWHULRU ILFD SUDWLFDPHQWH VR]LQKR LVRODGR VHP WHU D TXHP UHFRUUHU SDUD XPD
WURFDGHLGHLDV
,VVR HYLGHQFLD TXH SDUD R LQJUHVVR QD PDJLVWUDWXUD QmR p EDVWDQWH R FRQFXUVR GH SURYDV H WtWXORV TXH
DSHQDVDSDQKDDIRUPDomRFXOWXUDOGRFDQGLGDWRPDVQmRSRGHSHQHWUDUPDLVHDIHULUOKHRSHQGRUDYRFDomR
RLQWHUHVVHDFDSDFLGDGHHVSHFtILFDSDUDMXGLFDU
$ IXQomR GR MXL] SRU RXWUR ODGR HQYROYH XPD VpULH GH RXWUDV DWLYLGDGHV SULQFLSDOPHQWH QR LQWHULRU
RQGHpDSULQFLSDODXWRULGDGHGDFRPDUFDSDUDDVTXDLVQmRIRLSUHSDUDGR2MXL]PDQWpPUHODFLRQDPHQWRFRP
DXWRULGDGHVSROtWLFDVSUHIHLWRYHUHDGRUHVSROLFLDLVGHOHJDGRHFRPSRYRHPJHUDOQHFHVVLWDQGRHPWRGRV
HVVHV FRQWDWRV VHU QHFHVVDULDPHQWH KiELO SDUD VHP HQIUDTXHFHU VXD DXWRULGDGH H VHP VH GHL[DU HQYROYHU
SRUWDUVHFRPJHQWLOH]DHGXFDomRSROLGH]
1DGD GLVVR HOH DSUHQGH HP FRQFXUVR RX QRV OLYURV GH GLUHLWR UD]mR SHOD TXDO HQWHQGHPRV TXH DSyV R
FRQFXUVR H D QRPHDomR GHYHULD H[LVWLU XP HVWiJLR SURILVVLRQDO GH SHOR PHQRV TXDWUR PHVHV 2 QRYR MXL]
DOpP GH DVVLVWLU D SDOHVWUDV VREUH PDWpULDV RX TXHVW}HV UHODFLRQDGDV FRP RV PDLV YDULDGRV DVSHFWRV GR
H[HUFtFLR GH VXD SURILVVmR FRPHoDULD D H[HUFHU D MXGLFDWXUD FRPR DX[LOLDU DR ODGR GH RXWUR MXL] PDLV
H[SHULHQWHQDFRPDUFDGDFDSLWDO1RVPHVHVGHHVWiJLRRMXL]SDVVDULDSHODVSULQFLSDLVYDUDVFtYHOFULPLQDO
IDPtOLD MXL]DGRV HVSHFLDLV GH PRGR D DGTXLULU XPD FHUWD H[SHULrQFLD HP WRGDV DV iUHDV GR GLUHLWR SDUD
GHSRLVHQIUHQWDUDDWLYLGDGHVR]LQKRHPVXDFRPDUFD
0HOKRUGRTXHLVVRHPQRVVRHQWHQGHUVHULDXPDHVFRODMXGLFLDOLQVWLWXFLRQDOL]DGDGHkPELWRQDFLRQDO
TXH HVWDEHOHFHULD GLUHWUL]HV SURJUDPDV SROtWLFDV GH HQVLQR H RULHQWDo}HV D VHUHP H[HFXWDGDV SRU WRGDV DV
HVFRODV GH PDJLVWUDWXUD HVWDGXDLV H IHGHUDLV FRP R TXH VH FRQVHJXLULD XPD FHUWD XQLIRUPLGDGH QD IRUPDomR
LQLFLDO GRV PDJLVWUDGRV GR SDtV (VVD HVFROD QDFLRQDO GHYHULD WDPEpP SURJUDPDU FXUVRV GH DSHUIHLoRDPHQWR
SDUD RV PDJLVWUDGRV PDLV DQWLJRV FRPR FRQGLomR SDUD D SURPRomR SRU PHUHFLPHQWR FXUVRV HVVHV TXH
SRGHULDP VHU PLQLVWUDGRV QDV VHGHV GDV HVFRODV ORFDLV GH PRGR D IDFLOLWDU D IUHTXrQFLD H UHGX]LU RV VHXV
FXVWRV
$ FUHVFHQWH H[SDQVmR GD DWLYLGDGH KXPDQD D SDU GH VXD FRQVWDQWH VRILVWLFDomR PXLWR H[LJH GR MXL] D
FXMDGHFLVmRQHQKXPDSDUFHODGRFRPSOH[RVRFLDOpVXEWUDtGDeLPSHULRVRSRUWDQWRTXHRMXL]VHHVSHFLDOL]H
VHDGHVWUHHVHSUHSDUH2DSHUIHLoRDPHQWRUHVVDOWDDSRVLomRGDFLrQFLDMXUtGLFDPRGHUQDSHODDPSOLDomRGRV
SRGHUHV MXULVGLFLRQDLV SRLV D LQVDFLiYHO GLYHUVLILFDomR GR ID]HU KXPDQR H VHXV UHTXLQWHV WRUQDP
LQDSULVLRQiYHOSRUUHJUDVIL[DVHUtJLGDVDDWXDomRMXULVGLFLRQDOQHFHVViULDjGHYLGDFRPSRVLomRGROLWtJLR
6H R -XGLFLiULR VH WRUQD HVVHQFLDO j FRQYLYrQFLD VRFLDO VH R VHX SDSHO VHUi FDGD YH] PDLV LPSRUWDQWH
QHVWH VpFXOR ;;, VRPHQWH FRP MXt]HV j DOWXUD GHVVD PLVVmR WHUHPRV R -XGLFLiULR TXH D VRFLHGDGH HVSHUD H
H[LJH'HVWDUWHVREUHWXGRTXDQGRRVQRYRVMXt]HVVmRFDGDYH]PDLVMRYHQVQRPXQGRGRcivil lawTXDQGR
RVVLVWHPDVMXUtGLFRVSDVVDPSRUSURIXQGDVPXGDQoDVOHJLVODWLYDVHXPDQRYDPHQWDOLGDGHVHUHFODPDWRUQD
VH LPSUHVFLQGtYHO LQYHVWLU QD VHOHomR H QR DSULPRUDPHQWR GRV PDJLVWUDGRV FULDQGRVH ERDV HVFRODV QRV
PROGHVGDVDGPLUiYHLVHYiOLGDVH[SHULrQFLDVTXHRPXQGRFLYLOL]DGRYHPSUHVHQFLDQGR
2 &RQJUHVVR TXH UHXQLX PDJLVWUDGRV HP 5RPD HP  FRQFOXLX SHOD UHFRPHQGDomR GH TXH VH
UHDOL]HP SURPRo}HV SDUD DSHUIHLoRDU R WLURFtQLR MXGLFLiULR LQFHQWLYDQGR D SHVTXLVD H R HVWXGR VHOHFLRQDQGR
DSWLG}HVHVWLPXODQGRDHVSHFLDOL]DomRWpFQLFDFRQVWDQWHPHQWH
1HFHVViULR VH ID] DVVLQDODU TXH QR %UDVLO DSyV D /HL 2UJkQLFD GD 0DJLVWUDWXUD /HL &RPSOHPHQWDU Q
 GH  WLPLGDPHQWH FRPHoDPRV D GDU RV SULPHLURV SDVVRV QHVVH VHQWLGR $OJXPDV GDV
GLVSRVLo}HVDUWV†ƒ†ƒH†OƒHVWDEHOHFHPTXHDOHLSRGHUiH[LJLUGRVFDQGLGDWRVSDUDD
LQVFULomR QR FRQFXUVR GH LQJUHVVR j FDUUHLUD WtWXOR GH KDELOLWDomR HP FXUVR RILFLDO GH SUHSDUDomR SDUD D
PDJLVWUDWXUD H FRQGLFLRQDU D SURPRomR SRU PHUHFLPHQWR j IUHTXrQFLD FRP DSURYDomR HP FXUVR PLQLVWUDGR
SRUHVFRODRILFLDOGHDSHUIHLoRDPHQWRGHPDJLVWUDGRV7LPLGDPHQWHFRPRVHYrSRLVDGLVSRVLomROHJDOQmR
SDVVRX GH XPD VLPSOHV VXJHVWmR SDUD VHU DSOLFDGD VH TXDQGR H RQGH IRU SRVVtYHO Mi TXH QHQKXP UHFXUVR
PDWHULDORXGRWDomRRUoDPHQWiULDIRLFULDGRSDUDWDOILP$&RQVWLWXLomRGHFRQWpPGLVSRVLomRLGrQWLFDQR
VHXDUW,,c
$ (PHQGD &RQVWLWXFLRQDO Q  FULRX D (VFROD 1DFLRQDO GH )RUPDomR H $SHUIHLoRDPHQWR GH
0DJLVWUDGRVDUWSDUiJUDIR~QLFRLQFLVR,GD&RQVWLWXLomRTXHIXQFLRQDUiMXQWRDR6XSHULRU7ULEXQDO
GH -XVWLoD FDEHQGROKH GHQWUH RXWUDV IXQo}HV UHJXODPHQWDU RV FXUVRV RILFLDLV SDUD LQJUHVVR H SURPRomR GH
FDUUHLUD $ IHOL] LQLFLDWLYD IRL UHFHELGD FRP VLPSDWLD H DSRLR GH WRGDV DV LQVWLWXLo}HV UHODFLRQDGDV FRP R
MXGLFLiULR H DRV SRXFRV HVWi VDLQGR GR SDSHO $ (VFROD 1DFLRQDO GH 0DJLVWUDGRV HVWi VH HVWUXWXUDQGR SDUD
RIHUHFHUGHIRUPDHVWiYHOFXUVRVGHIRUPDomRHDSHUIHLoRDPHQWR
5HJLVWUHVHSRUGHUUDGHLURTXHPXLWRVHDYDQoRXQHVWHSRQWRQRkPELWRGRV(VWDGRV$PDLRULDMiFULRX
DVXD(VFRODGD0DJLVWUDWXUDHPDOJXQV(VWDGRVFRPRUJDQL]DomRPRGHODUHIROKDGHVHUYLoRVUHOHYDQWHV$
(VFROD GD 0DJLVWUDWXUD GR 5LR GH -DQHLUR (0(5- PDQWpP XP FXUVR GH SUHSDUDomR SDUD R FRQFXUVR GH
LQJUHVVRQDPDJLVWUDWXUDGHDOWDTXDOLGDGHWHyULFDHSUiWLFDGXUDQWHRTXDORDOXQRSRGHWDPEpPHVWDJLDUQRV
GLYHUVRVyUJmRVMXOJDGRUHVYDUDFtYHOFULPLQDOIDPtOLDMXL]DGRVHVSHFLDLVFkPDUDVGR7ULEXQDOGH-XVWLoD
ID]HQGR PLQXWDV GH GHVSDFKRV GHFLV}HV VHQWHQoDV H SDUWLFLSDQGR GH DXGLrQFLDV VHPSUH RULHQWDGR SRU XP
PDJLVWUDGR$RVQRYRVMXt]HVWmRORJRQRPHDGRVD(0(5-PLQLVWUDXPFXUVRGHLQLFLDomRGHTXDWURPHVHV
FRP SDOHVWUDV H GHEDWHV SHOD PDQKm PLQLVWUDGRV SRU PDJLVWUDGRV H SURIHVVRUHV H[SHULHQWHV VREUH RV PDLV
YDULDGRVDVSHFWRVWHyULFRVHSUiWLFRVGDIXQomRMXGLFDQWHjWDUGHH[HUFHPDMXGLFDWXUDFRPRMXt]HVDX[LOLDUHV
HP YDUDV FtYHLV FULPLQDLV GH IDPtOLD H MXL]DGRV HVSHFLDLV XP PrV HP FDGD OXJDU VHPSUH RULHQWDGRV SHORV
MXt]HVWLWXODUHVGDVUHVSHFWLYDVYDUDV'HVVHPRGRRVQRYRVMXt]HVFRQVHJXHPDVVLPLODUERDH[SHULrQFLDDQWHV
GHLUHPH[HUFHUDMXGLFDWXUDQDVFRPDUFDVGRLQWHULRU
3URVVHJXHDDWXDomRGD(0(5-QRHVWiJLRGHYLWDOLFLDPHQWRGXUDQWHRVYLQWHPHVHVVHJXLQWHV$OpPGH
DFRPSDQKDGRVHRULHQWDGRVSRUXP&RQVHOKRGH9LWDOLFLDPHQWRRVMXt]HVYLWDOLFLDQGRVDVVLVWHPQD(0(5-
SHORPHQRVXPVHPLQiULRSRUPrVGHRLWRKRUDVVREUHWHPDVYDULDGRVMXUtGLFRVRXQmRHVFROKLGRVSRUXPD
FRPLVVmRGHPDJLVWUDGRV
3RU ~OWLPR D (0(5- PLQLVWUD FXUVRV GH DSHUIHLoRDPHQWR DRV PDJLVWUDGRV HP DWHQGLPHQWR D XPD
UHVROXomRGRÏUJmR(VSHFLDOGR7ULEXQDOGH-XVWLoDTXHRVLQVWLWXLXFRPRUHTXLVLWRjSURPRomRRXUHPRomR
SRUPHUHFLPHQWR
'HVVD IRUPD D (0(5- YHP HIHWLYDPHQWH SDUWLFLSDQGR GD IRUPDomR H DSULPRUDPHQWR GRV PDJLVWUDGRV
IOXPLQHQVHVGHVGHDSUHSDUDomRSDUDRFRQFXUVRDWpFKHJDUHPDGHVHPEDUJDGRU

68.1. Perfil da magistratura brasileira

3HVTXLVD UHDOL]DGD SHOD $VVRFLDomR GRV 0DJLVWUDGRV %UDVLOHLURV $0%,83(5- LQWLWXODGD ³2

0DJLVWUDGRHR3RGHU-XGLFLiULR±DXWRDQiOLVHSDUDPHOKRUVHUYLU´±UHYHODTXHRVLVWHPDGHFRQFXUVRS~EOLFR
GHPRFUDWL]DDPDJLVWUDWXUDSHUPLWLQGRTXHWRGRVWHQKDPDVPHVPDVRSRUWXQLGDGHVHDHVFROKDGRVPHOKRUHV
(LVRVUHVXOWDGRVGRVMXt]HVEUDVLOHLURVPDLVGDPHWDGHVmRRULXQGRVGHIDPtOLDVVLPSOHVFXMRVSDLV
VyWLQKDPRSULPHLURJUDXFRPSOHWRQmRWrPQHPPHVPRSURPRWRUHVRXGHIHQVRUHVQDIDPtOLD
VmR ILOKRV GH VHUYLGRUHV S~EOLFRV H  GH IXQFLRQiULRV GH HPSUHVDV VHQGR TXH  GHVWHV
FRUUHVSRQGHPDIXQo}HVGHEDL[DUHPXQHUDomR
$ SDUWLFLSDomR GD PXOKHU YHP FUHVFHQGR (P  DSHQDV  GRV DSURYDGRV QRV FRQFXUVRV HUDP
PXOKHUHVGH]DQRVGHSRLVRSHUFHQWXDOVXELXSDUD$WXDOPHQWHRQ~PHURGHPXOKHUHVMipLJXDOHDWp
VXSHULRUDRGRVKRPHQVRTXHHYLGHQFLDTXHRFRQFXUVRDIDVWDTXDOTXHUWHQGrQFLDGLVFULPLQDWyULDRIHUHFHQGR
jPXOKHUUHDLVFRQGLo}HVGHLJXDOGDGHFRPRKRPHP
2 &HQWUR GH (VWXGR H 3HVTXLVD GD (0(5- OHYDQWRX R SHUILO GD 0DJLVWUDGD )OXPLQHQVH SRU PHLR GH
SHVTXLVD LQWLWXODGD ³4XHP 6RPRV´ 2V UHVXOWDGRV GLVFUHSDP HP SDUWH GDTXHOHV TXH IRUDP REWLGRV QD
SHVTXLVD $0%,83(5- $V TXHVW}HV UHIHUHQWHV j RULJHP VRFLDO GHPRQVWUDP TXH RV PDJLVWUDGRV
IOXPLQHQVHV HP VXD PDLRULD  VmR ILOKRV GH SDLV FRP IRUPDomR GH QtYHO VXSHULRU 4XDQWRV jV
SURILVV}HVSDWHUQDVSUHSRQGHUDPRVGDiUHDMXUtGLFDWDLVFRPRDGYRJDGRVPHPEURVGR0LQLVWpULR3~EOLFR
'HIHQVRULD 3URFXUDGRULD H 0DJLVWUDWXUD  9HULILFRXVH WDPEpP VLJQLILFDWLYD SUHVHQoD GH RXWURV
IDPLOLDUHV GRV PDJLVWUDGRV QDV iUHDV MXUtGLFDV SULQFLSDOPHQWH DGYRJDGRV  &RQFOXLVH TXH RV
PDJLVWUDGRV IOXPLQHQVHV VmR SUHGRPLQDQWHPHQWH RULJLQiULRV GH IDPtOLDV GH SDGUmR FXOWXUDO H HFRQ{PLFR
HOHYDGRHPUD]mRGR(VWDGRGR5LRGH-DQHLURVHUHFRQRPLFDPHQWHGHVHQYROYLGRHFRQVHTXHQWHPHQWHFRP
PDLRUHV SRVVLELOLGDGHV GH HGXFDomR H WUDEDOKR (QWUHWDQWR QmR VH SRGH GHVSUH]DU R Q~PHUR GH PDJLVWUDGRV
RULXQGRV GH IDPtOLDV GH SRXFD HVFRODULGDGH  H DWLYLGDGHV SURILVVLRQDLV H[HUFLGDV HP VHWRUHV
FRQVLGHUDGRVGHEDL[DUHQGD
$SDUWLFLSDomRGDPXOKHUQDPDJLVWUDWXUDIOXPLQHQVHpPDLVH[SUHVVLYDTXHQRkPELWRQDFLRQDOHQWUHRV
MXt]HV  HQWUH RV GHVHPEDUJDGRUHV  R TXH HYLGHQFLD XPD FUHVFHQWH IHPLQLOL]DomR IDWR UHOHYDQWH
GRSRQWRGHYLVWDVRFLRFXOWXUDOHGDDQiOLVHGDPXGDQoDVRFLDO
8PD GDV PDLV FRQVWDQWHV FUtWLFDV j PDJLVWUDWXUD p D juvenilização GRV VHXV TXDGURV $OHJDVH TXH RV
MXt]HVHVWmRLQJUHVVDQGRFDGDYH]PDLVMRYHQVQDPDJLVWUDWXUDVHPDPDWXULGDGHHH[SHULrQFLDLQGLVSHQViYHLV
SDUDRH[HUFtFLRGRFDUJR$&RQVWLWXLomRH[LJHDUW,DOpPGHVHUEDFKDUHOHPGLUHLWRTXHRFDQGLGDWR
WHQKD XP WHPSR PtQLPR GH WUrV DQRV GH DWLYLGDGH MXUtGLFD SDUD VH SHUPLWLU D SDUWLFLSDomR HP FRQFXUVR SDUD
MXL]
1mR VH QHJD TXH R MXL] WHP TXH WHU PDWXULGDGH H H[SHULrQFLD SDUD H[HUFHU D PDJLVWUDWXUD R TXH VH
TXHVWLRQD HQWUHWDQWR p TXH HVVDV TXDOLGDGHV VHMDP QHFHVVDULDPHQWH DWULEXWRV GD LGDGH RX GR WHPSR GH
IRUPDGR+iYHOKRVLPDWXURVHIRUPDGRVKiPXLWRVDQRVVHPH[SHULrQFLDDOJXPD$TXHVWmRGDPDWXULGDGHH
GD H[SHULrQFLD SRGH VHU VXSHUDGD FRP YDQWDJHP SHODV (VFRODV GD 0DJLVWUDWXUD SRU PHLR GRV FXUVRV GH
SUHSDUDomRHHVWiJLRGHYLWDOLFLDPHQWRFXUVRVGHDSHUIHLoRDPHQWRHRXWUDVSURYLGrQFLDV
3RURXWURODGRDVSHVTXLVDVUHYHODPTXHDWDOMXYHQLOL]DomRQmRpDVVLPWmRJUDQGH$SHQDVGRV
PDJLVWUDGRVEUDVLOHLURVWrPDWpDQRVGHLGDGHHVWmRQDIDL[DGHDDQRVHQWUHH
DQRV  HQWUH  H  DQRV  HQWUH  H  DQRV SHVTXLVD $0%,83(5- 1R (VWDGR GR 5LR GH
-DQHLURRVQ~PHURVQmRGLVFUHSDPQHVWHSRQWR$WpDQRVGHDDQRVGHDDQRV
 GH  D  DQRV  GH  D  DQRV  1RV ~OWLPRV  DQRV D PpGLD GH LGDGH GRV MXt]HV
IOXPLQHQVHVTXHLQJUHVVDUDPQDFDUUHLUDIRLGHDQRV
2LQJUHVVRGHMRYHQVQDPDJLVWUDWXUDWHPFRPRYDQWDJHPSHUPLWLUDRMXL]GHGLFDUTXDUHQWDRXPDLVDQRV
GH HIHWLYR WUDEDOKR j -XVWLoD $ SHVTXLVD UHDOL]DGD SHOD (0(5- UHYHORX TXH D PDJLVWUDWXUD p D FODVVH GH
VHUYLGRUHV S~EOLFRV TXH WUDEDOKD PDLV WHPSR H VH DSRVHQWD PDLV WDUGH $ LGDGH PpGLD GH DSRVHQWDGRULD GRV
MXt]HV p GH  DQRV HQWUH RV GHVHPEDUJDGRUHV  DQRV 2 WHPSR PpGLR GH VHUYLoR GRV MXt]HV QD pSRFD GD
DSRVHQWDGRULD p  DQRV HQWUH RV GHVHPEDUJDGRUHV  DQRV 0DLV GH  GRV MXt]HV WrP WHPSR SDUD VH
DSRVHQWDU PDV FRQWLQXDP WUDEDOKDQGR QRUPDOPHQWH HQWUH RV GHVHPEDUJDGRUHV  WrP WHPSR SDUD VH
DSRVHQWDU VHQGR TXH GRV GHVHPEDUJDGRUHV TXH LQWHJUDP R ÏUJmR (VSHFLDO RV YLQWH H FLQFR PDLV DQWLJRV
MiSRGHULDPHVWDUDSRVHQWDGRV
2VGDGRVDFLPDVXEOLQKDPFRPYHHPrQFLDDLQWHJUDOHORQJDGHGLFDomRGDPDJLVWUDWXUDDRVHUYLoRDWLYR
HTXHQmRWHPFRPRSURMHWRSURILVVLRQDODDSRVHQWDGRULD/HYDQGRVHDLQGDHPFRQWDRQ~PHURGHMXt]HVTXH
WrP FXUVR GH SyVJUDGXDomR  VHQGR  GH PHVWUDGR  GH GRXWRUDGR H  GH
HVSHFLDOL]DomRFRQFOXLVHTXHDPDJLVWUDGDIOXPLQHQVHpWDPEpPGHWHQWRUDGHHOHYDGRSDGUmRMXUtGLFR
(PSHVTXLVDGLYXOJDGDSHORO GloboHPRMXL]EUDVLOHLURIRLDSUHVHQWDGRFRPRWHQGRperfil
conservador (P RXWUD SHVTXLVD O  Globo  DJRUD UHDOL]DGD SHOR ,QVWLWXWR GH 3HVTXLVD
(FRQ{PLFD $SOLFDGD ,3($ FRRUGHQDGD SHOR ,QVWLWXWR GH (VWXGRV (FRQ{PLFRV 6RFLDLV H 3ROtWLFRV GH 6mR
3DXOR ,'(6& R MXL] EUDVLOHLUR IRL DSUHVHQWDGR FRPR WHQGR perfil  liberal XPD YH] TXH  GRV
PDJLVWUDGRV SUHIHUHP EDVHDU VXDV GHFLV}HV HP TXHVW}HV OLJDGDV j MXVWLoD VRFLDO GR TXH QR UHVSHLWR DRV
FRQWUDWRV(QWUHRVMXt]HVFRPPHQRVGHDQRVFRQVLGHUDPTXHPDLVGRTXHUHVSHLWDUFRQWUDWRVD
MXVWLoDVRFLDOGHYHSUHYDOHFHUQXPDVHQWHQoDHQWUHRVPDJLVWUDGRVGH6mR3DXOR5LRGH-DQHLUR5LR*UDQGH
GR 6XO H 'LVWULWR )HGHUDO R tQGLFH p GH  (VVH SHUILO IRL FRQVLGHUDGR SHOD SHVTXLVD FRPR SUHMXGLFLDO j
HFRQRPLDSRUTXHGHL[DRVLQYHVWLGRUHVWHPHURVRV
4XHP WHP UD]mR" 1LQJXpP WXGR GHSHQGHQGR GR kQJXOR SHOR TXDO RV UHVXOWDGRV VmR DQDOLVDGRV 3DUD R
LQYHVWLGRU H RV DJHQWHV GD iUHD HFRQ{PLFD HP JHUDO R MXL] EUDVLOHLUR p OLEHUDO SRUTXH FRQWUDULD RV VHXV
LQWHUHVVHVSDUDRVRFLyORJRHVVHPHVPRMXL]pFRQVHUYDGRUSRUTXHQmRDGRWDLQWHJUDOPHQWHRVVHXVSRQWRVGH
YLVWDVREUHDTXHVWmRVRFLDO2FHUWRHQWUHWDQWRpSUHYDOHFHURHTXLOtEULRDSRQGHUDomRDUD]RDELOLGDGH
(VWi FRUUHWD D PDJLVWUDWXUD TXDQGR SULYLOHJLD D MXVWLoD VRFLDO SRUTXH HVVD p D LGHRORJLD RV YDORUHV
FRQVDJUDGRVSHODQRYDRUGHPMXUtGLFDEUDVLOHLUDDHWLFLGDGHDVRFLDOLGDGHHDHIHWLYLGDGH2QRVVR'LUHLWRD
SDUWLU GD &RQVWLWXLomR GH  VHJXLGD SHOR &yGLJR GR &RQVXPLGRU H DJRUD SHOR QRYR &yGLJR &LYLO QmR
PDLV DGPLWH R XVR DEXVLYR GR GLUHLWR GH IRUPD FRQWUiULD DRV VHXV ILQV VRFLDLV H HFRQ{PLFRV j ERDIp H j
HTXLGDGH&OiXVXODVFRQWUDWXDLVDEXVLYDVQmRSRGHPSUHYDOHFHU
9HMDVHTXHQDSHVTXLVDGR,3($DViUHDVHPTXHRVMXt]HVGHIHQGHPSULRULWDULDPHQWHDTXHVWmRVRFLDO
HP GHWULPHQWR GRV FRQWUDWRV VmR UHDOPHQWH DV PDLV UHOHYDQWHV H QHFHVViULDV WUDEDOKLVWDV  PHLR
DPELHQWHSUHYLGrQFLD
0DVRMXL]SRUPDLVSUHRFXSDGRTXHHVWHMDFRPDMXVWLoDVRFLDOQmRSRGHHVWDUDYDQoDQGRDVHXWHPSR
QHPSRGHID]HUXPDUHYROXomRVRFLDOFRPDFDQHWD
([WUHPDPHQWH FRPSOH[R p R SURFHVVR GH IRUPDomR GH XPD GHFLVmR MXGLFLDO 1mR p DSHQDV XPD
GHFRUUrQFLDGRFRQKHFLPHQWRMXUtGLFRGRPDJLVWUDGR&LUFXQVWkQFLDVSHVVRDLVFXOWXUDLVLGHROyJLFDVVRFLDLV
LQFOXVLYHDRSLQLmRS~EOLFDLQIOXHQFLDPFRQVFLHQWHRXLQFRQVFLHQWHPHQWHQDIRUPDomRGDGHFLVmRMXGLFLDO2
LQGLYtGXR DOHUWDYD &DUORV 0D[LPLOLDQR ³LQFOLQDVH QXP RX QRXWUR VHQWLGR GH DFRUGR FRP R VHX
WHPSHUDPHQWR SURGXWR GR PHLR GD KHUHGLWDULHGDGH H GD HGXFDomR &Ur H[SULPLU R TXH SHQVD PDV HVVH
SUySULR SHQVDPHQWR p VRFLDOL]DGR p FRQGLFLRQDGR SHODV UHODo}HV VRFLDLV H H[SULPH XPD FRPXQLGDGH GH
SURSyVLWRV´
e SRU LVVR TXH VH GL] QmR H[LVWLU QRUPD MXUtGLFD VHQmR QRUPD MXUtGLFD LQWHUSUHWDGD $ PHVPD QRUPD
UHFHEHWUDWDPHQWRGLIHUHQFLDGRGHMXt]HVHWULEXQDLVSRUTXHDGHFLVmRMXGLFLDOpHVVHQFLDOPHQWHXPDGHFLVmR
KXPDQD(VHQGRXPDGHFLVmRKXPDQDSRQGHUDR0LQLVWUR&DUORV$OEHUWR'LUHLWR³HODQmRHVWiSRULQWHLUR
QRGRPtQLRGDFLrQFLDRXGDWpFQLFD2KRPHPH[LVWHSRUTXHHOHpUD]mRHHPRo}HVVHQWLPHQWRVFUHQoDV$
GHFLVmR MXGLFLDO p SRUWDQWR XPD GHFLVmR TXH HVWi VXERUGLQDGD DRV VHQWLPHQWRV HPRo}HV FUHQoDV GD SHVVRD
KXPDQD LQYHVWLGD GR SRGHU MXULVGLFLRQDO ( D LQGHSHQGrQFLD GR MXL] HVWi H[DWDPHQWH QD VXD FDSDFLGDGH GH
MXOJDUFRPHVVHVHOHPHQWRVTXHSDUWLFLSDPGDVXDQDWXUH]DUDFLRQDOOLYUHHVRFLDO´$'HFLVmR-XGLFLDORDR
QVHWGH]6HRMXL]FRPRTXDOTXHUVHUKXPDQRHVWiVREDLQIOXrQFLDFRQGLFLRQDQWHGHXPDVpULH
GH IDWRUHV VXEMHWLYRV H REMHWLYRV TXH QmR SRGHP VHU HYLWDGRV DWp TXH SRQWR HVWi VXEMXJDGR DR RUGHQDPHQWR
MXUtGLFRHPIXQomRGHVXDVFRQFHSo}HVSHVVRDLV"(VVDpDJUDQGHTXHVWmR'HYHRMXL]REHGLrQFLDjOHLPHVPR
TXHHODVHMDLQMXVWD"

