READING JUICE PLUS Crested ard slopsty Dobra Housel oer). Zeer, Sean A. Murray ane vo Leste Le, Jenny Sn Published Ait Notdospeo-0 211, Yngcheon gu Seoul Korea Telephane 224.7113 Puig cen Ns. -1PTayierson JAY28, 1970 Wensteswm aco ke ‘wm epi ce | Fst Publishes 2019 Copyraht @E-PUBLIE Sti Nounauterizephtaconying Alisher, Ne part pubeston may be repre, tredin trea stom, Areal nari ye ih ce hcl Sp arg or cers, thatthe prraritan permis PUBLIC Peas] mene | ere seats ene] esting iceforKids? ——_Ltering ice Grammar suceforkcs POE Pending nicetorKls? stern Lice? (Gammarluceforkice 2 PRI escicg niceforkds3 ——Lstening ces (Geammarsucetorses 2 Reading cetorkiis4 —Lstening ice dump Speaking ice Lusening Lice Aamp2 Speaking uke? “Gramnmatiefor unr | Intermediate Usening luce focuior! Speaking ces amar sxefor nor? | a useing Jule fosunioe2 Gammarluce er dunior3 Listening Juice fox unier 3READING JUICE PLUS 1RCUEIN Essential vocabulary words are defined as a pre-reading activity. ‘These words are boldfaced in every passage. Students can read the definitions and then see how each term is used within the text. Learning words in context is the most powerful way to master new vocabulary. ‘The passages promote young minds' curiosity by offering a wide Variety of topics that are fun to read and easy to teach, Since this, Nonfiction includes fascinating facts and details about people, places and events, learners will expand their knowledge base as Well as their language skills, Appealing text is vital in order to inspire and encourage students to strive for greater English fluency. Each paszage is written in natural English at the appropriate proficiency level, and a Word count is included. The teacher can use this information to determine how quickly students read the material This nurtures both fluency and ease with written English, Skimming & Scanning Each passage includes skimming and scanning questions to help learners improve their ability to quickly find specific information in the text. This activity gives students practice in a skill ll readers Use daily: identifying the key words from a question and then locating the associated information in the passage,Comprehension Following each passage, multiple-choice comprehension {questions evaluate the learners’ understanding of the material ‘The main idea is always tested. The remaining questions require ‘students to identify details, find information, draw conclusions, make inferences. and differentiate between facts and opinions. Additional comprehension exercises require the highest-level thinking skills such as deciding where to insert sentences in the passage or choosing which statement would best introduce or conclude the text. Vocabulary Expansion = Each passage’s vocabulary expansion exercise strengthens learners’ knowledge of the key words since they must truly Understand each word's meaning to finish the word analogies or complete the cloze sentences and paragraphs. By doing these exercises learners will be able to “own” the words. Such ownership makes it more likely that students will use them in speaking and writing. Independent use of vocabulary words is the strongest indicator that a word has been learned-that is, stored in students’ long-term memories, Each unit concludes with a summary activity designed to activate the students’ recall of the facts contained in the passage. To complete the summary, students must interpret information and then synthesize the main ideas and supporting details. ig Final Test for NEAT The final test assesses students’ academic achievement with the complete set of the Reading Comprehension part of NEAT. (eerie ds ee This vocabulary booklet will help students improve their vocabulary.ig i UNIT 1 Tasty Mistakes UNIT 2 Blue People UNIT 3 Building a Volcano - UNITS The First Fireworks UNITS Goliath Birdeater Spider CHECK UP 1 Tropical Storms 666666 UNIT6 Monsters in Stories ---- UNIT7 AChild Engineer UNITS. The Origin of Numbers UNITS Colored Vegetables UNIT 10 The Subway Superman ---- CHECK UP 2 66666 6 The Brothers GrimmHEADING JUICE PLUS UNIT 11 UNIT 16 Boxing Day Goodfellow's Tree «+--+ Kangaroo UNIT 12 UNIT 17 Chocolate Celebration © The King of Colors +» UNIT 13 UNIT 18 Pet Worms - Money in Ancient Times ~ UNIT 14 UNIT 19 Soap Box Derby Making a TV Commercial 6666 6| = UNIT 15 UNIT 20 Kid Writers ~ The Florida Strangler Fig CHECK UP 3 CHECK UP 4 66666 6 Unlucky Numbers Treasure Hunters APPENDIX Reading WPM Graph 6 |6 |Match the words and the correct definitions. 