CONSIDERATION

lack of consideration falta de contraprestación o ausencia de causa (fin), o

incluso inexistencia de un elemento de onerosidad (que debe estar presente para que su
cumplimiento sea exigible).

NOW, THEREFORE, in consideration of the premises and the mutual covenants set forth
herein and for other good and valuable consideration,​ the receipt and sufficiency of which

​ OR
are hereby acknowledged, the parties hereto covenant and agree as follows. ​= P

TANTO, (therefore) las partes acuerdan lo siguiente:

SHALL

SHALL WILL

to express future time in the first person to express future time in the second and
third person

to express modality in second and third to express modality in the first person
person

In contracts: ​shall for modality in the third person and ​will f​ or future. It is common to find this
wrong usage​ of shall in provision clauses:

➔ to convey obligations imposed on someone other than the subject of the sentence
(the Closing shall be held at Acme’s offices)
➔ to convey the rules underlying the contract, known as ‘policies’ (This agreement shall
be governed by New York law)
➔ in conditional clauses and matrix clauses (If Jones shall cease to be employed by
Acme, Acme shall have an option to purchase the Shares from Jones)
(Entiendo que tienen sdo de futuro will): ​instead of ​shall a drafter should, depending on
the context, use ​must, will, or the present tense, or restructure the provision (for instance by
using the active voice instead of the passive voice).

PROVISOS

➔ proviso, which consists of a clause introduced by provided that ​and set off from the
preceding clause by a comma or semicolon;
➔ provisos are usually introduced with a semicolon and ​provided​, however, that,​ (with
provided and however underlined for emphasis). In the case of a proviso that
immediately follows another proviso, the formula used is provided further, however,
that​ (or something similar);
➔ provided that provided​ that is a truncation of ​it is provided that​;
➔ but​ provided​ is also a conjunction meaning​ if ​or ​on condition that​;
​ ssentially continues to serve its original
➔ as currently used in contracts, ​provided that e
function: ​it is used to introduce not only conditions to the main clause​, but also
limitations and exceptions to the main clause​, as well as new provisions that can be
considered independently of the main clause​.

SOLUCIONES PARA “RESOLUCIÓN”

(Derecho procesal) frase:“métodos alternativos de resolución de conflictos/

“Resolución” en sentido disputas/ controversias” → ​“alternative dispute resolution
dinámico: acción de resolver, methods”
solucionar dirimir. Lo mismo sucede en combinaciones como “resolución del
litigio / pleito” o “resolución de la apelación planteada”.

“Resolución” desde el punto
de vista estático: denota el
“efecto de resolver o
resolverse” (el producto o
resultado de la acción)
“el juez dictó una resolución por la cual homologó el
acuerdo preventivo” → order, ruling, decree, judgment,
decision.
resolución judicial → “court / judicial decision”.
 (Ámbito societario)
“Resolución” en el sentido
estático sí puede tener
como equivalente el
cognado ​resolution
“El Directorio / Consejo de Administración aprobó
una resolución por la que dispuso la creación de una
comisión de auditoría” → ​“adopted / passed /
approved a resolution”
(El sentido de “aprobar resoluciones en el seno de la
sociedad”, cuando el sujeto de la acción es la junta o
asamblea de accionistas o socios, puede expresarse en
inglés con la frase take corporate action)

(Campo contractual) la resolución de un contrato o pacto supone su

En el uso dinámico,
resolución y resolution
son, nuevamente, “falsos
amigos”.
extinción anticipada. El equivalente cultural
reconocido para este significado es ​termination.
Posibles glosas o agregados descriptivos son, según
el caso, los siguientes (en cursiva): “termination upon
breach by the other party”, “early termination”,
“termination upon fulfillment of a condition
subsequent)

CONCEPTS OF CONTRACTS

FORCE MAJEURE FUERZA MAYOR Y CASO FORTUITO

➔ It does have legal effect where ➔ En los contratos de Argentina, no

provided for in English law-governed suele encontrarse la cláusula de
contracts (and no effect without the Caso Fortuito porque ya lo tenemos
existence of such a clause in the incluido en las ​provisions.​
contract)
➔ Refers to the arising of unforeseen
conditions or events beyond the
control of both parties.
*​Force majeure​ includes​ Acts of God, but ​Acts of God does not​ include force majeure

ACTS OF GOD CASO FORTUITO

➔ Natural events
 CLÁUSULAS QUE SUELEN APARECER EN ​COMPRAVENTA

OF GOODS (SOURCE TEXT) Bienes o Mercancías (depende)

