Dealt from Section 115 to 117 of the Indian Evidence Act, 1872 Doctrine of Estoppel is that

provision which prohibits a person from giving false evidence by preventing them from making
contradicting statements in a Court of Law. The objective of this doctrine is to avert the
commission of fraud by one person against another person. This doctrine holds a person
accountable for false representations made by him, either through his words or through his
conduct.

Section 115 of the Indian Evidence Act, 1872 incorporates the meaning of estoppel as when one
person either by his act or omission, or by declaration, has made another person believe
something to be true and persuaded that person to act upon it, then in no case can he or his
representative deny the truth of that thing later in the suit or in the proceedings. In simple words,
estoppel means one cannot contradict, deny or declare to be false the previous statement made by
him in the Court.

Conditions for application of Doctrine of Estoppel

The following conditions are to be satisfied in order to apply the doctrine of estoppel:

The representation must be made by one person to another person.

The representation made must be as to facts and not as to the law.

The representation must be made as to an existing fact.

The representation must be made in a manner which makes the other person believe that it is
true.

The person to whom the representation is being made must act upon that belief.

The person to whom the representation would be made should suffer a loss by such
representation.