1 frozen complain mix accidental slice invention to add different things togethe: happening by chance to say or express unhappy feeling created a new thing that someone nto thin piew made intMaking mistakes is not always a bad thing. Sometimes, making mistakes can lead to new inventions. Many of your favorite foods were probably mistakes. Popsicles were invented by mistake in 1905. Eleven-year-old Frank Epperson was making soda pop on the porch. Using a stick, he mixed water and powdered soda in a bucket. Then he forgot about the bucket, He left it outside in the cold winter night. The next moming, the soda pop was frozen. He pulled the stick and licked the ice. It tasted great! Frank decided to sell his popsicles. He sold them for five cents each. Potato chips were also invented by mistake. In 1853, a chef named George Crum served French fries in his restaurant. One day, a customer complained they were too thick. He made the French fries a little thinner, but the customer still complained. George got angry. He wanted the complaining to stop. He decided to teach the customer a lesson. He made more fries. This time, he sliced the potatoes as thinly as possible. He fried them until they were crispy. Next, he put lots of salt on them and served the customer. To his surprise, the customer loved them! Soon, all his customers wanted his potato chips. Frank and George made wonderful mistakes. Others may be making mistakes right now. Accidental inventors could be creating something new. They may not know their invention might change the world. Of course, the more tasty mistakes they make, the better for us. mo Record your reading time au onthe graph. p94 Find where the following information is in the passage: 4. the main idea of the passage Line 2. Frank Epperson's mistake Line 3 the result of George Crum’s mistake Lineed Comprehension A Choose the correct answers. 1 What is the passage mainly about? a different kinds of mistakes b how to make mistakes into inventions c how mistakes make foods 2 Why did Frank leave the mixing bucket outside? a He wanted to freeze it, b_ He forgot to bring it inside. He wanted to make soda pop. 3 How did George Crum’s customer want his French fries? a. saltior b thinner c hotter 4 Which is NOT true according to the passage? a The customers loved the chef's potato chips. b Frank thought his mistake tasted great. © People should avoid making mistakes with food. B Match the actions and the correct results. 1 leaving the mixing bucket outside + a soda pop 2 cut thinly and deep-fried : + b potato chips 3. mixing water and powdered soda - + © popsicles 8 Reading ice PusVocabulary Expansion > Choose the word that best completes each sentence, 1. Itwas so cold last night that the pond was a mixed b frozen c invented d crispy 2 Usea big bow! to____ flour, butter, and milk. a lead b mix c make d complain 3. Nobody intended the fire. It was a frozen b beautiful intentional d accidental 4 The ______ of the Internet changed the world. a customer b mistake c invention d crispy ‘Complete the passage summary with the correct phrases. + how mistakes can make new foods + two examples of foods + accidental mistakes make things better + soda pop that is frozen + that are cut very thinly and deep-fried The passage is about There are _ made from mistakes. One example is popsicles. They are _______. Another example is potato chips. They are French fries Not all mistakes are bad. Some for people. units 9 "|disease inherit bright strange orphan settle having vivid, strong color to make a place to live a child without parents unusual and odd to receive certain trails from parents’ genes an unhealthy condition; sicknessThere was a strange family living in the Appalachian Mountains in the 1900s. @ They were blue-skinned people! Martin Fugate was a French orphan. @ He settled in eastern Kentucky sometime in 1820. He was a young, handsome man, but he looked strange. 4 @ His skin color was blue. Martin was blue-skinned because he had an unusual disease. | lis blood was not healthy. It was low in oxygen. Martin married a woman from the Kentucky town. ® Surprisingly, his > wife also had the same disease. They had seven children. © Their children + inherited the unusual disease. Four of the children were born with bright blue» skin. © People in town started to call them the Blue Fugates. The Fugates children grew up. They married their cousins from the small town. The married cousins had children. @ Those children had the disease too. Over the years, the 2 town continued to have many blue-skinned people. 