68.2. Limites da atividade criadora do juiz no Estado Democrático de Direito

/XtV 5REHUWR %DUURVR VLQWHWL]D D DWLYLGDGH FULDGRUD GR MXL] QHVWD EHOtVVLPD OLomR ³2 PXQGR GR GLUHLWR
WHPVXDVIURQWHLUDVGHPDUFDGDVSHOD&RQVWLWXLomRHVHXVFDPLQKRVGHWHUPLQDGRVSHODVOHLV$OpPGLVVRWHP
YDORUHV FDWHJRULDV H SURFHGLPHQWRV SUySULRV TXH SDXWDP H OLPLWDP D DWXDomR GRV DJHQWHV MXUtGLFRV VHMDP
MXt]HVDGYRJDGRVRXPHPEURVGR0LQLVWpULR3~EOLFR3RLVEHPMXt]HVQmRLQYHQWDPRGLUHLWRGRQDGD6HX
SDSHO p R GH DSOLFDU QRUPDV TXH IRUDP SRVLWLYDGDV SHOR FRQVWLWXLQWH RX SHOR OHJLVODGRU $LQGD TXDQGR
GHVHPSHQKDP XPD IXQomR FULDWLYD GR GLUHLWR SDUD R FDVR FRQFUHWR GHYHUmR ID]rOR j OX] GRV YDORUHV
FRPSDUWLOKDGRV SHOD FRPXQLGDGH D FDGD WHPSR 6HX WUDEDOKR SRUWDQWR QmR LQFOXL HVFROKDV OLYUHV DUELWUiULDV
RX FDSULFKRVDV 6HXV OLPLWHV VmR D YRQWDGH PDMRULWiULD H RV YDORUHV FRPSDUWLOKDGRV Revista  da  Associação
Mineira do Ministério PúblicoDQRQMXOGH]S
3RUVXDYH]+XPEHUWR7KHRGRUR-~QLRUPHVWUHFRQVDJUDGRHMXULVWDGHHVFROHQIUHQWRXDTXHVWmRGRV
OLPLWHVGDDWLYLGDGHFULDGRUDGRMXL]HPWRGRVRVVHXVDVSHFWRVMXUtGLFRVSROtWLFRVHVRFLROyJLFRVUD]mRSHOD
TXDOYDPRVDVHJXLUID]HUXPDVtQWHVHGRVHXSHQVDPHQWRQDREUDDireitos do consumidor
 6HDYLGDKXPDQDVHVXEPHWHVVHDXPDFULVWDOL]DomRGHPRGRTXHRVDWRVVRFLDLVIRVVHPVHPSUHLJXDLV
VHPSUHRVPHVPRVDWDUHIDGRMXL]VHULDEHPPDLVVLPSOHV+DYHULDXPDSDGURQL]DomRGHFRQGXWDFRPRDGR
PDWHPiWLFR H D GR ItVLFR TXH VHPSUH DSOLFDP D PHVPD UHJUD H FKHJDP DR PHVPR H H[DWR UHVXOWDGR 0DV D
YLGD HP VRFLHGDGH WHP RXWUDV UHJUDV HVWi VXMHLWR D FRQVWDQWHV DOWHUDo}HV VHXV YDORUHV VmR UHDYDOLDGRV 3DUD
YHQFHURORQJRHVSDoRTXHPXLWDVYH]HVVHFRORFDHQWUHDJHQHUDOLGDGHGDOHLHDFRQFUHWXGHGRFDVRWUD]LGRD
MXt]R FDEH DR PDJLVWUDGR HVWDEHOHFHU XP FRQIURQWR HQWUH DTXHOH TXH R OHJLVODGRU SURJUDPRX H DTXLOR TXH
UHDOPHQWHDFRQWHFHXQDH[SHULrQFLDFRQFUHWDGDYLGD$SURJUDPDomRGROHJLVODGRUHPXPDSDODYUDWHUiTXH
VHUUHYLYLGDSHODREUDHHQJHQKRGRMXL]
(P VtQWHVH D VROXomR GR FDVR FRQFUHWR QmR GHSHQGH DSHQDV GD UHJUD DEVWUDWD GD OHL PDV WDPEpP H
VREUHWXGR GD DQiOLVH GR IDWR H GD YDORUDomR GHVWH HP IDFH GD QRUPD JHQpULFD $OpP GR PDLV D SUHYLVmR GR
OHJLVODGRU FRP VLPSOHV SURJUDPD DEVWUDWR QXQFD FRQVHJXH SUHYHU WRGDV DV QXDQFHV GD LQILQLWD YDULDELOLGDGH
GDYLGD2VIDWRVQmRVHPROGDPUHVWULWLYDPHQWHjVSRVLo}HVOHJDLVHVWDVpTXHWrPGHVHUDGDSWDGDVjULTXH]D
PXOWLIiULDGRFRPSRUWDPHQWRKXPDQR(HQWmRSRUPDLVFODUDHGHWDOKDGDTXHWHQKDVLGRDUHJUDDEVWUDWDR
MXL]MDPDLVSRGHUiRPLWLUVHQRGHYHUGHFRPSOHPHQWiODHDGDSWiODSDUDFKHJDUjQRUPDFRQFUHWDTXDOVHMD
jTXHODTXHFRUUHVSRQGHUijVROXomRHIHWLYDGROLWtJLRTXHDVSDUWHVGHGX]LUDPHPMXt]R
1HVVHSRQWRDTXHVWmRQRGDOpHVWD$WpRQGHSRGHUiLURMXL]HPVXDIXQomRGHFULDUDQRUPDLQGLYLGXDO
FRQFUHWD" 3RGHUi GHVSUH]DU D YRQWDGH DEVWUDWD GD QRUPD OHJLVODGD" $ UHVSRVWD p XPD Vy HP IDFH GR (VWDGR
'HPRFUiWLFR GH 'LUHLWR DVVHQWDGR VREUH D UHSDUWLomR GH SRGHUHV H R SULQFtSLR GD VXSUHPDFLD GD OHL $
DWLYLGDGH FULDWLYD GR MXL] LUi DWp R SRQWR SUySULR GD DWLYLGDGH LQWHUSUHWDWLYD TXDO VHMD DTXHOD HP TXH VH
GHVFREUHRPHOKRUVHQWLGRSDUDDUHJUDDEVWUDWDWUDoDGDSHOROHJLVODGRU(VVHPHOKRUVHQWLGRVHUiXPGHQWUHRV
GLYHUVRVTXHRWH[WROHJDOSRVVDFRPSRUWDU-DPDLVSRGHUiRMXOJDGRUSDUWLUGRQDGDSDUDHQXQFLDUDVROXomR
GRFRQIOLWRVHJXLQGRDSHQDVHWmRVRPHQWHXPFULWpULRSHVVRDOGHMXVWLoD
2MXL]HQWmRSRGHYDORUDURFRQWH[WRHPTXHDOHLIRLFRQFHELGDDEVWUDWDPHQWHSRGHGHILQLUGHPDQHLUD
FULDWLYDQDVQRYDVFLUFXQVWkQFLDVHPTXHRIDWRVHFRQFUHWL]RXRPHOKRUVLJQLILFDGRHDOFDQFHGDQRUPDOHJDO
QmROKHpGDGRDQXODUVLPSOHVPHQWHDYRQWDGHDEVWUDWDGROHJLVODGRUSDUDVXEVWLWXtODLQWHJUDOPHQWHSHODVXD
$YRQWDGHGDOHLVHPSUHHVWDUiQXPSODQRVXSHULRUDRGDYRQWDGHFRQFUHWL]DGDSHORMXL]HPERUDDHVWDVH
UHVHUYHLPSRUWDQWHIRUoDFULDGRUD
$VVLPKiGHUHFRQKHFHUVHGHXPODGRTXHDWDUHIDGRMXL]QDIRUPXODomRGDUHJUDFRQFUHWDHQFRQWUDQD
UHJUDDEVWUDWDGDOHLROLPLWHPi[LPRGDYHUGDGHRXIDOVLGDGHGHVHXHQWHQGLPHQWR'HRXWURODGRLPS}HVH
WDPEpP UHFRQKHFHU TXH D LQWHUSUHWDomR VHP D TXDO QmR VH VROXFLRQD R FDVR FRQFUHWR WHUi GH VHU IHLWD GH
PDQHLUDFULDWLYDSHORMXL]PDVQmRVHUiTXDOTXHULQWHUSUHWDomRTXHDYRQWDGHDUELWUiULDGRMXOJDGRUUHVROYDOKH
GDU7HUiGHVHUDTXHODGHQWUHDVLQWHUSUHWDo}HVSRVVtYHLVTXHSHUPLWDDGHWHUPLQDomRGDnorma in concreto
1HVVD SHUVSHFWLYD VmR SRpWLFRV H IDVFLQDQWHV RV GHYDQHLRV GRV DSRORJLVWDV GR direito livre GR direito
alternativoRXdireito da ruaTXHWUDQVIRUPDPRMXL]QRJUDQGHMXVWLFHLURGRFDVRFRQFUHWRVXMHLWRDSHQDVDR
VHXSUySULRVHQWLPHQWRGHMXVWLoDVHPQHQKXPFRPSURPLVVRFRPDVUHJUDVWUDoDGDVSHOROHJLVODGRU
1mRVHGHYHHVTXHFHUTXHIRLFRPEDVHQDteoria do direito livreLVWRpQDSURFODPDomRGDOLEHUGDGHGR
yUJmRMXGLFLDOSDUDGHFLGLUPHVPRFRQWUDRWH[WRH[SUHVVRGDSUySULDOHLTXHD$OHPDQKDQD]LVWDS{GHLPSRU
FRP FHUWD IDFLOLGDGH RV VHXV GHVPDQGRV H KRUURUHV TXH FXOPLQDUDP SRU QHJDU WRGRV RV VHQWLPHQWRV
XQLYHUVDLVGHMXVWLoDHGLUHLWR
2 XVR GH cláusulas gerais SURSLFLD UHDOPHQWH DR MXL] D RSRUWXQLGDGH GH SURFXUDU VROXo}HV FRP PXLWD
GRVDJHPGHMXVWLoDGLDQWHGRVFDVRVFRQFUHWRV&DEHOKHQHVVDVFLUFXQVWkQFLDVXPDIRUoDFULDGRUDGRGLUHLWR
PDLVLQWHQVDSDUDFRPSOHWDUDUHJUDRULXQGDGROHJLVODGRU
'HPDQHLUDDOJXPDHQWUHWDQWRSRGHVHSHQVDUTXHDFOiXVXODJHUDOpXPFKHTXHHPEUDQFRTXHDEUHDR
MXL]HQVHMRDXPDDWLYLGDGHDUELWUiULD6XDFULDWLYLGDGHUHSLWDVHVHUiPDLRUQXQFDSRUpPWRWDOPHQWHOLYUH
$ FRQGXWD GHYLGD FRP TXH SUHHQFKHUi D QRUPD YDJD GD OHL GHYH VHU DOFDQoDGD GH DFRUGR FRP RV YDORUHV GD
FRPXQLGDGH FRP RV TXDLV VH GHILQLUi DV FRQGXWDV QRUPDOPHQWH DGRWDGDV QDTXHOH OXJDU H QDTXHODV
FLUFXQVWkQFLDV 4XDOTXHU TXH VHMD D VROXomR FULDGD QD VHQWHQoD HVWDUi VHPSUH VXEPHWLGD DRV OLPLWHV GR
RUGHQDPHQWRFRQVWLWXFLRQDO
(PVXPDDVVLPFRPRDleiVypOHJtWLPDTXDQGRRVDJHQWHVGRSRGHUSROtWLFRQDRSHUDomROHJLVODWLYD
DWXDPFRPHVWULWDREVHUYkQFLDGRVLVWHPDLGHDOL]DGRFRQVWLWXFLRQDOPHQWHDsentença,WDPEpPDWRGRSRGHU
MXULVGLFLRQDOVRPHQWHVHUiOHJtWLPDVHGHQWURGRGHYLGRSURFHVVROHJDOUHSUHVHQWDUDDSOLFDomRGDSUHYLVtYHO
YRQWDGHQRUPDWLYDWUDoDGDSHORSRGHUSROtWLFR6HPHVVDFRHUrQFLDQmRKDYHUisegurança jurídica
(VWDGRGH'LUHLWRpDTXHOHHPTXHVRPHQWHDOHLREULJDHQRTXDOWDQWRDVSHVVRDVFRPRRJRYHUQDQWHD
HOD VH VXEPHWHP FRP D FHUWH]D H FRQILDQoD GH TXH DJLQGR GH DFRUGR FRP HOD SRGHP JHULU VXDV YLGDV H
QHJyFLRVGHPDQHLUDOLYUHHVHJXUD1mRpGHGLUHLWRR(VWDGRTXHFRQIHUHDRVVHXVDJHQWHVRSRGHUVXEMHWLYR
HDXWRULWiULRGHFRQFUHWL]DUDVROXomRGRVFRQIOLWRVVHJXLQGRFULWpULRVGLVFULFLRQiULRVFDSD]HVGHVXEPHWHUjV
SDUWHV D UHJUDV H UHVXOWDGRV TXH QmR SRGHULDP FRQKHFHU H DYDOLDU DR WHPSR GRV QHJyFLRV FRQFOXtGRV H
SUDWLFDGRV
2VLVWHPDMXUtGLFRGR(VWDGR'HPRFUiWLFRGH'LUHLWRQmRFRQYLYHFRPXPDMXVWLoDGRWLSRVDORP{QLFR
LQVSLUDGDDSHQDVQDVDEHGRULDQRHTXLOtEULRHQDVTXDOLGDGHVLQGLYLGXDLVGRMXOJDGRU6HLVWRSRGHIXQFLRQDU
QD PDHVWULD GH XP MXL] GH H[WUHPD VHQVLELOLGDGH DSUHVHQWDVH WRGDYLD FRPR VpULR ULVFR GH DUELWUDULHGDGH H
LQVHJXUDQoDGLDQWHGRFRPXPGRVMXOJDGRUHV6DORPmRH[LVWLXDSHQDVXP'DtDLQFOLQDomRGRVRUGHQDPHQWRV
FRQWHPSRUkQHRV SRU XPD WpFQLFD GH DSOLFDomR GR GLUHLWR TXH VH YLQFXOD D HOHPHQWRV QmR VXEMHWLYRV D XPD
HVWUXWXUD QRUPDWLYD TXH SRVVLELOLWD DRV PHPEURV GD VRFLHGDGH TXH YmR D MXt]R FRQWDUHP FRP D PHVPD
VHJXUDQoD QR SURFHVVR TXHU HVWHMDP SHUDQWH XP VXSHU MXL] GRWDGR GH LQWHOLJrQFLD FXOWXUD H VHQVLELOLGDGH
LQYXOJDUHVTXHUHVWHMDPGLDQWHGHXPMXL]FRPXPTXHQmRWHQKDVLGRDJUDFLDGRFRPRVPHVPRVSUHGLFDGRV
2 SULQFtSLR GD OHJDOLGDGH W{QLFD PDLRU GD YLWyULD FRQWUD R (VWDGR DXWRULWiULR UHSHOH D LQVWLWXFLRQDOL]DomR GH
VHQWHQoDV contra  legem $ VXMHLomR GR MXL] j OHL TXH QmR VH WUDGX] HP FXOWR VHUYLO jV SDODYUDV GHVWDV p
LPSHGLWLYDGDOLYUHLQYHQomRMXUtGLFDWHQGRVHRgoverno das leisFRPRLQHUrQFLDGRVVLVWHPDVMXUtGLFRVHP
TXH YLYHPRV H FRPR LPSHUDWLYR D[LROyJLFR GD VHJXUDQoD MXUtGLFD Direitos  do  consumidor 5LR GH -DQHLUR
)RUHQVHS
1D WDUHID GH MXOJDU SRUWDQWR R MXL] QmR p OLYUH SDUD ID]HU SUHYDOHFHU R VHX VHQWLPHQWR SDUWLFXODU GH
MXVWLoD D SRQWR GH HVWUDSRODU D PROGXUD GD OHL RX GH PRGLILFDU RV VHXV SDUkPHWURV 'HYH FRQVXOWDU R VHX
VHQWLPHQWR pWLFR FRP R FXLGDGR GH QmR VH DIDVWDU GHPDVLDGDPHQWH GRV VHQWLPHQWRV PpGLRV GD VRFLHGDGH HP
JHUDO H GD FRPXQLGDGH MXUtGLFD HP SDUWLFXODU $R PHVPR WHPSR HP TXH SURFXUD LQWHUSUHWDU D FRQVFLrQFLD
VRFLDO GHYH GDU HILFD] DSOLFDomR j OHL WHUi TXH VHU XP FDQDO GH FRPXQLFDomR HQWUH D VRFLHGDGH H R PXQGR
MXUtGLFR yUJmR GR (VWDGR PDV WDPEpP YR] GD VRFLHGDGH e QHVVH VHQWLGR TXH VH GL] VHU R MXL] XP FRDXWRU
FRP R OHJLVODGRU 6H R MXL] DEDQGRQD HVVH FHQiULR SRQGRVH D HPLWLU MXt]RV WRWDOPHQWH GHVYLQFXODGRV GD
RUGHP MXUtGLFD TXH OKH LQFXPEH SUHVHUYDU D VRFLHGDGH QmR WHUi PDLV QHP MXVWLoD QHP OLEHUGDGH SRUTXH
MXVWLoDHOLEHUGDGHHVWDUmROLPLWDGDVDRMXt]RGHYDORUGHXPMXL]RXWULEXQDO
(PFRQFOXVmRRSHUILOGRPDJLVWUDGRQmRGHYHVHUDYDQoDGRQHPFRQVHUYDGRUPDVVLPVXILFLHQWHPHQWH
IOH[tYHO SDUD DMXVWDU D OHL jV FRQGLo}HV FRQFUHWDV GD VRFLHGDGH FULDQGR D MXVWD UHJUD MXUtGLFD SDUD FDGD FDVR
³1mR SRGH D MXVWLoD GDU UHVSRVWDV PRUWDV D SHUJXQWDV YLYDV LJQRUDQGR D UHDOLGDGH VRFLDO VXEMDFHQWH
HQFDVWHODQGRVH QR IRUPDOLVPR SDUD GHL[DU GH GL]HU R GLUHLWR´ 0LQLVWUR 6iOYLR GH )LJXHLUHGR 7HL[HLUD
5(VSQ1HVWHSRQWRUHSRUWDPRQRVDRTXHILFRXGLWRQRLWHPin fine
 A  vitaliciedade:  objetivo.  A  inamovibilidade.  Irredutibilidade  de  vencimentos.  O  Ministério  Público,  a
Defensoria Pública e o advogado. O ensino jurídico.

$UHYLVWDVejaGHGHMXQKRGHVRERWtWXOR³2FDVR&HFFDOGL´SXEOLFRXDVHJXLQWHUHSRUWDJHP

$RIROKHDUR'LiULR2ILFLDOIUDQFrVGR~OWLPRGLDGHPDLRXPGRPLQJRRMXL](WLHQQH&HFFDOGL
YHULILFRXFRQVWHUQDGRTXHDFDEDYDGHVHUWUDQVIHULGR$EDQGRQDQGRDHQVRODUDGDFLGDGHPHGLWHUUkQHDGH
0DUVHOKD RQGH VH HQFRQWUDYD FRPR MXL] VXEVWLWXWR &HFFDOGL GHYHULD DVVXPLU DV IXQo}HV GH SURFXUDGRU
S~EOLFRHP+D]HEURXFNYLODGHKDELWDQWHVSHUGLGDQDVEUXPDVGD1RUPDQGLDQRH[WUHPRRSRVWR
GD )UDQoD 2 MXL] VLPSOHVPHQWH UHVROYHX TXH QmR LULD ( FRPR R 0LQLVWpULR GD -XVWLoD LQVLVWLVVH R
FDVRDFDERXFKHJDQGRDRVMRUQDLVTXHSXEOLFDUDPFHUWRVGHWDOKHVFXULRVRVVREUHRVSURFHVVRVDFDUJRGH
&HFFDOGLHP0DUVHOKD
7mR FXULRVRV GH IDWR ± H HQYROYHQGR SHWUyOHR FRUUXSomR H SUHVV}HV SROtWLFDV ± TXH QD VHPDQD
SDVVDGDHPVLQDOGHVROLGDULHGDGHD&HFFDOGLPHPEURVGR6LQGLFDWRGD0DJLVWUDWXUDFUX]DUDPRV
EUDoRVQDSULPHLUDJUDQGHJUHYHGHMXt]HVGDKLVWyULDGD)UDQoD$WUDQVIHUrQFLDGH&HFFDOGLQDYHUGDGH
FRPHoRX HP  TXDQGR XP FHUWR 5RJHU %RGRXULDQ SHTXHQR DWDFDGLVWD GH yOHR GLHVHO SDUD
DTXHFLPHQWR GRPLFLOLDU IRL j IDOrQFLD HP 0DUVHOKD %RGRXULDQ QmR HUD QHQKXP SDUDGLJPD GH
KRQHVWLGDGH VHXV FKHTXHV VHP IXQGR DVVRODYDP UHJXODUPHQWH D SUDoD H XP GH VHXV VyFLRV VHULD SUHVR
PDLVWDUGHSRUWUiILFRGHGyODUHVIDOVRV
0DV VH %RGRXULDQ IRL j IDOrQFLD D FXOSD VHJXQGR HOH WHULD VLGR GDV JUDQGHV FRPSDQKLDV
SHWUROtIHUDV FXMRV GLULJHQWHV VH UHXQLDP SHULRGLFDPHQWH SDUD HOHYDU SUHoRV PRQWDU PDQREUDV GH
dumping IDOVLILFDU FRQGLo}HV GH FRQFRUUrQFLDV S~EOLFDV H RXWUDV IDOFDWUXDV GR JrQHUR 7RGDV HVVDV
DFXVDo}HV FRPR FRQVWDWDULD PDLV WDUGH XPD FRPLVVmR GH LQTXpULWR GR 0LQLVWpULR GDV )LQDQoDV HUDP
DEVROXWDPHQWH YHUtGLFDV 0DV ILFDUDP SRU LVVR PHVPR DSHQDV HP  R SUHVLGHQWH 9DOHU\ *LVFDUG
G¶(VWDLQJ HQWmR 0LQLVWUR GDV )LQDQoDV DVVLQRX XP SURWRFROR FRP DV FRPSDQKLDV SHWUROtIHUDV HP TXH
HVWDVVHFRPSURPHWLDPDPXGDUVHXVPpWRGRVSDUDµVDOYDJXDUGDGDOLYUHFRQFRUUrQFLD¶
2 SUREOHPD p TXH DOpP GH VXDV UHFODPDo}HV LQ~WHLV MXQWR DR 0LQLVWpULR GDV )LQDQoDV %RGRXULDQ
WLQKD LQLFLDGR WDPEpP XP SURFHVVR QD -XVWLoD PDUVHOKHVD ( R FDVR IRL MXVWDPHQWH SDUDU QDV PmRV GH
&HFFDOGL&DVDGRFRPTXDWURILOKRVFRPDQRVHOHMiVHQRWDELOL]DUDQDTXHODpSRFDFRPRFRPSHWHQWH
PDVLPSHUPHiYHODFHUWDVVXWLOH]DVGDYLGDSROtWLFD
/RJR QR VHX SULPHLUR SRVWR SRU H[HPSOR FRQGHQRX XP LQIOXHQWH SROtWLFR JRYHUQLVWD SRU IUDXGH
ILVFDO 7UDQVIHULGR SDUD /\RQ H[DPLQRX FRP WDQWD GLOLJrQFLD XP SURFHVVR GH SURVWLWXLomR TXH DFDERX
PDQGDQGRSUHQGHUGH]HQDVGHSROLFLDLV±LQFOXVLYHRGHOHJDGRPDLVFRQKHFLGRGDFLGDGH
(P 0DUVHOKD FRP R FDVR %RGRXULDQ VXD DWLYLGDGH QmR VHULD PDLV WUDQTXLOD 3DUD FRPHoDU
&HFFDOGLLJQRURXDVLQ~PHUDVVXJHVW}HVGLUHWDVHLQGLUHWDVGHVHXVVXSHULRUHVKLHUiUTXLFRV±YiULDVGHODV
PLVWHULRVDPHQWH IRWRFRSLDGDV H UHSURGX]LGDV QRV MRUQDLV GDV ~OWLPDV VHPDQDV ± SDUD TXH HVTXHFHVVH
 QXPD JDYHWD TXDOTXHU R SURFHVVR FRQWUD DV FRPSDQKLDV SHWUROtIHUDV ( HP  FKDPDGR D 3DULV SDUD
XPDUHXQLmRGHGR]HKRUDVQR0LQLVWpULRGD-XVWLoDIRLREULJDGRDHQWUHJDUDVHXVVXSHULRUHVRSURFHVVR
±TXHORJRGHSRLVREYLDPHQWHVHH[WUDYLRX
3DUD GHVJUDoD GR 0LQLVWpULR SRUpP RV DXWRV IRUDP PLUDFXORVDPHQWH HQFRQWUDGRV TXDWUR PHVHV
GHSRLV3LRUDLQGDYROWDUDPjVPmRVGRPHVPR&HFFDOGLJUDoDVjLQWHUYHQomRGRSUHIHLWRVRFLDOLVWDGH
0DUVHOKD*DVWRQ'HIHUUH$RPHVPRWHPSRFRQWLQXDQGRVHXWUDEDOKR&HFFDOGLQmRWDUGRXDFRQYRFDU
SDUD GHSRU  GLULJHQWHV GDV PDLRUHV HPSUHVDV SHWUROtIHUDV LQWHUQDFLRQDLV DFXVDGDV GH DEXVR GH SRGHU
HFRQ{PLFR 1HVVDV FRQGLo}HV QDGD PDLV QDWXUDO TXH XP GLD VH YLVVH WUDQVIHULGR GH 0DUVHOKD SDUD XP
RXWUROXJDU
2EULJDGRQDVHPDQDSDVVDGDDDFHLWDUDLQpGLWDKXPLOKDomRGHXPDJUHYH±LQWHLUDPHQWHLOHJDO±GRV
MXt]HV R 0LQLVWUR GD -XVWLoD -HDQ /HFDQXHW SDUHFLD LQFOLQDGR D WHQWDU XPD VROXomR GH FRPSURPLVVR
&HFFDOGL VHULD HIHWLYDPHQWH UHPRYLGR GH 0DUVHOKD PDV SRGHULD HVFROKHU D SURPRomR TXH EHP
HQWHQGHVVH HP TXDOTXHU OXJDU GD )UDQoD LQFOXVLYH 3DULV 6H QmR DFHLWDVVH UHVWDULD DSHQDV R UHFXUVR
GHILQLWLYR GH DPHDoiOR FRP DOJXPD UHPRWD SRVVHVVmR IUDQFHVD GH DOpPPDU (P TXDOTXHU KLSyWHVH
SRUpPDVIRUoDVTXHSUHVVLRQDUDPSRUVHXDIDVWDPHQWRWHUmRWULXQIDGR

2FDVR&HFFDOGLFRORFDHPGHVWDTXHYiULRVDVSHFWRVGDIXQomRGHMXOJDUTXHPHUHFHPHVSHFLDODWHQomR
$ MXVWLoD GHYH VHU GLVWULEXtGD GH IRUPD LPSDUFLDO LQGHSHQGHQWHPHQWH GH TXHP HVWHMD QRV SRORV GD UHODomR
MXUtGLFD SURFHVVXDO DVVHJXUDQGRVH R SOHQR H[HUFtFLR GH TXDOTXHU GLUHLWR D WRGR DTXHOH TXH HIHWLYDPHQWH R
WLYHUGHDFRUGRFRPDRUGHPMXUtGLFDH[LVWHQWH
$FRQWHFH HQWUHWDQWR TXH QHP VHPSUH RV SUDWRV GD EDODQoD GD MXVWLoD WrP SHVR LJXDO ¬V YH]HV GH XP
ODGR GD GHPDQGD HVWi DOJXpP LQIOXHQWH SROtWLFD RX HFRQRPLFDPHQWH SRGHURVR FDSD] GH IRUoDU XPD GHFLVmR
IDYRUiYHODLQGDTXHRGLUHLWROKHVHMDWRWDOPHQWHFRQWUiULR(YLGHQWHTXHVHHVVDSUHVVmRSXGHUVHUIHLWDVREUH
RMXOJDGRUDMXVWLoDQmRSDVVDUiGHXPDIDUVDHWRGDDRUGHPMXUtGLFDILFDUiFRPSURPHWLGD
3DUDTXHDRLQWHUSUHWDUHDSOLFDUDOHLRMXL]SRVVDID]rORHPVmFRQVFLrQFLDLQGLVSHQViYHOpSRUWDQWR
TXH VH DFKH OLEHUWR GH TXDOTXHU SUHVVmR TXH SHUPDQHoD LQWRFiYHO D TXDOTXHU FRDomR 2V GHPDLV SRGHUHV
HVWDWDLVQmRSRGHPWHUVHTXHUDSRVVLELOLGDGHGHH[HUFHUXPDDWXDomRLQGHYLGDQDyUELWDHPTXHRPDJLVWUDGR
DWXD 1HQKXPD DXWRULGDGH RX SRWHQWDGR SRGHUi WHU PHLRV GH LQWLPLGiOR RX GH QRUWHDU PHVPR GH ORQJH H
YHODGDPHQWHDVXDFRQGXWD
3RU RXWUR ODGR R -XGLFLiULR p XP SRGHU GHVDUPDGR VHP DSDUDWR PDWHULDO SDUD ID]HU FXPSULU VXDV
GHFLV}HV PXLWR HPERUD WHQKDP HODV TXH SUHYDOHFHU VREUH D GHFLVmR GH TXDOTXHU RXWUD DXWRULGDGH DLQGD TXH
VHMDR3UHVLGHQWHGD5HS~EOLFDRXR*RYHUQDGRUGR(VWDGR
6XUJHHQWmRDTXHVWmR
&RPR SURSLFLDU DR -XGLFLiULR DV FRQGLo}HV QHFHVViULDV SDUD MXOJDU FRP LPSDUFLDOLGDGH H GDU jV VXDV
GHFLV}HVDIRUoDLQGLVSHQViYHOSDUDTXHVHMDPFXPSULGDV"
$IRUoDGR-XGLFLiULRQR%UDVLOHVXDLQGHSHQGrQFLDFRPR3RGHUYrPGDVJDUDQWLDVTXHD&RQVWLWXLomR
OKH FRQIHUH (VVDV JDUDQWLDV FRQVXEVWDQFLDGDV QD YLWDOLFLHGDGH QD LQDPRYLELOLGDGH H QD LUUHGXWLELOLGDGH GH
YHQFLPHQWRVQmRVmRSDUDIDYRUHFHURMXL]SULYLOpJLRVRXUHJDOLDVGDPDJLVWUDWXUDFRPRPXLWRVSHQVDPPDV
VLP SDUD WRUQDU HIHWLYD H HILFLHQWH D IXQomR GH MXOJDU 9LVDP DFLPD GH WXGR SHOR VHX FRQWH~GR H SHOD VXD
ILQDOLGDGH D IRUWDOHFHU D LQGHSHQGrQFLD IXQFLRQDO GR 3RGHU -XGLFLiULR EHP FRPR D LQWHJULGDGH GR UHJLPH
GHPRFUiWLFR
(PVXDDSOLFDomRQDYLGDFRWLGLDQD³HVVDVJDUDQWLDVWUDGX]HPDLQGHSHQGrQFLDGHRUGHPSROtWLFDTXHR
MXL]GHYHDXIHULU(VWDLQGHSHQGrQFLDDVHXWXUQRUHSUHVHQWDRDOLFHUFHVREUHRTXDOVHHULJHDLQGHSHQGrQFLD
MXUtGLFD GR MXL] FRQVRDQWH D TXDO QR H[HUFtFLR GH VXDV DWULEXLo}HV HOH QmR VH GHYH VXEPHWHU D QHQKXPD
DXWRULGDGH QmR VH GHYH VXERUGLQDU D QHQKXP SRGHU VDOYR j IRUoD H DR SUHVWtJLR GD SUySULD /HL´
586620$125RVDKLições de direito constitucionalS

69. A VITALICIEDADE

2 MXL] HP SULQFtSLR QmR SRGH SHUGHU R FDUJR D QmR VHU SRU GHFLVmR MXGLFLDO ,VWR TXHU GL]HU TXH HP
KLSyWHVH DOJXPD R FKHIH GR ([HFXWLYR )HGHUDO RX (VWDGXDO 3UHVLGHQWH GD 5HS~EOLFD RX *RYHUQDGRU SRGH
GHPLWLUXPPDJLVWUDGRPXLWRHPERUDSRVVDID]HULVVRFRPUHODomRDTXDOTXHUIXQFLRQiULRS~EOLFRDLQGDTXH
HVWiYHOGHVGHTXHQHVWH~OWLPRFDVRDGHPLVVmRVHMDSUHFHGLGDGHLQTXpULWRDGPLQLVWUDWLYRSDUDDSXUDUIDOWD
JUDYH
7UDWDQGRVH GH MXL] VRPHQWH R 7ULEXQDO D TXH R PHVPR HVWLYHU YLQFXODGR DLQGD DVVLP SRU GHFLVmR GH
GRLVWHUoRVGRVPHPEURVSRGHUiGHFUHWDUDSHUGDGRFDUJR
$SyV D (PHQGD &RQVWLWXFLRQDO Q  GH DEULO GH  H D /HL 2UJkQLFD GD 0DJLVWUDWXUD /HL
&RPSOHPHQWDU Q  GH  D YLWDOLFLHGDGH ILFRX XP SRXFR PDLV OLPLWDGD YLVWR TXH SDVVRX D VHU
DGTXLULGDVRPHQWHGHSRLVGHGRLVDQRVGHH[HUFtFLRGDPDJLVWUDWXUDHVWiJLRFRQILUPDWyULRHDVKLSyWHVHVGH
SHUGD GR FDUJR WRUQDUDPVH PDLV QXPHURVDV 'H DFRUGR FRP R DUW  ,, OHWUDV a H c GD UHIHULGD OHL R
PDJLVWUDGR SRGH SHUGHU R FDUJR HP YLUWXGH GR H[HUFtFLR GH TXDOTXHU RXWUD IXQomR VDOYR XP FDUJR GH
PDJLVWpULR VXSHULRU UHFHELPHQWR D TXDOTXHU WtWXOR GH SHUFHQWDJHQV RX FXVWDV QRV SURFHVVRV GH VXD
FRPSHWrQFLDHRH[HUFtFLRGHDWLYLGDGHSROtWLFRSDUWLGiULD$&RQVWLWXLomRGHGLVS}HQRPHVPRVHQWLGR±
DUWV9,,,,HSDUiJUDIR~QLFR

69.1. O objetivo da vitaliciedade

$UD]mRRXREMHWLYRGDYLWDOLFLHGDGHpGDUDRPDJLVWUDGRDVHJXUDQoDHWUDQTXLOLGDGHQHFHVViULDVSDUDTXH
SRVVD MXOJDU VHP VRIUHU TXDOTXHU SUHVVmR TXDQWR DR VHX FDUJR 6HJXUR HVWi R MXL] GH TXH SRU MXOJDU FRP
LPSDUFLDOLGDGH H KRQHVWLGDGH VHMD D VXD GHFLVmR FRQWUD TXHP IRU MDPDLV YLUi D SHUGHU R FDUJR 1LQJXpP
SRGHUiDPHDoiORSRUVHUFRUUHWRHILHOQRH[HUFtFLRGDVXDIXQomR
$LPSRUWkQFLDGHVVDJDUDQWLDSRGHVHUFRQVWDWDGDSRUFRQWUDVWHQRIDWRGHFHUWDVDXWRULGDGHVGRVPDLV
HOHYDGRV HVFDO}HV LQWHJUDQWHV GH RXWURV SRGHUHV VXEPHWHUHPVH D WRGDV DV RUGHQV RX GHFLV}HV GRV VHXV
VXSHULRUHV KLHUiUTXLFRV SRU PDLV DEVXUGDV RX DUELWUiULDV TXH VHMDP VLPSOHVPHQWH SDUD QmR SHUGHUHP R
FKDPDGR³FDUJRGHFRQILDQoD´6HLVVRSXGHVVHRFRUUHUFRPR-XGLFLiULRYROWDUtDPRVDRVWHPSRVPHGLHYDLVH
DMXVWLoDQmRIXQFLRQDULD

70. A INAMOVIBILIDADE

2 MXL] QmR SRGH VHU UHPRYLGR FRPSXOVRULDPHQWH GH VXD VHGH GH DWLYLGDGH FRPDUFD H YDUD VDOYR SRU
PRWLYRGHLQWHUHVVHS~EOLFRHSHORYRWRGHGRLVWHUoRVGRVPHPEURVGRVHX7ULEXQDO
6LJQLILFD GL]HU TXH R PDJLVWUDGR GLIHUHQWHPHQWH GH TXDOTXHU RXWUR IXQFLRQiULR S~EOLFR QmR SRGH VHU
WUDQVIHULGR GR OXJDU RQGH H[HUFH DV VXDV IXQo}HV 1HP PHVPR p REULJDGR D DFHLWDU XPD SURPRomR TXH
LPSOLTXH HP VXD WUDQVIHUrQFLD $ UHPRomR GR MXL] VDOYR QD KLSyWHVH GH LQWHUHVVH S~EOLFR Vy SRGH RFRUUHU
FRPRVHXDVVHQWLPHQWRH[SUHVVDPHQWHPDQLIHVWDGR
7DO FRPR D YLWDOLFLHGDGH D LQDPRYLELOLGDGH GHVWLQDVH D JDUDQWLU R H[HUFtFLR GD IXQomR GH MXOJDU ¬V
YH]HV D WUDQVIHUrQFLD GH XPD FLGDGH SDUD RXWUD RX GD FDSLWDO SDUD R LQWHULRU VLJQLILFD FDVWLJR WmR YLROHQWR
TXDQWR XPD GHPLVVmR 2 MXL] QRUPDOPHQWH FRPHoD D VXD FDUUHLUD QDV SHTXHQDV H ORQJtQTXDV FRPDUFDV GR
LQWHULRUHSDVVDDQRVHDQRVDWpFKHJDUjVFRPDUFDVGHHQWUkQFLDPDLVHOHYDGDRXjFDSLWDO6HIRVVHSRVVtYHO
SUHVVLRQiORFRPXPDWUDQVIHUrQFLDFRPSXOVyULDSDUDTXHYLHVVHDMXOJDUGHVVDRXGDTXHODIRUPDRXSUHPLDU
RXWUR FRP D UHPRomR SDUD XP OXJDU PHOKRU FRPR PHLR GH REWHU XPD GHFLVmR IDYRUiYHO DFDEDULDP D
VHJXUDQoDDWUDQTXLOLGDGHHDLPSDUFLDOLGDGHGRPDJLVWUDGRFRPIDWDLVVHTXHODVSDUDDVRFLHGDGH$MXVWLoD
SDVVDULD D VHU XPD EDUJDQKD GH OXJDUHV VHPSUH RFXSDQGR RV PHOKRUHV H PDLV HOHYDGRV SRVWRV RV TXH PDLV
GLVSRVWRV HVWLYHVVHP D ID]HU WXGR R TXH R ³SDWUmR´ RUGHQDU H QmR D OHL FRPR VyL DFRQWHFHU HP RXWURV
VHJPHQWRVGDDGPLQLVWUDomR