➔ TERM ➔ PLAZO
➔ DELIVERY ➔ ENTREGA
➔ RISK OF LOSS ➔ RIESGO DE PÉRDIDA
➔ ACCEPTANCE ➔ ACEPTACIÓN
➔ CHARGES ➔ GASTO
➔ DEPOSIT ➔ DEPÓSITO
➔ WARRANTY
➔ GARANTÍA
➔ TAXES
➔ IMPUESTO
➔ GOVERNING LAW
➔ DERECHO/LEGISLACIÓN
APLICABLE
➔ FUERZA MAYOR Y CASO
➔ FORCE MAJEURE FORTUITO (depende el context)
➔ MISCELLANEOUS ➔ DISPOSICIONES VARIAS

MOTOR VEHICLE BILL OF SALE? DE AUTOMOTOR (SOURCE TEXT)

➔ SUBJECT MATTER ➔ OBJETO
➔ PRICE ➔ PRECIO
➔ TRANSFER ➔ TRANSFERENCIA
➔ BREACH ➔ INCUMPLIMIENTO
➔ DOCUMENTATION ➔ DOCUMENTACIÓN
➔ ? ➔ RESPONSABILIDAD CIVIL
➔ SPOUSAL CONSENT ➔ ASENTIMIENTO CONYUGAL
➔ JURISDICTIO
➔ JURISDICCIÓN
other example USA:
https://www.lawdepot.com/contracts/bill-of-s
ale/preview.aspx?loc=US&
https://www.legalzoom.com/articles/bill-of-s
ale-for-automobiles-how-to-guide

CLÁUSULAS QUE SUELEN APARECER EN ​CONTRATOS DE

TRABAJO

➔ TERM ➔ PLAZO
➔ POSITION AND DUTIES ➔ CARGO Y OBLIGACIONES
➔ COMPENSATION ➔ REMUNERACIÓN
➔ TERMINATION OF ➔ EXTINCIÓN DE LA REL.
EMPLOYMENT LABORAL
➔ CONSEQ. OF TERMINATION ➔ CONSEC. DE LA EXTINCIÓN O
OR BEACH DEL INCUMPLIMIENTO
➔ CERTAIN COVENANTS AND ➔ ???
REPRESENTATIONS
 ➔ MISCELLANEOUS ➔ DISPOSICIONES VARIAS

CLÁUSULAS QUE SUELEN APARECER EN​ CONTRATOS DE

ALQUILER/ARRENDAMIENTO (USA)

➔ LEASED PROPERTY/IDENTIF
OF THE PREMISES
➔ AGREEMENT TO RENT
➔ TERM (OF TENANCY)
➔ RENT
➔ SECURITY DEPOSIT
➔ INSPECTIONS
➔ RENEWAL OF LEASE
➔ TENANT IMPROVEMENTS (to
the property)
➔ UTILITIES AND OTHER
CHARGES
➔ INSURANCE
➔ ATTORNEY FEES
➔ GOVERNING LAW
➔ SEVERABILITY
➔ AMENDMENT OF LEASE
➔ ASSIGNMENT AND
SUBLETTING
➔ DAMAGE TO PROPERTY
➔ MAINTENANCE
➔ CARE AND USE OF PROP.
➔ RULES AND REGULATIONS
➔ MEDIATION
➔ ADDRESS FOR NOTICE
➔ OPTION TO PURCHASE
➔ GENERAL PROVISIONS
(son de alquiler de casa)
https://www.lawdepot.com/contracts/resi
dential-lease/preview.aspx?loc=US&

https://www.pandadoc.com/residential-l
andlord-tenant-agreement-template/

CLÁUSULAS QUE SUELEN APARECER​ EN DIVORCIOS (USA)

https://www.lawdepot.com/contracts/separation-agreement/preview.aspx?loc=US&
 DISCHARGE OF CONTRACTS EXTINCIÓN DE
CONTRATOS

US UK ARG
http://www.saij.gob.ar/docs-f/co
digo-comentado/CCyC_TOMO_3
_FINAL_completo_digital.pdf
pag. 466

➔ Discharge ​by ➔ Discharge ​through

Performance Performance
(It comes to an end when (The performance of the
both parties fulfill their obligations by a contracting
respective duties) party discharge that party
- Complete from his obligations)
performance - Partial or incorrect
- Substantial performance will not
performance suffice.
- Performance to the
Satisfaction of
Another

