CONTENTS

1. Introduction
1.1 General………………………………………………………………….….....1
1.2 Ground movement induced by excavation………………………………,…...1
1.2.1 Characteristics of ground movements induced by excavation…………,….2
1.2.1.1 Shapes and types of ground surface settlements……………….….2
1.2.1.2 Influence zones of settlements………………………………….…3
1.2.2 Relationships between ground surface settlements and soil movements…..3
1.3 Piles subjected to ground movement……………………………………....….4
1.4 Analysis of lateral load on piles…………………………………………….…6
1.4.1 Analytical methods…………………………………………………….…...6
1.4.2 Numerical methods (linear-elastic soil behaviour)…………………….......7
1.4.3 Numerical methods ( non – linear elastic soil behaviour)………………….8

2. Literature review
2.1 General…………………………………………………………………………10
2.2 Literature review…...………………………………………………………….10
2.3 Summary from the literature review…………………………..………………17
3. Objective and scope of study
3.1 Objectives………………………………………………………………………18
3.2 Scope of study…………………………………………………………...…….18
4. Methodology and problem statement
4.1 General……………………………………………………………………..…19
4.2 About plaxis program………………………………………………………....19
4.3 Numerical modelling…………………………………………………………22
4.3.1 Soil model…………………………………………………………...…….22
4.3.2 Numerical simulation and validation……………………………...………23
4.3.3 Problem statement numerical simulation……………………...……………24
5. Results and discussions
5.1 Introductions……………………………………………………………………27
5.2 Analysis of results………………………………………………………………27
5.2.1 Effect of excavation depth………………………………………………….27

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 5.2.2 Pile length…………………………………………………………………..29
5.2.3 Distance from the wall……………………………………………………..30
5.2.4 Pile thickness………………………………………………………………32
5.2.5 Axial load………………………………………………………………….33
5.2.6 Pile head fixity…………………………………………………………….35
5.2.7 Unsupported length………………………………………………………..36
6. Conclusions……………………………………………………………………………38
References………………………………………………………………………………..40

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List of figures:

1. types of ground surface settlements…………………………………………………2

2. Peck’s method for estimating ground surface settlements…………………………..3
3. displacement vectors at points in soil behind the retaining wall towards excavation
zone ( Ou. Et. Al., 2000)…………………………………………………………….4
4. examples of passive loaded piles……………………………………………………5
5. collapse of 13-storey building in China in 2009…………………………………….5
6. Cracks on external walls and columns of buildings caused by deep excavation……6
7. Geometry of the excavation (side view) used in the analysis………………………13
8. Soil flow around the pile and wall at excavation depth of 28 m…………………...13
9. finite element mesh generated……………………………………………………...14
10. Typical finite element mesh and boundary conditions…………………………….15
11. Site geotechnical characteristics…………………………………………….………21
12. Comparison of lateral displacement of the pile between Measured displacement (Goh
et.al) and calculated from plaxis ……………………………………………………23
13. Comparison of bending moment of the pile between Measured displacement (Goh
et.al) and calculated from plaxis……………………………………………….……24
14. FEM model…………………………………………………………………….…….26
15. Lateral displacement of the pile at different excavation depths……………….…….28
16. Bending moment of pile at different excavation depth……………………….……..28
17. Lateral deflection of the pile for different pile length………………………….……29
18. Bending moment of the pile for different length of the pile………………….……..30
19. Lateral deflection of the pile for different distance of pile from the diaphragm
wall…………………………………………………………………………………..31
20. Bending of the pile for different distance of pile from the diaphragm wall…………31
21. Lateral deflection of the pile for different diameter of the pile……………………...32
22. Bending moment of the pile for different diameter of the pile……………………...33
23. Lateral deflection of the pile for different axial load on pile………………………..34
24. Bending moment of the pile for different axial load on the pile…………………….34
25. Lateral deflection of the pile for different pile head condition……………………...35
26. Bending moment of the pile for different pile head conditions……………………..36

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 27. Lateral deflection of the pile for different unsupported length of the retaining
wall………………………………………………………………………………….37
28 Bending moment of the pile for different unsupported length of the retaining
Wall…………………………………………………………………………………..37

List of tables:

1. HSS parameters of soil………………………………………………………………23

2. Numerical simulation scheme……………………………………………………….24

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