71. A IRREDUTIBILIDADE DE VENCIMENTOS

2VYHQFLPHQWRVGRVPDJLVWUDGRVQmRSRGHPVHUUHGX]LGRVPXLWRHPERUDHVWHMDPVXMHLWRVDRVLPSRVWRV
JHUDLVHH[WUDRUGLQiULRV$SDUWLUGD&RQVWLWXLomRGHRVYHQFLPHQWRVGRIXQFLRQDOLVPRHPJHUDOSDVVDUDP
WDPEpPDVHULUUHGXWtYHLV
&RP UHODomR DRV PDJLVWUDGRV D LUUHGXWLELOLGDGH WHP SRU REMHWLYR QmR VXMHLWiORV D TXDOTXHU WLSR GH
SUHVVmRHFRQ{PLFDXPDGDVIRUPDVPDLVHILFD]HVGHWLUDUDVHJXUDQoDHLQGHSHQGrQFLDGHTXHPTXHUTXHVHMD
7RGRVRVTXHH[HUFHP³IXQomRJUDWLILFDGD´VDEHPSHUIHLWDPHQWHDTXHXPVHUYLGRUS~EOLFRVHVXMHLWDSDUDQmR
SHUGHUDJUDWLILFDomRjVYH]HVPDLRUTXHRVSUySULRVYHQFLPHQWRVHTXHMiSDVVRXDLQWHJUDURVHXRUoDPHQWR
1HVVHSDUWLFXODUHQWUHWDQWRFXPSUHDVVLQDODUTXHDLQIODomRSRGHID]HUGDLUUHGXWLELOLGDGHXPDJDUDQWLD
WRWDOPHQWH LUULVyULD VH RV YHQFLPHQWRV GRV PDJLVWUDGRV QmR IRUHP FRUULJLGRV PRQHWDULDPHQWH QRV PHVPRV
tQGLFHVLQIODFLRQiULRV1XPSDtVLQIODFLRQiULRFRPRRQRVVRDWpEHPSRXFRWHPSRHVSHUDPRVTXHQmRYROWHD
VrOREDVWDUiTXHQmRVHFRUULMDDGHTXDGDPHQWHRVYHQFLPHQWRVGRVMXt]HVSDUDTXHHPSRXFRVDQRVHVWHMDP
FRPRVVDOiULRVDYLOWDGRVQXPDFRPSOHWDGHSHQGrQFLDHFRQ{PLFDGR([HFXWLYR
1HFHVViULRVHID]WDPEpPSDUDTXHRMXL]QmRVRIUDSUHVV}HVHFRQ{PLFDVTXHVHXVYHQFLPHQWRVVHMDP
FRPSDWtYHLV FRP DV HOHYDGDV IXQo}HV TXH H[HUFH H D SHVDGD UHVSRQVDELOLGDGH TXH VREUH HOH SHVD SRLV FDVR
FRQWUiULR QDGD VLJQLILFDUi D LUUHGXWLELOLGDGH VLPSOHVPHQWH SRU VHU LQyFXR SURLELU UHGX]LU R TXH Mi QDVFHX
UHGX]LGR
5HVXPLQGR WRGDV DV FRQVLGHUDo}HV DWUiV H[SHQGLGDV SRGHUtDPRV FRQFOXLU FRP DV SDODYUDV GR 0LQLVWUR
&DUORV 0iULR 9HOORVR ³2 MXL] EUDVLOHLUR WHP WXGR SDUD MXOJDU GH DFRUGR FRP VXD FRQVFLrQFLD SRLV WHP
LQGHSHQGrQFLDLQDPRYLELOLGDGHHLUUHGXWLELOLGDGHVDODULDO1R%UDVLORMXL]TXHVHYHUJDDLQWHUHVVHVRID]QmR
SRUIDOWDGHJDUDQWLDVPDVSRUIDOWDGHFDUiWHU´O Globo
1mR VH SRGH SHUGHU GH YLVWD HQWUHWDQWR TXH DV JDUDQWLDV FRQVWLWXFLRQDLV GRV PDJLVWUDGRV GHVWLQDPVH
HP~OWLPDLQVWkQFLDDDVVHJXUDUDLQGHSHQGrQFLDGR-XGLFLiULRVHQGRHVWDSRUVXDYH]XPDQHFHVVLGDGHGD
OLEHUGDGH LQGLYLGXDO FRQGLomR LQGLVSHQViYHO j SURWHomR GRV GLUHLWRV KXPDQRV H j LQWHJUDOLGDGH GR SUySULR
UHJLPHGHPRFUiWLFR2SURIHVVRU'DOPRGH$EUHX'DODULHPVXDSUHFLRVDREUDO poder dos juízes(GLWRUD
6DUDLYD  DFHQWXD ³/RQJH GH VHU XP SULYLOpJLR SDUD RV MXt]HV D LQGHSHQGrQFLD GD PDJLVWUDWXUD p
QHFHVViULD SDUD R SRYR TXH SUHFLVD GH MXt]HV LPSDUFLDLV SDUD KDUPRQL]DomR SDFtILFD H MXVWD GRV FRQIOLWRV GH
GLUHLWR$ULJRUSRGHVHDILUPDUTXHRVMXt]HVWrPREULJDomRGHGHIHQGHUVXDLQGHSHQGrQFLDSRLVVHPHVWDD
DWLYLGDGHMXULVGLFLRQDOSRGHIDFLOPHQWHVHUUHGX]LGDDXPDIDUVDXPDIDFKDGDQREUHSDUDRFXOWDUGRSRYRD
UHDOLGDGH GDV GLVFULPLQDo}HV H GDV LQMXVWLoDV´ $ LVWR DFUHVFHQWRX R MXULVWD 5D\PXQGR )DRUR TXDQGR DLQGD
SUHVLGHQWH GD 2$% ³2 PDLRU ULVFR j LQWHJULGDGH GR -XGLFLiULR VHUi FRQYHUWrOR HP RUJDQL]DomR EXURFUiWLFD
DLQGDTXHPDQWLGDDDSDUrQFLDGHDSDUHOKDPHQWRFRQVWLWXFLRQDO(OHFRQVHUYDUiDSHFXOLDULGDGHPDVSHUGHUiD
DXWRQRPLDHDSURHPLQrQFLDDUELWUDOSDUDUHSUHVHQWDULQWHUHVVHVTXHHVVDSUySULDHVWUXWXUDRUJDQL]DFLRQDOOKH
LQIXQGLUi´
$IDOWDGHLQGHSHQGrQFLDGDPDJLVWUDWXUDWUD]FRQVHTXrQFLDVGHVDVWURVDVSDUDDOLEHUGDGHLQGLYLGXDOSDUD
D SURWHomR GRV GLUHLWRV KXPDQRV HQILP SDUD D LQWHJUDOLGDGH GR SUySULR UHJLPH GHPRFUiWLFR FRPR EHP
GHPRQVWUDPIDWRVUHFHQWHVRFRUULGRVHPSDtVHVYL]LQKRV
1D9HQH]XHODDMXt]D0DULD/RXUGHV$ILXQLIRLSUHVDGH]HPEURGHPHLDKRUDGHSRLVGHFRQFHGHU
OLEHUGDGH DR EDQTXHLUR (OLJLR &HGpULR XP H[DOLDGR GR JRYHUQR DFXVDGR GH IUDXGDU R VLVWHPD GH FkPELR
Folha de S. Paulo±$³6RXXPDSULVLRQHLUDGH+XJR&KiYH]GHFODURXDMXt]D1mRWHQKR
QHQKXP DUUHSHQGLPHQWR GH WHU GLWDGR D PHGLGD FDXWHODU GH OLEHUGDGH GH (OL]LR &HGpULR +DYLD XP DWUDVR QR
SURFHVVR H D OHL GL] TXH TXDQGR QmR Ki MXOJDPHQWR SRU FXOSD GR VLVWHPD MXGLFLDO R DFXVDGR QmR SRGH ILFDU
GHWLGRPDLVGHPHVHV(OHHVWDYDSUHVRKDYLDWUrVDQRV'HLDRUGHPGHOLEHUGDGHHPHLDKRUDGHSRLV
HVWDYD SUHVD )LFRX HYLGHQWH TXH HOH HUD XP SULVLRQHLUR SROtWLFR H DJRUD HX VRX PDLV XPD  PXLWRV
DGYRJDGRV TXH YrP PH YLVLWDU GL]HP que  desde  que  fui  presa,  nenhum  juiz  quer  tomar  uma  decisão  por
temor de represália´
2XWURH[HPSORTXHQRVYHPGR(TXDGRU
(P MDQHLUR GH  TXDQGR DQXQFLRX D LQWHQomR GH LPSOHPHQWDU SURIXQGDV UHIRUPDV QR -XGLFLiULR R
SUHVLGHQWH GR (TXDGRU 5DIDHO &RUUHD DVVHJXURX TXH SUHWHQGLD ³FRORFDU DV PmRV QR VLVWHPD MXGLFLDO SDUD
PHOKRUDUWULEXQDLVFRPRVTXDLVQLQJXpPSRGHHVWDUVDWLVIHLWR´&RUUHDYHQFHXXPDFRQVXOWDSRSXODUHPPDLR
H FXPSULX j ULVFD VXD SURPHVVD HP  GH VHWHPEUR GH  R SUHVLGHQWH GHFUHWRX HVWDGR GH H[FHomR QR
-XGLFLiULR SRU  GLDV SURUURJiYHLV SRU PDLV  2 JRYHUQR HTXDWRULDQR DOHJRX TXH D PHGLGD SHUPLWLUi
DJLOL]DU R SURFHVVR GD UHHVWUXWXUDomR GD -XVWLoD 0DV QD YLVmR GH FRQJUHVVLWDV GD EDQFDGD RSRVLWRUD H GH
LPSRUWDQWHVDQDOLVWDVSROtWLFRVGRSDtVRYHUGDGHLURREMHWLYRGH&RUUHDpDPSOLDUDFRQFHQWUDomRGHSRGHUHP
VXDVPmRVHFRQVWUXLUXP-XGLFLiULRSOHQDPHQWHLGHQWLILFDGRFRPVHXSURMHWRGHJRYHUQR
³7HPRVDVHQVDomRGHTXH&RUUHDHVWiOLGHUDQGRXPSURFHVVRUHYROXFLRQiULRHQmRGHDSURIXQGDPHQWR
GDGHPRFUDFLD´±RSLQD6LPyQ3DFKDQRFRRUGHQDGRUGH(VWXGRV3ROtWLFRVGD)DFXOGDGH/DWLQRDPHULFDQDGH
&LrQFLDV6RFLDLV)ODFVRO Globo
0HVHV GHSRLV HP IHYHUHLUR GH  QRYRV IDWRV UHYHODUDP D YHUGDGHLUD ILQDOLGDGH GD DOHJDGD
UHHVWUXWXUDomR GR MXGLFLiULR ³/,%(5'$'( '( ,035(16$ &21'(1$'$ 12 (48$'25 7ULEXQDO
UHQRYDGR SRU &RUUHD PXOWD MRUQDO HP 86  PLOK}HV H GHFUHWD SULVmR GH GRQRV SRU HGLWRULDO TXH FKDPRX
SUHVLGHQWHGHGLWDGRU´O Globo
3URVVHJXHDQRWtFLD1R(TXDGRU³LQM~ULD´DR3UHVLGHQWHGD5HS~EOLFDpSXQLGDFRPWUrVDQRVGHSULVmR
SDUDRMRUQDOLVWDHRVGRQRVGRYHtFXORTXHVXSRVWDPHQWHDFRPHWHXQRFDVRGR³(O8QLYHUVR´DFUHVFLGDGH
PXOWDV GH 86  PLOK}HV $ VHQWHQoD IRL DQXQFLDGD SHOR WULEXQDO VXSHULRU HPSRVVDGR Ki DSHQDV WUrV
VHPDQDVSHORSUHVLGHQWH5DIDHO&RUUHDTXHUHHVWUXWXURX±OHLDVHGRPHVWLFRX±R-XGLFLiULR
³eRFULPHSHUIHLWRSXQHVHSHODYLDIRUPDOGR-XGLFLiULRGHIRUPDDLQYLDELOL]DUDHPSUHVDMRUQDOtVWLFD
( QmR FDEH PDLV UHFXUVR DRV WULEXQDLV 2 DWR VHUYH GH PDUFR GR LQtFLR HIHWLYR GH XP UHJLPH DXWRULWiULR QR
SDtV&ODUDPHQWHDGHFLVmRMXGLFLDOpDFRQILUPDomRGHTXHQR(TXDGRUDFDERXDOLEHUGDGHGHLPSUHQVDGHTXH
R3RGHU-XGLFLiULRHVWiVXEPHWLGRDRSUHVLGHQWHGD5HS~EOLFDHGHTXHRJRYHUQRGR(TXDGRUTXHFKHJRXDR
SRGHU SRU YLDV GHPRFUiWLFDV VH WUDQVIRUPRX HP XP JRYHUQR QmR GHPRFUiWLFR´ ± UHDJLX &ODXGLR 3DROLOOR
GLUHWRUUHJLRQDOGD6RFLHGDGH,QWHUDPHULFDQDGH,PSUHQVD6,3
%ROtYLDH$UJHQWLQDVHJXHPQRPHVPRSDGUmRGHFRQWUROHGR-XGLFLiULR2&RQJUHVVRDUJHQWLQRDSURYRX
UHFHQWHPHQWHVHLVSURMHWRVGHOHLGRJRYHUQRDSUHWH[WRGHUHIRUPDUD-XVWLoD8PGHOHVDPSOLDGH
SDUDRQ~PHURGHLQWHJUDQWHVGR&RQVHOKRGD0DJLVWUDWXUDHQFDUUHJDGRGHGHVLJQDUMXt]HVHILVFDOL]DUVXD
DWXDomR Os  novos  juízes  serão  escolhidos  pelo  voto  popular,  nas  mesmas  listas  de  candidatos  a
deputados e senadores,RTXHpXPUHWURFHVVRSDUDSHUPLWLUTXHDVGHFLV}HVVHMDPWRPDGDVSHORYLpVSROtWLFR
HVHPSUHIDYRUiYHODRJRYHUQR
(P FRQWUDSDUWLGD R -XGLFLiULR EUDVLOHLUR DWLQJLX XP DOWR QtYHO GH SUHVWtJLR LQWHUQDFLRQDO JUDoDV j VXD
LQGHSHQGrQFLDHLPSDUFLDOLGDGHGLDQWHGRSRGHUSROtWLFR
&DUORV 6DQWLVR GRXWRU HP HFRQRPLD SROtWLFD FRPSDUDGD SHOD (VFROD GH (VWXGRV ,QWHUQDFLRQDLV
$YDQoDGRV GD 8QLYHUVLGDGH -RKQV +RSNLQV GH :DVKLQJWRQ (VWDGRV 8QLGRV HP WUDEDOKR DSUHVHQWDGR QR
9,,,&RQJUHVVR,QWHUQDFLRQDOGR&HQWUR/DWLQRGH$GPLQLVWUDomRSDUDR'HVHQYROYLPHQWR&/$'UHDOL]DGR
QR3DQDPiUHFRQKHFHTXHD&RQVWLWXLomRGHHVWHQGHXXPSRGHUHXPDLQGHSHQGrQFLDVHPSUHFHGHQWHV
SDUD DV DXWRULGDGHV MXGLFLDLV EUDVLOHLUDV H TXH D FUHGLELOLGDGH GR MXGLFLiULR EUDVLOHLUR H D FRQILDELOLGDGH GH
VXDVGHFLV}HVGHFRUUHPHPJUDQGHSDUWHGHVVDLQGHSHQGrQFLDGLDQWHGRSRGHUSROtWLFR
1DDEHUWXUDGRDQRMXGLFLiULRGHR0LQLVWUR$UL3DUJHQGOHUHQWmR3UHVLGHQWHGR6XSHULRU7ULEXQDO
GH-XVWLoDUHODWRXTXHD-XVWLoDEUDVLOHLUDDWLQJLXXPQtYHOGHSUHVWtJLRLQWHUQDFLRQDOQXQFDDQWHVGHVIUXWDGR
JUDoDVDRVHXDOWRJUDXGHLQGHSHQGrQFLDHLPSDUFLDOLGDGHGDVGHFLV}HVFRQIRUPHFRQVWDWRXHPVHPLQiULRVH
FRQJUHVVRVLQWHUQDFLRQDLVGRVTXDLVSDUWLFLSRX
1RHQWHQGHUGR0LQLVWUR³DLPDJHPGR3RGHU-XGLFLiULREUDVLOHLURQRH[WHULRUpXPDSURMHomRGDQRVVD
&RQVWLWXLomRHGDVOHLVGRSDtV2-XGLFLiULRGR%UDVLOpRUJDQL]DGRVRERVPHOKRUHVSULQFtSLRVDTXHOHVTXH
JDUDQWHP DR MXL] D LQGHSHQGrQFLD H D LPSDUFLDOLGDGH 3DUD TXH HVVHV YDORUHV VHMDP SURWHJLGRV RV MXt]HV
EUDVLOHLURV JR]DP GH WRGDV DV JDUDQWLDV H LVVR UHDOPHQWH VH UHIOHWH QD VXD DWXDomR H FRQVHTXHQWHPHQWH QD
LPDJHPTXHHOHVWrPQRH[WHULRU´
2 PHOKRU H[HPSOR GH TXH D -XVWLoD EUDVLOHLUD IXQFLRQD GH IRUPD LQGHSHQGHQWH GRV GHPDLV SRGHUHV p R
WUDEDOKRTXHR6XSUHPR7ULEXQDO)HGHUDOUHDOL]RXQRcaso do mensalão$QRVVDPDLVDOWD&RUWHMXOJRXFRP
YLJRURVR H WpFQLFR GHEDWH JDUDQWLQGR DPSOR GLUHLWR GH GHIHVD LPSRUWDQWHV ILJXUDV GR FDPSR SROtWLFR TXH VH
HQFRQWUDP QR SRGHU &RQGHQRXVH TXDQGR QHFHVViULR VHP TXH LVVR UHSUHVHQWDVVH DPHDoD j HVWDELOLGDGH
LQVWLWXFLRQDO

72. O MINISTÉRIO PÚBLICO, A DEFENSORIA PÚBLICA E O ADVOGADO

 $OpPGRVPDJLVWUDGRVRXWURVHOHPHQWRVKXPDQRVDWXDPQDRUGHPMXUtGLFDPHUHFHQGRUHDOGHVWDTXHR
0LQLVWpULR 3~EOLFR D 'HIHQVRULD 3~EOLFD H R $GYRJDGR VHP RV TXDLV QmR VH SRGH ID]HU XPD ERD H UHJXODU
GLVWULEXLomRGDMXVWLoD2REMHWRGHVWHVLQJHORWUDEDOKRQmRFRPSRUWDPDLRUHVFRQVLGHUDo}HVDUHVSHLWRUD]mR
SHOD TXDO OLPLWDPRQRV D GL]HU TXH WRGDV DV TXHVW}HV OHYDQWDGDV HP WRUQR GR -XGLFLiULR VmR WDPEpP
SHUWLQHQWHVDRVGHPDLVLQVWUXPHQWRVKXPDQRVTXHDWXDPQDRUGHPMXUtGLFDHPHUHFHPLGrQWLFDDWHQomR
&RPUHODomRDR0LQLVWpULR3~EOLFREDVWDOHPEUDUTXHDVXDIXQomRpDOWDPHQWHVRFLDOSRLVpRDGYRJDGR
GDVRFLHGDGHRGHIHQVRUGRVVHXVGLUHLWRVTXDQGRQmRDWXDFRPRVLPSOHVILVFDOGDOHL5HYHVWHVHSRUWDQWR
GD PDLRU LPSRUWkQFLD VRFLDO HVWDEHOHFHU DV VXDV SUHUURJDWLYDV RX JDUDQWLDV OHJDLV SDUD TXH SRVVD DWXDU
WDPEpPFRPVHJXUDQoDHLQGHSHQGrQFLDPHVPRTXHFRQWUDRVSRGHURVRVHLQIOXHQWHVDIRUPDGHVHOHFLRQDU
RVVHXVPHPEURVSDUDTXHVHMDPSUHSDUDGRVHILFLHQWHV
$ 'HIHQVRULD 3~EOLFD p RXWUD LQVWLWXLomR GD PDLRU UHOHYkQFLD SDUD D ERD DSOLFDomR GR GLUHLWR FXMD
H[LVWrQFLDWHPEDVHFRQVWLWXFLRQDO
&RP HIHLWR R LQFLVR /9 GR DUW ƒ GD &RQVWLWXLomR DVVHJXUD R FRQWUDGLWyULR H D DPSOD GHIHVD DRV
OLWLJDQWHV HP JHUDO HP SURFHVVR MXGLFLDO RX DGPLQLVWUDWLYR FRP RV PHLRV H UHFXUVRV D HOD LQHUHQWHV 6HP
G~YLGD D DVVLVWrQFLD MXGLFLiULD HVWi HQWUH HVVHV PHLRV H UHFXUVRV UD]mR SHOD TXDO QR LQFLVR /;;,9 GHVVH
PHVPR DUWLJR D &RQVWLWXLomR LPS}H DR (VWDGR R GHYHU GH SUHVWDU DVVLVWrQFLD MXUtGLFD LQWHJUDO H JUDWXLWD DRV
TXHSURYDUHPLQVXILFLrQFLDGHUHFXUVRV3RUILPRDUWGDPHVPD&RQVWLWXLomRHVWLSXODTXHj'HIHQVRULD
3~EOLFD FRPR LQVWLWXLomR HVVHQFLDO j IXQomR MXULVGLFLRQDO GR (VWDGR LQFXPEHP D RULHQWDomR MXUtGLFD H D
GHIHVDHPWRGRVRVJUDXVGRVQHFHVVLWDGRVQDIRUPDGRDUWƒ/;;,9
2(VWDGRGR5LRGH-DQHLURIRLRSULPHLURDRUJDQL]DUD'HIHQVRULD3~EOLFDFXMDHVWUXWXUDDGPLQLVWUDWLYD
WHPVHUYLGRGHPRGHORSDUDRXWURV(VWDGRV$GHVSHLWRGDVXDGLILFXOGDGHRUoDPHQWiULDHGDPiYRQWDGHGH
DOJXQVJRYHUQRVD'HIHQVRULD3~EOLFDGR5LRYHPSUHVWDQGRH[WUDRUGLQiULRVHUYLoRjVFRPXQLGDGHVFDUHQWHV
VHP R TXH R IXQFLRQDPHQWR GR -XGLFLiULR VHULD LPSRVVtYHO HP FHUWDV iUHDV H OXJDUHV &HUFD GH  GRV
SURFHVVRV GD iUHD FULPLQDO H  GDV YDUDV GH IDPtOLD VmR SDWURFLQDGRV SHOD 'HIHQVRULD 3~EOLFD 7HP HOD
DLQGD LPSRUWDQWH DWXDomR QD GHIHVD GRV GLUHLWRV KXPDQRV H GRV FRQVXPLGRUHV DVVLVWrQFLD D FULDQoDV H
DGROHVFHQWHVYtWLPDVGHPDXVWUDWRVSRSXODomRFDUFHUiULD
/DPHQWDYHOPHQWH D 'HIHQVRULD 3~EOLFD QmR SDVVD GH XPD ILFomR HP QtYHO IHGHUDO $ GHIHVD GRV
QHFHVVLWDGRV p XPD WDUHID TXH D 8QLmR VHPSUH VH UHFXVRX D FXPSULU QmR REVWDQWH RV GLVSRVLWLYRV
FRQVWLWXFLRQDLV H[LVWHQWHV 2V HVWDGRV WDPEpP FRP UDUDV H[FHo}HV VHJXHP R PHVPR H[HPSOR RLWR QmR
FULDUDPGHIHQVRULDVHHPRXWURVHODVIXQFLRQDPSUHFDULDPHQWH(DtHVWiRXWUDJUDYHFDXVDGDPRURVLGDGHGD
MXVWLoD
2 0LQLVWUR &HOVR GH 0HOOR H[SUHVLGHQWH GR 6XSUHPR 7ULEXQDO )HGHUDO ODPHQWD R GHVLQWHUHVVH GR
SRGHU S~EOLFR SHOD 'HIHQVRULD 3~EOLFD 3DUD HOH p XP SDUDGR[R TXH D 8QLmR WHQKD FHOHEUDGR FRQYHQo}HV
LQWHUQDFLRQDLV FRP +RODQGD %pOJLFD H $UJHQWLQD SHODV TXDLV VH FRPSURPHWH D GDU DVVLVWrQFLD MXUtGLFD
JUDWXLWDDRVFLGDGmRVGHVVHVSDtVHVSRUPHLRGD'HIHQVRULD3~EOLFD3HODGHILFLrQFLDGHTXDGURVHODQmRWHP
FRQGLo}HVGHGHIHQGHUQHPRVLQWHUHVVHVGRVFLGDGmRVEUDVLOHLURVPDLVQHFHVVLWDGRVO Globo
)DODVHQRPRPHQWRTXHD'HIHQVRULD3~EOLFDpXPGRVLWHQVSULRULWiULRVGDUHIRUPDGR-XGLFLiULRRTXH
VHUiPXLWRERPGHVGHTXHDUHIRUPDQmRILTXHQRSDSHO$'HIHQVRULD3~EOLFDQmRIXQFLRQDPHOKRUSRUIDOWD
GHGLVSRVLomRSROtWLFDGR([HFXWLYRHHQWUDYHVEXURFUiWLFRV

73. O ENSINO SUPERIOR

4XDQWR DR DGYRJDGR WHPRV FRPR FHUWR TXH XPD GDV TXHVW}HV GH PDLRU UHOHYkQFLD GL] UHVSHLWR DR VHX
SUHSDURSURILVVLRQDO2HQVLQRGRGLUHLWRHPQRVVRSDtVWHPVLGRGXUDPHQWHFULWLFDGRQDV~OWLPDVGpFDGDVp
DWpDSRQWDGRFRPRRJUDQGHUHVSRQViYHOSHORUHEDL[DPHQWRGRQtYHOSURILVVLRQDOGDVFDUUHLUDVMXUtGLFDV-iIL]
SDUWHGHVVHJUXSRPDVKRMHSHQVRGLIHUHQWH$FULVHpPXLWRPDLVSURIXQGD
2 ([DPH 1DFLRQDO GH (QVLQR 0pGLR (1(0 FXMR UHVXOWDGR IRL GLYXOJDGR HP QRYHPEUR GH 
UHSURYRX R HQVLQR PpGLR QR SDtV 'RV  PLOK}HV GH HVWXGDQWHV TXH IL]HUDP R (1(0  WLYHUDP QRWDV
DEDL[RGHQXPDHVFDODGH]HURDFHP0HQRVGHGRVDOXQRVGDVHVFRODVS~EOLFDVFRQVHJXLXWLUDUPDLV
GHO Globo(RSUREOHPDMiYHPGRHQVLQRIXQGDPHQWDO$RFRQFOXLUDVpULHGRHQVLQR
IXQGDPHQWDO  GRV HVWXGDQWHV EUDVLOHLURV QmR FRQVHJXHP OHU PDLV GR TXH IUDVHV VLPSOHV 4XDQGR R
DVVXQWRpPDWHPiWLFDGHOHVPDOFRQVHJXHGHFLIUDUXPDRSHUDomRVLPSOHVGHVRPDURXVXEWUDLU6y
GRVDOXQRVHVWmRQRQtYHODGHTXDGRSDUDDVpULH(VVHpRGLDJQyVWLFRGDHGXFDomREUDVLOHLUDDSUHVHQWDGDSHOR
SUySULR0LQLVWpULRGD(GXFDomRFRPEDVHHPGDGRVGR6LVWHPDGH$YDOLDomRGR(QVLQR%iVLFR
GHVGH  (QWUH RV HVWXGDQWHV GH  VpULH  GRV TXH WLYHUDP DYDOLDo}HV FRQVLGHUDGDV PXLWR FUtWLFDV
HVWXGDPHPHVFRODVS~EOLFDV(QWUHRVTXHWLYHUDPUHVXOWDGRDGHTXDGRjVXDVpULHHVWDYDPHPHVFRODV
SULYDGDV 1R ILP GR HQVLQR IXQGDPHQWDO  GRV DOXQRV FRP DYDOLDomR DGHTXDGD HVWmR HP HVFRODV
SDUWLFXODUHV H  GDTXHOHV FRP resultados  muito  críticos HVWXGDP HP HVFRODV S~EOLFDV O  Globo

(VVH EDL[R GHVHPSHQKR GR QRVVR HQVLQR IXQGDPHQWDO H PpGLR SULQFLSDOPHQWH QDV HVFRODV S~EOLFDV
OHYRXDRXWURUHVXOWDGRDODUPDQWH2%UDVLOILFRXHP~OWLPROXJDUQR3LVD±3URJUDPD,QWHUQDFLRQDOGH
$YDOLDomR GH (VWXGDQWHV ± SHVTXLVD IHLWD HQWUH RV SDtVHV PHPEURV GD 2UJDQL]DomR SDUD D &RRSHUDomR H
'HVHQYROYLPHQWR (FRQ{PLFR TXH DQDOLVRX R QtYHO GH FRPSUHHQVmR OHLWRUD OHWUDPHQWR GH DOXQRV
VHFXQGDULVWDV GH  SDtVHV 2 %UDVLO FRPR Mi VDOLHQWDGR ILFRX HP ~OWLPR OXJDU DWUiV GR 0p[LFR H GD
/HW{QLD(PUHVXPRDPDLRULDGRVMRYHQVEUDVLOHLURVHQWUHHDQRVpanalfabeta funcionalVDEHOHUDV
SDODYUDVPDVpLQFDSD]GHGHFRGLILFDUVHXVVLJQLILFDGRV
1DYLVmRGDGRXWRUDHPHGXFDomR0DJGD6RDUHVFRQVLGHUDGDXPDGDVPDLRUHVDXWRULGDGHVGRDVVXQWRQD
$PpULFD /DWLQD H 3URIHVVRUD GD 8QLYHUVLGDGH GH 0LQDV *HUDLV D IRUPDomR GHILFLHQWH GRV SURIHVVRUHV p D
SULQFLSDOFDXVDGHVVHYH[DPH³$UDL]GRSUREOHPDHVWiQDVDODGHDXODRQGHDVFRLVDVDFRQWHFHPeOiTXHRV
SURIHVVRUHVWrPTXHGHVHQYROYHUQRVDOXQRVDVKDELOLGDGHVSDUDFRPSUHHQGHUWH[WRVHXWLOL]DUFRQKHFLPHQWRV
DGTXLULGRV2IRFRGHYHVHUHPFLPDGRVUHVSRQViYHLVSHODWUDQVPLVVmRGRFRQKHFLPHQWRRVSURIHVVRUHV2V
IDWRUHV FRQYHUJHP SDUD HVVH SRQWR FRPXP 'HYHVH LQYHVWLU QD IRUPDomR GRV HGXFDGRUHV SURPRYHU
FRQVWDQWHPHQWH FXUVRV GH DWXDOL]DomR H UHFLFODJHP DOpP GH LQFHQWLYDU HVVHV SURILVVLRQDLV FRP R SDJDPHQWR
GHVDOiULRVGLJQRVHMXVWRV´(QWUHYLVWDDRMRUQDOA Tarde6DOYDGRU
/DPHQWDYHOPHQWHQDGDPXGRXQRV~OWLPRVDQRVDWpSLRURXHPDOJXQVDVSHFWRV2VUHVXOWDGRVGRËQGLFH
GH 'HVHQYROYLPHQWR GD (GXFDomR %iVLFD ,GHE GLYXOJDGRV QR GLD  SHOR 0(& FRP GDGRV
UHODWLYRV DR HQVLQR IXQGDPHQWDO HP  PRVWURX XP TXDGUR SUHRFXSDQWH QD (GXFDomR +i XPD YLUWXDO
HVWDJQDomRGRVLQGLFDGRUHVHDWpPHVPRTXHGDQDHWDSDILQDOžDRžDQRVGHVVHPyGXORQRHQVLQRPpGLR
HVWH FRP tQGLFHV DLQGD PDLV GHVDQLPDGRUHV 2 SHUILO GR ,GHE SURMHWD D FKHJDGD jV IDFXOGDGHV GH XP JUDQGH
FRQWLQJHQWHGHHVWXGDQWHVFRPJUDYHVGHILFLrQFLDVQRDSUHQGL]DGR$VQRWDVGR,GHEFDtUDPQRHQVLQRPpGLR
HPUHGHVS~EOLFDVHVWDGXDLVGHSDUDGHPRGRTXHRTXHMiHUDUXLPILFRXDLQGDSLRUO Globo,

3RUVXDYH]R&HQVRGD(GXFDomR6XSHULRUUHODWLYRDRDQRGHUHJLVWURXXPDTXHGDGHTXDVHQR
Q~PHURGHDOXQRVTXHOHYDUDPDWpRILPVHXVHVWXGRVVXSHULRUHVHPUHODomRDRVGH]DQRVDQWHULRUHV
8P GRV PDLV JUDYHV SUREOHPDV DJRUD UHVVDOWDGRV SHOR ,GHE QmR p WDQWR D IDOWD GH UHFXUVRV PDV VLP a
má gestão da educação públicaYtWLPDHQWUHRXWURVIDWRUHVGHXPDGHVFRQWLQXLGDGHQDLPSOHPHQWDomRGH
SURJUDPDVGHHQVLQR1RV~OWLPRVDQRVWLYHPRVFLQFRPLQLVWURVGD(GXFDomRQHPWRGRVHVSHFLDOLVWDVQD
iUHD 9DOH GL]HU HPDQD GR SUySULR SRGHU FHQWUDO GR 0(& XP VHQVR GH GHVFRQWLQXLGDGH TXH VH UHIOHWH
WDPEpPQRVHVWDGRVHPXQLFtSLRV
(VWXGR GH DQDOLVWDV GR 7HVRXUR GL] TXH D LQHILFLrQFLD GH JHVWmR FRPSURPHWH  GDV YHUEDV SDUD R
HQVLQRO Globo³0HOKRUDUDHGXFDomRQmRpDSHQDVXPDTXHVWmRGHWHUGLQKHLURPDVGHVDEHU
FRPR XViOR 2V UHFXUVRV GHYHP VHJXLU QmR JXLDU >@ 5HFXUVRV H[WUDV QmR PHOKRUDP DXWRPDWLFDPHQWH D
TXDOLGDGH GR HQVLQR´ DGYHUWH 5LFKDUG 0XUQDQH HFRQRPLVWD H SURIHVVRU GD 8QLYHUVLGDGH GH +DUYDUG O
Globo,7DQWRpDVVLPTXHWHPRVHVFRODVQRLQWHULRUGRSDtVHPOXJDUHVH[WUHPDPHQWHSREUHV
TXHVmRPRGHORVGHTXDOLGDGHQDHGXFDomR6HUYHGHH[HPSORRPXQLFtSLRGH&RPHQGDGRU/HY\*DVSDULDQ
FRPSRXFRPDLVGHRLWRPLOKDELWDQWHVQR&HQWUR6XO)OXPLQHQVHTXHWHYHRPHOKRUGHVHPSHQKRGR(VWDGR
GR5LRGH-DQHLURQRËQGLFHGH'HVHQYROYLPHQWRGD(GXFDomR%iVLFD,GHESDUDRVDQRVLQLFLDLVGRHQVLQR
IXQGDPHQWDO ž DR ž /HY\ *DVSDULDQ SDVVRX QD SURYD FRP QRWD GH  JUDoDV DR KRUiULR LQWHJUDO SDUD
DOXQRVFRPSUREOHPDVGHDSUHQGL]DGRHDRSODQHMDPHQWRGHDXODVO Globo,RTXHFRQWUDVWDFRP
DJUDQGHPDLRULDGDVHVFRODVS~EOLFDVLQFOXVLYHGDVFDSLWDLVTXHVHHQTXDGUDQDFDWHJRULDGDVSLRUHVHVFRODV
GRPXQGR
7DO GLVFUHSkQFLD OHYRX R HGXFDGRU SRUWXJXrV -RVp 3DFKHFR UHQRPDGR LQWHUQDFLRQDOPHQWH SRU FDXVD GD
H[SHULrQFLDLQRYDGRUDGD(VFRODGD3RQWHDGL]HUFRPWRGDUD]mR³2%UDVLOSRVVXLDHVFRODGRVpFXOR;,;
RSURIHVVRUGRVpFXOR;;HRDOXQRGRVpFXOR;;,1RSRGHUS~EOLFRDHGXFDomREUDVLOHLUDHVWiHQWUHJXHD
JHQWH TXH QmR HQWHQGH GH HGXFDomR HFRQRPLVWDV SROtWLFRV DGPLQLVWUDGRUHV H QmR HGXFDGRUHV´ O  Globo,

'HSORUDYHOPHQWHpassamos os últimos seis anos construindo estádios padrão Fifa para a Copa do
mundo  de  2014 VHP ROKDU D HGXFDomR 2 'LVWULWR )HGHUDO QmR WHP WLPHV TXH DWUDLDP WRUFHGRUHV PDV
FRQVWUXLX XP HVWiGLR SDUD  PLO HVSHFWDGRUHV no  custo  de  R$  1,6  bilhão. $SHQDV FRP RV UHFXUVRV GHVWH
HVWiGLRseria possível financiar a formação de mais de 10 mil professores de excelência, ou de sete mil
médicos, R TXH HYLWDULD FRP PXLWD YDQWDJHP D QHFHVVLGDGH GH LPSRUWiORV GH &XED 6H FRQVLGHUDUPRV R
FXVWR GRV  HVWiGLRV GD &RSD GHL[DPRV GH IRUPDU FHUFD GH  FLHQWLVWDV H WHFQyORJRV GD PDLV DOWD
TXDOLGDGH(VWHVSURILVVLRQDLVVHUYLULDPGHEDVHSDUDRGHVHQYROYLPHQWRFLHQWtILFRHWHFQROyJLFRGR%UDVLO
,QGDJDULDPRVOHLWRUHVPDVRTXHRHQVLQRIXQGDPHQWDOHPpGLRWHPDYHUFRPRHQVLQRMXUtGLFR"7HP
WXGRDYHU2HQVLQRVXSHULRUpRDFDEDPHQWRGHXPSURFHVVRHGXFDWLYRTXHFRPHoDGDFUHFKH(DVVLPFRPR
QmR VH SRGH FRORFDU WHOKDGR RQGH QmR Ki DOLFHUFH QHP SDUHGHV WDPEpP QmR VH SRGH PLQLVWUDU XP FXUVR
VXSHULRUGHDOWRQtYHODTXHPQmRWHPVyOLGDIRUPDomRHGXFDFLRQDOPpGLDHIXQGDPHQWDO

³$ SULQFLSDO FDXVD GD EDL[D TXDOLGDGH GH QRVVDV LQVWLWXLo}HV GH HQVLQR VXSHULRU p R EDL[R QtYHO GH
UHFRQKHFLPHQWR DR UHGRU GHODV H HP FRQVHTXrQFLD GRV TXH HQWUDP QHVVDV LQVWLWXLo}HV´ DILUPD R
VHQDGRU&ULVWRYDP%XDUTXHGRDOWRGHVXDDXWRULGDGHFRPRHGXFDGRUHSURIXQGRFRQKHFHGRUGDTXHVWmR
³(P FDGD GH] FULDQoDV DSHQDV TXDWUR WHUPLQDP R HQVLQR PpGLR QR Pi[LPR GXDV GHODV FRP ERD
TXDOLGDGH -RJDVH IRUD R SRWHQFLDO GH FRQKHFLPHQWR GH VHLV HP FDGD GH] EUDVLOHLURV e FRPR VH SDUD
FDGD GH] SRoRV GH SHWUyOHR HQFRQWUDGRV WDSiVVHPRV PDLV GD PHWDGH 2 SRWHQFLDO ILFD PXLWR DEDL[R GR
QtYHO TXH SRGHULD VHU DWLQJLGR FDVR WRGRV RV DOXQRV WHUPLQDVVHP R HQVLQR PpGLR´ O  Globo


3URVVHJXH R VHQDGRU &ULVWRYDP %XDUTXH ³1mR SRGHPRV PHOKRUDU D HGXFDomR VXSHULRU VHP XPD
HGXFDomRUHDOPHQWHXQLYHUVDOHGHTXDOLGDGHSDUDWRGRVSe a universidade é a fábrica do futuro, o ensino
fundamental  é  a  fábrica  da  universidade 6HP XPD SURIHVVRUD SULPiULD TXH OKH WLYHVVH HQVLQDGR DV
SULPHLUDVOHWUDVHDVTXDWURRSHUDo}HV$OEHUW(LQVWHQQmRWHULDVHWRUQDGRFLHQWLVWD´O Globo
1D HGXFDomR FRQFOXL R VHQDGRU ³a  base  da  qualidade  está  na  qualidade  da  educação  básica  para
todos(VVHpRVHJUHGRTXHVHHYLWDIDODUSRUTXHVHXVUHVXOWDGRVVmRGHPRUDGRVHVRPRVXPSDtVYLFLDGRQR
LPHGLDWLVPRIDODVHHPIHFKDUFXUVRVVXSHULRUHVSRUIDOWDGHTXDOLGDGHPDVUDUDPHQWHIDODVHTXHD~QLFD
IRUPD GH PHOKRUDU D TXDOLGDGH GR HQVLQR VXSHULRU p XQLYHUVDOL]DU D HGXFDomR GH EDVH DWp R ILQDO GR HQVLQR
PpGLRFRPDOWDTXDOLGDGHSDUDWRGRV´
2 IUDFDVVR GR HQVLQR PpGLR H IXQGDPHQWDO HP QRVVR SDtV SUHMXGLFD D IRUPDomR GH WRGDV DV SURILVV}HV
TXH H[LJHP QtYHO XQLYHUVLWiULR PDV SULQFLSDOPHQWH R magistério H DV carreiras  jurídicas 0DJLVWUDGRV
0LQLVWpULR3~EOLFR3URFXUDGRUHV'HIHQVRUHVH$GYRJDGRV0DLVTXHDVRXWUDVHVVDVSURILVV}HVGHSHQGHP
GR FRPSOHWR GRPtQLR GD OtQJXD SUHFLVDP WHU WLURFtQLR H UDFLRFtQLR FDSDFLGDGH GH OHU FRPSUHHQGHU H XVDU
DTXLORTXHVHOr(DOHLWXUDHDHVFULWDVHJXQGRRVWpFQLFRVHPHGXFDomRVmRGHVHQYROYLGDVHQWUHRVH
DQRVVHQGRPXLWRGLItFLOGHSRLVGLVVRUHFXSHUDUHVVDFDSDFLGDGH
/RJR SRU PHOKRU TXH VHMD R HQVLQR MXUtGLFR QmR VH SRGHP FRQVHJXLU yWLPRV UHVXOWDGRV VH D IRUPDomR
GR HVWXGDQWH QR SULPHLUR H VHJXQGR JUDXV IRL GHILFLHQWH 7DQWR p DVVLP TXH GRV DSURYDGRV HP FRQFXUVRV
S~EOLFRV D PDLRULD FXUVRX R IXQGDPHQWDO H R PpGLR HP ERDV HVFRODV SDUWLFXODUHV 3DUD VXSULU D GHILFLrQFLD
PXLWRV FXUVRV GH 'LUHLWR LQFOXtUDP HP VHXV FXUUtFXORV R HVWXGR GR SRUWXJXrV MXUtGLFR OLQJXDJHP
DUJXPHQWDWLYD TXH HQVLQD D RUJDQL]DU R SHQVDPHQWR SDUD GH IRUPD OyJLFD H FRHUHQWH GL]HU R TXH DV FRLVDV
VmRLQLFLDWLYDGDPDLRUUHOHYkQFLDTXHWHPSURGX]LGRUHVXOWDGRVVDWLVIDWyULRV
1R TXH GL] UHVSHLWR DR HQVLQR GR 'LUHLWR SURSULDPHQWH GLWR HQWHQGHPRV VHU QHFHVViULD XPD PXGDQoD
PHWRGROyJLFD GH PRGR D SULYLOHJLDU PDLV tQWLPR HQWUHODoDPHQWR HQWUH D WHRULD H D SUiWLFD SRLV R GLUHLWR
HPERUDVHMDXPDFLrQFLDWHyULFDTXDQWRDRPRGRGHHVWXGDUHVDEHUpHPLQHQWHPHQWHSUiWLFRTXDQWRDRILP
&RPRQmRKiYDQWDJHPDOJXPDHPVHXVDUXPPpWRGRH[FOXVLYDPHQWHSUiWLFRQHPRXWURSUHGRPLQDQWHPHQWH
WHyULFRFXPSUHSRLVVHPSUHTXHSRVVtYHOKDUPRQL]DURHQVLQRWHyULFRFRPRSUiWLFR
2 FXUVR GH 'LUHLWR QmR YLVD SUHSDUDU R UiEXOD QHP R MXULVWD HVRWpULFR DIDVWDGR GD UHDOLGDGH GHYH VHU
VXILFLHQWHPHQWH WHyULFR SDUD LQVXIODU QR GLVFHQWH R FRQKHFLPHQWR JHUDO GD FLrQFLD MXUtGLFD H VXILFLHQWHPHQWH
SUiWLFRSDUDTXHREDFKDUHODRVDLUGDIDFXOGDGHQmRVHVLQWDSHUGLGRHLQFDSD]GHGDURVSULPHLURVSDVVRVQD
YLGDIRUHQVH
&RPPXLWDSURSULHGDGHDFHQWXRXR3URI&DLR7iFLWR

³1XPD VRFLHGDGH HVWiYHO p FRPSUHHQVtYHO TXH RV SURIHVVRUHV GH 'LUHLWR VH OLPLWHP D SUHSDUDU RV
DOXQRV PHGLDQWH HVWXGRV VLVWHPiWLFRV GRV LQVWLWXWRV H QRUPDV H[LVWHQWHV GRWDGRV GH XP VHQWLGR GH
SHUPDQrQFLD
4XDQGR SRUpP VH LQVWDXUD XP SURFHVVR PDLV RX PHQRV FRQVWDQWH GH UHYLVmR OHJLVODWLYD
H[SULPLQGR DV DOWHUQDWLYDV GH WUDQVIRUPDomR GD VRFLHGDGH TXH R 'LUHLWR GLVFLSOLQD SHUGH VHQWLGR R
SUHSDURDLQGDTXHH[FHOHQWHQR'LUHLWRFRQVDJUDGRGHWDOIRUPDTXHVHWUDQVPLWDXPDFXOWXUDMXUtGLFD
VXVFHWtYHOGHVHUUHYRJDGDSRUXPDOHLQRYD
2 YHUGDGHLUR VHQmR ~QLFR REMHWLYR YiOLGR GD SUHSDUDomR FLHQWtILFD H SURILVVLRQDO GR DGYRJDGR
HQWHQGLGD D H[SUHVVmR HP VHQWLGR DPSOR H QmR DSHQDV IRUHQVH p R GR UHODFLRQDPHQWR HQWUH D OHL H D
UHDOLGDGH VRFLDO IDPLOLDUL]DQGR R MXULVWD FRP RV SUHVVXSRVWRV GD QRUPD MXUtGLFD H KDELOLWDQGRR D
VROXFLRQDUHFRPSRUDVFRQWURYpUVLDVHRVFRQIOLWRVGHLQWHUHVVHV´

(P VXPD R DOYR GD HGXFDomR DWXDO GHYH VHU D FRQTXLVWD GR UDFLRFtQLR MXUtGLFR H QmR VLPSOHVPHQWH R
GRPtQLR GR GLUHLWR SRVLWLYR H GD GRXWULQD MXUtGLFD SUHSDUDU R HVWXGDQWH SDUD UHVROYHU SUREOHPDV IL[DU
SULQFtSLRVDWUDYpVGRH[DPHGHFDVRVDWXDLVGDQGRWUDWDPHQWRMXUtGLFRDRVIHQ{PHQRVVRFLDLV
'HVVDIRUPDSRGHUHPRVWHUDGYRJDGRVFRPSHWHQWHVSUHSDUDGRVSDUDHQIUHQWDUDWpPHVPRRLPSUHYLVtYHO
HPIDFHGDUDSLGH]FRPTXHDVQRUPDVMXUtGLFDVWHQGHPDVHPRGLILFDUHDMXVWLoDSRGHUiVHUGLVWULEXtGDGH
IRUPDPDLVHILFLHQWHUiSLGDHHTXLOLEUDGD
+iXPSURYpUELRFKLQrVOHPEUDGRSHOR3URI*DEULHO/DFHUGDTXHYHPDSURSyVLWRGHWXGRDTXLORTXH
DWp DTXL VH DILUPRX ³'i XP SHL[H D XP KRPHP H PDWDUiV D VXD IRPH SRU XP GLD HQVLQDR D SHVFDU H R
DOLPHQWDUiVSDUDRUHVWRGDYLGD´
&UHPRVTXHSRUVXDFODUH]DRSURYpUELRGLVSHQVDPDLRUHVFRPHQWiULRV1mREDVWDIRUQHFHUSHL[HVDRV
DOXQRV RX LQGLFDUOKHV R PDU PHGLDQWH LQIRUPDo}HV H FRQKHFLPHQWRV FRPR YHP ID]HQGR R HQVLQR MXUtGLFR
WUDGLFLRQDOeSUHFLVRHQVLQDUOKHVDSHVFDUPHGLDQWHXPHQVLQRWHyULFRHSUiWLFRTXHRVFDSDFLWHHIHWLYDPHQWH
SDUDRH[HUFtFLRGDDGYRFDFLD
 Concepção de opinião pública. O poder da mídia na formação da opinião pública. Importância da opinião
pública. O sentimento coletivo de justiça. A opinião pública sobre o direito e sua utilidade social. A opinião
pública sobre as instituições jurídicas.