1 Some town people thought the disease came from outer-space aliens. | ® They thought the blue-skinned people were the aliens. ® However, the cure for the disease was simple. Madison Cawein, a doctor, heard about the Blue Fugates. He had a medicine. It added oxygen to the blood. The Fugates took the medicine. The result was surprising. The Fugates’ skin turned pink in just 1s minutes. It was not blue any more. ‘According to a science magazine, there were still Blue Fugates living in eastem Kentucky in 1982. You may hear someone say “I feel blue.” That 21 means “I feel sad.” Look closely, though. The person may be one of the great-grandchildren of the blue-skinned Fugates. rm Record your easing tine anys onthe graph. p94 Find where the following information is in the passage: 4 the plare Martin Fugate settled in Line 2. the reason Martin Fugate had blue skin Line —__ 3. the nickname for the Fugate family <=Match the words and the correct definitions. 1 disaster - + a amass of small bubbles 2 pour : +b harm 3 active * ¢ asudden event causing much damage 4 damage d_ able to do something; working 5 foam © force, weight 6 pressure + f to causea flow ina streamHot lava comes out of a volcano at more than 1,200 degrees Celsius. It moves slowly down the side of the volcano, causing much damage and destruction. ‘There are more than 500 active volcanoes in the world. A real volcano is a natural disaster, but you can make your own volcano at home for fun. You need baking soda, vinegar and red food coloring to create lava. You also need a flat board, a bottle, tape and some wet dirt to build your volcano with. First, find a bottle and put tape on the bottom and attach it to a flat board. Pack the wet dirt all around the bottle. Do not let any dirt fall into the bottle. Next, pour some baking soda into the bottle. In another cup, mix together vinegar and red food coloring. Finally, carefully pour the vinegar mix into the bottle. Stand back and watch the red foam come out. Peeqaph®) ~The acid in vinegar and the. sodium in baking soda create a chemical reaction. It makes the foam. It also makes a gas that pushes out the foam. The red foam is like lava in a real volcano. Lava comes from inside the Earth. The gas inside the Earth makes pressure build up. Then the lava shoots up through the voleano's throat and out the crater. The voleanic crater is the opening on the top of the volcano, Making a volcano at home can help you lean how real volcanoes work. You can see how the gas pushes out the lava in real volcanoes and have a better understanding of the natural world. It is fun to experience one of the geological wonders at home with such a simple experiment. m) Ze) Find where the following information is in the passage.” 4 the main idea of the passage Line 2. the last step of making a model volcano Line 3. the result of mixing vinegar and baking soda LineRede eae A Choose the correct answers. 1 What is the passage mainly about? a how to build a model volcano with real lava b the process of making a model volcano c the differences between types of model volcanoes 2 What does the model's red foam represent in a real volcano? a pressure inside the volcano b_ gas pushing the lava lava from inside the Earth 3 What happens when the pressure builds up inside the Earth? a The lava shoots up and comes out of the crater. b Acrater is formed on the top of the volcan. ¢ It creates more gas and lava inside the Earth, 4 Which is NOT true about making a model volcano? a The completed model volcano will not be as powerful as a real volcano. b The heat from a model volcano is as hot as the lava in real volcanoes. c_Ittakes only a few simple steps to build a model volcano. B Choose the best topic sentence and supporting information for (Paragraph A). 1 Best topic sentence: 2 Supporting information 1: 3 Supporting information 2: a The red foam and gas are created. b The acid and the sodium create a chemical reaction The gas pushes the red foam out of the bottle. Vinegar and baking soda are separated 16 Reading ce PusVocabulary Expansion > « Choose the word that best completes each word analogy. 1 run:jog- ___: flow a take b pour c active d attach 2 sentence: words - ___ : bubbles @ wonder b book c foam d water 3 need:desire- ___ : harm a damage b dirt ¢ reaction d experience 4 quiet:calm— _____: alive a active b flat ¢ real d wonder Preece igure aS + Pourthe mixture into the bottle. -—_* Pour baking soda into the bottle. + Mix vinegar with red food coloring. -+ Pack dirt around the bottle. How to Make a Model Volcano | Step 1 Step 2: Step 3 Step 4: Step 5: unit 47Dis ries ples c ns Match the words and the correct definitions, 1 2 3 5 w save terrible magnificent frightened legend steal a anold story being afraid or fearful to stop from being harmed harsh; severe wonderful and beautiful to take without permissionAlong time ago a legend began in a small Chinese village. It told the story of the