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Tema 3. - SERIES DE NÚMEROS REALES
Tema 3. - SERIES DE NÚMEROS REALES
¿
1/3 0.3333 . . .
1 3 3 3 3
= + + + + · · · = 0.
3,
3 10 100 1000 10000
1/3
! !
"#
$
#
!
%
+∞
an = a1 + a2 + a3 + · · · + an + · · · '()*
n=1
a1 , a2 , a3 , . . .
an
n−
)
s1 = a1 ,
s2 = a1 + a2 ,
s3 = a1 + a2 + a3 ,
n
sn = a1 + a2 + · · · + an = ak ,
k=1
sn
n−
(sn )n∈N
n
sn = a1 + a2 + · · · + an
sn
n → +∞ !
"
a1 + a2 + a3 + · · · + an + · · ·
+∞
S= an .
n=1
(
+∞
1
,
n=1
2 n
!
1
524288
1
131072
1
1
262144
32768
1
1
65536
8192
1
1
16384
2048
1
1
4096
512
1
1
1024
128
1
1
256
32
1
1
64
1
1
16
2
1
4
(an)n∈N
an = (−1)n " #
s1 = −1,
s2 = −1 + 1 = 0,
s3 = −1 + 1 + (−1) = −1,
lı́mn sn
+∞
(−1)k
k=1
an
a1
∞
an = an0 + an0 +1 + an0 +2 + . . . , n0 ∈ N ∪ {0}.
n=n0
!"
#
$
% $
&
'
(
(an )n∈N an = ar n a, r ∈ R a, r = 0
%
%
an
+∞
ar n = a + ar + ar 2 + . . . + ar n + . . . )!"*
n=0
)!"*
|r| < 1
r · sn = ar + ar 2 + . . . + ar n + ar n+1 ,
sn − r · sn = a − ar n+1 . )! *
(
,
r = 1
a − ar n+1
sn = .
1−r
r
−1 < r < 1
!
"
#
a
lı́m sn = ∈ R.
n 1−r
r>1 $
a%
lı́m sn = +∞
a > 0%
n
lı́m sn = −∞
a < 0
n
r ≤ −1
%
sn
% #%
%
%
−1 < r < 1 &
'
!
(
%
! )
%
% (
a
S= .
1−r
* +
+∞ n
n=0 1/2
% !
'
r = 1/2
% S = lı́m sn = 2
+
+∞ n
n=0 2
% !
'
r = 2
% S = lı́m sn = +∞
+
+∞ n
n=0 (−1)
% !
'
r = −1
% ∃ lı́m sn
,
)
+∞
1 1 1 1
= 1 + + + ...+ + ...
n=1
n 2 3 n
p > 0
!
p−
+∞
1 1 1 1
=1+ + +···+ +··· , p=1
n=1
n 2 3 n
+∞
1 1 1 1
=1+ + 2 +···+ 2 +··· , p=2
n=1
n2 2 2 3 n
+∞
1 1 1 1
√ = 1 + √ + √ + · · · + √ + · · · , p = 1/2
n=1
n 2 3 n
p
+∞
1 1 1 1
= 1 + + + · · · + +··· "
n=1
np 2 p 3 p np
p > 1
0 < p ≤ 1
n−
!
" n− #
$
#
%
&
#
'
( an
an
=⇒ lı́m an = 0.
n
)
#
#* #
+
#*
#
,
0
1#
∞
4 2n
n=1
∞
1
n=1
n
∞
9
n=0
3n
∞
n
n=2
ln n
n0 ∈ N
∞
an = a1 + a2 + a3 + · · ·
n=1
∞
an = an0 + an0 +1 + an0 +2 + · · ·
n=n0
+∞ +∞ +∞
+∞ n=n0 an n=n0 bn
n=n0 (an + bn ) n=n0 (an −
bn )
+∞
+∞
+∞
(an + bn ) = an + bn
n=n0 n=n0 n=n0
+∞
+∞
+∞
(an − bn ) = an − bn
n=n0 n=n0 n=n0
+∞
c
+∞n=n0 an n=n0 can
∞ ∞
c an = c an
n=n0 n=n0
∞ ∞
an an
n=1 n=n0
+∞ n
n=0 1/2
!" r = 1/2 < 1
#
+∞ n
n=3 1/2
$
$
+∞
n=0 1/2n = 2
+∞
+∞
n n 1 1 7 1
1/2 = 1/2 − 1 + + =2− = .
n=3 n=0
2 4 4 4
+∞ +∞
1/2n +∞
n=0
n
n=0 1/3
n
n=0 (1/2 +
1/3n )
+∞ +∞
+∞
1 1 1 1 3 7
+ = + = 2 + = .