&KHJDPRV DJRUD DR WHUFHLUR LWHP GD FODVVLILFDomR SURSRVWD SRU 5HQDWR 7UHYHV SDUD R REMHWR GD
6RFLRORJLD-XUtGLFD(VWXGRGD2SLQLmR3~EOLFDVREUHR'LUHLWRHVXDV,QVWLWXLo}HV
&XPSUH GHVGH ORJR DVVLQDODU TXH VH WUDWD GH DOJR H[WUHPDPHQWH LPSUHFLVR H PXWiYHO DTXLOR TXH VH
GHQRPLQD RSLQLmR S~EOLFD $ ULJRU QmR H[LVWH XPD RSLQLmR S~EOLFD PDV VLP GLYHUVDV FRUUHQWHV GH RSLQLmR
FRQFRUUHQWHV RX GLYHUJHQWHV FRH[LVWHQWHV VHP FRQIOLWR RX FRQWUDGLWyULDV HP JUDXV GLYHUVRV FRPSRQGR XP
XQLYHUVRGHRSLQL}HVTXHVHPDQLIHVWDPHPGHWHUPLQDGRPRPHQWRHOXJDUFRPRPXLWREHPREVHUYRX)$
GH0LUDQGD5RVDHPVXDREUDSociologia do direitoHGS
(VVDVFRUUHQWHVGHRSLQLmRHQWUHWDQWRDSUHVHQWDPFHUWRVWUDoRVJHUDLVHDOJXPDVWHQGrQFLDVXQLIRUPHV
IRUPDQGRDILUPDo}HVGHQDWXUH]DPDMRULWiULDRXSUHGRPLQDQWH

74. CONCEPÇÃO DE OPINIÃO PÚBLICA

'H IRUPD VLPSOHV H VLQWpWLFD SRGHPRV DILUPDU TXH RSLQLmR S~EOLFD p R SHQVDPHQWR SUHGRPLQDQWH GR
JUXSRVREUHXPDGHWHUPLQDGDSHVVRDRXTXHVWmReRMXt]RFROHWLYRDGRWDGRHH[WHULRUL]DGRSRUXPJUXSR
(VVHSHQVDPHQWRFROHWLYRDTXHQRVUHIHULPRVQmRpDVRPDGHWRGDVDVRSLQL}HVSDUWLFXODUHVQHPVXD
VtQWHVHPDVVLPRUHVXOWDGRPDLVRXPHQRVHVWDELOL]DGRGRVSURFHVVRVVRFLDLVJHUDLV
2FRUUHFRPDRSLQLmRS~EOLFDDOJRVHPHOKDQWHDRTXHRFRUUHHQWUHDVRFLHGDGHHRLQGLYtGXR3DUD7DUGH
DVRFLHGDGHQmRSDVVDGHPHUDVRPDGHFRQVFLrQFLDVLQGLYLGXDLVHFRPRVRPDDVSDUFHODVHRUHVXOWDGRWrP
GHVHUGDPHVPDQDWXUH]DMiTXHVyVHSRGHPVRPDUTXDQWLGDGHVKRPRJrQHDV$VRFLHGDGHVHULDSRLVXPD
QDWXUH]DGHRUGHPSVLFROyJLFDFRPRRVHOHPHQWRVGHTXHVHFRPS}H
6HWLUDUPRVRVLQGLYtGXRVGDVRFLHGDGHLQGDJDYDRTXHUHVWDUi"(OHSUySULRUHVSRQGHQDGD
$HVVDWHVHSVLFROyJLFDHQRPLQDOLVWDVHRSXQKD'XUNKHLPDRSURSRUDVXEVWLWXLomRGDSDODYUD6RPDGD
IRUPXODomR GH * 7DUGH SRU 6tQWHVH WRPDGD GH HPSUpVWLPR j WHUPLQRORJLD TXtPLFD 2V HOHPHQWRV
FRPSRQHQWHV VHULDP GH QDWXUH]D SVLFROyJLFD PDV R VHX FRQMXQWR D VXD VtQWHVH GDULD XP FRPSRVWR QRYR H
GLIHUHQWH±R6RFLDO
(PERUD D LGHLD GH VtQWHVH QmR GHL[H GH VHU YHUGDGHLUD WRUQDVH IDOKD TXDQGR OHYDGD D H[DJHURV 1D
TXtPLFDDUHDOL]DomRGDVtQWHVHDQXODHID]GHVDSDUHFHUHPRVHOHPHQWRVFRPSRQHQWHV([HPSORQDIRUPDomR
GDiJXD+2RR[LJrQLRHRKLGURJrQLRGHL[DPGHH[LVWLUFRPRVXEVWkQFLDVLVRODGDVDSDUWLUGRPRPHQWR
GDVtQWHVHSDUDGDUHPOXJDUjiJXD
2UDLVVRQmRRFRUUHQDVtQWHVHVRFLDO2VLQGLYtGXRVIRUPDGRUHVGDVRFLHGDGHQmRGHVDSDUHFHPDSHQDV
IRUPDPXPDUHDOLGDGHQRYD±R&ROHWLYR6DOYRKLSyWHVHVH[FHSFLRQDLVGHPDVVLILFDomRFROHWLYDRFROHWLYR
QRFRPXPGDVFLUFXQVWkQFLDVQmRDQXODDYLGDLQGLYLGXDOTXHHPPXLWRVFDVRVVHFRQVHUYDWmRLQGHSHQGHQWH
TXHSRGHDVVXPLUILJXUDVYDULDGDVGRDQWLVVRFLDOFRPRQRFDVRGRGHOLQTXHQWHGRJrQLRGRUHYROXFLRQiULR
HWF
,VVRHYLGHQFLDSRUWDQWRTXHRFROHWLYRQmRpDVRPDGRVLQGLYtGXRVQHPpDVtQWHVHGHWRGRVpXPQRYR
SURGXWRXPDQRYDUHDOLGDGHXPPRGRGHVHUDGMHWLYRGHULYDGRGDYLGDLQGLYLGXDOUHVXOWDGRPDLVRXPHQRV
HVWDELOL]DGRGRVSURFHVVRVVRFLDLVJHUDLV
7XGR TXH DWUiV ILFRX H[SRVWR SRGH VHU FODUDPHQWH FRQVWDWDGR PHGLDQWH VLPSOHV FRPSDUDomR HQWUH R
FRPSRUWDPHQWR LQGLYLGXDO H R FROHWLYR (P UD]mR GH GHWHUPLQDGRV SURFHVVRV VRFLDLV R FRPSRUWDPHQWR GR
LQGLYtGXRTXDQGRHPJUXSRSRGHPXGDUSURIXQGDPHQWHOHYDQGRRDID]HUFRLVDVGHTXHMDPDLVVHLPDJLQRX
FDSD]
6H DOJXpP HVWLYHU VR]LQKR HP FDVD H REVHUYDU TXH DOJR HVWi SHJDQGR IRJR QRUPDOPHQWH VH HPSHQKDUi
HP DSDJiOR EXVFDQGR DX[tOLR GH RXWUDV SHVVRDV 0DV VH HVWLYHU HP XP WHDWUR RX FLQHPD H HVFXWDU DOJXpP
JULWDU ³IRJR´ LPHGLDWDPHQWH RFRUUHUi XP WXPXOWR WmR JUDQGH H GHVHVSHUDGR TXH DFDEDUi IHULQGR H PDWDQGR
PDLV JHQWH DWURSHODGD H SLVRWHDGD GR TXH TXHLPDGD SHOR SUySULR IRJR $ PXOWLGmR HP WXPXOWR p FDSD] GH
FRPHWHU RV PDLV KHGLRQGRV FULPHV FRPR R GH DPDUUDU XP PHQGLJR DR SRVWH H PDWiOR D SDXODGDV FRPR
DFRQWHFHXDQRVDWUiVHPXPVXE~UELRGR*UDQGH5LRPXLWRHPERUDIRVVHPWRGRVRVFRPSRQHQWHVGRJUXSR
SHVVRDVSDFDWDVHGHFRPSRUWDPHQWRDWpHQWmRLUUHSUHHQVtYHO
eTXHRFRPSRUWDPHQWRFROHWLYRQDVSDODYUDVGH'RQDOG3LHUVRQTeoria e pesquisa em sociologia
HGSGHTXDOTXHUWLSRLPSOLFDTXHRFRPSRUWDPHQWRGHFDGDLQGLYtGXRTXHGHOHSDUWLFLSDQmRHVWi
LQWHLUDPHQWHVREFRQWUROHLQGLYLGXDOLPSOLFDTXHFDGDXPGRVLQGLYtGXRVHPDSUHoRUHVSRQGHFRQVFLHQWHRX
LQFRQVFLHQWHPHQWHjVLQIOXrQFLDVGRVGHPDLV
( :LOOHPV Dicionário  de  sociologia 3RUWR $OHJUH 2 *ORER S  H[SOLFD R PHVPR IHQ{PHQR
IDODQGR HP UHDomR FLUFXODU TXH p XPD IRUPD GH HVWLPXODomR UHFtSURFD SHOD TXDO D UHDomR GH XP LQGLYtGXR
UHSURGX] R HVWtPXOR TXH UHFHEHX GH RXWUR LQGLYtGXR FRPXQLFDQGROKH H LQWHQVLILFDQGR R SURFHVVR GH
HVWLPXODomR TXH VH UHSHWH 7UDWDVH HP ~OWLPD LQVWkQFLD GH XPD UHFLSURFLGDGH GH HVWLPXODomR TXH DR
GHWHUPLQDUUHVSRVWDVWDPEpPUHFtSURFDVSURYRFDXPDHVSLUDODVFHQGHQWHHGHGLPHQV}HVFUHVFHQWHV
&RQIRUPHMiDVVLQDODGRFRLVDVHPHOKDQWHRFRUUHFRPDRSLQLmRS~EOLFDQmRpDVRPDQHPDVtQWHVHGD
RSLQLmR GH WRGRV p XP QRYR SURGXWR XPD QRYD UHDOLGDGH XP PRGR GH VHU GHFRUUHQWH GD RSLQLmR GH FDGD
LQGLYtGXR H GDV LQIOXrQFLDV TXH FDGD XP FRQVFLHQWH RX LQFRQVFLHQWHPHQWH H[HUFHX H UHFHEHX GRV GHPDLV
5HSUHVHQWD D WHQGrQFLD JHUDO PDV QmR p QHFHVVDULDPHQWH D RSLQLmR GH WRGRV RV PHPEURV QHP D RSLQLmR GH
TXDOTXHUSHVVRDHPSDUWLFXODU
2 FLHQWLVWD SROtWLFR 0DUFXV )LJXHLUHGR ± /DERUDWyULR GH 3HVTXLVDV HP &RPXQLFDomR 3ROtWLFD H 2SLQLmR
3~EOLFDGR,XSHUM±UHVVDOWDTXHRTXHVHGHILQHSRURSLQLmRS~EOLFDQmRUHSUHVHQWDQHFHVVDULDPHQWHDYLVmRGH
XPDHOLWHPDVUHIOHWHVHPSUHXPVHQWLPHQWRSUHVHQWHHPPDLRURXPHQRUJUDXQDVRFLHGDGH1HPVHPSUHD
RSLQLmR S~EOLFD UHSUHVHQWD R SHQVDPHQWR PDMRULWiULR GR SRYR PDV HOD SRGH ID]HU FRP TXH R SRYR PXGH GH
LGHLD

74.1. O poder da mídia na formação da opinião pública

&RPRVHIRUPDDRSLQLmRS~EOLFD"4XDLVRVLQVWUXPHQWRVHILFD]HVSDUDHVVHILP"$IRUPDomRGDRSLQLmR
S~EOLFD YLD GH UHJUD p XP SURFHVVR OHQWR GH VHGLPHQWDomR GD YRQWDGH SRSXODU ,GHLDV FRQGXWDV H
LQIRUPDo}HVVmRODQoDGDVQDFROHWLYLGDGHTXHVHVHQVLELOL]DSRUDOJXPPRWLYRFRPHoDPRVFRPHQWiULRVQR
FtUFXORSULPiULRIDPtOLDWUDEDOKRHVFRODHWFWUDQVIRUPDPVHHPFRQYHUVDomRTXDVHTXHGLiULDTXHYmRVH
VHGLPHQWDQGRHDVVLPYDLVHIRUPDQGRDRSLQLmRS~EOLFD
1R TXH GL] UHVSHLWR DRV LQVWUXPHQWRV D LPSUHQVD HVFULWD H IDODGD D PtGLD FRPR XP WRGR p R JUDQGH
IRUPDGRUGDRSLQLmRS~EOLFD7DOpDVXDIRUoDTXHDWppFKDPDGDGHquarto poder
23RGHUWHPYiULDVIRUPDVRVSRGHUHVFRQVWLWXFLRQDOPHQWHLQVWDODGRVTXHVHH[HUFHPSHOR([HFXWLYR
/HJLVODWLYRH-XGLFLiULRHRVSRGHUHVGHQDWXUH]DHFRQ{PLFDHVRFLROyJLFD$PtGLDpVHPG~YLGDXPSRGHU
HP VXD FRQFHSomR VRFLROyJLFD QmR Vy SRUTXH R SRGHURVR VLVWHPD GH FRPXQLFDomR GH PDVVD SRVVD
HYHQWXDOPHQWH GHUUXEDU XP PDQGDWiULR SROtWLFR PDV WDPEpP H SULQFLSDOPHQWH SRUTXH WHP R SRGHU GH
condicionar &RVWXPDVH GL]HU TXH H[LVWHP WUrV IRUPDV GH SRGHU HIHWLYR R SRGHU GH SXQLU R SRGHU GH
SUHPLDUHRSRGHUGHFRQGLFLRQDU3XQLQGRTXHpDWDUHIDSUySULDGR3RGHU-XGLFLiULRSRGHVHID]HUFRPTXH
DOJXpP IDoD R TXH GHYH VHU IHLWR SUHPLDQGR WDPEpP SRGHPRV OHYDU DV SHVVRDV D ID]HU R TXH TXHUHPRV
FRQGLFLRQDQGR SRGHPRV QmR VRPHQWH ID]HU TXH RV RXWURV IDoDP R TXH TXHUHPRV PDV WDPEpP TXH HOHV
SHQVHP FRPR SHQVDPRV ( DLQGD FRQYHQFLGRV GH HVWDUHP SHQVDQGR SRU VL SUySULRV 3RLV HVVH p R SRGHU GD
PtGLD3RGHUTXHSHQHWUDQDVFDVDVQRVHLRGDVIDPtOLDVTXHDOFDQoDSDODFHWHVHIDYHODVFXOWRVHLJQRUDQWHV
ULFRV H SREUHV DWp RV PDLV ORQJtQTXRV SRQWRV GR SDtV SRU PHLR GH XPD OLQJXDJHP HPRFLRQDO FRORULGD
FDWLYDQWHSHUVXDVLYDVHPFRQWHVWDomR
$ JUDQGH SUREOHPiWLFD p TXH D LPSUHQVD EUDVLOHLUD WHP PXLWRV RXWURV LQWHUHVVHV DOpP GDTXHOH
HVWULWDPHQWH MRUQDOtVWLFR +i DWp TXHP IDOH HP liberdade de empresa H QmR HP liberdade  de  imprensa $
PtGLDVHPSUHHVWHYHSUy[LPDGRSRGHUHVWDWDOHHFRQ{PLFRHLVVRID]FRPTXHDLQIRUPDomRQHPVHPSUHVHMD
ILGHGLJQDHFRQILiYHO1RPtQLPRYHPHPEDODGDGDPDQHLUDTXHPHOKRUDWLQMDRVLQWHUHVVHVGRVGHWHQWRUHVGR
SRGHU'HVVDPDQHLUDDQRWtFLDDFDEDPXLWDVYH]HVWRUQDQGRVHPHUFDGRULDpWUDWDGDGHWDOIRUPDTXHMiYHP
FRPHQWDGDH[SOtFLWDRXLPSOLFLWDPHQWH$IRUPDLPSOtFLWDpDPDLVJUDYHSRUTXHRFRPHQWiULRDFDEDYLUDQGR
QRWtFLD
2EVHUYD$QD/~FLD6DEDGHOOTXHDPtGLDQRTXHVHUHIHUHj-XVWLoDHVHXIXQFLRQDPHQWR³GiSDUWLFXODU
GHVWDTXH DRV SUREOHPDV H HVFkQGDORV H[HPSOR FRUUXSomR GH MXt]HV H QXQFD QRWLFLD R FRWLGLDQR QRUPDO GR
VLVWHPDMXUtGLFR´RTXHFRQWULEXLSDUDDIRUPDomRGHXPDRSLQLmRHVWHUHRWLSDGDHVHQVDFLRQDOLVWDManual de
sociologia jurídica5HYGRV7ULEXQDLVS
(QWUHWDQWR SRGHVH GL]HU TXH R MRUQDOLVPR EUDVLOHLUR HYROXLX QRV ~OWLPRV GH] DQRV H PXLWR FRQWULEXLX
SDUD D ILVFDOL]DomR GD JHVWmR S~EOLFD FRQWULEXLQGR GHFLVLYDPHQWH SDUD TXH HOD VH WRUQH FDGD YH] PDLV
WUDQVSDUHQWH
1XPD VRFLHGDGH GH PDVVDV QmR p SRVVtYHO GHVSUH]DU D RSLQLmR S~EOLFD VHQVR FRPXP IRUPDGR SRU XP
FRQMXQWR YDULDGR GH YHWRUHV H TXH D JUDQGH PtGLD SRU PDLRUHV LQWHUHVVHV SDUWLFXODUHV TXH H[SUHVVD VHPSUH
DEULJD

75. IMPORTÂNCIA DA OPINIÃO PÚBLICA

³$ RSLQLmR S~EOLFD´ HVFUHYH FRP SURSULHGDGH &DUQHLUR /HmR Fundamentos  da  sociologia  HG S
 ³p D XP WHPSR FULDGRUD H PRGLILFDGRUD SRGHURVD GR FRPSRUWDPHQWR VRFLDO´ %DVHDGD QD LPSRUWkQFLD
TXHGmRWRGRVjFUtWLFDDRGHVHMRLQDWRGHFRQTXLVWDUDSURYDomRHVLPSDWLDDRSLQLmRS~EOLFDQRVSDtVHVGH
OLYUH PDQLIHVWDomR GH SHQVDPHQWR FRQVWLWXL HOHPHQWR GHFLVLYR GH LQWHUDomR VRFLDO 'Dt D JUDQGH IRUoD TXH
SRVVXLDLPSUHQVDHVFULWDHIDODGDFRPRyUJmRGHLQIRUPDomRHIRUPDomRGHRSLQLmRS~EOLFD
2HIHLWRPDFLoRGHXPDWRPDGDGHSRVLomRIHLWDSRUPLOKDUHVRXPLOK}HVGHSHVVRDVDJLQGRHPFDUiWHU
SDUWLFXODU SRGH DWLQJLU HQRUPHV SURSRUo}HV FRPR PXLWR RSRUWXQDPHQWH OHPEURX . 'DYLV A  sociedade
humanaS$PXGDQoDGHJRVWRS~EOLFRSRGHDUUXLQDUXPDLQG~VWULDRXHQULTXHFHURXWUDSRGHGHUUXEDU
GRSRGHUTXHPOiVHHQFRQWUDHFRORFDURXWURSRGHID]HUGHXPDQ{QLPRXPKHUyLRXGRKHUyLXPYLOmRSRGH
GDULQtFLRjJXHUUDRXOHYDUjUHYROXomR
3RU LVVR WDQWR DV HPSUHVDV FRPR RV SROtWLFRV PDQWrP JUXSRV FXMD PLVVmR FRQVLVWH HP SHVTXLVDU H
GHVSHUWDUDVLPSDWLDGRSRYRSDUDVXDVDWLYLGDGHVSURGXWRVRXHPSUHHQGLPHQWRV2VSURJUDPDVGHWHOHYLVmR
YLYHPID]HQGRSHVTXLVDGHRSLQLmRS~EOLFDSDUDVDEHUHPFRPRDJUDGDURS~EOLFRHPHUHFHUDSUHIHUrQFLDGH
DXGLrQFLD $V HPSUHVDV YLYHP RIHUHFHQGR VHXV SURGXWRV DWUDYpV GD SXEOLFLGDGH PDLV DWUDHQWH H VRILVWLFDGD
SRVVtYHO SDUD VHU OHPEUDGD QD KRUD HP TXH VH YDL jV FRPSUDV 2V SROtWLFRV TXDQGR DV HOHLo}HV VH
DSUR[LPDP YLYHP GH ROKR QDV SHVTXLVDV IHLWDV VREUH D SUHIHUrQFLD GR HOHLWRUDGR SRUTXH VDEHP TXH SDUD
FKHJDU RX PDQWHUVH QR SRGHU SUHFLVDP WHU R DSRLR GD RSLQLmR S~EOLFD RX SHOR PHQRV QmR WrOD FRQWUD ,VWR
WXGRHYLGHQFLDTXHRFRQKHFLPHQWRGDRSLQLmRS~EOLFDWDQWRTXDQWRSRVVtYHODSUR[LPDGRGDUHDOLGDGHHFRP
SUHYLV}HVDUHVSHLWRGHVXDVWHQGrQFLDVHGDHYROXomRSURYiYHOpLQGLVSHQViYHODRHVWXGRGHTXDOTXHUFLrQFLD
VRFLDO
'H IRUPD HVSHFtILFD WHP D RSLQLmR S~EOLFD HVSHFLDO LPSRUWkQFLD SDUD D 6RFLRORJLD -XUtGLFD SRUTXH DJH
FRPRXPYHUGDGHLURWHUP{PHWURUHYHODQGRDROHJLVODGRUHGHPDLVDXWRULGDGHVTXHDWXDPQDRUGHPMXUtGLFDD
WHPSHUDWXUD VRFLDO HP WRUQR GH TXHVW}HV VRFLDLV UHOHYDQWHV H LQGLFDQGR DV PXGDQoDV TXH SUHFLVDP VHU IHLWDV
QDVOHLVHQDVLQVWLWXLo}HVMXUtGLFDV
'~YLGDV QmR WHPRV HP GL]HU TXH QRVVD OHJLVODomR p KRMH WmR LQHILFD] H QRVVDV LQVWLWXLo}HV WmR PDO
HVWUXWXUDGDVHDSDUHOKDGDVSRUTXHQR%UDVLOODPHQWDYHOPHQWHQmRVHGiDWHQomRjRSLQLmRS~EOLFDQRTXHGL]
UHVSHLWRDWDLVTXHVW}HV
1RFDPSRGR'LUHLWRDSULPHLUDYHULILFDomRGDRSLQLmRS~EOLFDTXHVHLPS}HUHDOL]DUpQRTXHFRQFHUQH
DRVHQWLPHQWRFROHWLYRGHMXVWLoD

76. O SENTIMENTO COLETIVO DE JUSTIÇA

+iHPWRGRLQGLYtGXRIUXWRGHFRQGLFLRQDPHQWRVVRFLDLVXPVHQWLPHQWRDFHUFDGRFHUWRHGRHUUDGRGR
ERPHGRPDXGRMXVWRHGRLQMXVWReHPUD]mRGLVVRTXHPHVPRVHPQXQFDWHUHVWXGDGRGLUHLWRRXWRFDGR
D PmR HP XP FRPSrQGLR GH OHLV IUHQWH D GHWHUPLQDGDV FLUFXQVWkQFLDV DV SHVVRDV DILUPDP FRP YHHPrQFLD
LVWRpXPDLQMXVWLoDLVWRpMXVWRpFHUWRHWF
$VVLP FRPR Ki XP VHQWLPHQWR LQGLYLGXDO GH MXVWLoD Ki WDPEpP XP VHQWLPHQWR FROHWLYR QR TXDO VH
EDVHLD D VRFLHGDGH SDUD HVWDEHOHFHU VHXV SDGU}HV GH FRPSRUWDPHQWR ± e DTXLOR TXH VH WHP FKDPDGR GH
consciência  jurídica GD SRSXODomR %DVHDGR QRV UHVXOWDGRV GH GLYHUVDV SHVTXLVDV IHLWDV VREUHWXGR QD
(XURSDpSRVVtYHODILUPDUTXHRVHQWLPHQWRGHMXVWLoDYDULDHPVXDVPDQLIHVWDo}HVGHWHPSRSDUDWHPSRH
GHOXJDUSDUDOXJDUPXLWRHPERUDQmRHVWHMDPDLQGDVXILFLHQWHPHQWHH[SOLFDGDVDVUHODo}HVPRWLYDGRUDVGDV
GLYHUVDVJUDGDo}HVRXIRUPDVHPTXHHVVHVHQWLPHQWRVHDSUHVHQWD8PFULPHJUDYHXPHVFkQGDORILQDQFHLUR
RXSROtWLFRID]FRPTXHDRSLQLmRS~EOLFDVHLQFOLQHQRVHQWLGRGHH[LJLUXPDMXVWLoDPDLVVHYHUDUHSUHVVLYD
LPHGLDWD)DODVHDWpHPSHQDGHPRUWHSULVmRSHUSpWXDHRXWUDVSHQDVPDLVVHYHUDVPDVSDVVDGRRLPSDFWR
PXGDVHDRSLQLmR
$ROHJLVODGRUHVSHFLDOPHQWHLPSRUWDFRQKHFHURVHQWLPHQWRFROHWLYRGHMXVWLoDSDUDTXHSRVVDHODERUDU
OHLV MXVWDV DGHTXDGDV DRV LQWHUHVVHV H FRQYHQLrQFLDV VRFLDLV )UHTXHQWHPHQWH IDODVH HP OHLV LQMXVWDV
H[DWDPHQWHSRUTXHIRUDPHODERUDGDVDRDUUHSLRGRVLQWHUHVVHVVRFLDLVVHPSUpYLDFRQVXOWDjRSLQLmRS~EOLFDD
UHVSHLWRGDPDWpULDOHJLVODGD1HPVHPSUHID]HUMXVWLoDFRQVLVWHQDVLPSOHVDSOLFDomRGDOHLXPDYH]TXHQHP
WXGR TXH p OHJDO p MXVWR /HLV LQMXVWDV H[LVWHP SULQFLSDOPHQWH QR PXQGR HFRQ{PLFR SRUTXH DIDVWDGDV GR
VHQWLPHQWRFROHWLYRGHMXVWLoDFXMDDSOLFDomRYHPFDXVDQGRSURIXQGRGHVHTXLOtEULRVRFLDO$FRUUHomRGHVVDV
GLVWRUo}HV EHP FRPR R DIDVWDPHQWR GH RXWUDV QR IXWXUR SRGHULDP VHU FRQVHJXLGDV PHGLDQWH R SUpYLR
FRQKHFLPHQWRGRVHQWLPHQWRFROHWLYRGHMXVWLoD
2 H[DPH GR VHQWLPHQWR GH MXVWLoD HVFUHYH ) $ GH 0LUDQGD 5RVD DEUDQJH QHFHVVDULDPHQWH R GDV
QRUPDV H[LVWHQWHV VXD DGHTXDomR RX QmR DR TXH p WLGR FRPR MXVWR D DSURYDomR VRFLDO GDV VDQo}HV TXH R
'LUHLWR HVWDEHOHFH JDUDQWLGRUDV GD YDOLGH] H HILFiFLD GDV QRUPDV 7DPEpP DEDUFD D PDQHLUD FRPR D RSLQLmR
GRS~EOLFRVHPDQLIHVWDVREUHRFRPSRUWDPHQWRLOtFLWRRXDGLVWkQFLDHQWUHDGHVDSURYDomRGDQRUPDMXUtGLFD
DFHUFDGDFRQGXWDHDGHVDSURYDomRTXHRFRQVHQVRpWLFRVRFLDOLPS}HjPHVPDIRUPDGHFRPSRUWDPHQWR
7DO FRQKHFLPHQWR SURSRUFLRQDULD WDPEpP DR OHJLVODGRU DV FRQGLo}HV DGHTXDGDV SDUD ID]HU DV
PRGLILFDo}HVQHFHVViULDVQDOHJLVODomRYLJHQWHMiTXHFRPDVYDULDo}HVGRVHQWLPHQWRFROHWLYRGHMXVWLoDGH
WHPSRSDUDWHPSRPXLWDVQRUPDVH[LVWHQWHVWRUQDUDPVHYD]LDVGHFRQWH~GRVRFLDOSHUGHUDPDUD]mRGHVHU
ILFDQGR LQHILFD]HV SURGXWRUDV GH HIHLWRV QHJDWLYRV FRQIRUPH Mi GHPRQVWUDGR TXDQGR IDODPRV GRV HIHLWRV
QHJDWLYRVGDOHL

77. A OPINIÃO PÚBLICA SOBRE O DIREITO E SUA UTILIDADE SOCIAL

2XWUR DVSHFWR GD RSLQLmR S~EOLFD GH LQWHUHVVH VRFLRMXUtGLFR p DTXHOH TXH GL] UHVSHLWR j FRQYHQLrQFLD RX
XWLOLGDGH VRFLDO GR 'LUHLWR RX DLQGD VXD FRUUHWD DSOLFDomR FRPR LQVWUXPHQWR GH RUGHP VRFLDO 1HVWH SRQWR
GLJDVHGHSDVVDJHPH[LVWHPSRVLo}HVFRQIOLWDQWHVFRQIRUPHFRQVWDWDGRDWUDYpVGHSHVTXLVDVUHDOL]DGDVHP
YiULRVSDtVHV
&RP HIHLWR HPERUD VHMD R 'LUHLWR FRQVLGHUDGR H DFHLWR FRPR IRUPD PDLV HILFD] GH FRQWUROH VRFLDO HP
VXD RUJDQL]DomR H DSOLFDomR VRIUH TXHVWLRQDPHQWR GD RSLQLmR S~EOLFD TXDQWR j VXD HTXLGDGH $ VRFLHGDGH
JOREDO DFUHGLWD QR MXUtGLFR FRPR DOJR LQGLVSHQViYHO j FRHVmR H j VREUHYLYrQFLD JUXSDO PDV HP QtYHO
LQWHULQGLYLGXDO Ki GHVFUpGLWR VXEMDFHQWH QD MXVWLoD &UHHP RV JUXSRV TXH D MXVWLoD p IHQ{PHQR GHSHQGHQWH
UHODWLYRjVFRQGLo}HVGHFODVVHVRFLDO
3DUDPXLWRVR'LUHLWRQmRSDVVDGHVLPSOHVPHLRGHVHYDOHUHPRVPDLVIRUWHVGDPiTXLQDHVWDWDOFRQWUD
RV RSULPLGRV GH WRGRV RV WLSRV 2XWURV HQWHQGHP TXH HOH VH SUHVWD D PDQREUDV TXH R GHVYLUWXDP
FRPSOHWDPHQWHHTXHLVVRRFRUUHFRPJUDQGHIUHTXrQFLD
3RU TXH WHP R 'LUHLWR XPD LPDJHP WmR GLVWRUFLGD GD UHDOLGDGH" &RQKHFHQGR DV FDXVDV TXH OHYDUDP D
RSLQLmRS~EOLFDDVHIRUPDUGHPRGRWmRDYHUVRDRYHUGDGHLURREMHWLYRGR'LUHLWRQmRVHULDSRVVtYHOHOLPLQDU
DOJXPDVGHVVDVFDXVDVHUHFRQTXLVWDUDRSLQLmRS~EOLFD"
2 TXH DFLPD ILFRX GLWR p GH IiFLO GHPRQVWUDomR TXDQGR DWHQWDPRV SRU H[HPSOR SDUD DV QRUPDV TXH
HVWDEHOHFHPDREULJDomRWULEXWiULD6HIRUIHLWDXPDSHVTXLVDVREUHDLPSRUWkQFLDGRVWULEXWRVHDQHFHVVLGDGH
GH VXD DUUHFDGDomR YHUVHi TXH D PDLRULD GR JUXSR HQWHQGH QHFHVViULR R SDJDPHQWR GRV LPSRVWRV SDUD D
FRQVHFXomR GH REMHWLYRV VRFLDLV 7RGRV FRPSUHHQGHP TXH QmR p SRVVtYHO DWHQGHU jV GHVSHVDV GD
DGPLQLVWUDomR S~EOLFD FRP HGXFDomR VD~GH VHJXUDQoD HVWUDGDV HWF VHP D DUUHFDGDomR GRV WULEXWRV SRLV R
(VWDGRQRUPDOPHQWHQmRJHUDUHFXUVRVDSHQDVRVDGPLQLVWUDHPSUROGDFROHWLYLGDGH
1DKRUDGHSDJDURWULEXWRHQWUHWDQWRQLQJXpPJRVWDHSURFXUDHVTXLYDUVH
&DEHULDDQRVVRYHUXPDSHVTXLVDSURIXQGDGDRSLQLmRS~EOLFDHPWRUQRGRDVVXQWRSRUSDUWHGRILVFR
HXPHVWXGRPLQXFLRVRGDVFDXVDVDILPGHVHSURFXUDUPRGLILFDUDVFRLVDVSDUDRIXWXURRTXHVHPG~YLGD
IDFLOLWDULDRWUDEDOKRGHDUUHFDGDomRHILVFDOL]DomRSRGHQGRVHDUUHFDGDUPDLVFRPPHQRVHVIRUoR
7DOYH]RSRYRQmRHVWHMDVXILFLHQWHPHQWHHVFODUHFLGRVREUHRGHVWLQRGDGRSHOD$GPLQLVWUDomR3~EOLFDDR
GLQKHLUR DUUHFDGDGR DWUDYpV GRV WULEXWRV R TXH VHULD HYLWDGR PHGLDQWH DPSOR HVFODUHFLPHQWR GDV REUDV
UHDOL]DGDVGRVVHUYLoRVH[HFXWDGRVHWF7DOYH]RSRYRQmRWHQKDFRQILDQoDQD$GPLQLVWUDomRQmRDFUHGLWHTXH
RGLQKHLURS~EOLFRHVWHMDVHQGRKRQHVWDPHQWHHPSUHJDGRRTXHSRGHULDVHUHYLWDGRPHGLDQWHXPHVIRUoRGH
UHFRQTXLVWDGDFRQILDQoDS~EOLFD7DOYH]DVOHLVWULEXWiULDVVHMDPPHVPRH[WRUVLYDVH[LJLQGRGRFRQWULEXLQWH
H[FHVVLYR HQFDUJR WULEXWiULR PXLWR DOpP GH VXD FDSDFLGDGH IRUoDQGRR D IUDXGDU R TXH SRGHULD VHU HYLWDGR
PHGLDQWH D UHIRUPXODomR GR VLVWHPD WULEXWiULR HP TXH VH SURFXUDVVH GLYLGLU GH IRUPD PDLV HTXkQLPH DV
REULJDo}HVWULEXWiULDVGHPRGRDQmRLQFLGLUHPVHPSUHVREUHRVPHVPRVFRPRQRFDVRGR,PSRVWRGH5HQGD
TXH VDELGDPHQWH UHFDL PDLV GLUHWD H SHVDGDPHQWH VREUH RV DVVDODULDGRV SRU VRIUHUHP R GHVFRQWR QD IRQWH
IDFLOLWDQGRDDUUHFDGDomR
2 ILVFR GHYHULD HQJHQGUDU PHLRV GH DOFDQoDU FRP VXDV PDOKDV RV GH PDLRU FDSDFLGDGH HFRQ{PLFD GH
SHVFDUWDPEpPRSHL[HJUDQGHGRFRPpUFLRHGDLQG~VWULDDOLYLDQGRDVREUHFDUJDGRVDVVDODULDGRV
2V LQFRQYHQLHQWHV GH VH GHL[DU GH FRQWDWDU H HVFODUHFHU D RSLQLmR S~EOLFD DFHUFD GH TXHVW}HV WULEXWiULDV
SRGHPVHUGHPRQVWUDGRVFRPDFKDPDGDtaxa do lixo'RSRQWRGHYLVWDVRFLDODFUHGLWRTXHQLQJXpPFRQWHVWH
D QHFHVVLGDGH GH WDO WD[D HLV TXH R OL[R GH XPD JUDQGH FLGDGH WHP TXH VHU UHFROKLGR GLDULDPHQWH H FRP
HILFLrQFLDVRESHQDGHVHWRUQDULPSRVVtYHODYLGDeHYLGHQWHTXHSDUDDFROHWDGHVVHOL[RpQHFHVViULDXPD
HVWUXWXUDHPSUHVDULDOJHQWHHPDWHULDOEHPFRPRDUHDOL]DomRGHXPVHUYLoRRUJDQL]DGRHVLVWHPiWLFRVHQGR
DWD[DH[DWDPHQWHSDUDWDOILP
&RQWXGR TXDQGR DQRV DWUiV D WD[D FRPHoRX D VHU FREUDGD KRXYH XPD WUHPHQGD UHDomR GR S~EOLFR
HQVHMDQGR PLOKDUHV GH Do}HV MXGLFLDLV R TXH HP PXLWR SUHMXGLFRX D DUUHFDGDomR (P QRVVD PDQHLUD GH YHU
LVVR WXGR SRGHULD VHU HYLWDGR VH DQWHV GR ODQoDPHQWR GD WD[D GR OL[R D RSLQLmR S~EOLFD IRVVH HVFODUHFLGD D
UHVSHLWRGHVXDVFDXVDVQHFHVVLGDGHREMHWLYRVFULWpULRVGHIL[DomR