first fireworks, The people of an ancient Chinese village had a problem. At the end of every year, a terrible monster came to the village. He broke things and stole food. He even killed people and animals. The people did not know what to do about the monster. They talked about the problem. Then on the last day of the year, they were sitting around a fire. They knew the monster would come that day. Soon they saw the monster coming toward them. People got up and started running. As they ran, fire started in some bamboo sticks, Loud sounds came out of the bamboo sticks. Crack! Pop! The monster stopped. He did not know where the sound was coming from. He thought there was another monster in town. He got frightened and ran back into the mountains. Much later the villagers made a discovery. They learned how to make the sounds louder. They put powder, like gunpowder, inside the bamboo sticks. They set the powder on fire. The powder made a loud explosion. The bamboo sticks burned bright red. It was a magnificent sight! The bursting bamboo sticks were the world’s first fireworks. The villagers believed the loud noises and bright colors frightened away all the evil spirits. It must have worked well. The terrible monster has not come back since then. The fireworks saved the villagers from a terrible fate. Today the Chinese stil celebrate each New Year with fireworks. mm Record your reading time Cy onthegraph. p94 Find where the following information is in the passage.~ |_when the monster would come to the village Line 2. how the villagers reacted when they saw the monster Line 3. how the village people made the explosions louder Line unra 2 Comprehension A Choose the correct answers. |, What is the passage mainly about? a different kinds of early fireworks b_allegend about the discovery of fireworks chow fireworks can save people 2 What problem did the villagers face? a. They did not know how to make fireworks. b Amonster came to town every year. c They could not find the bamboo sticks. 3 What was the world’s first fireworks in the legend? a amixture of red chemicals b avery bright fire can exploding bamboo stick 4 Which is NOT true according to the passage? a_ The Chinese discovered how to make fireworks explode louder. b The Chinese no longer believe fireworks scare evil spirits. c The Chinese suffers the terrible fate every New Year. B Choose the best concluding sentence for the passage. a Chinese historians do not think that the legend is true. 6 Americans also use fireworks during their New Year's celebrations. For the Chinese, fireworks have a deep cultural meaning. 20. Reading Juice PusVocabulary Expansion ° ¢ Complete the sentences with the correct words. save terrible steal frightened | Mybrotheris________ by the ghosts in the story. 2. The robber tried to all the gold. 3 Thedesertisa_______ place for fish. 4 Allifeguard’s job is to people from drowning. eee oe eee ome e eer Soma = exploded in fire es made a great discovery + celebrate each New Year with fireworks » there was a terrible monster * scared the scary monster = = = The Legend of the First Fireworks: The people of ancient China had a problem. In the mountains, One day, the Chinese They found that bamboo sticks __ away. Today, they still unirg 24 vipredator reverse burrow inject digestive bristle a short, stiff hai a hole in the ground in which an animal lives to force a fluid into something to switch positions; to change to the opposit: an animal that lives by killing other animals for food having the p er to dissolve something- Birds usually eat spiders. They are predators of spiders. Spiders usually fear birds. This is not true for the Goliath birdeater spider. The relationship is reversed. This spider is so big that it eats birds! It ives in the South American rain forests. It creeps along the damp ground. An explorer first reported the giant spider. He witnessed one eating a hummingbird. The Goliath birdeater spider is the second biggest spider on Earth. It measures a shocking 25 to 30 cm from the end of one leg to the other. That is the width of a dinner plate! Despite its name and size, the Goliath birdeater spider rarely eats birds. It prefers to eat insects and small animals. The spider has eight eyes. Though, it cannot see well. It stays in its underground burrow until it feels vibrations. Then it darts out and grabs the prey. Using its long, hairy legs, the spider pulls the prey into its damp burrow. The spider has no teeth. So it uses its fangs. It injects juices into the prey. These digestive juices break down the soft parts of the prey. The animal turns into a soupy mess. The spider sucks up the tasty soup. All Goliath birdeater spiders take 3 to 4 years to mature. The females can live up to 25 years! The males are not as lucky. Their lifespan is just 3 to 6 years. After mating, the female often eats the male. Fortunately, this spider rarely bites a person. Even when it does, there is no need to fear. The venom is not deadly. It just stings for a few hours. And, unlike most spiders, this one is not silent. It rubs the bristles on its legs together. This makes a hissing noise. Wise people get out of its way. mo Record your eading tine COUNT inthe graph. p94 Find where the following information is in the passage. 