➔ Discharge by ➔ Discharge through/ ➔ Por​ Rescisión

Agreement by ​Agreement (El contrato puede ser
(this agreement can be part(it is subjected to the extinguido por rescisión
of the original contract, or
conditions of the contract. bilateral. Esta extinción,
the parties can form a new The agreement to ext. or excepto estipulación en
contract for the express terminate becomes a contrario, sólo produce
purpose of discharging the binding contract if supported efectos para el futuro y no
original contract) by consideration) afecta derechos de tercero)
- Bilateral Discharge
- Discharge by - Accord and
Rescission Satisfaction
- Discharge by Accord - Unilateral Discharge
and Satisfaction
- Discharge by
Novation

➔ Discharge by
Breach
(The degree of breach and
the cons. vary according to
the type and nature of the
term concerned.)
- Actual Breach
- Anticipatory Breach

➔ Discharge by
Frustration
(When the conditions of the
 contract can no longer be
performed, due to a change
in circumstances not
provided for in the contract,
which occur after the
contract was concluded.
Where it is impossible to
perform the contract, the
Court will hold that the
obligations of the parties are
extinguished from the time
that the contract became
frustrated)

➔ Discharge by
Operation of Law
(The circumstances include
the running of the relevant
statute of limitations and
impossibility of
performance)

- Statute of Limitations
- When Performance
is Impossible or
Impracticable
+ Impossibility of
Performance
+ Commercial
Impracticability
(when more difficult
or expensive)
+ Temporary
Impossibility
(occurrence of an
even as war)

CONCEPTS OF SOCIEDADES

UK US ARG

Memorandum of Association Articles of Incorporation Acta constitutiva

Articles of Association Bylaws Estatuto (societario)

 UK US ARG

Shareholders Stockholders Accionistas

http://www.saij.gob.ar/docs-f/codigo/Codigo_Civil_y_Comercial_de_la_Nacion.pdf 
UK  US  ARG 
http://servicios.infoleg.gob.ar/
infolegInternet/anexos/25000-
29999/25553/texact.htm 

Sole proprietorship  sole proprietorship  empresario individual 

ordinary partnership  general partnership  sociedad colectiva 

• socios 

l​imited partnership   limited partnership  sociedad en 

• AT LEAST 1 GENERAL  • general partner  comandita simple 
PARTNER WITH  • limited partner  • socios 
UNLIMITED LIABILITY  • partners   
•LIMITED PARTNERS   
http://www.legislation.go  
v.uk/ukpga/Edw7/7/24/c
ontents 

Limited liability  Limited liability partnership  sociedad de 

partnership  responsabilidad 
-acciones  limitada 
-garantías 
ALL MEMBERS LIMITED 
LIABILITY 
http://www.legislation.go
v.uk/ukpga/2000/12/cont
ents 

  Limited Liability Limited  SRL 

Partnership (LLLP) 
• partners 
 

Limited liability company  limited liability company  SRL 

  • members  • socios 
•el capital se divide en 
cuotas 

Company  corporation  Sociedad anónima 

• shareholders  • stockholders  • socio accionista / 
http://www.legislation.go accionista 
v.uk/ukpga/2006/46/cont •el capital se 
ents  representa por 
acciones 

Public limited company  regular corporation  sociedad anónima 

Private limited company  close corporation  sociedad anónima 

TYPES OF SHARES

UK US ARG

Bearer or nominative / Bearer or nominative / Acciones al portador o

(non-) endorsable shares (non-) endorsable shares nominativas / (no)
endosables

Ordinary shares Common shares Acciones ordinarias

Preference shares Preferred shares/stock Acciones preferidas

Redeemable shares Callable shares Acciones rescatables

CREATION AND TERMINATION OF CORPORATE LIFE

Merger Unión por absorción

Consolidation Unión por fusión / fusión propiamente dicha

TERMINATION OF CORPORATE LIFE

GENERAL US/UK (hay dif internas) ARG*

Dissolution Disolución

Liquidation Liquidación

Bankruptcy Insolvencia

CONCEPTOS DE PODERES/POWER OF ATTORNEY

 UK US ARG
http://www.saij.gob.ar/docs-f/cod
igo/Codigo_Civil_y_Comercial_de_l
a_Nacion.pdf​ ​pag 108 del pdf

Donor Principal or Grantor Poderdante

Holder or Attorney Agent Apoderado