78. A OPINIÃO PÚBLICA SOBRE AS INSTITUIÇÕES JURÍDICAS

$TXLOR TXH R S~EOLFR HP JHUDO SHQVD D UHVSHLWR GDV LQVWLWXLo}HV MXUtGLFDV p RXWUR DVSHFWR GD RSLQLmR
S~EOLFD GH LQWHUHVVH SDUD D 6RFLRORJLD -XUtGLFD SRLV FRP EDVH HP WDO RSLQLmR p SRVVtYHO VDEHU VH DV
LQVWLWXLo}HVHVWmRRXQmRIXQFLRQDQGRVDWLVIDWRULDPHQWHGHPRGRDDOFDQoDUVHXVREMHWLYRVVRFLDLV
2UHVXOWDGRGDVSHVTXLVDVUHDOL]DGDVVREUHRIXQFLRQDPHQWRGRVLVWHPDMXGLFLiULRQmRpQDGDDQLPDGRU
$SRSXODomRQmRSRVVXLERPFRQKHFLPHQWRGRVLVWHPDMXUtGLFRWXGRpMXVWLoDDSROtFLDR0LQLVWpULR3~EOLFR
D'HIHQVRULD3~EOLFDRVLVWHPDFDUFHUiULRHWFDFUHGLWDTXHVySREUHYDLSDUDDFDGHLDQmRFRQILDQDMXVWLoD
RXFRQILDPXLWRSRXFRWHPXPDLPDJHPQHJDWLYDGHVHXVRSHUDGRUHV
'RLV tQGLFHV TXH PRQLWRUDP DV DWLYLGDGHV GR -XGLFLiULR QR %UDVLO FRQYHUJHP SDUD XP FHQiULR
SUHRFXSDQWHUHYHODQGRTXHRGHVHPSHQKRGDQRVVD-XVWLoDHVWiDTXpPGRHVSHUDGR
2ËQGLFHGH'HVHPSHQKRGD-XVWLoD,'-XVPHGHRGHVHPSHQKRGR-XGLFLiULRDSDUWLUGRIXQFLRQDPHQWR
LQWHUQR GRV WULEXQDLV WHQGR FRPR PDWpULDSULPD DV LQIRUPDo}HV GLVSRQLELOL]DGDV SHOR &1- 6LQWHWL]D WUrV
GLPHQV}HVGDV-XVWLoDV)HGHUDO(VWDGXDOHGR7UDEDOKRJHVWmRRUoDPHQWiULDDORFDomRGHUHFXUVRVKXPDQRVH
WHFQROyJLFRVHJHVWmRGRVSURFHVVRVFRQVLGHUDQGRYROXPHGHGHPDQGDVHWHPSRGHUHVSRVWDGRVWULEXQDLV2
LQGLFDGRUPRVWUDOHYHPHOKRULDQRGHVHPSHQKRQDVWUrVHVIHUDVFRPD)HGHUDOH[LELQGRPHOKRUGHVHPSHQKR
 SRQWRV VHJXLGD GR 7UDEDOKR  SRQWRV WHQGR D (VWDGXDO performance PDLV EDL[D  SRQWRV
PDVFRPPDLRUYROXPHGHSURFHVVRVWUDPLWDGRV±PLOK}HVGHSURFHVVRV
$SHVDU GH GLVWDQWH GR LGHDO D -XVWLoD )HGHUDO VHUYH GH HVSHOKR SDUD DV GHPDLV HVIHUDV HVSHFLDOPHQWH
TXDQWRDRSULQFLSDOJDUJDORTXHpDJHVWmRGHSURFHVVRVHPTXHVXDSURGXWLYLGDGHVXELXGHSDUD
SRQWRV HP GRLV DQRV (QTXDQWR LVVR D -XVWLoD (VWDGXDO SDVVRX GH  SDUD  H D GR 7UDEDOKR GH 
SDUD
2,'-XVWUD]WDPEpPXPrankingGRVWULEXQDLVHPWHUPRVGHGHVHPSHQKRVHQGRRPDLVEHPFRORFDGR
QD -XVWLoD (VWDGXDO R 7-56  SRQWRV VHJXLGR GR 7-06  H GR 7-5-  )LJXUDP HQWUH RV
WULEXQDLVFRPPDLVEDL[RGHVHPSHQKRR7-%$H7-3(1D-XVWLoD)HGHUDOR75GD5HJLmR
6306VHGHVWDFDFRPSRQWRVHQR7UDEDOKRRV757VGD$33$H635HJL}HVVHGHVWDFDP
FRPSRQWRV
2 ËQGLFH GH &RQILDQoD QD -XVWLoD ,&-%UDVLO GD )XQGDomR *HWXOLR 9DUJDV PHGH D FRQILDQoD TXH D
SRSXODomR WHP QD -XVWLoD WHQGR FRPR PDWpULDSULPD SHVTXLVD GH RSLQLmR FRQGX]LGD FRP PRUDGRUHV GH RLWR
XQLGDGHV GD IHGHUDomR $0 3( %$ 0* 5- 63 56 H ') 2 tQGLFH WUD] D DYDOLDomR TXH RV EUDVLOHLURV
ID]HP GD -XVWLoD H VXD SUHGLVSRVLomR GH EXVFDU R -XGLFLiULR FDVR YLYHQFLHP VLWXDomR GH FRQIOLWR SDVVtYHO GH
VROXomRMXGLFLDO2,&-WRWDOL]RXSRQWRVHPHSRQWRVQD~OWLPDHGLomRLQGLFDQGRTXHRV
EUDVLOHLURV FRQILDP SRXFR QD -XVWLoD ,VVR VH GHYH SULQFLSDOPHQWH j SHUFHSomR GH TXH R -XGLFLiULR p OHQWR
SDUDGRVHQWUHYLVWDGRVFDURSDUDHGLItFLOGHXWLOL]DUSDUD
2QGHDSRSXODomRPHOKRUDYDOLDR-XGLFLiULRpQR56TXHREWHYHRPHOKRUGHVHPSHQKRHQWUHDV-XVWLoDV
(VWDGXDLV QR ,'-XV ( DV SLRUHV DYDOLDo}HV HVWmR HQWUH RV PRUDGRUHV GH %$ H 3( ± TXH HVWmR HQWUH RV
WULEXQDLVGHGHVHPSHQKRPDLVEDL[R$FRQYHUJrQFLDGHLQGLFDGRUHVUHYHODTXHDSRSXODomRQmRHVWiDOKHLDDR
GHVHPSHQKR HIHWLYR GRV WULEXQDLV 7UHFKRV GR DUWLJR GRV 3URIHVVRUHV 5LFDUGR 0RULVKLWD :DQGD H )DELDQD
/XFLGH2OLYHLUDSXEOLFDGRQRO Globo,
$VVXPH WDPEpP JUDQGH UHOHYkQFLD VDEHU D RSLQLmR TXH SUHGRPLQD QR TXH WDQJH j LPSDUFLDOLGDGH GRV
yUJmRVMXGLFLDLVVXDGRFLOLGDGHGLDQWHGRSRGHURXVXDYXOQHUDELOLGDGHjVLQIOXrQFLDVGRVPDLVEHPDWHQGLGRV
QD GLYLVmR GD ULTXH]D VRFLDO +i XPD ERD SDUFHOD GD RSLQLmR S~EOLFD TXH HQWHQGH VHUHP RV WULEXQDLV RX RV
MXt]HVLQIOXHQFLiYHLVSHORVSRGHURVRVRXSDVVtYHLVGHFRUUXSomRHSRUWDQWRSDUFLDLVDVVXQWRHVWHGDPDLRU
JUDYLGDGHHDPHUHFHUXPDHVSHFLDODWHQomRVRESHQDGHXPGHVSUHVWtJLRFDGDYH]PDLRUGDLQVWLWXLomR
$GYLUWDVHHQWUHWDQWRTXHQHPVHPSUHGHYHUmRDVLQVWLWXLo}HVMXUtGLFDVVXEPHWHUVHjRSLQLmRS~EOLFD
SULQFLSDOPHQWHTXDQGRHVWDVHHQFRQWUDPDQHMDGDRXGRPLQDGDSRUJUXSRVGHSUHVVmRTXHQmRWUDGX]HPRV
UHDLVHHIHWLYRVSURSyVLWRVGDVRFLHGDGH(PDUWLJRLQWLWXODGR³67)IRLSHUPHiYHOjRSLQLmRS~EOLFDVHPVHU
VXEVHUYLHQWH´ /XtV 5REHUWR %DUURVR H (GXDUGR 0HQGRQoD UHQRPDGRV FRQVWLWXFLRQDOLVWDV H SURIHVVRUHV
DVVLQDODUDP

³2-XGLFLiULRGHYHVHUSHUPHiYHOjRSLQLmRS~EOLFDRTXHQmRVLJQLILFDTXHGHYDVHUVXEVHUYLHQWH2
GLiORJRGHTXHVHIDORXQmRSRGHVHFRQYHUWHUHPXPPRQyORJRjPRGDGHVHUPmRHPTXHPDJLVWUDGRV
LOXPLQDGRVUHYHODPDRSRYRDYHUGDGHGR'LUHLWR3RURXWURODGRWDPSRXFRVHHVSHUDTXHHOHVGHFLGDP
SHQVDQGR QDV PDQFKHWHV GR GLD VHJXLQWH RX UHDJLQGR jV GR GLD DQWHULRU R TXH RV WUDQVIRUPDULD HP
RILFLDLVGHMXVWLoDGDVUHGDo}HVGHMRUQDO2TXHVHWHPSRUWDQWRpXPHTXLOtEULRGHOLFDGRHGLQkPLFR
HP TXH VH DOWHUQDP PRPHQWRV GH DWLYLVPR H FRQWHQomR EHP FRPR PRPHQWRV GH DOLQKDPHQWR H
GHVDOLQKDPHQWRFRPDYRQWDGHPDMRULWiULD´
 2 SDSHO GLWR DQWLPDMRULWiULR RX FRQWUDPDMRULWiULR HP HVSHFLDO GDV FRUWHV FRQVWLWXFLRQDLV QmR VLJQLILFD
DSHQDVGHYHUGHWXWHODUGLUHLWRVGDVPLQRULDVSHUDQWHULVFRGHRSUHVVmRGDPDLRULDPDVWDPEpPGHHQIUHQWDU
QmRFUtWLFDVGLWDGDVSHORLQWHUHVVHS~EOLFRPDVSUHVV}HVLPSUySULDVWHQGHQWHVDFRQVWUDQJHUMXt]HVHPLQLVWURV
D DGRWDUHP LQWHUSUHWDo}HV TXH OKHV UHSXJQDP j FRQVFLrQFLD 2 GLVVHQVR KHUPHQrXWLFR ID] SDUWH GD
GLVFXWLELOLGDGH GDV TXHVW}HV MXUtGLFDV QD YLGD UHSXEOLFDQD 3UHVV}HV WRGDYLD VmR PDQLIHVWDo}HV GH
DXWRULWDULVPR H GHVUHVSHLWR j FRQYLYrQFLD GHPRFUiWLFD 0LQLVWUR &H]DU 3HOXVR 3UHVLGHQWH GR 67) QR
GLVFXUVRGHDEHUWXUDGRDQRMXGLFLiULRGH
2FRPSURPLVVRGRPDJLVWUDGRpFRPRRUGHQDPHQWRMXUtGLFRWDOFRPRIRLSURJUDPDGRSHORRUJDQLVPR
VRFLDO HP PRPHQWR GH VHUHQLGDGH H UHIOH[mR 2V PRPHQWRV GH SDL[mR H H[DOWDomR TXH FHUFDP D HFORVmR GH
FHUWRVDFRQWHFLPHQWRVSRGHPOHYDUVHJPHQWRVGDVRFLHGDGHDDJLUPDLVSRULQVWLQWRGRTXHSHODUD]mRHSHORV
VHQWLPHQWRV QREUHV TXH SUHVLGLUDP D LQVWLWXLomR GD QRUPD MXUtGLFD 7+(2'252 -81,25 +XPEHUWR 2E
FLWS
$QD /XFLD 6DEDGHOO UHDOoD D LQVWDELOLGDGH GD RSLQLmR S~EOLFD VREUH R GLUHLWR H VXDV LQVWLWXLo}HV ³$SyV
XPFULPHRXXPHVFkQGDORSROtWLFRRVFLGDGmRVVHQWHPVHLQGLJQDGRVFRPRVLVWHPDGHMXVWLoDHPXOWLSOLFDP
RVDSHORVSRUXPDSROtWLFDUHSUHVVLYD3DVVDGDDFRPRomRPXGDDRSLQLmR6HHVWHVPHVPRVFLGDGmRVIRVVHP
FRQYLGDGRV D OHJLVODU QmR DJLULDP FRP WDQWD YHUVDWLOLGDGH 1mR p UDUR FRQVWDWDU HP WDLV SHVTXLVDV TXH D
PHWDGHGRVFLGDGmRVQD(XURSDHQD$PpULFD/DWLQDpDIDYRUGDLQWURGXomRGDSHQDGHPRUWH026&21,H
72//(5  S  1DGD LQGLFD SRUpP TXH WRGRV HOHV YRWDULDP HP XP SDUWLGR TXH DSUHJRD R VHX
HVWDEHOHFLPHQWR´2EFLWS
1XQFD R -XGLFLiULR EUDVLOHLUR HVWHYH VXEPHWLGR j PDLRU SUHVVmR GD RSLQLmR S~EOLFD H[HUFLGD VREUH VXD
PDLV DOWD &RUWH 67) FRPR QR FDVR GR 0(16$/­2 TXH ILFRX FRQKHFLGR FRPR 80 -8/*$0(172
3$5$$+,67Ï5,$O Globo,$PDLRUSUHVVmRIRLH[HUFLGDVREUHR0LQLVWUR&HOVRGH0HOOR
TXDQGRWHYHTXHGHFLGLUHPIDFHGRHPSDWHHQWUHRVPLQLVWURVTXHMiKDYLDPYRWDGRVHHUDPRXQmRFDEtYHLV
RV (PEDUJRV LQIULQJHQWHV UHFXUVR TXH GDULD DRV UpXV GR PHQVDOmR D FKDQFH GH QRYR MXOJDPHQWR HP DOJXQV
FULPHV
(LVDOJXQVWUHFKRVGRGHVDEDIRGR0LQLVWUR³(XLPDJLQDYDTXHLVVR>SUHVVmRGDPtGLDSDUDTXHYRWDVVH
FRQWUDRSHGLGRGRVUpXV@SXGHVVHRFRUUHUHQmRPHVHQWLSUHVVLRQDGR0DVIRLLQVyOLWRHVVHFRPSRUWDPHQWR
1DGDLPSHGHTXHYRFrFULWLTXHRXH[SUHVVHRVHXSHQVDPHQWR2TXHQmRWHPVHQWLGRpSUHVVLRQDURMXL]>«@
)RL DOJR LQFRPXP (P  DQRV GH DWXDomR QD iUHD MXUtGLFD FRPR PHPEUR GR 0LQLVWpULR 3~EOLFR H MXL] GR
67) QXQFD SUHVHQFLHL XP FRPSRUWDPHQWR WmR RVWHQVLYR GRV PHLRV GH FRPXQLFDomR EXVFDQGR VXEMXJDU XP
MXL]>«@(VVDWHQWDWLYDGHVXEMXJDomRPLGLiWLFDGDFRQVFLrQFLDGRMXL]PRVWUDVHH[WUHPDPHQWHJUDYHHSRU
LVVR PHVPR LQVyOLWD e PXLWR SHULJRVR TXDOTXHU HQVDLR TXH EXVTXH VXEMXJDU R PDJLVWUDGR VRE SHQD GH
IUXVWUDomR GDV OLEHUGDGHV IXQGDPHQWDLV UHFRQKHFLGDV SHOD &RQVWLWXLomR e LQDFHLWiYHO SDUWD GH RQGH SDUWLU
Sem  magistrados  independentes  jamais  haverá  cidadãos  livres.  [...] 2 MXL] QmR p XP VHU LVRODGR QR
PXQGR(OHYLYHHVHQWHDVSXOV}HVGDVRFLHGDGH(OHWHPFDSDFLGDGHGHRXYLU0DVSUHFLVDVHUUDFLRQDOHQmR
SRGHVHUFRQVWUDQJLGRDRSLQL}HVH[WHUQDV´Folha de S. Paulo,
(P VHX YRWR PHPRUiYHO OLomR SDUD WRGD D PDJLVWUDWXUD SUHVHQWH H IXWXUD R 0LQLVWUR &HOVR GH 0HOOR
MXVWLILFRX R VHX HQWHQGLPHQWR ³$ &RUWH QmR SRGH VH VXEPHWHU D SUHVV}HV GR FODPRU SRSXODU SDUD WRPDU
GHFLV}HV ,VVR SRGHULD UHVXOWDU QD YLRODomR GR GLUHLWR GRV UpXV GH WHU XP SURFHVVR MXVWR $ &RUWH GHYH VH
DIDVWDUGDVSDL[}HVH[DFHUEDGDVGDVPXOWLG}HV>«@2GHYHUGHSURWHomRGDVOLEHUGDGHVLQGLYLGXDLVGRVUpXV
GHTXDOTXHUUpXUHSUHVHQWDHQFDUJRFRQVWLWXFLRQDOGHTXHHVWH6XSUHPR7ULEXQDO)HGHUDOQmRSRGHGHPLWLUVH
VRE SHQD GH SHUGD GH FRQTXLVWDV KLVWyULFDV DSyV VpFXORV GH OXWDV H UHLYLQGLFDo}HV GR SUySULR SRYR QD
FRQVDJUDomR GH TXH R SURFHVVR SHQDO WUDGX] LQVWUXPHQWR JDUDQWLGRU GH TXH D UHDomR GR (VWDGR j SUiWLFD
FULPLQRVD MDPDLV SRGH VHU XPD UHDomR LQVWLQWLYD DUELWUiULD RX LUUDFLRQDO >«@ (X QmR SRVVR VREUHSRU DV
PLQKDV FRQYLFo}HV LQGLYLGXDLV VREUH R HVWDWXWR FRQVWLWXFLRQDO TXH SURWHJH DV OLEHUGDGHV IXQGDPHQWDLV GH
QRVVRSDtV6HLVVRRFRUUHUKDYHULDXPDFRPSOHWDVXEYHUVmRGRUHJLPHGHOLEHUGDGHVS~EOLFDVHDQLTXLODomR
JUDYtVVLPDGRVGLUHLWRVJDUDQWLDVHOLEHUGDGHVHVVHQFLDLVTXHGmRVHQWLGRTXHGmRVLJQLILFDGRHTXHFRQIHUHP
OHJLWLPLGDGHPDWHULDODR(VWDGRGHPRFUiWLFRGH'LUHLWR´
(PFRQFOXVmRDWHQWDUSDUDDRSLQLmRS~EOLFDSRUWDQWRQmRpVXFXPELUjVPDQLIHVWDo}HVGHPRPHQWRGH
VHWRUHVGDFRPXQLGDGHQHPGDFKDPDGDsociedade do espetáculoGRPLQDGDSHORVPHLRVGHFRPXQLFDomRTXH
VXEVWLWXHP ³R UHDO SRU VLJQRV GR UHDO´ &RPR Mi GHVWDFDGR QmR Ki XPD ~QLFD RSLQLmR VREUH DV SHVVRDV H
DFRQWHFLPHQWRVHDVYiULDVRSLQL}HVQmRWrPRPHVPRSHVR6HUiSUHFLVRDYDOLDUFDGDFDVRDQWHVGHVHWRPDU
XPD SRVLomR SUy RX FRQWUD 2 FRPSURPLVVR GR MXL] p FRP D MXVWLoD H SDUD WDQWR WHP TXH VHU LPSDUFLDO
LQGHSHQGHQWH H FRUDMRVR SDUD HQIUHQWDU WRGDV DV IRUoDV H SUHVV}HV KRQHVWDV RX GHVRQHVWDV TXH WHQWDP
FRQGX]LUDGHFLVmRSDUDUXPRGLYHUVRGRSODQHMDGRSHORRUGHQDPHQWRMXUtGLFR
 Conceito  de  método.  O  método  utilizado  pela  Sociologia  Jurídica.  A  observação:  nas  sociedades
contemporâneas  do  tipo  moderno,  nas  sociedades  contemporâneas  do  tipo  primitivo  e  nas  sociedades
desaparecidas. A interpretação. A comparação.

$SyVWHUPRVWUDWDGRGRREMHWRGD6RFLRORJLD-XUtGLFDYDPRVDJRUDGHGLFDUHVWHFDStWXORDRH[DPHGRVHX
PpWRGR SRLV FRPR Mi DILUPDPRV QR HVWXGR GH TXDOTXHU FLrQFLD p LQGLVSHQViYHO HVWDEHOHFHU R VHX REMHWR H
GHILQLURVHXPpWRGR
&RQYpP HVFODUHFHU GHVGH ORJR TXH QmR YDPRV WUDWDU DTXL GRV PpWRGRV TXH VmR DGRWDGRV GHVGH DV
IRUPDo}HVGRXWULQiULDVHWHyULFDVGD6RFLRORJLDQHPGRFKDPDGR³PpWRGRVRFLROyJLFR´DEUDQJHQWHJHQpULFR
FXMDVUHJUDVIRUDPHQXQFLDGDVSRU'XUNKHLPHPFHOHEUDGRHVWXGRPDVVLPSDUDQmRIXJLUPRVDRVREMHWLYRV
GHVWH VLQJHOR WUDEDOKR GRV SURFHVVRV H WpFQLFDV GH WUDEDOKR HPSUHJDGRV SHOD 6RFLRORJLD -XUtGLFD QD
LQYHVWLJDomRHUHDOL]DomRGRVHXREMHWR
3DUDWDQWRWRUQDVHQHFHVViULRHVWDEHOHFHUDLQGDTXHGHIRUPDVXFLQWDXPFRQFHLWRGHPpWRGR

79. CONCEITO DE MÉTODO

0pWRGRpRPHLRPDLVUDFLRQDOHHILFLHQWHSDUDVHDWLQJLUXPILPGHVHMDGReRFDPLQKRXWLOL]DGRSDUDD
UHDOL]DomR GH XP REMHWLYR 6mR RV PHLRV UHFXUVRV LQVWUXPHQWRV H DWLYLGDGHV GHYLGDPHQWH RUJDQL]DGRV H
FRRUGHQDGRV GH TXH GLVS}H XPD FLrQFLD SDUD UHDOL]DU VHX REMHWR e R FRQMXQWR GRV PHLRV RX SURFHVVRV
GLVSRVWRVFRQYHQLHQWHPHQWHSDUDDOFDQoDUXPILPHHVSHFLDOPHQWHSDUDFKHJDUDXPFRQKHFLPHQWRFLHQWtILFR
RXSDUDFRPXQLFiOR
7URFDQGR LVVR WXGR HP PL~GRV SRGHPRV GL]HU TXH PpWRGR p PDQHLUD HILFLHQWH GH ID]HU DV FRLVDV p
PRGRUDFLRQDOGHSURFHGHUUHXQLmRGRVPHLRVTXHVHHPSUHJDPQDVFLrQFLDVSDUDDFKDUDYHUGDGH3RULVVR
WRUQDVH GHVQHFHVViULD TXDOTXHU GLVFXVVmR HP WRUQR GR XVR GR WHUPR ³PpWRGR´ FRPR WrP IHLWR DOJXQV
VXVFLWDQGR GHEDWHV SRU HQWHQGHUHP QmR VHU SUySULR R YRFiEXOR SDUD GHVFUHYHU DV RSHUDo}HV LQWHOHFWXDLV
UHDOL]DGDVSHORLQYHVWLJDGRUDLQGDQDIDVHGDREVHUYDomRSURSULDPHQWHGLWDSURSRQGRHPOXJDUGH³PpWRGR´D
SDODYUD³SURFHVVR´+RMHSRGHVHDILUPDUFRPVHJXUDQoDMiHVWiJHQHUDOL]DGRRXVRGRWHUPR³PpWRGR´SDUD
LQGLFDURVSURFHVVRVHDVWpFQLFDVHPSUHJDGRVQDLQYHVWLJDomRVRFLDO
4XDQWRjLPSRUWkQFLDGDXWLOL]DomRGHXPPpWRGREDVWDTXHVHGLJDVHUHOHLQGLVSHQViYHOQRGHVHPSHQKR
GH TXDOTXHU DWLYLGDGH TXH VH SURS}H D DOFDQoDU DOJXP REMHWLYR GHVGH D PDLV VLPSOHV j PDLV FRPSOH[D 2V
VLPSOHVVHUYLoRVGRPpVWLFRVUHDOL]DGRVSHODGRQDGHFDVDVHQmRIRUHPH[HFXWDGRVFRPPpWRGRDFDEDPVH
UHYHODQGRGHILFLHQWHV2HVWXGDQWHTXHQmRWHPPpWRGRQRVHVWXGRVGHL[DSDUDHVWXGDUVRPHQWHQDKRUDGDV
SURYDV QXQFD VHUi XP ERP HVWXGDQWH SRGH DWp WLUDU ERDV QRWDV PDV SRXFR DSURYHLWDPHQWR WLUDUi GRV
HVWXGRV(VWXGDSDUDSDVVDUGHDQRPDVQmRSDUDDSUHQGHU
$UD]mRSHODTXDODOJXPDVSHVVRDVQDVPHVPDVKRUDVGRGLDFRQVHJXHPID]HUWDQWDFRLVDHRXWUDV
TXDVHQDGDFRQVHJXHPHVWiMXVWDPHQWHQRIDWRGHDVSULPHLUDVVHUHPSHVVRDVPHWyGLFDV
$V HPSUHVDV LQGXVWULDLV H FRPHUFLDLV GRV QRVVRV GLDV SDUD FRQVHJXLUHP UHDOL]DU RV VHXV REMHWLYRV
OHYDP PXLWR D VpULR D TXHVWmR UHODFLRQDGD FRP RUJDQL]DomR H PpWRGRV TXH Mi ID]HP SDUWH GDV PDWpULDV
HVWXGDGDVQRFXUVRGH$GPLQLVWUDomR
9rVHSRLVTXHQmRWHULDD6RFLRORJLD-XUtGLFDFRQGLo}HVGHUHDOL]DURVVHXVREMHWLYRVVHPGHVHQYROYHU
DVVXDVDWLYLGDGHVGHIRUPDPHWyGLFD

80. O MÉTODO UTILIZADO PELA SOCIOLOGIA JURÍDICA

6HJXQGR /HY\ %UKO Sociologia  do  direito S  R PpWRGR MXUtGLFR R PpWRGR XWLOL]DGR SHOR
MXULVWDWRPDGRRWHUPRHPVHXVHQWLGRPDLVDPSORQmRpPXLWRGLIHUHQWHGRXWLOL]DGRQDVFLrQFLDVVRFLDLVHP
JHUDOHSRGHVHUUHVXPLGRHPWUrVRSHUDo}HVSULQFLSDLVREVHUYDomRLQWHUSUHWDomRHFRPSDUDomR

80.1. A observação

&RQVLVWH D REVHUYDomR QD FROHWD GH GDGRV RX IDWRV VRFLDLV LPSRUWDQWHV SDUD R HVWXGR TXH VH HVWi
UHDOL]DQGRHTXHSRVWHULRUPHQWHGHYHUmRVHUH[DPLQDGRVFODVVLILFDGRVHLQWHUSUHWDGRV3RGHDREVHUYDomRVHU
UHDOL]DGDHPGLIHUHQWHVWLSRVGHVRFLHGDGHVDVDEHU

a VRFLHGDGHVFRQWHPSRUkQHDVGHWLSRPRGHUQR
b VRFLHGDGHVFRQWHPSRUkQHDVGHWLSRSULPLWLYR
c VRFLHGDGHVGHVDSDUHFLGDV

1DV VRFLHGDGHV FRQWHPSRUkQHDV GH WLSR PRGHUQR D REVHUYDomR p EDVWDQWH IiFLO SRLV DV IRQWHV GH
LQIRUPDo}HV VmR DEXQGDQWHV VXSHUDEXQGDQWHV PHVPR D SRQWR GH QmR VH FRQVHJXLU GRPLQiODV
FRPSOHWDPHQWH $V PDLV LPSRUWDQWHV IRQWHV QHVVDV VRFLHGDGHV VmR DV HVFULWDV GHQWUH DV TXDLV SRGHPRV
GHVWDFDU

a RVWH[WRVOHJLVODWLYRVRXUHJXODPHQWDUHVFRPRRVFyGLJRVOHLVHWF
b DVFROHo}HVGHMXULVSUXGrQFLDSRUPHLRGDVTXDLVVDEHPRVFRPRDVOHLVHVWmRVHQGRDSOLFDGDV
c RV GRFXPHQWRV GH FDUiWHU WpFQLFR FRPR RV SURFHVVRV UHJLVWURV FDUWRUiULRV HWF &RP EDVH QHVVHV
GRFXPHQWRVpSRVVtYHOSRUH[HPSORVDEHUTXDQWRVFDVDPHQWRVVHSDUDo}HVMXGLFLDLVGLYyUFLRVHWF
RFRUUHUDPQR5LRGH-DQHLURQRDQRSDVVDGRSRLVWRGRVHVVHVDWRVILFDUDPGHYLGDPHQWHUHJLVWUDGRV

1D WDUHID GH FROHWDU GDGRV LPSRUWDQWHV SDUD R HVWXGR TXH VH SUHWHQGH ID]HU SRGH R LQYHVWLJDGRU ODQoDU
PmR GH YiULRV PpWRGRV WRPDGD DTXL D SDODYUD HP VHQWLGR HVWULWR FRPR SRU H[HPSOR R LQTXpULWR R
HVWDWtVWLFRHWF
(QWHQGHVH SRU LQTXpULWR D SHVTXLVD RX SURFHVVR GH LQYHVWLJDomR IHLWR PXLWDV YH]HV SRU PHLR GH
TXHVWLRQiULRDILPGHFRQKHFHUDUHDOLGDGHVRFLDODWUDYpVGHVXDVPDQLIHVWDo}HVFRQFUHWDV&RQVLVWHHPRXYLU
SHVVRDOPHQWH RV LQGLYtGXRV FRPSRQHQWHV GH GHWHUPLQDGR JUXSR TXH VH GHVHMD HVWXGDU 4XHP VH SURS}H D
UHDOL]DUXPDSHVTXLVDGHILQHRVHXREMHWRFRQMHFWXUDXPDVROXomRSURYiYHOFROHWDRVGDGRVVXMHLWDQGRVHa
posterioriYHULILFDomR'HYHHQWUHWDQWRDGRWDUXPDSRVWXUDGHREVHUYDGRULVHQWDGHTXDOTXHUMXt]RGHYDORU
4XHP SULPHLUR XVRX HVVH PpWRGR FLHQWLILFDPHQWH QD 6RFLRORJLD IRL R IUDQFrV /H 3OD\ IXQGDGRU GD
(VFROD GH &LrQFLD 6RFLDO H GR PpWRGR PRQRJUiILFR (P QRVVR VpFXOR D WpFQLFD GR LQTXpULWR VRFLDO IRL
DOWDPHQWH DSHUIHLoRDGD QRV (VWDGRV 8QLGRV RQGH RV HVWXGLRVRV GR SUREOHPD FULDUDP XPD YHUGDGHLUD
6RFLRORJLD([SHULPHQWDOEDVHDGDQRsurveyLQTXpULWR+isurveySDUDWRGRVRVILQVSXEOLFLGDGHOLWHUDWXUD
FLQHPD FLrQFLD HVSRUWH SROtWLFD HWF )RL FULDGR R ,QVWLWXWR GD 2SLQLmR 3~EOLFD FXMD ILQDOLGDGH p ODQoDU
SHUPDQHQWHV LQTXpULWRV QR VHLR GD FRPXQLGDGH D ILP GH FRQKHFHUOKH D RSLQLmR D UHVSHLWR GRV SULQFLSDLV
SUREOHPDVGRPXQGRDWXDOHDYDOLDUDHYROXomRGHVVDRSLQLmR
2LQTXpULWRpJHUDOPHQWHUHDOL]DGRSRUXPDHTXLSHPDLVRXPHQRVQXPHURVDGHSHVTXLVDGRUHVHGLULJLGR
SRU XP HVSHFLDOLVWD PDLV H[SHULPHQWDGR SRLV Ki XPD WpFQLFD PLQXFLRVD D VHU DSOLFDGD DSHUIHLoRDGD QHVWD
~OWLPDGpFDGD$QWHVGHLQLFLDUDSHVTXLVDpQHFHVViULRHVWDEHOHFHUFRPFODUH]DHSUHFLVmRRVHXREMHWLYRR
TXH SHUJXQWDU D ILP GH HYLWDU SHUJXQWDV FRQIXVDV H HQVHMDGRUDV GH UHVSRVWDV GLVSHUVLYDV (P RXWUDV
SDODYUDVpLQGLVSHQViYHOXPDIRUPXODomRSUHOLPLQDUGDVKLSyWHVHVDLQYHVWLJDUFRPDIRUPDomRGHILQLomRH
GHOLPLWDomRGRSUREOHPD1DIRUPXODomRGRVTXHVLWRVpSUHFLVRVDEHUSHUJXQWDUFRPRSHUJXQWDUDIDVWDQGR
SHUJXQWDV FDSD]HV GH LQGX]LU D UHVSRVWD RX FRQGLFLRQDU R UDFLRFtQLR GR HQWUHYLVWDGR GHYHQGRVH SDUD WDQWR
GDU PXLWD DWHQomR j FDUJD VHPkQWLFD YDULiYHO GH FHUWRV YRFiEXORV RX GH H[SUHVV}HV LGLRPiWLFDV H RXWURV
GHWDOKHV¬TXHPSHUJXQWDUpRXWUDTXHVWmRTXHGHYHPHUHFHUSDUWLFXODUDWHQomRSDUDTXHRVGDGRVFROHWDGRV
VHMDP UHDOPHQWH UHSUHVHQWDWLYRV GH WRGD D VRFLHGDGH RX GD IUDomR GHOD TXH VH HVWi LQYHVWLJDQGR SRLV FDVR
FRQWUiULRDVFRQFOXV}HVILQDLVVHUmRXPORJUR
$RORQJRGRQRVVRHVWXGRIL]HPRVUHIHUrQFLDDGH]HQDVGHSHVTXLVDVVREUHPXLWRVWHPDVUHDOL]DGDVSRU
YiULRV LQVWLWXWRV H HQWLGDGHV UHVSHLWiYHLV R TXH HYLGHQFLD D LPSRUWkQFLD GD SHVTXLVD SDUD D 6RFLRORJLD
-XUtGLFDeRVHXPpWRGRSRUH[FHOrQFLDTXHOKHSHUPLWHFKHJDUDRVIDWRVjUHDOLGDGHVRFLDOSDUDGHODH[WUDLU
DVFRQFOXV}HVQHFHVViULDVDRVHXHVWXGR
$ HVWDWtVWLFD SRU VHX WXUQR HQXPHUD D IUHTXrQFLD GRV IHQ{PHQRV VRFLDLV SRLV p R DJUXSDPHQWR
PHWyGLFR GRV IDWRV VRFLDLV VXVFHWtYHLV GH DYDOLDomR TXDQWLWDWLYD $VVLP VHQGR HQWHQGHVH SRU PpWRGR
HVWDWtVWLFR R FRQMXQWR GH SURFHVVRV TXH WHP SRU REMHWR D REVHUYDomR FODVVLILFDomR IRUPDO H DQiOLVH GRV
IHQ{PHQRVFROHWLYRVRXGHPDVVDEHPFRPRDLQGXomRGDVOHLVDTXHWDLVIHQ{PHQRVJOREDOPHQWHREHGHoDP
$ LPSRUWkQFLD GD XWLOL]DomR GD HVWDWtVWLFD HP TXHVW}HV VRFLROyJLFDV IRL PXLWR EHP DVVLQDODGD SRU /HY\
%UKO Sociologia  do  direito S  DR HVFUHYHU ³7HQGR HP YLVWD TXH DV LQVWLWXLo}HV MXUtGLFDV VmR FRLVDV
FROHWLYDV FRQFOXLVH TXH XP GRV SULQFLSDLV LQVWUXPHQWRV GH WUDEDOKR D VHU XWLOL]DGR SDUD FRQKHFrODV p D
HVWDWtVWLFD 3DUD DSUHFLDU R YHUGDGHLUR DOFDQFH GH XPD LQVWLWXLomR H PHGLOD QR WHPSR H QR HVSDoR p SUHFLVR
GLVSRUGHHOHPHQWRVQXPpULFRVH[DWRVWmRH[DWRVTXDQWRSRVVtYHLVHOHYDQWDGRVSHULRGLFDPHQWH´
2 HPSUHJR GD HVWDWtVWLFD QR FDPSR VRFLRMXUtGLFR WHP VLGR FULWLFDGR SRU DOJXQV DXWRUHV SULQFLSDOPHQWH
SRUIDOWDGHFRQILDQoDQRVGDGRVIRUQHFLGRVSHORVyUJmRVRILFLDLV+iPHVPRTXHPDILUPHVHUDHVWDWtVWLFDR
PHLRRILFLDOGHVHDILUPDULQYHUGDGHVHPIDFHGDPDQLSXODomRPXLWDVYH]HVIHLWDQRVGDGRVTXHOKHVHUYLUDP
GHEDVHSULQFLSDOPHQWHHPTXHVW}HVHFRQ{PLFDV
(QWHQGHPRV WRGDYLD TXH PHVPR QmR WHQGR DEVROXWD FRQILDQoD QDV FLIUDV SXEOLFDGDV H DLQGD TXH VH
DSRQWHP HUURV YROXQWiULRV RX LQYROXQWiULRV TXH VH GHL[DUDP HVFDSDU HVVHV GDGRV VmR SUHFLRVRV SRVWR TXH
FRQWrPJUDQGHQ~PHURGHLQIRUPDo}HVQmRHQFRQWUDGLoDVHPRXWURVOXJDUHV
(P WHVH FDVR KRXYHVVH XP WUDEDOKR VpULR H RUJDQL]DGR GH FROHWD GRV GDGRV QmR VHULD GLItFLO H GH DOWR
FXVWRRHPSUHJRGDHVWDWtVWLFDQRPXQGRMXUtGLFRSRUTXHWXGRRXTXDVHWXGRTXHQHOHVHSDVVDSHORPHQRV
GHPDLVUHOHYDQWHILFDGHYLGDPHQWHUHJLVWUDGR
4XHPQmRUHFRQKHFHRTXDQWRVHULD~WLOVDEHURQ~PHURGHFDVDPHQWRVVHSDUDo}HVMXGLFLDLVGLYyUFLRV
WHVWDPHQWRV UHFRQKHFLPHQWR GH ILOKRV QDWXUDLV HWF QDV GLIHUHQWHV FLGDGHV HVWDGRV RX UHJL}HV GR SDtV" 2X
HQWmR TXHP QmR Yr D LPSRUWkQFLD GH VDEHU R Q~PHUR H R WLSR GH FULPHV TXH RFRUUHP QRV GLIHUHQWHV PHLRV
RQGH VH YHULILFD D VXD PDLRU LQFLGrQFLD HWF" 7DLV GDGRV QmR SHUPLWLULDP D DGRomR GH XPD VpULH GH PHGLGDV
SUHYHQWLYDV H UHSUHVVLYDV" 6REUH HVWHV DVVXQWRV H PXLWRV RXWURV IDWRV MXUtGLFRV D GRFXPHQWDomR H[LVWH SRLV
IRUDPWRGRVUHJLVWUDGRVVHQGRPHVPRQDPDLRULDGDVYH]HVEDVWDQWHDFHVVtYHO0DVQmRIRLDLQGDFROLJLGDH
PXLWR PHQRV FRQVXOWDGD UD]mR SHOD TXDO R LQFUHPHQWR GD HVWDWtVWLFD MXUtGLFD p QR SODQR FLHQWtILFR XPD
PHGLGDGHJUDQGHXUJrQFLD