1 the area where Goliath birdeater spiders live Line = 2. what the spiders like to eat the best — 3 what the spider does to make noise Ls nits, 23ey ad Coren eeinutiiel ty A Choose the correct answers. 1. What is the passage mainly about? a_howa spider makes noise b why a spider bites people c_howa spider eats its prey 2 How long can the male Goliath birdeater spider live? a 6 years b Syears c 25 years 3. What happens after the spider bites its prey? a The soft parts of the prey turn into a liquid. b The spider takes venom from the prey ©. The spider takes several days to chew up its prey. 4 Which is true about the Goliath birdeater spider? a Itis the biggest spider in the world. b The males often kills the females after mating. c The spider becomes a mature adult in about 3 years. B Choose two supporting details for the topic sentence below. Topic sentence: People do not need to fear Goliath birdeater spiders. Supporting details: a They make noise so people can avoid them. b They look more scary than they actually are c Their bite is not deadly, 24 Reading ce PlusVocabulary Expansion Complete the story with the correct words. reverse burrow digestive predator injects The Goliath birdeater spider is a(n) ___. It lives in underground . When it feels the vibrations of an animal walking above, it strikes. The spider bites its prey and then walks in ______ to drag it underground. It ___________ its prey with venom. Instead of poison, it is aln) liquid that makes the prey dissolve. The spider drinks the juices. It is nota silent spider. Check (W) if the sentences are true about Goliath birdeaterspiders. 1. They can eat small birds. 2. They live in underground burrows. 3, They spin webs. 4, They can make a hissing sound. 5, They wrap their prey in silk ©. They have a leg span of 25 to 30 cm. UNITS 25CHECK UP 1 ae Tropical storms are always given the names of people. Melissa, Marco and Dolly are all famous tropical storms. Tropical storms also have scientific names. What they are called depends on where they are located. All tropical storms first form over the ocean in tropical regions. They form under special weather conditions. They start as thunderstorms near the equator. If the storms come together and spin, they can create a larger tropical storm. When it passes over warm ocean water, it gets bigger and stronger. The warm water acts like fuel for the storms. Tropical storms can cause powerful winds, heavy rain and raging waves, These storms often damage coastal cities. Tropical storms are called by different names in different places. The storms over the Pacific Ocean are called typhoons. It means “great wind” in Chinese. They strike Southeast and East Asia. Hurricanes form over the Atlantic Ocean and strike North America. Cyclones form over the Indian Ocean and hit South Asia. The largest storm on record was a typhoon in 1979 named Typhoon Tip. At the time, the name “Tip” sounded silly to many people. Typhoon Tip was two times as big as any previous typhoon. It was 2,200 kilometers across. The winds blew 305 kilometers per hour. Though the name may sound cute, the typhoon was definitely not.Choose the correct answers. 1 What is the main idea of the reading? a Tropical storms have different names but are similar. b Typhoons are the most dangerous tropical storm. ¢ People must be careful of tropical storms. 2 Where do tropical storms form? a over the Atlantic Ocean b over continental waters © over warm oceans 3 What makes a tropical storm grow bigger? tropical land b cold winds ¢ warm water 4 Where are typhoons found? a the Indian Ocean b the Pacific Ocean the Atlantic Ocean 5 Which is correct about Typhoon Tip? a It was bigger than any other storms in history. b The wind speed was up to 2,200 kilometers per hour, © Many people remember it because of its cute name,Match the words and the correct c defeat hero crash wisdom extraordinary patience itions the ability to bear pain or trouble knowledge from experience highly unusual or exceptional a man of bravery and ability to beat or overcome to smash into somethingIn