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            1/3         
                       
     !          !      
     "#             
     
   $                    
  
                    
     
                   
   #  
      !          
    
            

  
 
 
%      
          
 

  &    (an )n∈N           


          !


+∞
an = a1 + a2 + a3 + · · · + an + · · · '()*
n=1

   a1 , a2 , a3 , . . .     
     an    
 n− 

 
    

                      


    
  

)
  
   

s1 = a1 ,
s2 = a1 + a2 ,
s3 = a1 + a2 + a3 ,



n
sn = a1 + a2 + · · · + an = ak ,
k=1



 
 sn 
 n−      (sn )n∈N  
 
  

  n  
  sn = a1 + a2 + · · · + an   
 
 
 
    sn   
        n → +∞    !   

 

     
       "

   (s ) n n∈N   


      

a1 + a2 + a3 + · · · + an + · · ·

  (sn )n∈N    


 S        
  S 
 S     
   #   
 


+∞
S= an .
n=1

   
       
      
  
     


 


    lı́m sn = S ∈ R


n

   lı́m sn = +∞  lı́m sn = −∞


n n

     ∃ lı́m sn 


n

  (sn )n∈N     


       $%&'

   (  

+∞
1
,
n=1
2 n
  
 
 

        


1
s1 = ,
2 1 1 1
...
2 4 8
1 1 3
s2 = + = , 0
2 4 4 1
1 1 1 7
s3 = + + = ,
2 4 8 8




         (sn )n∈N       
 
 

        


    
1 1 1 1  1 +∞
S = lı́m sn = + + + . . . + n + . . . = .
n 2 4 8 2 n=1
2n


    !
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1
4


  
 
    (an)n∈N
 an = (−1)n "      #
 
s1 = −1,

s2 = −1 + 1 = 0,

s3 = −1 + 1 + (−1) = −1,



   

  lı́mn sn  
 
  

+∞
(−1)k
k=1


  
  
   


      
       an  
 
   
a1        
    


an = an0 + an0 +1 + an0 +2 + . . . , n0 ∈ N ∪ {0}.
n=n0

    
 
             
                    
   
   !" 
 

         

  #  
 
     
       $ 

   
   
              
  

%  $ 
     &
    
  
  
 ' 

 

 


 

    


      
   
   p−

  
 
(    
 (an )n∈N    an = ar n    a, r ∈ R a, r = 0 

  % %    
  an   

+∞
ar n = a + ar + ar 2 + . . . + ar n + . . . )!"*
n=0

     
   )!"* 
     |r| < 1

   +    &  


     

   $
 $  sn  r · sn 

n
sn = ar k = a + ar + ar 2 + . . . + ar n ,
k=0 )!!*

r · sn = ar + ar 2 + . . . + ar n + ar n+1 ,

sn − r · sn = a − ar n+1 . )! *
(
       ,

r=1 ( )!!*   % sn = a(n + 1)      lı́m sn = +∞ ) a > 0* 


n
−∞ ) a < 0*   %       ) % 
 
a = 0*
 


 


r = 1  

      
 

a − ar n+1
sn = .
1−r
  
       


     
 
 
 r 

−1 < r < 1 
 
 

    
 !    "

#

a
lı́m sn = ∈ R.
n 1−r

r>1 $           a% 

    

lı́m sn = +∞
a > 0%
n

lı́m sn = −∞
a < 0
n

r ≤ −1 
 
% 

 sn      % #%  
  % 



   

  % 

  
   
 −1 < r < 1 &
' 
! 
 ( 

     %
 !  )
%   

   % ( 
    



a
S= .  
1−r

 

* +
+∞ n
n=0 1/2
   %  !

 '    r = 1/2

 
% S = lı́m sn = 2

 +
+∞ n
n=0 2
    %  !

 '    r = 2 


% S = lı́m sn = +∞

 +
+∞ n
n=0 (−1)

   %  !

 '    r = −1 

 
%  ∃ lı́m sn 

  
,  


   
)
  

   
  
   

   

+∞
1 1 1 1
= 1 + + + ...+ + ...  
n=1
n 2 3 n

       
    


   
         

  
    
    
  

 p− 


  
        p = 1       
 
p−

   p−       




+∞
1 1 1 1
= 1+ p + p +···+ p +···
n=1
np 2 3 n

  p > 0

  !
   p−  


+∞
1 1 1 1
=1+ + +···+ +··· , p=1
n=1
n 2 3 n

+∞
1 1 1 1
=1+ + 2 +···+ 2 +··· , p=2
n=1
n2 2 2 3 n

+∞
1 1 1 1
√ = 1 + √ + √ + · · · + √ + · · · , p = 1/2
n=1
n 2 3 n

   
            


         p 

+∞
1 1 1 1
= 1 + + + · · · + +··· "
n=1
np 2 p 3 p np

    p > 1      0 < p ≤ 1
  
          