80.2. A observação nas sociedades contemporâneas de tipo primitivo

1HVVDV VRFLHGDGHV j IDOWD GH HVFULWD D REVHUYDomR p IHLWD in  locu PHGLDQWH D SUHVHQoD ItVLFD GR
SHVTXLVDGRU 6H R SURSyVLWR p FRQKHFHU SRU H[HPSOR D VLWXDomR GD IDPtOLD HQWUH RV QRVVRV LQGtJHQDV QmR
KDYHUiRXWURPHLRGHUHDOL]DUWDOSHVTXLVDDQmRVHUGHVORFDQGRVHRSHVTXLVDGRUSDUDHVVHPHLRSDUDDOLYHU
RXYLUHREVHUYDU7HUiTXHVHPLVWXUDUFRPHOHVJDQKDUVXDFRQILDQoDSDUWLFLSDUGHVXDYLGDGLiULDDVVLVWLU
jVVXDVIHVWDVHFHULP{QLDVFRQKHFHUVHXVKiELWRVHFRVWXPHV
2 FRQKHFLPHQWR GR GLUHLWR GH XPD VRFLHGDGH GR WLSR SULPLWLYR DGTXLUH SDUWLFXODU LPSRUWkQFLD QR
PRPHQWRHPTXHpFRPSDUDGRFRPRGLUHLWRGHXPDVRFLHGDGHGDPHVPDpSRFDFRQWHPSRUkQHDPDVGRWLSR
PRGHUQR3RGHVHHQWmRYHULILFDUFRPJUDQGHHYLGrQFLDDVSURIXQGDVGLIHUHQoDVH[LVWHQWHVHQWUHRGLUHLWRGH
XPDHGHRXWUDVRFLHGDGHSRUIRUoDGHGHWHUPLQDGRVIDWRUHVVRFLDLVFRPRDFXOWXUDDHFRQRPLDDSROtWLFDD
UHOLJLmRHWFFRQIRUPHMiH[SRVWRQDSDUWHHPTXHWUDWDPRVGRVIDWRUHVVRFLDLVGDHYROXomRGRGLUHLWR$OpP
GLVVR R GLUHLWR SULPLWLYR DSUHVHQWD WUDoRV SDUWLFXODUPHQWH LQWHUHVVDQWHV H RULJLQDLV D SRQWR GH FRQVWLWXtUHP
REMHWRGHXPDGLVFLSOLQDHVSHFLDODHWQRORJLDMXUtGLFD

80.3. A observação nas sociedades desaparecidas

1R TXH VH UHIHUH ILQDOPHQWH jV VRFLHGDGHV TXH GHL[DUDP GH H[LVWLU D REVHUYDomR HVWi QDWXUDOPHQWH
FLUFXQVFULWD DRV YHVWtJLRV TXH HVVDV VRFLHGDGHV GHL[DUDP 7HUVHi TXH UHFRUUHU DRV GRFXPHQWRV HVFULWRV
PRQXPHQWRVSHUJDPLQKRVSRUYHQWXUDH[LVWHQWHVRTXHWRUQDWUHPHQGDPHQWHSHQRVDDWDUHIDGRSHVTXLVDGRU
1HVVH SRQWR D DUTXHRORJLD WHP FRQWULEXtGR JUDQGHPHQWH SDUD XP PHOKRU H PDLRU FRQKHFLPHQWR GR
GLUHLWR GH DQWLJDV FLYLOL]Do}HV FRPR D GRV HJtSFLRV FDOGHXV KHEUHXV HWF DWUDYpV GH VXDV LQ~PHUDV
GHVFREHUWDV
3RGHVHDLQGDODQoDUPmRGHLQIRUPDo}HVLQGLUHWDVTXHVmRDVIRUQHFLGDVSRUWHUFHLURVFRPRDVTXHQRV
Gi+HUyGRWRVREUHRVSHUVDV3RVVLG{QLRVREUHRVWUiFLRV7iFLWRVREUHRVJHUPDQRV

81. A INTERPRETAÇÃO

$ LQWHUSUHWDomR TXH FRPR YLPRV p D VHJXQGD RSHUDomR GR PpWRGR GD 6RFLRORJLD -XUtGLFD FRQVLVWH QR
H[DPHHFODVVLILFDomRGRVIDWRVVRFLDLVFROHWDGRVH[WUDLQGRVHGHOHVDVSULPHLUDVFRQFOXV}HV
1HVVDWDUHIDSRGHPVHXWLOL]DUYiULRVPpWRGRVFRPRRGHGXWLYRTXHSDUWHGRJHUDOSDUDRSDUWLFXODUR
TXH YDOH SDUD R JHUDO Ki GH YDOHU SDUD R SDUWLFXODU H R LQGXWLYR TXH VHJXH FDPLQKR LQYHUVR LVWR p GR
SDUWLFXODUSDUDRJHUDOPXLWRHPERUDDDSOLFDomRGHDPERVQRFDPSRVRFLROyJLFRVHMDVHYHUDPHQWHFULWLFDGD
&RPTXHHVStULWRGHYHRSHVTXLVDGRULQWHUSUHWDURVGDGRVSRVWRVjVXDGLVSRVLomR"
$SULPHLUDUHJUDHPDLVIXQGDPHQWDOpFRQVLGHUDURVIDWRVVRFLDLVFRPRFRLVDV4XHULVVRGL]HUTXHRV
IDWRV VRFLDLV GHYHP VHU FRQVLGHUDGRV UHDOLGDGHV GLYHUVDV GDV LGHLDV GHYHQGR R LQWpUSUHWH OLYUDUVH GDV
SUHQRo}HV GH TXH D YLGD VRFLDO QRV HQFKDUFD R HVStULWR FRP UHODomR DRV WHPDV GD VRFLHGDGH (P YHUGDGH
HQIDWL]D 0DFKDGR 1HWR Sociologia  jurídica S  VREUH DV FRLVDV QDGD VDEHPRV DQWHV GD SHVTXLVD FXMD
UHDOL]DomR SRUYHQWXUD HPSUHHQGDPRV UHDOL]DU 6H VREUH R VRFLDO DQWHV PHVPR GH LQLFLDUPRV D SHVTXLVD Mi
QRVVR HVStULWR HVWi FKHLR GH QRo}HV SUpYLDV SUHQRo}HV VREUH VXD QDWXUH]D H VHX FRPSRUWDPHQWR 'XUNKHLP
UHFRPHQGD DRV VRFLyORJRV R DEDQGRQR GHVVH FRQKHFLPHQWR HVS~ULR 1mR WHQGR HPDQDGR GD SHVTXLVD WDO
FRQKHFLPHQWRVRPHQWHSRGHWHUVLGRIUXWRGHSUHMXOJDPHQWRVHSUHQRo}HV7UDWDURVIDWRVVRFLDLVFRPRFRLVDV
p SRLV OLEHUWDU R HVStULWR GHVVHV SUHMXOJDPHQWRV H GHVVDV SUHQRo}HV XPD YH] TXH VREUH DV FRLVDV QmR
SRGHPRVWHUSUHMXOJDPHQWRVRXSUHQRo}HV
/HY\ %UKO SRU VXD YH] HVWDEHOHFH DOJXQV SULQFtSLRV GH LQWHUSUHWDomR TXH SRU VXD LPSRUWkQFLD
PHUHFHPVHUDTXLGHVWDFDGRV

 2 MXULVWD H VRFLyORJR GHYH GLULJLU VXD DWHQomR H[FOXVLYDPHQWH SDUD RV IDWRV MXUtGLFRV WDLV FRPR
WHQWDPRV GHILQLORV RX VHMD como  normas  de  conduta  coletivas 6LJQLILFD TXH GHL[DUi GH ODGR a
prioriRTXHVHUHYHODUSXUDPHQWHGHVFULWLYRFRPRRIDWRLQGLYLGXDORXRDQHGyWLFR
 ,QWHUHVVDOKHQmRRPRPHQWRHPTXHVHYHULILFDUDPPDWHULDOPHQWHRVIDWRVPDVVLPRPRPHQWRHP
TXH H[HUFHP VXD LQIOXrQFLD (P RXWURV WHUPRV R TXH PHUHFH VHU WRPDGR HP FRQVLGHUDomR QmR p R
WHPSRDVWURQ{PLFRRWHPSRGRFDOHQGiULRPDVVLPRWHPSRVRFLDODUHODomRFURQROyJLFDHQWUHXP
IDWRHRXWURGDPHVPDQDWXUH]D6RPRVOHYDGRVDGDUPHQRUDWHQomRDRDSDUHFLPHQWRPDWHULDOGHXP
IDWRRXLGHLDHPDLRUDRPRPHQWRHPTXHHVVHIDWRRXLGHLDFRPHoDDDJLUDSURGX]LUVHXVHIHLWRV
VRFLDLV
 7UDWDQGRVH GH GRFXPHQWR HVFULWR LQWHUHVVDP PDLV DR MXULVWD RV HIHLWRV VRFLDLV SURGX]LGRV SHOR
HVFULWR GR TXH R VHQWLGR RULJLQDO GR WH[WR D VXD SXUH]D RX R VHX WHRU YHUtGLFR FRPR VyL DFRQWHFHU
 SDUDRKLVWRULDGRU8PWH[WRMXUtGLFRpDRVROKRVGRMXULVWDVRFLyORJRDOJRGLIHUHQWHGHXPDSHoDGH
DUTXLYR FXMD VLJQLILFDomR H LPSRUWkQFLD FRQWLQXDP OLJDGDV jV FLUFXQVWkQFLDV TXH HQYROYHUDP VXD
RULJHP e XPD HVSpFLH GH VHU YLYR GHVWLQDGR D SURGX]LU VHXV HIHLWRV GHQWUR GH XP DPELHQWH HP
FRQVWDQWH HYROXomR H TXH SRU LVVR PHVPR HYROXL WDPEpP LQFHVVDQWHPHQWH 0XGD SRUWDQWR
FRQVWDQWHPHQWHGHVHQWLGRHVXDVLJQLILFDomRLQLFLDOWHPWmRSRXFDLPSRUWkQFLDSDUDRMXULVWDTXDQWR
RVGLIHUHQWHVVHQWLGRVTXHDGTXLULXQRGHFRUUHUGRWHPSR$QRomRGHDXWHQWLFLGDGHFKHJDDVXVFLWDU
OKHXPLQWHUHVVHPXLWRUHVWULWRSociologia do direitoSH

82. A COMPARAÇÃO

&KHJDPRV ILQDOPHQWH j ~OWLPD RSHUDomR GR PpWRGR GD 6RFLRORJLD -XUtGLFD ± D FRPSDUDomR TXH
YXOJDUPHQWH VLJQLILFD H[DPLQDU VLPXOWDQHDPHQWH GXDV RX PDLV FRLVDV SDUD OKHV GHWHUPLQDU VHPHOKDQoD
GLIHUHQoDRXUHODomR'RSRQWRGHYLVWDVRFLROyJLFRRWHUPRQmRIRJHGHVVHVHQWLGRVHQGRXWLOL]DGRSRUWDQWR
SDUD LQGLFDU R FRWHMR RX FRQIURQWR GDV FRQFOXV}HV SDUFLDLV REWLGDV QD IDVH GD LQWHUSUHWDomR D ILP GH VH
HVWDEHOHFHUHP DV UHODo}HV VHPHOKDQoDV H GLIHUHQoDV HQWUH HODV H[LVWHQWHV H FKHJDUVH D RXWUDV FRQFOXV}HV
PDLVDEUDQJHQWHVHGHILQLWLYDV
$ FRPSDUDomR SRGH H GHYH VHU IHLWD HP GRLV SODQRV R SODQR YHUWLFDO WHPSRUDO RX KLVWyULFR H R SODQR
KRUL]RQWDOHVSDFLDORXJHRJUiILFR
1RSODQRYHUWLFDORXWHPSRUDOFRPSDUDPVHUHVXOWDGRVGHREVHUYDo}HVIHLWDVHPXPDPHVPDVRFLHGDGH
PDV HP pSRFDV GLIHUHQWHV $VVLP SRU H[HPSOR VH HVWDPRV HVWXGDQGR RV SUREOHPDV UHODFLRQDGRV FRP D
IDPtOLD EUDVLOHLUD SRGHPRV FRPSDUDU D VLWXDomR GD IDPtOLD QD DWXDOLGDGH FRP D GD pSRFD GD 5HS~EOLFD GR
,PSpULRGD&RO{QLDHLQYHVWLJDUDVFDXVDVTXHRVSURYRFDUDP
1R SODQR KRUL]RQWDO RX HVSDFLDO D FRPSDUDomR p IHLWD HQWUH RV UHVXOWDGRV REWLGRV QDV REVHUYDo}HV
HIHWXDGDV HP GLIHUHQWHV VRFLHGDGHV PDV WRGDV FRQWHPSRUkQHDV FRPR SRU H[HPSOR QR QRUWH OHVWH VXO GR
%UDVLORXPHVPRHQWUHGLIHUHQWHVSDtVHV$WUDYpVGHWDOFRPSDUDomRpSRVVtYHOQRWDUDVGLIHUHQoDVH[LVWHQWHV
HQWUH DV QRUPDV GR GLUHLWR GHVVDV VRFLHGDGHV FRQWHPSRUkQHDV PRWLYDGDV SRU IDWRUHV VRFLDLV H DWXDQWHV HP
FDGDUHJLmRRXSDtV
eDLQGDSRVVtYHOYHULILFDUPHGLDQWHFRPSDUDomRQRVSODQRVYHUWLFDOHKRUL]RQWDODVRULJHQVGHDOJXPDV
LQVWLWXLo}HV DWXDLV RX WUDoRV HP FRPXP HQWUH HODV H FHUWDV LQVWLWXLo}HV DQWLJDV EHP FRPR R JUDX GH
DSHUIHLoRDPHQWR GH LQVWLWXLo}HV DQiORJDV GH RXWUDV VRFLHGDGHV R TXH SRGHUi DXPHQWDU D QRVVD H[SHULrQFLD H
OHYDUDRDSULPRUDPHQWRGDVQRVVDVLQVWLWXLo}HV
6RPHQWHDWUDYpVGRHPSUHJRMXGLFLRVRGRPpWRGRRXPpWRGRVTXHDFDEDPRVGHGHOLQHDUpSRVVtYHOWHU
XPFRQKHFLPHQWRSURIXQGRGDVLQVWLWXLo}HVMXUtGLFDVVXDVIXQo}HVVRFLDLVVXDHILFLrQFLDRXLQHILFLrQFLDEHP
FRPR GDV QRUPDV RX LQVWLWXWRV MXUtGLFRV H[LVWHQWHV ± FRQKHFLPHQWR LQGLVSHQViYHO SDUD VH ID]HUHP DV
UHIRUPDV PXGDQoDV H DOWHUDo}HV QHFHVViULDV $QWHV GLVVR TXDOTXHU PXGDQoD RX UHIRUPD VHUi IHLWD
LPSURYLVDGDPHQWHSUDWLFDPHQWHQRHVFXURHMDPDLVFRQVHJXLUiDWLQJLURVVHXVREMHWLYRVVRFLDLV
)RL R TXH DFRQWHFHX FRP D FKDPDGD UHIRUPD GR 3RGHU -XGLFLiULR OHYDGD D HIHLWR DWUDYpV GD (PHQGD
&RQVWLWXFLRQDOQHGD/HL2UJkQLFDGD0DJLVWUDWXUD)L]HUDPDWDOUHIRUPDVHPRXYLUQLQJXpPQRPDLV
DEVROXWR VLJLOR RX VHJUHGR GH MXVWLoD DWXDUDP DSHQDV GRLV RX WUrV HOHPHQWRV TXH VH MXOJDYDP GRQRV GD
YHUGDGHHRVUHVXOWDGRVDtHVWmR0XGRXSDUDSLRU2TXHHODWHPGHERPQmRpQRYRHRTXHHODWHPGHQRYR
QmRpERP
8PDUHIRUPDGHWDOPDJQLWXGHHQHFHVVLGDGHSDUDDWLQJLURVVHXVREMHWLYRVWLQKDTXHVHUSUHFHGLGDGH
DPSODFROHWDGHGDGRVPHGLDQWHSHVTXLVDGDRSLQLmRS~EOLFDDXGLrQFLDGRVyUJmRVHLQVWLWXLo}HVTXHDWXDPQD
RUGHPMXUtGLFD±7ULEXQDLV)HGHUDLV(VWDGXDLV-Xt]HV0LQLVWpULR3~EOLFR2UGHPGRV$GYRJDGRVRS~EOLFR
HP JHUDO 7HUVHLD TXH REVHUYDU FRPR YHP IXQFLRQDQGR R -XGLFLiULR HP FDGD (VWDGR QDV FDSLWDLV H QR
LQWHULRU TXDLV DV GHILFLrQFLDV H GLILFXOGDGHV GH FDGD OXJDU (VVHV GDGRV DWUDYpV GH WpFQLFRV HVSHFLDOL]DGRV
GHYHULDP VHU H[DPLQDGRV FODVVLILFDGRV LQWHUSUHWDGRV FRPSDUDGRV H Vy HQWmR WHUtDPRV XPD GHVFULomR GD
UHDOLGDGHVRFLDOGRQRVVR3RGHU-XGLFLiULR&RPEDVHQHVVDUHDOLGDGHSRGHUVHLDID]HUXPDUHIRUPDHILFLHQWH
HOLPLQDQGRDVFDXVDVGHVXDVGHILFLrQFLDVPRURVLGDGHHHPSHUUDPHQWR
)DODVHPXLWRDWXDOPHQWHHPUHIRUPDHOHLWRUDOHDJUiULD$PHQRVTXHWDLVUHIRUPDVVHMDPSUHFHGLGDV
GHXPSURIXQGRFRQKHFLPHQWRGDVDVSLUDo}HVGRSRYRHGDUHDOLGDGHEUDVLOHLUDPHGLDQWHSHVTXLVDPHWyGLFDH
FLHQWtILFD GHVVD UHDOLGDGH QDGD VHUi PXGDGR SDUD PHOKRU 7HUHPRV RXWUD UHIRUPD FDVXtVWLFD PRWLYDGD SRU
LQWHUHVVHVSROtWLFRVHIHLWDLPSURYLVDGDPHQWH
 Noção de anomia. Causas do comportamento anômico. O pensamento de Émile Durkheim. O pensamento de
Robert K. Merton. Tipos de comportamento: conformistas, inovacionistas, ritualistas, de evasão e rebelião.
Comportamentos de desvio. Igualdade na partida – educação.

0XLWRV RXWURV WHPDV GH UHOHYkQFLD SDUD D 6RFLRORJLD -XUtGLFD SRGHULDP VHU DLQGD DERUGDGRV FDVR R
QRVVR SURJUDPD FRPSRUWDVVH 1mR VHQGR SRVVtYHO ID]rOR YDPRV QRV OLPLWDU DR HQFHUUDU HVWH WUDEDOKR D
WHFHUDOJXPDVFRQVLGHUDo}HVVREUHanomia SRU UHSXWiOR XP WHPD GD PDLRU LPSRUWkQFLD QD DWXDOLGDGH H TXH
JXDUGDSHUIHLWDDGHTXDomRFRPWXGRDTXLORTXHILFRXH[SRVWRQDVSDUWHVDQWHULRUHV

83. NOÇÃO DE ANOMIA

$SDODYUDWHPRULJHPJUHJD9HPGHanomosGRQGHaVLJQLILFDDXVrQFLDIDOWDSULYDomRLQH[LVWrQFLD
HnomosTXHUGL]HUOHLQRUPD(WLPRORJLFDPHQWHSRUWDQWRDQRPLDVLJQLILFDIDOWDGHOHLRXDXVrQFLDGHQRUPD
GH FRQGXWD )RL FRP HVVH HQWHQGLPHQWR TXH 'XUNKHLP XVRX D SDODYUD SHOD SULPHLUD YH] HP VHX IDPRVR
HVWXGR VREUH D GLYLVmR GR WUDEDOKR VRFLDO QXP HVIRUoR SDUD H[SOLFDU FHUWRV IHQ{PHQRV TXH RFRUUHP HP
VRFLHGDGH
'HSRLVGHOHGLYHUVRVDXWRUHVWrPDERUGDGRRFRQFHLWRFRPYDULDo}HVTXDQWRDRVHXH[DWRHQWHQGLPHQWR
FRQIRUPHDVVLQDODGRSRU5REHUW%LHUVWHGWVHJXQGRRTXDORWHUPRWHPVLGRHPSUHJDGRFRPWUrVVLJQLILFDGRV
GLIHUHQWHVDVDEHU

 GHVRUJDQL]DomR SHVVRDO GR WLSR TXH UHVXOWD HP XP LQGLYtGXR GHVRULHQWDGR RX IRUD GD OHL FRP
UHGX]LGDYLQFXODomRjULJLGH]GDHVWUXWXUDVRFLDORXjQDWXUH]DGHVXDVQRUPDV
 FRQIOLWR GH QRUPDV R TXH UHVXOWD HP VLWXDo}HV VRFLDLV TXH DFDUUHWDP SDUD R LQGLYtGXR GLILFXOGDGHV
HPVHXVHVIRUoRVSDUDVHFRQIRUPDUjVH[LJrQFLDVFRQWUDGLWyULDV
 DXVrQFLDGHQRUPDRXVHMDVLWXDomRVRFLDOTXHHPVHXVFDVRVOLPtWURIHVQmRFRQWpPQRUPDVpHP
FRQVHTXrQFLDRFRQWUiULRGHVRFLHGDGHFRPRDQDUTXLDpRFRQWUiULRGHJRYHUQR

(QWHQGHPRV WRGDYLD TXH VRFLRORJLFDPHQWH D SDODYUD SRGH VHU XVDGD HP XP TXDUWR VHQWLGR TXH p D
VtQWHVHRXSHORPHQRVJXDUGDSHUIHLWDFRUUHODomRFRPRVWUrVSULPHLURVHLVTXHHPTXDOTXHUGDVYDULDo}HVGR
VLJQLILFDGR GH DQRPLD HVWi SUHVHQWH D LGHLD GD IDOWD RX GR DEDQGRQR GDV QRUPDV VRFLDLV GH FRPSRUWDPHQWR
$VVLP VHQGR SRGHVH DILUPDU TXH DQRPLD LQGLFD GHVYLR GH FRPSRUWDPHQWR RX FRPSRUWDPHQWR GHVYLDQWH
TXHSRGHRFRUUHUSRUDXVrQFLDGHOHLFRQIOLWRGHQRUPDVRXDLQGDGHVRUJDQL]DomRSHVVRDO

84. CAUSAS DO COMPORTAMENTO ANÔMICO (OU DE DESVIO)

(P TXDOTXHU VRFLHGDGH GR PXQGR SRU PDLV HILFLHQWHV TXH VHMDP DV VXDV QRUPDV GH FRQGXWD H EHP
HVWUXWXUDGDVHDSDUHOKDGDVDVVXDVLQVWLWXLo}HVMXUtGLFDVYDPRVHQFRQWUDUFRPSRUWDPHQWRGHGHVYLRFRPRXP
YHUGDGHLUR IHQ{PHQR XQLYHUVDO 3RGH YDULDU GH LQWHQVLGDGH ± HP XPD VRFLHGDGH YDPRV HQFRQWUDU PDLRU
LQFLGrQFLD GH FRPSRUWDPHQWR DQ{PLFR TXH HP RXWUD YDPRV HQFRQWUDU HP DOJXPDV PDLRU LQFLGrQFLD GH XP
WLSRGHGHVYLR±PDVRIHQ{PHQRVHPSUHH[LVWLUi3RUTXr"
6H DV OHLV VmR ERDV EHP HODERUDGDV DGHTXDGDV DRV LQWHUHVVHV VRFLDLV H VH DV LQVWLWXLo}HV GHVWLQDGDV D
PDQWHUDRUGHPMXUtGLFDVmRHILFLHQWHVHEHPHVWUXWXUDGDVHPSULQFtSLRQmRGHYHULDRFRUUHUFRPSRUWDPHQWR
DQ{PLFR7RGRVGHYHULDPHVWDUHPSHQKDGRVHPPDQWHUXPFRPSRUWDPHQWRHPKDUPRQLDFRPDVQRUPDVGH
FRQGXWDVRFLDOGHVRUWHDQmRH[LVWLUGHVYLR0DVQmRpRTXHRFRUUH
0XLWRV VRFLyORJRV WrP VH HPSHQKDGR HP HQFRQWUDU DV FDXVDV GR FRPSRUWDPHQWR DQ{PLFR H[LVWLQGR D
UHVSHLWRYiULDVWHRULDVHQWUHDVTXDLVYDPRVH[DPLQDUDGHePLOH'XUNKHLPHDGH5REHUW.0HUWRQ
$QWHV GH PDLV QDGD HQWUHWDQWR p QHFHVViULR GLVWLQJXLU FDXVD GH IDWRU FRLVDV GLIHUHQWHV PDV TXH SRU
PXLWRVVmRFRQIXQGLGDV3RUFDXVDHQWHQGHVHDTXLORTXHGHWHUPLQDDH[LVWrQFLDGHXPDFRLVDDFLUFXQVWkQFLD
VHP D TXDO R IHQ{PHQR QmR H[LVWH e SRLV R DJHQWH FDXVDGRU GR IHQ{PHQR VRFLDO VXD RULJHP SULQFtSLR
PRWLYRRXUD]mRGHVHU(OLPLQDGDDFDXVDRIHQ{PHQRKDYHUiGHGHVDSDUHFHU
-i R IDWRU HPERUD QmR Gr FDXVD DR IHQ{PHQR FRQFRUUH SDUD D VXD PDLRU RX PHQRU LQFLGrQFLD e D
FLUFXQVWkQFLDTXHGHTXDOTXHUIRUPDFRQFRUUHSDUDRUHVXOWDGR3RGHVHGL]HUSRUH[HPSORTXHDSREUH]DD
PLVpULDpXPIDWRUGHFULPLQDOLGDGHSRUTXHVHJXQGRDVHVWDWtVWLFDVRXPDLVGDSRSXODomRFDUFHUiULDp
FRQVWLWXtGD GH SHVVRDV SURYHQLHQWHV GDV FODVVHV VRFLDLV PDLV KXPLOGHV 0DV QmR p FHUWDPHQWH D FDXVD GH
FULPH SRUTXH Ki XP Q~PHUR PXLWR JUDQGH GH SREUHV TXH QmR GHOLQTXHP 3RGHVH GL]HU LJXDOPHQWH TXH R
DQDOIDEHWLVPR D LJQRUkQFLD p RXWUR IDWRU GH FULPLQDOLGDGH SRUTXDQWR QD PHVPD SRSXODomR FDUFHUiULD
HQFRQWUDPRV  GH SHVVRDV DQDOIDEHWDV RX SRUWDGRUDV DSHQDV GH LQVWUXomR SULPiULD 0DV QmR p FDXVD GH
FULPLQDOLGDGHSRUTXHKiPLOK}HVGHDQDOIDEHWRVQR%UDVLOTXHQmRHQYHUHGDUDPSHORVFDPLQKRVGRFULPH
&RPRMiILFRXGLWRSUHRFXSDVHRHVWXGRGDDQRPLDFRPDVFDXVDVHQmRVLPSOHVPHQWHFRPRVIDWRUHV
TXHVmRLQ~PHURVPHVPRSRUTXHGHTXDVHQDGDDGLDQWDFRPEDWHURVIDWRUHVVHPHOLPLQDUDVFDXVDVeWHQWDU
VHFDUDiUYRUHGDQLQKDDUUDQFDQGROKHVLPSOHVPHQWHDVIROKDVVHPFRUWDUOKHDUDL]

85. O PENSAMENTO DE DURKHEIM SOBRE A ANOMIA

(P VHX IDPRVR OLYUR ± A  divisão  do  trabalho  social ± 'XUNKHLP TXH FRPR Mi DVVLQDODPRV IRL R
SULPHLUR D XVDU D SDODYUD ³DQRPLD´ QXPD WHQWDWLYD GH H[SOLFDomR GH FHUWRV IHQ{PHQRV VRFLDLV DVVLP
GHVHQYROYHXVHXSHQVDPHQWR

a DVRFLHGDGHPRGHUQDSDUDSRGHUDWLQJLURVVHXVILQVLQFOXVLYHGHSURGXomRHVREUHYLYrQFLDSUHFLVD
RUJDQL]DUVH
b DRUJDQL]DomRLPS}HGLYLVmRGHWUDEDOKRRXWDUHIDV
c DGLYLVmRGHWDUHIDVSURGX]HVSHFLDOL]DomR
d D HVSHFLDOL]DomR RFDVLRQD LVRODPHQWR GHQWUR GR JUXSR PRWLYDQGR SRU VXD YH] XP HQIUDTXHFLPHQWR
GRHVStULWRGHVROLGDULHGDGHGRJUXSRJOREDO
e R HQIUDTXHFLPHQWR GHVVH HVStULWR GH VROLGDULHGDGH DFDUUHWD XPD LQIOXrQFLD GLVVROYHQWH H SRU YLD GH
FRQVHTXrQFLDVRFRPSRUWDPHQWRGHGHVYLR

3DUDRHPLQHQWHVRFLyORJRIUDQFrVSRUWDQWRGHVGHTXHDGLYLVmRGRWUDEDOKRVRFLDOVXSHUDXPFHUWRJUDX
GHGHVHQYROYLPHQWRRLQGLYtGXRGHEUXoDGRVREUHVXDVWDUHIDVLVRODVHHPVXDDWLYLGDGHHVSHFLDOQmRPDLV
VHQWLQGRDSUHVHQoDGRVFRODERUDGRUHVTXHWUDEDOKDPDVHXODGRQDPHVPDREUDSHUGHQGRPHVPRDSDUWLUGH
XP FHUWR SRQWR D LGHLD GHVVD REUD FRPXP 'XUNKHLP LQYRFRX SDODYUDV GH &RPWH QR VHQWLGR GH TXH DV
VHSDUDo}HVGDVIXQo}HVVRFLDLVWHQGHPHVSRQWDQHDPHQWHDRODGRGHXPGHVHQYROYLPHQWRIDYRUiYHOGRHVStULWR
GH PLQ~FLD D DEDIDU R HVStULWR GH FRQMXQWR RX SHOR PHQRV D HQWUDYDU VHULDPHQWH R VHX GHVHQYROYLPHQWR
&LWRXWDPEpP(VSLQDVDRDILUPDUTXHGLYLVmRVLJQLILFDGLVSHUVmR
2 SHQVDPHQWR GXUNKHLPLDQR HPERUD FULWLFDGR SRU DOJXQV QmR GHL[D GH SRVVXLU FHUWD UD]mR
SULQFLSDOPHQWH QR TXH GL] UHVSHLWR jV VRFLHGDGHV VXSHUGHVHQYROYLGDV H SRU LVVR PHVPR VXSHURUJDQL]DGDV
1HVVDVVRFLHGDGHVpYLVtYHOTXHDRODGRGDVLQHJiYHLVYDQWDJHQVTXHDGLYLVmRGRWUDEDOKRUHSUHVHQWDFRPR
UHFXUVRLPSRVWRSHODSUySULDFRPSOH[LGDGHFUHVFHQWHGDYLGDVRFLDOWDOGLYLVmRWUDQVIRUPDVHQXPDIRQWHGH
GHVLQWHJUDomRDRSURYRFDUDVHVSHFLDOL]Do}HVGRVLQGLYtGXRV
(VSHFLDOLVWDFRPRGLVVHDOJXpPpDTXHOHTXHVDEHFDGDYH]PDLVGHFDGDYH]PHQRV¬PHGLGDTXHR
LQGLYtGXR DSURIXQGD RV VHXV FRQKHFLPHQWRV GLPLQXLOKHV D H[WHQVmR RX DPSOLWXGH H LVVR VH WRUQRX XPD
QHFHVVLGDGHXPDH[LJrQFLDHPIDFHGDYDVWLGmRGRVDEHUPRGHUQR
)RLVH R WHPSR HP TXH HUD SRVVtYHO VDEHU GH WXGR FRPR RV ViELRV GD *UpFLD +RMH R VDEHU KXPDQR p
GLYLGLGR HP YiULDV iUHDV RX FLrQFLDV H HP FDGD FLrQFLD Ki LQ~PHUDV HVSHFLDOLGDGHV 2 PHVPR RFRUUH FRP D
DWLYLGDGHKXPDQD+iYiULDVHGLIHUHQWHVSURILVV}HVHHPFDGDSURILVVmRLQ~PHUDVHVSHFLDOL]Do}HV
1mR Ki PDLV OXJDU HP QRVVRV GLDV SURILVVLRQDOPHQWH IDODQGR SDUD R LQGLYtGXR TXH p ³SDX SDUD WRGD
REUD´TXH³WRFDVHWHLQVWUXPHQWRV´HWFeSUHFLVRFDGDYH]PDLVFRPRXPDFRQWLQJrQFLDVRFLDOVDEHUPXLWR
EHPID]HUGHWHUPLQDGDFRLVDSDUDVHSRGHUFRPSHWLUQRPHUFDGRGHWUDEDOKR
$HVSHFLDOL]DomRHQWUHWDQWRIRUoRVRpUHFRQKHFHUOLPLWDDYLVmRVRFLDOGRLQGLYtGXRID]HQGRRSHUGHUD
YLVmR JOREDO RX GH FRQMXQWR GD DWLYLGDGH VRFLDO &RP HVVD SHUGD GH YLVmR GD REUD FRPXP H GR VHX VHQWLGR
RFRUUH WDPEpP XP HQIUDTXHFLPHQWR GR VHQWLPHQWR GH VROLGDULHGDGH JUXSDO 2 LQGLYtGXR VH LVROD GHQWUR GR
JUXSR H VH MXQWD D RXWURV LQGLYtGXRV GH VXD HVSHFLDOLGDGH IRUPDQGR JUXSRV PHQRUHV jV YH]HV DWp FRP
LQWHUHVVHVDQWDJ{QLFRVDRVLQWHUHVVHVGRJUXSRJOREDO
,VVR p IDFLOPHQWH FRQVWDWDGR QDV VRFLHGDGHV VXSHUGHVHQYROYLGDV GRV QRVVRV GLDV 3HVVRDV TXH YmR GR
%UDVLO HP YLVLWD RX D WUDEDOKR D FHUWRV SDtVHV GD (XURSD RX PHVPR DRV (VWDGRV 8QLGRV TXHL[DPVH GD
IULH]DGDIDOWDGHVROLGDULHGDGHHFDORUKXPDQRTXHOiVHQWLUDP
$WpPHVPRHQWUHQyVLVVRSRGHVHUFRQVWDWDGRFRPSDUDQGRVHDYLGDGRLQWHULRUFRPDGHXPDJUDQGH
FLGDGH1XPDFLGDGH]LQKDGRLQWHULRUWRGRPXQGRFRQKHFHHVDEHGHWRGRPXQGR7RGRVVHSUHRFXSDPFRP
WRGRVHHVWmRSURQWRVSDUDVHDX[LOLDUHPPXWXDPHQWH+iFDORUKXPDQRHVStULWRGHVROLGDULHGDGHHWF-iQXPD
JUDQGHFLGDGHQLQJXpPVDEHGHQLQJXpPHFDGDTXDOFRUUHDWUiVGRVVHXVSUySULRVLQWHUHVVHV6RPRVFDSD]HV
GHPRUDUPXLWRVDQRVHPXPPHVPRSUpGLRVHPVDEHUTXHPpRFRQG{PLQRGRODGRRXGHFLPD(RTXHp
SLRUID]HPRVDWpTXHVWmRGHQmRVDEHUTXHPp
(PERUDPRUDQGRQXPDFLGDGHGHPLOK}HVGHKDELWDQWHVGLiULDRXVHPDQDOPHQWHQRVUHODFLRQDPRVFRP
XP SHTXHQR JUXSR QRUPDOPHQWH GDV QRVVDV UHODo}HV GH DWLYLGDGH QR WUDEDOKR QD HVFROD QR OD]HU HWF 2V
RXWURV QmR QRV LQWHUHVVDP QmR QRV GL]HP UHVSHLWR XPD SHVVRD IHULGD QXP DFLGHQWH SRGH ILFDU KRUDV D ILR
VHP UHFHEHU VRFRUUR PXLWR HPERUD GH]HQDV GH SHVVRDV SDVVHP DR VHX ODGR HP VHXV YHtFXORV VHP VH
LQFRPRGDUHP RX SRGH VHU DVVDOWDGD H PDVVDFUDGD SRU XP PDUJLQDO DRV ROKRV GH XPD PXOWLGmR VHP TXH
QLQJXpPYHQKDHPVHXVRFRUUR
2 IHQ{PHQR QmR p QRYR H Mi IRL DWp H[SORUDGR SRU &KDUOHV &KDSOLQ FRPR WHPD GR ILOPH ³7HPSRV
0RGHUQRV´ RQGH VH GHVWDFRX HQWUH RXWUDV FRLVDV D LQIOXrQFLD GLVVROYHQWH GD SHUVRQDOLGDGH TXH VRIUH R
RSHUiULRTXHSDVVDRGLDWRGRDSHUWDQGRSDUDIXVRVQXPDIiEULFDGHDXWRPyYHLV
6H D WHVH GH 'XUNKHLP DSUHVHQWD PXLWRV SRQWRV YHUGDGHLURV QR TXH GL] UHVSHLWR jV VRFLHGDGHV
VXSHUGHVHQYROYLGDV QmR p YHUGDGH QR TXH VH UHIHUH jV VRFLHGDGHV VXEGHVHQYROYLGDV RQGH VH REVHUYD TXH R
PDLRU tQGLFH GH GHVYLR SULQFLSDOPHQWH QR TXH WDQJH j FULPLQDOLGDGH YHULILFDVH MXVWDPHQWH HQWUH RV PHQRV
HVSHFLDOL]DGRV RX PHVPR VHP QHQKXPD HVSHFLDOL]DomR SRU HVWD UD]mR D WHVH IRL FRQWHVWDGD H SUHWHULGD SRU
PXLWRVHPIDFHGDWHVHGH5REHUW.0HUWRQ