many Greek stories, the heroes have to fight terrible monsters. ® The monsters have incredible features and extraordinary powers. @ They look very different from other creatures on Earth. @ The monsters in Greek stories look very strange, which makes them more terrifying. One race of monsters is giants, the Cyclopes. They have only one eye. ® Another monster named Argus has one hundred eyes all over his body. © Other monsters have many heads. Cerberus looks like a dog with three heads. © The Hydra looks like a snake and lives in the sea. It has nine heads. Greek monsters also have special powers. The Cyclopes can make lightning and thunderbolts. ® The Hydra can grow new heads. If one of the heads is cut off, a new one just grows back. The Sirens are very powerful. ® They live on an island and sing songs. Sailors follow the beautiful songs and BAM! They crash into the rocks. © The Greeks invented weird and horrible monsters for a reason. In Greek stories, the hero has problems at first. In the end, he always defeats the monster. These monsters seem stronger and scarier than humans. However, our human hero always has something the monsters do not have—patience and wisdom. These qualities are what make us different from beasts. word Record your easing time count onthe graph. p. 94 Find where the following information is in the passage: 1 the main idea of the passage ———— 2. amonster with a hundred eyes Line 3. what the Cyclopes can make ———“ Comprehension A Choose the correct answers. 1 What is the passage mainly about? a how man defeats monsters b_ stories told by the ancient Greeks what Greek monsters are like 2 How many eyes does a Cyclopes have? a one b two ¢ one hundred 3 Why are the Sirens dangerous? a. They make lightning and thunderbolts. b They scare people by singing horrible songs. They make sailors lose their way. 4 What qualities did the Greek heroes have but the monsters did not? a. strength and bravery b_ strange looks and powers c patience and wisdom B Choose where the following sentences fit best in the Passage. 1 The fights are always dangerous but exciting. ao be c@ 2 Their eye is in the middle of their forehead. a@ b® c® 3 They end up drowning in the sea. a®@ b® c@ 30 Reading ue Pus 1Vocabulary Expansion >¢ Complete the word analogies with the correct words. hero extraordinary crash wisdom Big is to large as unusual is to N Funny is to clown as brave is to w Press is to push as smash is to 4 Fears to courage as foolishness is to Greek Monsters Main Idea: _ Beta jee Example: Detail 2: Example: unr 34,9 Match the words and the correct definitions. 1 2 pump starve afford blade’ wobbly + moist +b to be able to pay for something one of the flat, spinning parts used to push air not dry; slightly wet unsteady; moving slightly from side to side to move water using a machine to suffer from extreme hungerThe hot sun shone on Wimbe, a small town in Malawi, Africa. The rain did not fall. The crops died. The people began to starve. They had to walk farther and farther to find water. Then, a 14-year-old boy decided to take action. He is William Kamkwamba. William was bom into a poor family. He could not afford to stay in school. Fortunately, the United States had built a library near his home. He walked there each day. He used an English dictionary and science books. He taught himself to read English. He learned how engines work. At last he found what he had been hoping for: a picture of a windmill and how it worked. William went to the local junkyard. He dug through the trash. He found a tractor fan, a car’s shock absorber and bicycle parts. He melted plastic pipe over a fire, flattened it and carved it into four blades. He cut trees to make a tower. At last, William had a wobbly windmill made from scrap parts. When the wind blew, the blades lured. Il powered four lights in his parents’ home. A few years later, William built a machine that pumped water from beneath the ground. This let his mother grow a garden all year. In 2007, people found out about William, They gave him the money to go to school. He learned to make a sun-powered water pump. It kept his father’s fields moist. Today William is learning to be an engineer. He has plans to bring water and electricity to the towns of Malawi Te Record your reading time ey Find where the following information is in the passage. 1 why William did not stay in school Line ___ 2 how William found the parts he needed Line = 3. what William made for his father's fields Line 3a Bd fered e ule} A Choose the correct answers. 