n=0
2n 3n n=0
2n n=0 3n 2 2
! "
#
$
+∞ n=1 0
%
&
+∞
1
+∞
−1
n=1
n n=1
n
+∞
' an +∞
n=n0 bn
(
+∞
n=n 0
n=n0 (an + bn )
$ an = bn = 1
+∞
+∞
(an + bn ) = 2 = +∞
n=n0 n=n0
+∞
+∞ n=0 1/2 n
n
n=0 3/2
)
* )
+∞
3
+∞
1
= 3 = 3 · 2 = 6.
n=0
2 n
n=0
2 n
+
+∞ n=0 an
an > 0
n ∈ N
an ≥ 0
n ∈ N
,
)
)
-,
,
(sn )n∈N
,
% (sn )n∈N
)
&
% (sn )n∈N
)
& * )
) +∞
+∞ +∞
n=n0 an n=n0 bn
an ≤ bn , ∀n ≥ n0 .
+∞
+∞
bn =⇒ an .
n=n0 n=n0
+∞
+∞
an
=⇒ bn
.
n=n0 n=n0
+∞ +∞
n=n0 an
n=n0 bn
1 1
≤ n, ∀n ∈ N,
2n +1 2
+∞
n=0 1/2n
r = 1/2 !
1 n
≤ 2 , ∀n ≥ 2,
n n −1
+∞
n=2 1/n
!
+∞
n=n0 an
+∞
n=n0 bn
an
lı́m = l, l ∈ R l = 0.
n bn
+∞
+∞
an
⇐⇒ bn
n=n0 n=n0
an bn
an bn
+∞
n=1 3/(n + 2)
+∞
n=1 1/n
3
3n
lı́m n + 2 = lı́m = 3.
n 1 n n+2
n
+∞
3
+∞
1
n=1
n+2 n=1
n
+∞
+∞ n=1 1/n
!
n=1 3/(n + 2)
"
#
$
%
&
&
"
"
&
"
'"
( "
$
+∞
√
!
n=n0 an
lı́mn n
an = l
+∞
l>1 ⇒ an
,
n=n0
+∞
l<1 ⇒ an
.
n=n0
+∞
n
2n + 3
3n + 2
n=1
n
2n + 3
an =
3n + 2
√ 2n + 3 2
n
an = −→ < 1.
3n + 2 3
+∞
n=n0 an
a
lı́m n+1 = l
n an
+∞
l>1 ⇒ an
,
n=n0
+∞
l<1 ⇒ an
.
n=n0
l = 1
+∞ 3
n
3n
n=0
n3
an =
3n
(n+1)3
an+1 3n+1 (n + 1)3 3n 1 (n + 1)3 1
= = = −→ < 1.
an n3
3n
3 n+1 n3 3 n 3 3
!
"
#
+∞
sen n
+∞
(−1)n
+∞
(−1)n
, , .
n=1
n2 n=1
n n=1
n2
+∞
|an | = |an0 | + |an0 +1 | + |an0 +2 | + |an0 +3 | + . . .
n=n0
+∞ n=n0 an
+∞
n=n0 |an |
!
"
/
+∞
(−1)n
, % '
n=1
n
+∞ +∞
(−1)n 1
n = n
.
n=1 n=1
.
% '
+∞ n
n=1 (−1) /n2
+∞
cos n
.
n=1
n2
!
+∞ 2
n=1 | cos n/n |
" #
| cos n| 1
≤ 2, ∀n ∈ N.
n2 n
$
1/n2 %
" &
| cos n|/n2
! '
cos n/n2
!
'
" ( )
*
+∞
(−1)n
n=1
n
+
,
" ( )
-
!
.
+∞
+∞
(−1)n 1
n = n
,
n=1 n=1
!
"
) '
!
%
" (
x1 ≥ x2 ≥ . . . ≥ xn ≥ . . . ≥ 0,
lı́m xn = 0
n
+∞
n=1 an
+∞
(−1)n
.
n=1
n
xn = 1/n
lı́m 1/n = 0
!
# $ % ! &
'
(
)
*
# *
%
(
(
%
!
!
+# ,
-
!
.
% !
! ( n≥0 ar n !
%
|r| < 1 / #
a − ar n+1 a
S = lı́m sn = lı́m = .
n n 1−r 1−r
"
n an
( !
+ an = φ(n) − φ(n + 1)
%
+
+∞
1
n(n + 1)
n=1
p−
+∞
1
p = 2
n=1
n 2
+∞
(−5)n
n!
#
n=3
+∞
+∞
(−5)n (−5)n (−5)0 (−5)1 (−5)2 −5 25 13
= − + + =e − 1−5+ = e−5 − .
n=3
n! n=0
n! 0! 1! 2! 2 2
+∞
2n
n!
#
n=2
+∞
+∞
2n
+∞
1
+∞
1 1
=2 =2 =2 − 1 = 2(e − 1).
n=2
n! n=2
(n − 1)! k=1
k! k=0
k!
∞