86. O PENSAMENTO DE ROBERT K. MERTON SOBRE A ANOMIA

(P  5REHUW . 0HUWRQ VRFLyORJR DPHULFDQR HVFUHYHX XP DUWLJR IDPRVR GH DSHQDV GH] SiJLQDV
TXHWHYHRPpULWRGHHVWDEHOHFHURVIXQGDPHQWRVGHXPDWHRULDJHUDOGDDQRPLD2DUWLJRIRLSRVWHULRUPHQWH
UHYLVWRHDXPHQWDGRSHORDXWRUWUDQVIRUPDQGRVHHPSDUWHGDVXDREUDFOiVVLFDTeoria e estrutura sociais
3DUWLQGRGHXPDDQiOLVHGDVRFLHGDGHDPHULFDQD0HUWRQVXVWHQWRXTXHHPWRGDVRFLHGDGHH[LVWHPPHWDV
FXOWXUDLV D VHUHP DOFDQoDGDV HQWHQGHQGRVH FRPR WDLV RV YDORUHV VRFLRFXOWXUDLV TXH QRUWHLDP D YLGD GRV
LQGLYtGXRV3DUDDWLQJLUHVVDVPHWDVH[LVWHPRVPHLRVTXHVmRRVUHFXUVRVLQVWLWXFLRQDOL]DGRVSHODVRFLHGDGH
DRV TXDLV DGHUHP QRUPDV GH FRPSRUWDPHQWR 'H XP ODGR SRUWDQWR PHWDV VRFLRFXOWXUDLV H GH RXWUR PHLRV
VRFLDOPHQWHSUHVFULWRVSDUDDWLQJLORV
2FRUUH HQWUHWDQWR TXH RV PHLRV H[LVWHQWHV QmR VmR VXILFLHQWHV QHP HVWmR DR DOFDQFH GH WRGRV
DFDUUHWDQGR DVVLP XP GHVHTXLOtEULR HQWUH RV PHLRV H DV PHWDV 4XHU LVVR GL]HU TXH HQTXDQWR WRGRV VmR
LQVLVWHQWHPHQWH HVWLPXODGRV D DOFDQoDU DV PHWDV VRFLDLV QD UHDOLGDGH DSHQDV DOJXQV SRXFRV FRQVHJXHP SRU
WHUHPDRVHXGLVSRURVPHLRVLQVWLWXFLRQDOL]DGRV
0HUWRQLOXVWUDLVVRWRPDQGRFRPRH[HPSORDPHWDPDLVLPSRUWDQWHGDVRFLHGDGHDPHULFDQDTXDOVHMDR
VXFHVVR QD YLGD QLVWR LQFOXLQGR IRUWXQD SRGHU SUHVWtJLR SRSXODULGDGH HWF 0DV TXDQWRV UHDOPHQWH WrP
FRQGLo}HV SDUD DWLQJLU HVVD PHWD" $SHVDU GH HULJLGD HP REMHWLYR GD YLGD GH WRGRV PXLWR SRXFRV SRGHP
DOFDQoiOD HP IDFH GD HVFDVVH] GRV PHLRV LQVWLWXFLRQDOL]DGRV FRQFHQWUDGRV QDV PmRV GH SHTXHQD SDUFHOD GD
VRFLHGDGH 'LVVR UHVXOWD XP GHVDMXVWDPHQWR XP GHVFRPSDVVR HQWUH RV ILQV VXJHULGRV D WRGRV H
LQVLVWHQWHPHQWHHVWLPXODGRVHRVUHFXUVRVRIHUHFLGRVSHODVRFLHGDGHSDUDDOFDQoDUDTXHOHVREMHWLYRV
(VVH GHVHTXLOtEULR HQWUH PHLRV H PHWDV RFDVLRQDULD R FRPSRUWDPHQWR GH GHVYLR LQGLYLGXDO RX HP
JUXSR HLV TXH R LQGLYtGXR QR HPSHQKR GH DOFDQoDU DV PHWDV TXH OKH IRUDP VXJHULGDV H QmR GLVSRQGR GH
PHLRVSDUDWDOEXVFDULDRXWURVPHLRVPHVPRTXHFRQWUiULRVDRVLQWHUHVVHVVRFLDLV
0RGHUQDPHQWHFRPSDUWLOKDGHVVHHQWHQGLPHQWR=\JPXQW%DXPDQXPGRVPDLVLQIOXHQWHVDFDGrPLFRV
HXURSHXV FRQVLGHUDGR R PDLV LPSRUWDQWH VRFLyORJR YLYR GD DWXDOLGDGH 1R VHX PRGR GH YHU RV GLVW~UELRV
RFRUULGRVHP/RQGUHVHPMXOKRDJRVWRGHTXDQGRPLOKDUHVGHMRYHQVVDTXHDUDPHTXHLPDUDPORMDVGH
URXSDVHDUWLJRVHOHWU{QLFRV³IRLXPPRWLPGHFRQVXPLGRUHVH[FOXtGRV´
(PHQWUHYLVWDDRO Globo=\JPXQWDILUPRXTXH³DVLPDJHQVGHFDRVQDFDSLWDOEULWkQLFD
QDGD PDLV UHSUHVHQWDUDP TXH XPD UHYROWD PRWLYDGD SHOR GHVHMR GH FRQVXPLU QmR SRU TXDOTXHU SUHRFXSDomR
PDLRU FRP PXGDQoDV QD RUGHP VRFLDO 7DLV H[SORV}HV VmR XPD FRPELQDomR GH GHVLJXDOGDGH VRFLDO H
FRQVXPLVPR 1mR HVWDPRV IDODQGR GH XPD UHYROWD GH JHQWH PLVHUiYHO RX IDPLQWD RX GH PLQRULDV pWQLFDV H
UHOLJLRVDVUHSULPLGDV)RLXPPRWLPGHFRQVXPLGRUHVH[FOXtGRVHIUXVWUDGRV
³(VWDPRV IDODQGR GH SHVVRDV KXPLOKDGDV SRU DTXLOR TXH QD RSLQLmR GHODV p XP GHVILOH GH ULTXH]DV jV
TXDLVQmRWrPDFHVVR7RGRVQyVIRPRVFRDJLGRVHVHGX]LGRVSDUDYHURFRQVXPRFRPRXPDUHFHLWDSDUDXPD
ERDYLGDHDSULQFLSDOVROXomRSDUDRVSUREOHPDV2SUREOHPDpTXHDUHFHLWDHVWiDOpPGRDOFDQFHGHERDSDUWH
GDSRSXODomR
³2TXHPHSDUHFHpTXHDVFODVVHVPDLVEDL[DVTXHUHPpLPLWDUDHOLWH(PYH]GHDOWHUDUVHXPRGRGH
YLGDSDUDDOJRFRPPDLVWHPSHUDQoDHPRGHUDomRVRQKDPFRPDSXQMDQoDGRVPDLVIDYRUHFLGRV
³$ EXVFD GD IHOLFLGDGH QmR GHYH VHU DWUHODGD D LQGLFDGRUHV GH ULTXH]D SRLV LVVR DSHQDV UHVXOWD QXPD
HURVmR GR HVStULWR FRPXQLWiULR HP SURO GH FRPSHWLomR H HJRtVPR $ SURVSHULGDGH KRMH HP GLD HVWi VHQGR
PHGLGD HP WHUPRV GH SURGXomR PDWHULDO H LVVR Vy WHQGH D FULDU PDLV SUREOHPDV HP VRFLHGDGH HP TXH D
GHVLJXDOGDGHHVWiHPFUHVFLPHQWRFRPRQR5HLQR8QLGR´

86.1. Tipos de comportamento identificados por Merton

([DPLQDQGR R GHVFRPSDVVR H[LVWHQWH HQWUH DV DVSLUDo}HV FXOWXUDOPHQWH SUHVFULWDV H R FDPLQKR

VRFLDOPHQWH HVWUXWXUDGR SDUD DWLQJLODV 0HUWRQ FODVVLILFRX RV FRPSRUWDPHQWRV VRFLDOPHQWH UHOHYDQWHV HP
FLQFRWLSRVGLIHUHQWHVDVDEHU

 FRQIRUPLVWD
 LQRYDFLRQLVWD
 ULWXDOLVWD
 GHHYDVmR
 GHUHEHOLmR

Conformista p D FRQGXWD TXH EXVFD DWLQJLU DV PHWDV VRFLDLV DWUDYpV GRV PHLRV LQVWLWXFLRQDOL]DGRV 2V
DGHSWRVGHVVHFRPSRUWDPHQWRHVWmRGHDFRUGRFRPRVPHLRVHDVPHWDVVRFLDLVUHVSHLWDQGRDVVLPDVQRUPDV
IL[DGDV SHOD VRFLHGDGH SRGHQGRVH GL]HU D UHVSHLWR GHOHV TXH VmR SRVLWLYRV  TXDQWR DRV PHLRV H WDPEpP
 TXDQWR jV PHWDV e D FRQGXWD VHJXLGD SHOD JUDQGH PDLRULD GDV SHVVRDV QD VRFLHGDGH LQFOXVLYH SHORV
HVWXGDQWHVHPJHUDOTXHEXVFDPDGTXLULUFXOWXUDHWFDWUDYpVGHHVWXGRUHJXODU
Inovacionista p D FRQGXWD TXH HVWi GH DFRUGR FRP DV PHWDV VRFLDLV PDV SHUFHEHQGR TXH RV PHLRV VmR
LQVXILFLHQWHVHQmRHVWmRDRVHXDOFDQFHLQRYDEXVFDQGRUHDOL]DUDVPHWDVDWUDYpVGHRXWURVPHLRV(PRXWUDV
SDODYUDV R LQRYDFLRQLVWD HVWi GH DFRUGR FRP DV PHWDV VRFLDLV VHQGR SRVLWLYR  TXDQWR D HODV PDV HVWi
FRQWUD RV PHLRV VHQGR SRLV QHJDWLYR ± QHVWH SRQWR 2V LQRYDFLRQLVWDV DGRWDP D ILORVRILD GH TXH RV ILQV
MXVWLILFDPRVPHLRVDLQGDTXHQmRVHMDPVRFLDOPHQWHDSURYDGRV3URFXUDPYHQFHUQDYLGDVHPID]HUIRUoD
RitualistapDTXHOHTXHVHFRQGX]GHIRUPDMXVWDPHQWHLQYHUVDDRLQRYDFLRQLVWD3HUFHEHQGRTXHDVPHWDV
VRFLDLV VmR PXL HOHYDGDV H RV PHLRV H[LVWHQWHV LQVXILFLHQWHV SDUD DWLQJLORV R ULWXDOLVWD DEGLFD GDV PHWDV
DSHJDQGRVHDRVPHLRVFRPWDOLPSRUWkQFLDTXHRVWUDQVIRUPDHPILQV+iDTXLXPDYHUGDGHLUDLQYHUVmRGH
YDORUHV SRLV DV PHWDV SHUGHP D VXD LPSRUWkQFLD SDVVDQGR RV PHLRV SDUD R SULPHLUR SODQR $V QRUPDV GH
FRPSRUWDPHQWR VRFLDO VmR FXPSULGDV SHORV ULWXDOLVWDV D WRGR SUHoR H HP TXDOTXHU FLUFXQVWkQFLD SRUTXH
HQFRQWUDP QHODV XPD IRUPD GH UHDOL]DomR SHVVRDO DLQGD TXH Mi HVWHMDP WRWDOPHQWH YD]LDV GH VHQWLGR
VLJQLILFDGRRXLQWHUHVVHVRFLDOeRFDVRGHFHUWDVSHVVRDVTXHVHJDEDPGHWHUHPVHUYLGRRXPDLVDQRVQD
PHVPDUHSDUWLomRQXQFDKDYHQGRVHDWUDVDGRRXIDOWDGRDRVHUYLoRPDVSRURXWURODGRQDGDPXGRXSRUOi
QHPVHUHJLVWURXQHQKXPSURJUHVVRIXQFLRQDOHPVXDYLGD
4XHP Mi OHX O  Pequeno  Príncipe UHFRUGDVH SRU FHUWR GR DFHQGHGRU GH ODPSLmR HQFRQWUDGR HP XP
GDTXHOHV SHTXHQRV PXQGRV TXH SHUFRUUHX FDXVRX HVWUDQKH]D DR QRVVR SHUVRQDJHP R IDWR GH TXH PDO R
ODPSLmR HUD DFHVR PRPHQWR HP TXH R DFHQGHGRU GL]LD ³ERDQRLWH´ YROWDYD D VHU DSDJDGR TXDQGR HUD GLWR
³ERPGLD´(QHVVDURWLQDSDVVDYDHOHRWHPSRWRGRDFHQGHQGRHDSDJDQGRRODPSLmRHGL]HQGR³ERDQRLWH´H
³ERPGLD´
4XDQGRSHUJXQWDGRSHODUD]mRGHVVDVXDFRQGXWDRDFHQGHGRUGHODPSLmRH[SOLFRXDQWLJDPHQWHRPHX
PXQGR JLUDYD EHP GHYDJDU GH IRUPD TXH HX DFHQGLD R ODPSLmR DR DQRLWHFHU H R DSDJDYD DR DPDQKHFHU
'HSRLVHQWUHWDQWRHOHFRPHoRXDJLUDUPDLVUiSLGRHFDGDYH]PDLVUiSLGRGHPRGRTXHKRMHPDOHXDFHQGR
R ODPSLmR DR DQRLWHFHU WHQKR TXH DSDJiOR SRUTXH DPDQKHFHX PDV FRQWLQXR D FXPSULU D PLQKD WDUHID (
HQTXDQWRIDODYDLDDFHQGHQGRHDSDJDQGRRODPSLmRUHSHWLQGRVHPSUH³ERDQRLWH´H³ERPGLD´
(VVD p D SHUIHLWD LPDJHP GR ULWXDOLVWD $EDQGRQD DV PHWDV SHUGH GH YLVWD RV ILQV RV REMHWLYRV RV
YDORUHVVRFLDLVHVHDSHJDjVQRUPDVFRPRVHIRVVHPVDJUDGDVLPXWiYHLVID]HQGRGHODVILQV(DLQGDTXHMi
HVWHMDP HODV YHOKDV DUFDLFDV XOWUDSDVVDGDV GHVWLWXtGDV GH TXDOTXHU YDORU RX XWLOLGDGH VRFLDO FRQWLQXD D
DSOLFiODVRXDREVHUYiODVFRPRVHQDGDKRXYHVVHPXGDGRQDVRFLHGDGHHPERUDVHHQFRQWUHHVWDQXPDRXWUD
HUDKiPDLVGHGX]HQWRVTXLO{PHWURVSRUKRUD
3RGHVHUHSUHVHQWDURULWXDOLVWDFRPRVHQGRSRVLWLYRTXDQWRDRVPHLRVPDVQHJDWLYR±TXDQWRjV
PHWDV
Comportamento  de  evasão p DTXHOH TXH VH FDUDFWHUL]D SHOR IDWR GH DEDQGRQDU DV PHWDV H RV PHLRV
VRFLDLVeQHJDWLYR±TXDQWRjVPHWDVHQHJDWLYR±TXDQWRDRVPHLRV3HUFHEHQGRTXHDVPHWDVVRFLDLV
VmR PXLWR HOHYDGDV H RV PHLRV HVFDVVRV IRJH GD VRFLHGDGH UHQXQFLDQGR D WXGR R TXH HOD RIHUHFH RX
GHWHUPLQD &RPR DFHQWXRX 0HUWRQ RV DGHSWRV GHVVH FRPSRUWDPHQWR HVWmR QD VRFLHGDGH PDV QmR VmR GHOD
YLYHP QR PHLR VRFLDO PDV D HOH QmR DGHUHP RX GHOH UHWLUDP D DGHVmR DQWHV GDGD ([HPSOR WtSLFR GHVVH
FRPSRUWDPHQWRpRGRVhippiesTXHFRQVLGHUDPWRGRVRVYDORUHVVRFLDLVLUUHOHYDQWHVRXLQFDSD]HVGHUHDOL]DU
REHPHVWDUKXPDQR
7DO FRPR QD HYDVmR R comportamento  de  rebelião WDPEpP HVWi FRQWUD DV PHWDV H RV PHLRV VRFLDLV
SRGHQGRVHUFDUDFWHUL]DGRFRPRVHQGRQHJDWLYR±TXDQWRDRVPHLRVHQHJDWLYR±TXDQWRjVPHWDV1mR
SDUDSRUpPDtDLQFRQIRUPLGDGHGRFRPSRUWDPHQWRGHUHEHOLmR$RPHVPRWHPSRHPTXHVHRS}HjVPHWDVH
DRV PHLRV VRFLDLV SRU MXOJiORV H[FHVVLYDPHQWH HOHYDGRV H LQVXILFLHQWHV SURS}H R HVWDEHOHFLPHQWR GH QRYDV
PHWDV FRP D LQVWLWXFLRQDOL]DomR GH QRYRV PHLRV UD]mR SHOD TXDO DR PHVPR WHPSR HP TXH p QHJDWLYR  ± 
TXDQWR DRV PHLRV H PHWDV p WDPEpP SRVLWLYR  2 SURSyVLWR GR FRPSRUWDPHQWR GH UHEHOLmR SRUWDQWR p D
GHUUXEDGD GRV PHLRV H PHWDV H[LVWHQWHV H R HVWDEHOHFLPHQWR GH QRYDV PHWDV PDLV VLPSOHV H DR DOFDQFH GH
WRGRVEHPFRPRGHQRYRVPHLRVPDLVDEXQGDQWHVHPHOKRUGLVWULEXtGRVQDVRFLHGDGH2EMHWLYDHPVtQWHVH
XPDQRYDHVWUXWXUDVRFLDO
 )DUHPRV D VHJXLU R TXDGUR GH FODVVLILFDomR GRV WLSRV GH FRPSRUWDPHQWR DWUiV GHVFULWRV XVDQGR RV
SUySULRVVtPERORVGHSRVLWLYRHQHJDWLYR±XWLOL]DGRVSRU0HUWRQ

Tipos de comportamento Meios Metas

1) Conformista (+) (+)

2) Inovacionista (–) (+)

3) Ritualista (+) (–)

4) De evasão (–) (–)

5) De rebelião (–) (–)

  (+) (+)

86.2. Comportamentos de desvio

2 SULPHLUR FRPSRUWDPHQWR R FRQIRUPLVWD QmR p GH GHVYLR XPD YH] TXH RV VHXV DGHSWRV EXVFDP DV
PHWDVFXOWXUDOPHQWHSUHVFULWDVDWUDYpVGRVPHLRVLQVWLWXFLRQDOL]DGRVSDUDDWLQJLORVHFRPUHVSHLWRKDELWXDOjV
QRUPDV SDUD LVVR IL[DGDV SHOD VRFLHGDGH e R WLSR PRGDO GH FRPSRUWDPHQWR JUDoDV DR LQWHQVR
FRQGLFLRQDPHQWRVRFLDOH[HUFLGRVREUHRLQGLYtGXRHPHVSHFLDOQRVJUXSRVIDPLOLDUHSURILVVLRQDO
-iRVRXWURVTXDWURWLSRVGHFRPSRUWDPHQWRVVmRQmRPRGDLVFRQWUiULRVGHDOJXPPRGRDRVSDGU}HVGH
PHWDVFXOWXUDLVHGHPHLRVLQVWLWXFLRQDOL]DGRVSDUDDWLQJLORVSRUWDQWRFRPSRUWDPHQWRVGHGHVYLR
2ritualistaVHFDUDFWHUL]DFRPRFRPSRUWDPHQWRGHGHVYLRSRUDSUHVHQWDUDEDQGRQRGDVPHWDVVRFLDLVH
LQYHUVmR GH YDORUHV TXDQWR DRV PHLRV TXH VmR HOHYDGRV DR SULPHLUR SODQR 2 LQGLYtGXR DEDQGRQD H
YLUWXDOPHQWH UHMHLWD RV DOYRV HVWDEHOHFLGRV SHOD VRFLHGDGH HP UD]mR GR IUDFDVVR HIHWLYR RX HP SRWHQFLDO GR
PHGR GR LQVXFHVVR GR GHVHQFDQWR H GHVHVWtPXOR GHFRUUHQWHV GR GHVDMXVWH HQWUH RV SURFHVVRV VRFLDOPHQWH
DSURYDGRV SDUD DOFDQoDU DV PHWDV FXOWXUDLV (QILP SRU MXOJiORV LQDWLQJtYHLV RV ILQV VRFLDLV SHUGHP D VXD
LPSRUWkQFLD
&RPR EHP REVHUYRX 0LUDQGD 5RVD Sociologia  do  direito S  D FRQGXWD ULWXDOLVWD SDVVD D VHU
HQWmR XP YDORU HP VL PHVPR SRLV R FXPSULPHQWR GRV ULWRV HVWDEHOHFLGRV SHORV SURFHVVRV
LQVWLWXFLRQDOL]DQWHVDGTXLUHDGLPHQVmRHDLPSRUWkQFLDGHYDORUVRFLRFXOWXUDO&XPSULUGHTXDOTXHUPDQHLUD
RV UHJXODPHQWRV RX DV RUGHQV UHFHELGDV VHP LQGDJDU GD VXD DGHTXDomR jTXHOHV YDORUHV H jTXHODV PHWDV p
DVVLPDFRQGXWDREVHUYDGD(PERUDQDDSDUrQFLDVHMDHVVHXPFRPSRUWDPHQWRFRQIRUPLVWDSRUTXHDMXVWDGR
DRV WLSRV GH FRQGXWD VRFLDOPHQWH UHFRPHQGDGRV RX DSURYDGRV RFRUUH QR FDVR LQFRQIRUPLVPR TXDQWR j
PDQXWHQomRGRVDOYRVVRFLDOPHQWHSUHVFULWRV
2 ULWXDOLVPR WRUQDVH JUDQGHPHQWH SUHMXGLFLDO j VRFLHGDGH TXDQGR VH WUDWD GR FRPSRUWDPHQWR DGRWDGR
SHORV KRPHQV S~EOLFRV GR SDtV DGPLQLVWUDGRUHV OHJLVODGRUHV HWF TXH VH UHFXVDP D ID]HU PXGDQoDV RX
UHIRUPDV VRFLDLV QHFHVViULDV PDQWHQGR YHOKDV H DUFDLFDV LQVWLWXLo}HV RX GLVSRVLo}HV OHJLVODWLYDV Mi VHP
QHQKXPDDGHTXDomRjVQRYDVUHDOLGDGHVVRFLDLV
1R comportamento  de  evasão WDPEpP Ki GHVYLR SRUTXH RFRUUH D UHMHLomR GDV PHWDV FXOWXUDLV H GRV
YDORUHVTXHDVVXVWHQWDPFRQVLGHUDGRVWRGRVLUUHOHYDQWHVRXLQFDSD]HVGHUHDOL]DUREHPHVWDUKXPDQRFRPD
UHFXVDGHFRQIRUPLGDGHDRVFRPSRUWDPHQWRVVRFLDOPHQWHHVWDEHOHFLGRV3UHYDOHFHTXDQWRjVPHWDVFXOWXUDLV
D DWLWXGH GH TXH HODV QmR YDOHP D SHQD GH FRLVD DOJXPD H TXDQWR DRV FRPSRUWDPHQWRV VRFLDLV DSURYDGRV
GHVSLGRV GDTXHOD PRWLYDomR QmR PHUHFHP REVHUYkQFLD 2V DGHSWRV GHVVH WLSR GH FRPSRUWDPHQWR VmR XP
SHVRPRUWRQDVRFLHGDGH
2 comportamento  de  rebelião p R PDLV H[WUHPDGR GH WRGRV SRVWR TXH FRPR YLPRV SUHWHQGH D
GHUUXEDGDGHWRGRVRVPHLRVHPHWDVVRFLDLVVXEVWLWXLQGRRVSRURXWURVGHPDQHLUDWRWDOHUHYROXFLRQiULDQmR
VH OLPLWD D DSHUIHLoRDU LQVWUXPHQWRV RX LQVWLWXLo}HV TXHU VXEVWLWXLomR WRWDO GH WRGRV RV LQVWUXPHQWRV H
LQVWLWXLo}HV FRP R ILP GH UHDOL]DU XPD PXGDQoD FRPSOHWD QD VRFLHGDGH 1RUPDOPHQWH VH PDQLIHVWD QRV
PRPHQWRVGHJUDQGHVFULVHVVRFLDLVTXDQGRRGHVHTXLOtEULRHQWUHRVPHLRVHPHWDVVHWRUQDPXLWRJUDQGHH
LQVXVWHQWiYHO $VVLP IRL QD )UDQoD DVVLP IRL QD 5~VVLD DVVLP IRL HP &XED H DVVLP FRQWLQXD VHQGR HP
QRVVRVGLDVHPPHQRUHVFDODFRPRVPRYLPHQWRVGRVsem terrasem tetoHRXWURV
6HP G~YLGD DOJXPD R inovacionista p R FRPSRUWDPHQWR GH GHVYLR GH PDLRU IUHTXrQFLD QD VRFLHGDGH
UD]mR SHOD TXDO GHL[DPRV D VXD DQiOLVH SDUD R ILQDO 'H FHUWD IRUPD FRPR EHP REVHUYRX 0HUWRQ D SUySULD
VRFLHGDGH FRQFRUUH SDUD LVVR DR GHL[DU GH SURSRUFLRQDU FRP D PHVPD JHQHUDOLGDGH FRP TXH HVWDEHOHFH DV
PHWDV RV LQVWUXPHQWRV SUHVFULWRV RX DGPLWLGRV SDUD DWLQJLODV FULD DVVLP FRQGLo}HV HVSHFtILFDV SDUD
HVWLPXODU R DEDQGRQR RX D EXUOD GDV QRUPDV VRFLDOPHQWH IL[DGDV SDUD VH DWLQJLU DV PHWDV FXOWXUDOPHQWH
HVWDEHOHFLGDV 'HVVD PDQHLUD D FRQGXWD GLYHUJHQWH TXDQWR DRV PHLRV WRUQDVH QR SHQVDPHQWR PHUWRQLDQR
XPDUHDomRQRUPDODXPDVLWXDomRVRFLDOGHILQLGDHGHWHUPLQDGD$VQRUPDVVmRDEDQGRQDGDVRXFRQWRUQDGDV
QXP HVIRUoR GR LQGLYtGXR SDUD VXSHUDU RV REVWiFXORV LQVWLWXFLRQDLV RX LQVWUXPHQWDLV H DWLQJLU RV DOYRV
FXOWXUDOPHQWHHVWLSXODGRVSRUWRGRRVLVWHPD
1HVVH GHVYLR GH FRPSRUWDPHQWR HVWmR UHWUDWDGDV WRGDV DV IRUPDV GH GHOLQTXrQFLD GHVGH D MXYHQLO DWp D
PDLVJUDYHFULPLQDOLGDGHEHPFRPRDVIDOWDVGLVFLSOLQDUHVDLQREVHUYkQFLDGDVUHJUDVGHFRQGXWDVRFLDOHWF
+iHQWUHWDQWRXPDVSHFWRSRVLWLYRQRFRPSRUWDPHQWRLQRYDFLRQLVWDTXHGHYHVHUUHVVDOWDGR5HIHULPR
QRVjTXHOHVFDVRVGHLQRYDo}HVTXHYLVDPFULDUQRYRVPHLRVPDLVHILFLHQWHVSDUDDUHDOL]DomRGRVREMHWLYRV
VRFLDLV *UDoDV D HVVH HVStULWR LQRYDGRU WHPRV KRMH D OX] HOpWULFD R PRWRU j H[SORVmR H PLOK}HV GH RXWUDV
LQYHQo}HV TXH WDQWRV EHQHItFLRV WURX[HUDP j VRFLHGDGH H QRV SHUPLWLUDP FKHJDU DR HVWiJLR DWXDO GH
GHVHQYROYLPHQWRFLHQWtILFR
,VVR HYLGHQFLD TXH QHP WRGR FRPSRUWDPHQWR LQRYDFLRQLVWD p QHFHVVDULDPHQWH FRQWUiULR j pWLFD H[LVWHQWH
QRJUXSRVRFLDOSHUPLWLQGRQRVDVVLPID]HUGLVWLQomRHQWUHFRQGXWDLQRYDGRUDFULDGRUDHFRQGXWDLQRYDGRUD
DQWLVVRFLDO