1. What is the passage mainly about? a_howa boy made a windmill b how William Kamkwamba learned to read how people overcame a drought in Africa 2 Where did William learn about windmills? a_at the junkyard b inthe library cin school 3 What did William's first machine do? a It created wind b_ It pumped water. ¢ It powered electric lights. 4 What is William studying to be? a anengineer b ateacher © adoctor B Check Fact or Opinion. fea Bohin 4 William Kamkwamba is intelligent. 2 William Kamkwamba used plastic pipe to make the blades. Oo 3 William Kamkwamba should not have cut down trees. 4 William Kamkwamba is the smartest person in his village. 5 Willaim Kamkwamba taught himself to read English. 344 Reading juice PlussVocabulary Expansion > « Complete the sentences with the correct words. wobbly afford starve pump 1 Ananimal will _______ without enough food. 2 Wecould____——_to buy the bigger TV. 3 Awindmillcan_______ water from under the ground. 4 The newborn calf's legs were _______as it stood up. Complete the passage summary in the order of happening. + He learned about windmills. + He built a water pump for his mother. + He built a windmill using junk parts. + He studied without a teacher. uniTy 35 4ia 9 Match the words and the correct definitions. 1 realize a to have the exact size of something 2 trade b tocut ona surface 3 ancient to understand completely 4 tribe d agroup of people or villagers that live together 5 measure © veryuld 6 carve f to exchange; to buy and sell1, 2, 3... These numbers are the first ones young children learn to write. They are easy to learn, but learning numbers has not always been so easy. People use numbers every day. They use numbers to measure or count things, The numbers we use today did not always exist. They developed from many old ways of counting, In ancient times, people used a tally stick which was made of wood. People carved marks on it to record things. In the Stone Age, hunters counted animals they had killed. Chiefs counted the number of people in their tribes. Soon, people started trading different kinds of things. They realized they needed better ways of counting them. In 9000 B.C.., farmers in West Asia made clay tokens. They used different shapes to mean different things. A little clay ball meant a sheep. A little clay pyramid meant a pig. For example, three balls and five pyramids meant three sheep and five pigs. This way, they could count all the different things they traded. The Sumerians were the first people to write numbers. They drew pictures on pieces of clay. At first, the pictures looked like the things they were counting. Over time, they made the pictures simpler. The pictures became symbols. Other people also had numbers. The Romans used letters from their alphabet for numbers. Around 200 B.C., the people of India invented Arabic numbers. These are the numbers we use today. They are the simplest numbers to use, Thanks to the ancient inventors of numbers, counting is easy! Find where the following information is in the passage.- 1. the main idea of the passage Line 2. the description of a tally stick Line 2 the first people who wrote numbers ———— Record yourreacng time onthe graph. p94 unre 374 Comprehension A Choose the correct answers. | What is the passage mainly about? a. different types of numbers b_ ancient ways of counting ¢ how to invent your own numbers 2 What is the earliest way that people counted? a They used a tally stick b They made clay tokens. They drew pictures. 3 Why did the Sumerians make clay tokens in different shapes? a_ to count different things b tocarve pictures on them to measure the size of their animals 4 Which is the correct development of the form of numbers? a_ tally sticks - clay tokens - symbols - letters b clay tokens - tally sticks - letters - symbols € symbols - tally sticks - clay tokens - letters B Choose the best introductory sentence for the passage. a Many people don’t know that numbers can be pictures b “Nearly everyone counts using numbers. ¢ Scientists are finding new numbers every day. 38 Reading juice PussVocabulary Expansion - Choose the word that best completes each sentence. | Myfather____ a wooden doll for my birthday. a carved b calculated c told d realized 2 Mom ____ the dining room before buying the dinner table. a counted b measured c calculated d traded 3. The students had a hard time studying ____ history. a old b ancient © same d chief 4 Peter wants to __his crayon for my pencil. a buy b trade c change d tribe ere ee ee et + the pictures became symbols overtime + West Asian farmers used clay tokens ‘+ the Romans used letters for numbers * the Indians invented Arabic numbers — + the Sumerians drew pictures on clay + people counted using a tally stick First, Then, a Afterthat, Next, Later, : ee eee Finally, uns 39