13.4. CONSTANT VOLUME OR OTTO CYCLE ‘This cycle is so named as it was conceived by ‘Otte’. On this eycle, petrol, gas and many typos of oil engines work. It isthe standard of comparison for internal combustion engines, Pigg. 18.5 (a) and (6) shows the theoretical p-V diagram and T's diagrams of this eyele respectively. and expansion ratio, 1, ‘The point reprsonts that eyindr is fl far with volume pressure p, and absolite temperature 7, Line 1-2 represents the eabatie compression of sir dve to which py, Vy and T, change to ‘a, Vy aod Ty, reepectvely Line 23 shows the supply of heat tothe sr at constant volume so that py and change to yand 7 (V, being the same 0 V) Line 3-4 represents the adiabatic expansion of the sr. Daring expansion py Vy and Ty change t.n nal vale ofp. V, or Vand, rexpetvey Line 4-1 shows the rejection of heat by air at onstané volume til orignal state (point 1) reaches. Consider 1g of si working substance) Heat suppl at constant volame = e(Ty~ 7) Heat rojcted at constant vohume = eT, 7). But, work done “Heat supplied ~ Heat rejected es (Ty~Ty)~¢,(T,~ 7) Work dome BAisioney = Fear supplied ~ 6 (Ta—T2) HT at “ ‘Swept vlume —+ ‘eal volune——4] a » @ Let compression ratio, 7, vy (These two ratios are same in this eyele) (3) As ‘Then, T=T,. rt ot ‘ Ts J Similarly, pe * Tes Ty=T,. et Inserting the values of 7 and 7, in equation (i), we got . T%-T, tt Ty rE Ty yt rdy-T) a 019.5, CONSTANT PRESSURE OR DIESEL CYCLE ‘This eylo was introduced by Dr. R, Diesel in 1897, It differs from Otto eyele in that feat is supplied at constant pressure instead of at constant volume. Fig. 13.15 (a and 6) shows the p-v and T's diagrams ofthis cycle respectively. ‘This eyelo comprises of the fillowing operations : (12... Adiabatic compression Gi) 28. Addition of heat at constant pressure. ii) -4.-Adiabatic expansion Go) AARejection of heat at constant volume, Point 1 represents that the cylinder is full of air. Let p,, V; and 7 be the corresponding pressure, volume and absolute temperature. The piston then compresses the air adiabatically (i.e, pV = constant till the values became 2, Vz and T, respectively (at the end of the stroke) at point 2. Heat is then added from a hot body at @ constant pressure. During this addition of heat let Fetus volume increases from V; to Vy and temperature 7 to 7, corresponding to point 8. This point (3) {s called the point of eut-off. The air then expands adiabatically tothe conditions py Vy and Ty ‘respectively corecponding to point 4. Finally, the air rejects the heat tothe cold body at constant ‘volume til the point 1 where it returns tits original state Consider 1g of ar. “Heat supplied at emstant pressure = 6(T,~ 1) Heat rejected at constant volume 7) Work done sATy ~T,)~ 04 ‘Work done "sews Feat suppl Consider thy of ir - Heat supplied at constant pressure = 6(Ty~ 7) oat rejected at natant volume = «(Py —T)) Work done Hat supplied —hoat rejected cy Ty) 040-7) ‘Worked “be yj, Nolumeateutoff Let compression rato, aud Now, during adiabatic compression 1.2, #- (2) ort own 2 During constant pressure proses 2-8, ort Qos yt =p or T=. T=. 7. 0 Bee op Tt Dusng odo apna a-G) Th Mes,ae ce ‘By inserting values of Ty, 7, and Tin eqn. we got : i's, _ tet Mat Rn RT TDD 1_ [ote i ah[s ase