87. IGUALDADE NA PARTIDA

1HQKXPD WHRULD HP QRVVR HQWHQGHU HVJRWD R WHPD GD DQRPLD SRUTXH HOD WHP FDXVDV P~OWLSODV 2
GHVHTXLOtEULR HQWUH PHWDV H PHLRV Q~FOHR GD WHRULD GH 0HUWRQ p VHP G~YLGD D FDXVD SULPiULD GD DQRPLD
UHPRWD TXH SRU VXD YH] SURYRFD XPD UHDomR HP FDGHLD GH FRPSRUWDPHQWRV DQ{PLFRV GH GLIHUHQWHV
JUDYLGDGHV e HVVH GHVHTXLOtEULR HQWUH PHWDV H PHLRV FDGD YH] PDLRU TXH JHUD D WUHPHQGD desigualdade
socialH[LVWHQWHHPQRVVRSDtV
&RPRGLPLQXLURGHVHTXLOtEULR"&RPRUHGX]LUDGHVLJXDOGDGH"eSUHFLVRID]HUDVUHIRUPDVQHFHVViULDV
QDVLQVWLWXLo}HVQDVOHLVQDRUGHPHFRQ{PLFDSURPRYHUSROtWLFDVS~EOLFDVHILFLHQWHVYROWDGDVSDUDDPHOKRU
GLVWULEXLomRGHUHQGDHOLPLQDomRGDH[FOXVmRVRFLDODo}HVDILUPDWLYDVHDVVLPSRUGLDQWH
3RULVVRDinovaçãoGHYHVHUXPDGDVSULQFLSDLVTXDOLGDGHVGRVKRPHQVS~EOLFRVTXHWrPQDVPmRVR
GHVWLQR GD VRFLHGDGH 'HYHP HOHV SRVVXLU XP HVStULWR LQRYDGRU H QmR ULWXDOLVWD SDUD UHDOL]DU DV UHIRUPDV
VRFLDLV QHFHVViULDV SDUD WRUQDU DV metas PDLV DFHVVtYHLV H RV meios PHOKRU GLVWULEXtGRV DR DOFDQFH GD
PDLRULD
$ TXHVWmR QRGDO HQWUHWDQWR p VDEHU TXDO RX TXDLV DV LQRYDo}HV TXDLV DV PXGDQoDV TXH GHYHUmR VHU
LPSOHPHQWDGDVSDUDVHDWLQJLUHVVHGHVLGHUDWR
)DODVHHPUHIRUPDDJUiULDHPVDQHDPHQWREiVLFRHPUHGXomRGRGpILFLWGHPRUDGLDHPGLPLQXLomRGR
GHVHPSUHJRHPGHVHQYROYLPHQWRHFRQ{PLFRVXVWHQWiYHOHWF7XGRLVVRLQTXHVWLRQDYHOPHQWHpLPSRUWDQWHH
QHFHVViULRPDVFRPRFRQVHJXLU"
e Dt TXH HQWUD D educação -DPHV +HFNPDQ SUrPLR 1REHO GH (FRQRPLD GH  H SURIHVVRU GD
8QLYHUVLGDGHGH&KLFDJRHPYLVLWDDR5LRDVVLPVLQWHWL]RXRVHXSHQVDPHQWR³$TXHVWmRFHQWUDOTXHWHPRV
GH ID]HU KRMH p D VHJXLQWH TXDO p D PDQHLUD PDLV HIHWLYD GH VH SURPRYHU JUDQGHV UHDOL]Do}HV H UHGX]LU D
GHVLJXDOGDGH"(DUHVSRVWDpEDVLFDPHQWHXPDVyVHMDTXDLVIRUHPDVLQLFLDWLYDVDVHUHPWRPDGDVé preciso
educar  no  sentido  completo,  fundamental... p SUHFLVR ID]HU PDLV GR TXH PDQGDU FULDQoDV SDUD D HVFROD D
SDUWLU GRV  DQRV GH LGDGH (QTXDQWR QmR VH GHU PDLRU DWHQomR j SULPHLUD LQIkQFLD ± GH  D  DQRV ± HP
HVSHFLDOQDVIDPtOLDVFDUHQWHVDVGHVLJXDOGDGHVFRQWLQXDUmRVHSHUSHWXDQGR´
(FRQFOXLRLOXVWUH3URIHVVRU+HFNPDQ³(PJHUDOVHDFHLWDRFRQFHLWRGHTXHSREUH]DpIDOWDGHUHQGD
(SRULVVRKiJRYHUQRVTXHDFKDPTXHGDUPDLVGLQKHLURDRVSREUHVUHVROYHRSUREOHPD2HVVHQFLDODHVWD
DOWXUDpSHUFHEHUDQHFHVVLGDGHGHVHID]HUPDLVGRTXHLVVRé preciso educar´O Globo
$t HVWi WDPEpP HP QRVVR PRGHVWR HQWHQGHU D ~QLFD VROXomR GXUDGRXUD H GHILQLWLYD SDUD R JUDQGH
SUREOHPDGDGHVLJXDOGDGHVRFLDO1mRpRGHFRODUGDHFRQRPLDFRPRPXLWRVSUHJDPQHP³GHL[DUFUHVFHUR
EROR SDUD GHSRLV GLYLGLOR´ FRPR VH IDORX GXUDPHQWH GXDV GpFDGDV $FKDYDVH TXH SDUD XP SDtV WHU IXWXUR
EDVWDYD HGXFDU XPD HOLWH XP SHTXHQR FRQMXQWR GH SURILVVLRQDLV VXSHULRUHV D VHUYLoR GD HFRQRPLD H GHX QR
TXH GHX $ HFRQRPLD FUHVFHX PDV D GHVLJXDOGDGH WDPEpP QmR KRXYH GLYLVmR GR EROR 2XWUR p R FDPLQKR
FRUUHWR
A  educação  de  qualidade  é  o  ativo  que  mais  facilmente  pode  ser  distribuído VHP WLUiOR GH
QLQJXpPHTXHDRPHVPRWHPSRPDLVFRQWULEXLUiSDUDDFRQVROLGDomRGDGHPRFUDFLDHSDUDRFUHVFLPHQWR
HFRQ{PLFR GXUDGRXUR H VXVWHQWiYHO A  educação  de  qualidade  é  o  pilar TXH VXVWHQWD HP KDUPRQLD D
VRFLHGDGH&RPRGLVVHPXLWDVYH]HV+HORLVD+HOHQDTXDQGRVHQDGRUDbastaria adotar uma única geração
de brasileiros, desde o seu primeiro ano de vida. Essa geração, mais tarde, adotaria o Brasil.
1mR IDOWDP H[HPSORV TXH FRPSURYDP HVWD YHUGDGH $ )LQOkQGLD R SDtV GR 3DSDL 1RHO HVWHYH VRE R
GRPtQLRGD6XpFLDGXUDQWHDQRVGHSRLVSRULJXDOSHUtRGRHGHIRUPDEHPPDLVYLROHQWDVRERMXJRGD
5~VVLD $VVLP D VXD LQGHSHQGrQFLD p UHODWLYDPHQWH UHFHQWH +RMH p XP SDtV VXSHU GHVHQYROYLGR RQGH QmR
H[LVWHFRUUXSomRSHVTXLVDGHXPRUJDQLVPRGD218FRORFRXD)LQOkQGLDHPSULPHLUROXJDUFRPQRWD
QHP DQDOIDEHWRV OtGHU HP WHOHFRPXQLFDo}HV 6y D HPSUHVD 12.,$ KRMH D PDLRU GR PXQGR HP WHOHIRQLD
PyYHOWHPPLOIXQFLRQiULRVHHPWHUPRVGHIDWXUDPHQWRpDWHUFHLUDHPSUHVDPXQGLDO
&RPR DFRQWHFHX HVVH IHQ{PHQR GH FUHVFLPHQWR WmR DFHOHUDGR QR SDtV HVFDQGLQDYR SUHVLGLGR SRU XPD
PXOKHU7DUMD+DORQHQ")RLjHVFROKDDFHUWDGDGRVFDPLQKRVGRVHXGHVHQYROYLPHQWR±RFXLGDGRGHYRWDGR
DRVVHXVMRYHQVHFULDQoDV5HODWD$UQDOGR1LVNLHU0HPEURGD$FDGHPLD%UDVLOHLUDGH/HWUDVTXHHPYLVLWD
TXH IH] j )LQOkQGLD RXYLX R PLQLVWUR GH WUDQVSRUWHV H FRPXQLFDomR GDTXHOH SDtV 2OOL3HUUD +HLQRQHQ
H[SOLFDU GH IRUPD VROHQH QR HQFRQWUR GRV PLQLVWURV GDV FRPXQLFDo}HV TXH R seu  país  soube  escolher  as
prioridades com as quais trabalharia nesses últimos anos: 1º Educação; 2º Educação; 3º Educação (Revista
do Tribunal de Contas do Município do Rio de JaneiroQSVHWHPEUR
2XWURH[HPSOR±D&RUHLDGR6XO+iDQRVDUHQGDper capitaGREUDVLOHLURHUDSUDWLFDPHQWHRGREUR
GDFRUHDQD(P~OWLPRGDGRGLVSRQtYHOSDUDFRPSDUDomRDVLWXDomRVHLQYHUWHXFRPDPSODPDUJHPHP
IDYRU GD &RUHLD 1RV DQRV UHFHQWHV D UHQGD EUDVLOHLUD UHSUHVHQWD DSHQDV  GD FRUHDQD 2 TXH OHYRX R
%UDVLODILFDUSDUDWUiV"$UHVSRVWDYHPGRSURIHVVRUGD38&/XL]5REHUWR&XQKDLQYHVWLPHQWRPDFLoRHP
WHFQRORJLDHHGXFDomRO Globo1DTXDOLGDGHGHHQVLQRDGLIHUHQoDHQWUHD&RUHLDHR%UDVLOp
DLQGDPDLVJULWDQWH$WDEHODGD3LVDGHFRORFDD&RUHLDHPƒHR%UDVLOHPD&RUHLDHVWiHPƒ
HPOHLWXUDHR%UDVLOHPƒ
+RMH R HQVLQR QD &RUHLD GR 6XO p DSRQWDGR FRPR PRGHOR SDUD R PXQGR $V FULDQoDV VXOFRUHDQDV
SDVVDPHPPpGLDXPPrVDPDLVQDVHVFRODVDQXDOPHQWHGRTXHDVFULDQoDVDPHULFDQDV
(P  FRP R ILP GD FRORQL]DomR MDSRQHVD DSHQDV  GD SRSXODomR FRUHDQD HUDP DOIDEHWL]DGRV
(VVHtQGLFHKRMHpVXSHULRUDGRVHVWXGDQWHVFRPSOHWDPRHQVLQRPpGLRHGRVMRYHQVHQWUH
HDQRVHVWmRQDXQLYHUVLGDGH
2TXHRSHURXWDPDQKDWUDQVIRUPDomR"$SULRULGDGHDEVROXWDFRPTXHD&RUHLDGR6XODEUDoRXDLGHLD±
educar para crescerTXHILFRXFRQKHFLGDFRPRDfebre educacional
2XWURSDUkPHWURSDUDRHQVLQREUDVLOHLURSRGHVHUR&KLOH(QTXDQWRGRVFKLOHQRVGHDDQRV
FRPSOHWDPRHQVLQRPpGLRQR%UDVLODSHQDVFRQVHJXLUDP
4XH GLIHUHQoD ID] LVVR" 2 HGXFDGRU &ODXGLR 0RXUD &DVWUR PRVWUD TXH XP FLGDGmR TXH WHQKD R HQVLQR
IXQGDPHQWDOJDQKDRGREURGHRXWURVHPHVFRODULGDGHHRVTXHWrPHQVLQRPpGLRFRPSOHWRUHFHEHPFHUFDGH
DPDLVGRTXHTXHPSRVVXLDSHQDVRIXQGDPHQWDO2VTXHVmRJUDGXDGRVUHFHEHPYH]HVPDLVGRTXH
RVTXHVyWrPRHQVLQRPpGLR
2V HFRQRPLVWDV )HUQDQGR +RODQGD %DUERVD H 6DPXHO 3HVVRD DPERV GR ,QVWLWXWR %UDVLOHLUR GH
(FRQRPLD,EUHGD)XQGDomR*HWXOLR9DUJDVPRVWUDPTXHFDGDDQRGHHVFRODULGDGHDXPHQWDDSURGXWLYLGDGH
GRWUDEDOKRQRV(VWDGRV8QLGRVHPFHUFDGH
1LQJXpP TXHVWLRQD TXH D HGXFDomR GH TXDOLGDGH HP UD]mR GRV DYDQoRV WHFQROyJLFRV VHMD KRMH R mais
importante  fator  para  o  sucesso  no  mercado. +i  DQRV FDGD WUDEDOKDGRU EUDVLOHLUR SURGX]LD FHUFD GH
 GR TXH XP DPHULFDQR (P  FDLX SDUD  1D &KLQD ,QGLD 7DLZDQ H &RUHLD GR 6XO RFRUUHX R
RSRVWR(OHVPHOKRUDUDPVXDHILFLrQFLD1D&KLQDHVVDUHODomRVXELXGHSDUDQHVWHSHUtRGR
2VGDGRVIRUDPDSUHVHQWDGRVSHORHFRQRPLVWD-RVp$OH[DQGUH6FKHLQNPDQSURIHVVRUGDVXQLYHUVLGDGHV
DPHULFDQDV &ROXPELD H 3ULQFHWRQ DR SDUWLFLSDU GH HYHQWR RUJDQL]DGR SHOD UHYLVWD ³([DPH´ HP 6mR 3DXOR
$GX]LX R SURIHVVRU ³2 %UDVLO HVWi VH GLVWDQFLDQGR GRV SDtVHV GH PDLV HOHYDGD HILFLrQFLD QD FDSDFLGDGH GH
SURGX]LUQDV~OWLPDVWUrVGpFDGDV,VVRHVWiOLPLWDQGRRFUHVFLPHQWRQDHFRQRPLDHRVDYDQoRVGDTXDOLGDGH
GH YLGD GRV EUDVLOHLURV $ SRXFD HGXFDomR WpFQLFD GRV WUDEDOKDGRUHV H[SOLFD SDUWH GHVVD SHUGD GH
FRPSHWLWLYLGDGH´)ROKDde S. Paulo,
eEHPYHUGDGHTXHR%UDVLOFUHVFHXQDV~OWLPDVGpFDGDVFRPDLPSODQWDomRGHXPSURMHWRHFRQ{PLFRD
SDUWLU GR 3ODQR 5HDO R TXH SRVVLELOLWRX XP FtUFXOR YLUWXRVR GH PHGLGDV FRQWUROH GD LQIODomR EXVFD GR
HTXLOtEULRILVFDOPHOKRUGLVWULEXLomRGHUHQGDHSHTXHQDUHGXomRGDGHVLJXDOGDGH0DVHPUHODomRjHGXFDomR
QmR IH] VHX GHYHU GH FDVD ³2 %UDVLO SUHFLVD GH XP 3URJUDPD GH $FHOHUDomR GR &UHVFLPHQWR XP 3$& GD
(GXFDomR GHIHQGH R SUHVLGHQWH GR PRYLPHQWR 7RGRV 3HOD (GXFDomR 0R]DUW 1HYHV 5DPRV 3DUD HOH D
HGXFDomR p HVVHQFLDO SDUD XP QRYR VDOWR GH TXDOLGDGH QD YLGD GRV EUDVLOHLURV 2 GHVHQYROYLPHQWR Vy p
VXVWHQWiYHOFRPXPDERDHGXFDomRO Globo
/DPHQWDYHOPHQWH QmR REVWDQWH RV DYDQoRV HFRQ{PLFRV  PLO MRYHQV EUDVLOHLURV DQXDOPHQWH FKHJDP
DRV  DQRV DQDOIDEHWRV $LQGD SLRU DTXHOHV TXH HVWXGDP DSUHQGHP PXLWR PHQRV GR TXH GHYLDP 3HOD
FRQFOXVmR GR ³3URYD %UDVLO´ XP HVWXGDQWH GH RLWDYD VpULH GR HQVLQR IXQGDPHQWDO WHP FRQKHFLPHQWRV
FRUUHVSRQGHQWHVDRTXHpH[LJLGRGRVHVWXGDQWHVGDTXDUWDVpULHHPRXWURVSDtVHV3RUFDXVDGHVVHGpILFLWQmR
FRQVHJXH ID]HU RSHUDo}HV VLPSOHV GH PDWHPiWLFD QHP LGHQWLILFDU D LQWHQomR GR DXWRU GR WH[WR -i R DOXQR GD
TXDUWD VpULH DFKD GLItFLO SRU H[HPSOR OHU DV KRUDV HP XP UHOyJLR GH SRQWHLURV UHDOL]DU FiOFXORV FRP GRLV
DOJDULVPRVRXFRPSUHHQGHUXPWH[WRFXUWRHVLPSOHV
$VFRQFOXV}HVGR3URYD%UDVLOQmRUHSUHVHQWDPQHQKXPDQRYLGDGH5HVVDOWDPRTXHMiVHVDELDDQWHD
IDOrQFLD GDV UHGHV S~EOLFDV HVWDGXDLV GH HQVLQR (QWUH DV PLO HVFRODV FRP SLRUHV QRWDV QR (1(0 GH 
([DPH1DFLRQDOGR(QVLQR0pGLRVmRHVWDGXDLV(ODVUHWUDWDPDFULVHQDVUHGHVHVWDGXDLVGHHQVLQR
MXVWDPHQWHDLQVWkQFLDUHVSRQViYHOSHORHQVLQRPpGLRO Globo
2VDOXQRVSDVVDPDQRVLQGRjHVFRODHQmRDSUHQGHPVHTXHUDOHUHDHVFUHYHUREiVLFR$FXOSDQmRp
GRV DOXQRV 2 GHVHPSHQKR GHOHV GHQXQFLD D LQFRPSHWrQFLD GR VLVWHPD HGXFDFLRQDO 2V HVWXGDQWHV ID]HP R
LQYHVWLPHQWR SHVVRDO YmR DR FROpJLR SHUVLVWHP DQRV D ILR PDV D HVFROD QmR FRQVHJXH WUDQVIHULU R
FRQKHFLPHQWR6mRYtWLPDVGHXPJUDQGHHVWHOLRQDWRHGXFDFLRQDO±ILQJHVHTXHHQVLQD
+iVROXomRSDUDWmRJUDYtVVLPRSUREOHPD"
$ ³FXOWXUD GD HVFDVVH]´ ID] FRP TXH WRGD D LQHILFLrQFLD GRV VHUYLoRV S~EOLFRV VHMD GHELWDGD j IDOWD GH
YHUEDV $ SULPHLUD H ~QLFD DOWHUQDWLYD TXH VH DSUHVHQWD SDUD PHOKRULD FRVWXPD VHU D UHLYLQGLFDomR GH PDLV
YHUEDPDLRURUoDPHQWR$HGXFDomRpXPH[HPSOR([LVWHDWXDOPHQWHPRELOL]DomRSROtWLFDSDUDDDSURYDomR
GR3ODQR1DFLRQDOGH(GXFDomRFRPDGRWDomRDWpGHGR3,%SDUDDHGXFDomR
4XH DVVLP VHMD 0DV p SUHFLVR OHPEUDU TXH QmR Ki UHODomR GLUHWD HQWUH JDVWR H PHOKRULD GH HQVLQR $
LQMHomRGHPDLVUHFXUVRVQDHGXFDomRVHPSUHEHPYLQGRVQmRIXQFLRQDUiFRPRXPHOL[LUPLODJURVRFRPR
EHPUHYHODDH[SHULrQFLDGHRXWURVSDtVHV
(VWXGR GD 2UJDQL]DomR SDUD D &RRSHUDomR H 'HVHQYROYLPHQWR (FRQ{PLFR 2&'( HP TXH HVWmR RV
SDtVHVLQGXVWULDOL]DGRVFRPSDURXRTXDGURHGXFDFLRQDOHPGH]HQDVGHSDtVHVHFRPSURYRXQmRKDYHUUHODomR
GLUHWDHQWUHPDLVGLQKHLURHPHOKRUDSUHQGL]DGR
2%UDVLODSDUHFHQRHVWXGRFRPXPDGHVSHVDPpGLDGH86PLOSRUDOXQRQDIDL[DGHDDQRVGH
LGDGHXPJDVWRTXDVHVXSHULRUDRUHDOL]DGRSHOD7XUTXLD3RUpPHVWHSDtVQRH[DPHGR3LVD3URJUDPD
,QWHUQDFLRQDOGH$YDOLDomRGH$OXQRVHVWiQDPpGLDSRQWRVDFLPDGR%UDVLO
+i YiULRV RXWURV FDVRV &RPR RV GH /X[HPEXUJR 1RUXHJD 6XtoD H (VWDGRV 8QLGRV RQGH VH JDVWDP
PDLVGH86PLOSRUHVWXGDQWHVSRUpPFRPUHVXOWDGRVDTXpPGRVREWLGRVQD&RUHLDGR6XO)LQOkQGLD
+RQJ.RQJ H ;DQJDL SURYtQFLD GD &KLQD HP TXH RV LQYHVWLPHQWRV VmR EHP LQIHULRUHV O  Globo

2PHOKRUH[HPSORGHTXHQmRKiQHFHVViULDUHODomRGLUHWDHQWUHPDLVGLQKHLURHPHOKRUDSUHQGL]DGRYHP
GRQRVVRSUySULRSDtV(QWUHDVPDLVGHPLOHVFRODVS~EOLFDVGR%UDVLOHPHVFRODVGHiUHDVFDUHQWHVR
HQVLQRpGHSULPHLURPXQGR(VVDVHVFRODVVHGHVWDFDPSHODH[FHOrQFLDHPPHLRjSREUH]DDWHQGHPDOXQRV
TXH HVWmR HQWUH RV  PDLV SREUHV GR SDtV H FRQVHJXHP DWLQJLU QR ,GHE SULQFLSDO DYDOLDomR IHGHUDO GH
TXDOLGDGHGRHQVLQRPpGLDLJXDORXVXSHULRUDFRQVLGHUDGDSHOR0(&FRPRGHQDo}HVGHVHQYROYLGDV
&RP D DMXGD GR HFRQRPLVWD (UQHVWR 0DUWLQV )DULD GD )XQGDomR /HPDQQ O  Globo 
LGHQWLILFRXHVVDVVXSHUHVFRODVTXHUHDOL]DPH[FHOHQWHWUDEDOKRSHGDJyJLFRHPORFDOLGDGHVLPSURYiYHLVFRPR
QRLQWHULRUDPD]RQHQVH(XULQHSpDTXLO{PHWURVGH0DQDXV&RUXULSHXPDGDFLGDGHVPDLVSREUHVGH
$ODJRDV QR VHUWmR GR &HDUi HWF 1HVVDV HVFRODV p QRWiYHO R HVIRUoR GD GLUHomR H GRV SURIHVVRUHV HP QmR
GHL[DUTXHQHQKXPDOXQRILTXHDWUiVHGHFRUULJLUGHILFLrQFLDVQDDSUHQGL]DJHPHRVSUREOHPDVGHIUHTXrQFLD
DVVLPTXHHOHVVmRGHWHFWDGRV
,*8$/'$'(1$3$57,'$$HGXFDomRGHVHPSHQKDP~OWLSODVIXQo}HVPDVGXDVPHUHFHPGHVWDTXH
LJXDODU DV RSRUWXQLGDGHV H SHUPLWLU R DYDQoR SHVVRDO 3URSLFLDU HGXFDomR IXQGDPHQWDO H PpGLD GH ERD
TXDOLGDGHpRPHOKRUTXHR(VWDGRSRGHID]HUSDUDLJXDODUDVRSRUWXQLGDGHV%RDHGXFDomRpD~QLFDIRUPDGH
VHSURSLFLDUDLJXDOGDGHQDSDUWLGD
$WUDVRV HGXFDFLRQDLV H[SOLFDP  GDV GHVLJXDOGDGHV GH UHQGD HQWUH GLIHUHQWHV UHJL}HV GR %UDVLO $
FRQFOXVmR p GR HFRQRPLVWD $OH[DQGUH 5DQGV SHVTXLVDGRU GD 8QLYHUVLGDGH )HGHUDO GH 3HUQDPEXFR TXH WHP
XPD YDVWD SURGXomR DFDGrPLFD VREUH R WHPD ³2 PHX HQWHQGLPHQWR KRMH FRP EDVH QRV HVWXGRV TXH WHQKR
YLVWRSDUDDOJXQVSDtVHVFRPRRV(8$HQRVPHXVSUySULRVHVWXGRVSDUDR%UDVLOpTXHpSRVVtYHOH[SOLFDU
 GDV GHVLJXDOGDGHV Vy SHODV GLIHUHQoDV HP capital  humano.  Se  for  corrigido  o  nível  médio  de
instrução  da  região  Nordeste  em  relação  à  região  Sudeste,  será  corrigida  a  desigualdade  entre  essas
regiões´Folha de S. Paulo,
/RJR VH D HVFROD S~EOLFD IXQGDPHQWDO H PpGLD p GHILFLHQWH QmR FXPSUH DV VXDV IXQo}HV 2V DOXQRV
GHVVDVHVFRODVHPUHJUDRVPDLVSREUHVMiVRIUHPGHVLJXDOGDGHQDSDUWLGDHRVLVWHPDHGXFDFLRQDODPSOLDD
GHVLJXDOGDGH DR ORQJR GRV DQRV 2X VHMD RV PDLV SREUHV Mi FKHJDP j HVFROD HP GHVYDQWDJHP 2IHUHFHU
igualdade na partidapXPDIXQomRHVVHQFLDOGR(VWDGR&DUORV$OEHUWR6DUGHQEHUJO Globo
(P FRQFOXVmR RX R %UDVLO HGXFD WRGRV RX D GHVLJXDOGDGH FRQWLQXDUi $ IDOWD GH HGXFDomR GH EDVH
IXQFLRQD FRPR XPD LPHQVD EROD GH FKXPER DXPHQWDQGR D GHVLJXDOGDGH 6y R SOHQR GHVHQYROYLPHQWR GR
LPHQVR SRWHQFLDO GD HQHUJLD LQWHOHFWXDO GRV EUDVLOHLURV SHUPLWLUi GHUUXEDU R PXUR GR DWUDVR H R PXUR GD
GHVLJXDOGDGH )LFDP SDUD UHIOH[mR ILQDO GRLV WH[WRV H[WUDRUGLQiULRV 2 SULPHLUR p D UHGDomR GD HVWXGDQWH
FDULRFD &ODULFH =HLWHO 9LDQQD 6LOYD VREUH R WHPD ³&RPR YHQFHU D SREUH]D H D GHVLJXDOGDGH´ YHQFHGRUD GR
FRQFXUVR GD 81(6&2 FRP  SDUWLFLSDQWHV HP  2 VHJXQGR p D FU{QLFD GR VHQDGRU &ULVWRYDP
%XDUTXH³$QJXVWLDGRGHVSHUWHL´

³3È75,$0$'5$67$9,/´

2QGHMiVHYLXWDQWRH[FHVVRGHIDOWD"
$EXQGkQFLDGHLQH[LVWrQFLD
([DJHURGHHVFDVVH]
&RQWUDGLWyULRV"
(QWmRDtHVWi
2QRYRQRPHGRQRVVRSDtV
1mRSRGHKDYHUVLQ{QLPRPHOKRUSDUD%5$6,/
3RUTXH R %UDVLO QDGD PDLV p GR TXH R H[FHVVR GH IDOWD GH FDUiWHU D DEXQGkQFLD GH LQH[LVWrQFLD GH
VROLGDULHGDGHRH[DJHURGHHVFDVVH]GHUHVSRQVDELOLGDGH
2 %UDVLO QDGD PDLV p GR TXH XPD FRPELQDomR PDO HQJHQGUDGD ± H IULDPHQWH VLVWHPDWL]DGD ± GH
FRQWUDGLo}HV
+i TXHP GLJD TXH µGRV ILOKRV GHVWH VROR pV PmH JHQWLO¶ PDV HX GLJR TXH QmR p JHQWLO H PXLWR
PHQRVPmH
3HODGHILQLomRTXHHXFRQKHoRGH0­(R%UDVLOHVWiPDLVSDUDPDGUDVWDYLO
$PLQKDPmHQmRµWDSDRVROFRPDSHQHLUD¶
1mRPHGDULDSRUH[HPSORXPOXJDUQDXQLYHUVLGDGHVHPWHUPHGDGRXPDEHODIRUPDomREiVLFD
(PHVPRKiDQRVQmRPHDEROLULDGDHVFUDYLGmRVHVRXEHVVHTXHPHUHVWDULDDOLEHUGDGHDSHQDV
SDUDPRUUHUGHIRPH3RUTXHDPLQKDPmHQmRLULDTXHUHUPHHQJDQDULOXGLU(ODPHGDULDXPYHUGDGHLUR
3DFRWH TXH IRVVH HIHWLYR QD UHVROXomR GR SUREOHPD H TXH FRQWLYHVVH HGXFDomR  OLEHUGDGH  LJXDOGDGH
(OD VDEH TXH GH QDGD PH DGLDQWD WHU HGXFDomR SHOD PHWDGH RX WrOD DSULVLRQDGD SHOD IDOWD GH
RSRUWXQLGDGHSHODIDOWDGHHVFROKDDFRUUHQWDGDSHODPLQKDYR]QDGDDWLYD
$ PLQKD PmH VDEH TXH HX Vy YRX FUHVFHU VH D PLQKD HGXFDomR JHUDU OLEHUGDGH H HVWD SRU ILP
LJXDOGDGH
8PDVHJXHDRXWUD
6HPQHQKXPDFRQWUDGLomR
e GLVVR TXH R %UDVLO SUHFLVD PXGDQoDV HVWUXWXUDLV UHYROXFLRQiULDV TXH TXHEUHP HVVH VLVWHPD
HVTXHPDVRFLDOPRQWDGRPXGDQoDVTXHQmRVHMDPKLSyFULWDVPXGDQoDVTXHWUDQVIRUPHP
$ PXGDQoD TXH QDGD PXGD p Vy PDLV XPD FRQWUDGLomR 2V JRYHUQDQWHV jV YH]HV GmR XQV
SHL[LQKRVPDVQmRHQVLQDPDSHVFDU
(DHGXFDomROLEHUWDGRUDHQWUDDt
2SRYRHVWiWmRSDUDOLVDGRSHODLJQRUkQFLDTXHQmRVDEHDTXHWHPGLUHLWR
1mRDSUHQGHXRTXHpVHUFLGDGmR
3RUpPDLQGDQRVIDOWDXPIDWRUIXQGDPHQWDOSDUDRDOFDQFHGDLJXDOGDGHQRVVDSDUWLFLSDomRHIHWLYD
DVPXGDQoDVGHQWURGRFRUSREXURFUiWLFRGR(VWDGRQmRPRGLILFDPDHVWUXWXUD
$VFODVVHVPpGLDHDOWD±WmRFRQIRUWDYHOPHQWHVLWXDGDVQDSLUkPLGHVRFLDO±WHUmRTXHID]HUPDLVGR
TXHUHFODPDURTXHVyVHUYHPHVPRSDUDDOLYLDUQRVVDFXOSD
0DVHVWmRHODVSUHSDUDGDVSDUDLVVR"
(X DFUHGLWR SURIXQGDPHQWH TXH Vy XPD UHYROXomR HVWUXWXUDO IHLWD GH GHQWUR SUD IRUD H TXH QmR
H[FOXDQDGDQHPQLQJXpPGHVHXVHIHLWRVSRVVDDFDEDUFRPDSREUH]DHGHVLJXDOGDGHQR%UDVLO
$ILQDOGHTXHVHUYHXPJRYHUQRTXHQmRDGPLQLVWUD"
'HTXHVHUYHXPDPmHTXHQmRDIDJD"
(ILQDOPHQWHGHTXHVHUYHXP+RPHPTXHQmRVHSRVLFLRQD"
7DOYH]RVHQWLGRGHQRVVDSUySULDH[LVWrQFLDHVWHMDOLJDGRMXVWDPHQWHDXPSRVLFLRQDPHQWRSHUDQWH
RPXQGRFRPRXPWRGR6HPHJRtVPR
&DGDXPSRUWRGRV
$OJXPDVSHUJXQWDVTXDQGRDXWRLQGDJDGDVVHWRUQDPHOXFLGDWLYDV
3HUJXQWHVHTXHURVHUSREUHQR%UDVLO"
)LOKRGHXPDPmHJHQWLORXGHXPDPDGUDVWDYLO"
6HUWUDWDGRFRPRFLGDGmRRXH[FOXtGR"
&RPRJHQWH2XFRPRELFKR"

3UHPLDGD SHOD 81(6&2 &ODULFH =HLWHO 9LDQQD 6LOYD  HVWXGDQWH TXH WHUPLQRX D )DFXOGDGH GH
'LUHLWRGD8)5-HPMXOKRGHFRQFRUUHXFRPRXWURVPLOHVWXGDQWHVXQLYHUVLWiULRV$UHGDomRGH
&ODULFHLQWLWXODGDµ3iWULD0DGUDVWD9LO¶IRLLQFOXtGDQXPOLYURFRPRXWURVFHPWH[WRVVHOHFLRQDGRVQR
FRQFXUVR$SXEOLFDomRHVWiGLVSRQtYHOQRVLWHGD%LEOLRWHFD9LUWXDOGD81(6&2

³'HVSHUWHL SDUD R VHQWLPHQWR GH TXH Vy D HVFROD WUDQVIRUPD D SRSXODomR HP SRYR H GH TXH R
DPDQKm GH XP SDtV WHP D FDUD GD VXD HVFROD GH KRMH 2 FDPLQKR SDUD D FRQVWUXomR GR IXWXUR GD QDomR
HVWi QD HGXFDomR GD VXD SRSXODomR ( VHP JDUDQWLU R DFHVVR GH WRGRV j HGXFDomR FRP D PHVPD
TXDOLGDGH HVWDPRV FRQGHQDQGR PLOK}HV GH EUDVLOHLURV j PDUJLQDOLGDGH H GHVSHUGLoDQGR R SRWHQFLDO GH
FDGDXPGHOHV
'HVSHUWHLSDUDRIDWRGHTXHRVGRLVPXURVTXHHPSHUUDPR%UDVLO±RGRDWUDVRFLYLOL]DWyULRHRGD
GHVLJXDOGDGHVRFLDO±VyVHUmRGHUUXEDGRVSRUXPDUHYROXomRHGXFDFLRQDO(HVVDUHYROXomRVyRFRUUHUi
VH IRU WUDWDGD FRPR TXHVWmR QDFLRQDO 1mR WHUHPRV IXWXUR VH R IXWXUR GH QRVVDV FULDQoDV GHSHQGHU GD
VRUWHGDIDPtOLDHPTXHQDVFHUHPHGDFLGDGHHPTXHYLYHUHP
'HVSHUWHL SDUD R IDWR GH TXH VH QR IXWHERO D EROD p UHGRQGD SDUD WRGRV H RV ILOKRV GDV FODVVHV
SREUHVDOFDQoDPRWRSRGHFDUUHLUDXPDHVFRODLJXDOSDUDWRGRVSRGHGHUUXEDURPXURGDGHVLJXDOGDGH
TXH Ki VpFXORV VH SHUSHWXD QR %UDVLO ( VH RV PLOK}HV GH EUDVLOHLURV TXH MRJDP IXWHERO QRV WRUQDUDP
FDPSH}HV PXQGLDLV PLOK}HV GH HVFRODV FRP Pi[LPD TXDOLGDGH QRV WRUQDUmR WDPEpP FDPSH}HV QD
FLrQFLDHWHFQRORJLDHQDHFRQRPLDGHDPDQKm
'HVSHUWHLSDUDRIDWRGHTXHRPXQGRFRPHoDDVXEVWLWXLURVRSHUiULRVSRURSHUDGRUHVGLIHUHQWHVQD
TXDOLILFDomR HGXFDFLRQDO H SURILVVLRQDO GH TXH GLVS}HP SDUD HQWHQGHU R QRYR PXQGR JOREDO TXH VXUJH
SDUDXVDURVQRYRVLQVWUXPHQWRVWpFQLFRVGDUHYROXomRFLHQWtILFDHWHFQROyJLFDSDUDVHLQGLJQDUFRPDV
LQMXVWLoDVVRFLDLVHRVULVFRVHFROyJLFRVSDUDVHGHVOXPEUDUFRPDEHOH]DTXHRVFHUFD
'HVSHUWHLSDUDDSHUVSHFWLYDGHTXHRFDSLWDOGRIXWXURHVWiQRFRQKHFLPHQWRFULDGRHPFHQWURVGH
SHVTXLVDVTXHVXUJHPQDVXQLYHUVLGDGHVPDVQDVFHPQDHGXFDomRGHEDVHFRPTXDOLGDGHSDUDWRGDVDV
FULDQoDV ( GH TXH QmR KDYHUi IXWXUR SDUD D HFRQRPLD VH R %UDVLO QmR VH WRUQDU XP JUDQGH SURGXWRU GH
FRQKHFLPHQWR
7ULVWHPHQWH GHVSHUWHL SDUD D WUDJpGLD GD SHTXHQD FRQVFLrQFLD GD SRSXODomR EUDVLOHLUD HP UHODomR j
HGXFDomR2VULFRVFRQVLGHUDPTXHEDVWDHGXFDUVHXVILOKRVRVSREUHVLPDJLQDPTXHXPDERDHGXFDomR
SDUD VHXV ILOKRV QmR p XP GLUHLWR QHP VHTXHU XPD QHFHVVLGDGH RV OtGHUHV SROtWLFRV HPSUHVDULDLV H
VLQGLFDLVQmRSHUFHEHPDLPSRUWkQFLDGDHGXFDomRGHEDVH'HVSHUWHLSDUDRIDWRGHTXHR%UDVLOQmRWHUi
IXWXURVHQmRUHYHUWHUPRVHVVDFRQVFLrQFLDHTXLYRFDGDHGHVSHUWDUPRVQRVULFRVDQHFHVVLGDGHGHHGXFDU
D WRGRV QRV SREUHV R VHQWLPHQWR GR GLUHLWR H D QHFHVVLGDGH GH HGXFDU VHXV ILOKRV H QRV OtGHUHV D
FRQVFLrQFLDGDHGXFDomRFRPRYHWRUGDULTXH]D
'HVSHUWHLSDUDRIDWRGHTXHQRVVRSDSHOpGHVSHUWDURSRYREUDVLOHLURHWRGDVDVVXDVFODVVHVQmR
Vy SDUD R FDQVDoR FRP D UHDOLGDGH PDV SDUD D HVSHUDQoD H SDUD D QHFHVVLGDGH GH XPD UHYROXomR
HGXFDFLRQDOJDUDQWLUHVFRODVFRPDPHVPDTXDOLGDGHHPWRGRRSDtVSDUDWRGDVDVFODVVHVHHPWRGDVDV
FLGDGHV(VFRODVWmRERDVTXDQWRjVPHOKRUHVQRPXQGR
'HVSHUWHL WDPEpP SDUD D QHFHVVLGDGH GD SDFLrQFLD SRUTXH HVVD UHYROXomR OHYDUi DOJXPDV GpFDGDV
SDUD VHU UHDOL]DGD 0DV DQJXVWLDGR GHVSHUWHL SDUD D XUJrQFLD GH LQLFLDU LPHGLDWDPHQWH HVVD GRFH
UHYROXomR´

7UHFKRVGDFU{QLFDGRVHQDGRU&ULVWRYDP%XDUTXHAngustiado, desperteiO Globo,
$*8,$55X\5RVDGRGHRevista EMERJYQ
%$55262 /XLV 5REHUWR &RQVWLWXLomR GHPRFUDFLD H VXSUHPDFLD MXGLFLDO ± 'LUHLWR H SROtWLFD QR %UDVLO
FRQWHPSRUkQHRRevista da Associação Mineira do Ministério PúblicoDQRQMXOGH]
BBBBBBBInterpretação e aplicação da constituiçãoHG6mR3DXOR6DUDLYD
%(77,(PtOLRTeoria geral do negócio jurídico&RLPEUD&RLPEUD(GLWRUD
%5h+/+HQUL/HY\Sociologia do direito'LIXVmR(XURSHLDGR/LYUR
&$/$0$1'5(,3LHUREles, os juízes, vistos por um advogado6mR3DXOR0DUWLQV)RQWHV
&$59$/+21HOVRQGHE no início eram as bases.5LRGH-DQHLUR5HYDQ
&+$0281(EHUWInstituição. de direito romanoHG5LRGH-DQHLUR)RUHQVH
&203$5$72)iELR.RQGHU-Xt]HVLQGHSHQGHQWHVRXIXQFLRQiULRVVXERUGLQDGRV",QRevista da AMBDQR
Q
'$//$5,'DOPRGH$EUHXO poder dos juízes6mR3DXOR6DUDLYD
'$17$66DQ7LDJRConflito de vizinhança e sua composiçãoHG5LRGH-DQHLUR)RUHQVH
'85.+(,0ePLOHLeçons de sociologie.3DULV38)
)$&+,1/XL](GVRQElementos críticos do direito de família6mR3DXOR5HQRYDU
)$*81'(6 6HDEUD O  controle  dos  atos  administrativos  pelo  poder  judiciário  HG 5LR GH -DQHLUR
)RUHQVH
),*8(,5('2'LRJRLegitimidade e discricionariedade5LRGH-DQHLUR)RUHQVH
*20(6 -RDTXLP %DUERVD Ação  afirmativa  e  princípio  constitucional  da  igualdade 6mR 3DXOR 5HQRYDU

*20(62UODQGRIntrodução ao direito civilHG5LRGH-DQHLUR)RUHQVH
*5(&21RUGLSociologia jurídica%XHQRV$LUHV$WDOD\D
*859,7&+*HRUJHVSociologia do Direito7UDG'MDFLU0HQH]HV5LRGH-DQHLUR.RVPRV
+(50(6/,0$Introdução à ciência do direitoHG5LRGH-DQHLUR/LYUDULD)UHLWDV%DVWRV
-25,21(GPRQGDe la sociologie juridiqueHVVDL%UX[HOOHV8QLYHUVLWH/LEUHGH%UX[HOOHV
/$66$/()HUGLQDQGQué és una constitucion?%XHQRV$LUHV6LJOR9HLQWH
/(­2&DUQHLURFundamentos da sociologia6mR3DXOR0HOKRUDPHQWRV
0(1(6(6 3DXOR /XFHQD Ação  afirmativa  no  direito  norte  americano 6mR 3DXOR 5HY GRV 7ULEXQDLV
 
0217252$QGUp)UDQFRIntrodução à ciência do direito.HG6mR3DXOR5HYGRV7ULEXQDLV
1$'(53DXORIntrodução ao estudo do direitoHG5LRGH-DQHLUR)RUHQVH
1(720DFKDGRSociologia jurídicaHG6mR3DXOR6DUDLYD
12*8(,5$5X\%DUERVDCurso de direito tributárioHG6mR3DXOR6DUDLYD
3(5(/0$1&KDLPLógica jurídica0DUWLQV)RQWHV
3,(5621'RQDOGTeoria e pesquisa em sociologia6mR3DXOR0HOKRUDPHQWRV
5($/(0LJXHOFilosofia do direitoHG6mR3DXOR6DUDLYDW;
BBBBBBBBLições preliminares de direitoHG6mR3DXOR6DUDLYD
526$)$GH0LUDQGDSociologia do direitoHG5LRGH-DQHLUR=DKDU(GLWRUHV
526620$125RVDKLições de direito constitucional5LRGH-DQHLUR-RVp.RQILQR
58**,(525REHUWRInstituições de Direito Civil6mR3DXOR6DUDLYD
6$%$'(// $QD /~FLD Manual  de  sociologia  jurídica LQWURGXomR D XPD OHLWXUD H[WHUQD GR GLUHLWR 6mR
3DXOR5HYGRV7ULEXQDLV
6$/'$1+$1HOVRQ1RJXHLUDSociologia do direito6mR3DXOR5HYGRV7ULEXQDLV
6,&+(65HFDVpQVTratado de sociologia.3RUWR$OHJUH2*ORER
6,/9$-RmR&DOYmRGDResponsabilidade civil do produtor&RLPEUD$OPHGLQD
6,/9$-RVp$IRQVRGDAplicabilidade das normas constitucionaisHG6mR3DXOR0DOKHLURV
7(//(6,QRFrQFLR*DOYmRIntrodução ao estudo do direitoHG/LVERD/LYUDULD3HWURQ\
7+(2'252-81,25+XPEHUWRDireitos do consumidorHG5LRGH-DQHLUR)RUHQVH
7(1Ï5,22VFDULei de introdução ao Código Civil brasileiro5LRGH-DQHLUR%RUVRL
75(9(65HQDWRLa sociologia del dirittoRULJLQLULFHUFKHSUREOHPL7RULQR(LQDXGL
9$11,,FLOLRLezioni di Filosofia del DirittoHG%RORQKD1LFROD=DQLFKHOOL
:,//(06(PLOLRDicionário de sociologia3RUWR$OHJUH2*ORER
=$))$521,5DXO(XJrQLRO poder judiciário:FULVHDFHUWRVHGHVDFHUWRV6mR3DXOR5HYGRV7ULEXQDLV