  
         
             
    
 
 
  
   
  
       n−   

        

     !      
    "        n−     #     

          
   $  


   #  
                       %

     &   

 

          

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       (    an 

    
   
   


an
    =⇒ lı́m an = 0.
n

 
      )        
     #  
#*    #   
   
  
        +    
    
#*   
         #  
  ,  


     -     +∞


n=1 1/n      
  
 .  / 
   %         
    
   " 
#  an → 0 
     #       

  ' 



 ( 

  lı́m an = 0   an   
n→+∞

  lı́m an = 0   an 
  
  
n→+∞

   0
 

    1#  

 
     

      2


∞
n+5
3
n=1
5n + 2



4 2n
n=1

∞
1

n=1
n
  
   

∞
9

n=0
3n

∞
n

n=2
ln n

  

  


 
  
  
  
        
 

  
   
  
 
 
 
n0 ∈ N   



an = a1 + a2 + a3 + · · ·
n=1
∞
an = an0 + an0 +1 + an0 +2 + · · ·
n=n0

      

  
   
    

 +∞ +∞ +∞
  +∞ n=n0 an  n=n0 bn  
    n=n0 (an + bn )  n=n0 (an −
bn )     
     
   


+∞ 
+∞ 
+∞
(an + bn ) = an + bn
n=n0 n=n0 n=n0

+∞ 
+∞ 
+∞
(an − bn ) = an − bn
n=n0 n=n0 n=n0

 +∞
  c       
   
 +∞n=n0 an  n=n0 can    
  

   
    
    

   


∞ ∞
c an = c an
n=n0 n=n0


    
   
      
     
      
  
             
     
∞ ∞
an  an
n=1 n=n0

    
     


   +∞ n
n=0 1/2  
   !" r = 1/2 < 1    # 
    +∞ n
n=3 1/2 
$     
$    
     
  
   
 

+∞


  
 n=0 1/2n = 2 
 

+∞ 
+∞  
n n 1 1 7 1
1/2 = 1/2 − 1 + + =2− = .
n=3 n=0
2 4 4 4


+∞  +∞
    1/2n  +∞
n=0
n
n=0 1/3   
 

  
n
n=0 (1/2 +
1/3n )
    
     
+∞    +∞ 
+∞
1 1 1 1 3 7
+ = + = 2 + = .
n=0
2n 3n n=0
2n n=0 3n 2 2

   
   !  "   
 #   $ 


  +∞ n=1 0   
 %
 
     & 
 
 

+∞
1 
+∞
−1

n=1
n n=1
n
   
 
+∞ 

   '        an  +∞
n=n0 bn 
  (
+∞
n=n 0
 
  
      n=n0 (an + bn ) 
  
 
$   an = bn = 1 
 

+∞ 
+∞
(an + bn ) = 2 = +∞
n=n0 n=n0

   

      
        
 +∞
   +∞ n=0 1/2 n
 n
n=0 3/2
     )
 *  )


+∞
3 
+∞
1
= 3 = 3 · 2 = 6.
n=0
2 n
n=0
2 n

  
   


+   +∞ n=0 an        
  an > 0 
  n ∈ N  
      
  an ≥ 0 
  n ∈ N  
 , 
  
  
  
    )
     
   
  
 
   )    
    
 -,
   

  ,     (sn )n∈N  
  

   ,   
 
 % (sn )n∈N 
) 
 &  
 % (sn )n∈N  
) 
 & *  ) 
   
  )    +∞
  
   

  

 
                      
           
+∞ +∞
  
       n=n0 an  n=n0 bn  
 

 

  
an ≤ bn , ∀n ≥ n0 .

 

+∞ 
+∞
bn    =⇒ an   . 
n=n0 n=n0

   
    
        

+∞ 
+∞
an 
   =⇒ bn 
  .
n=n0 n=n0

+∞ +∞
 
 n=n0 an    
     
 n=n0 bn    

     +∞ n


n=0 1/(2 + 1)       

1 1
≤ n, ∀n ∈ N,
2n +1 2
+∞
      n=0 1/2n         r = 1/2 !    


     +∞ 2


n=2 n/(n − 1)      

1 n
≤ 2 , ∀n ≥ 2,
n n −1
+∞
      n=2 1/n      !    

"            an ≤ bn     n ≥ n0    


     ! an ≤ bn              
    ! #   !                

  

  
 
  
+∞

  
         
  n=n0 an 
+∞
n=n0 bn  
 
 

      

an
lı́m = l,  l ∈ R l = 0.
n bn
  
   
 



+∞ 
+∞
an 
 ⇐⇒ bn 

n=n0 n=n0
 
     an  bn          an  bn
     
+∞



 
    
    n=1 3/(n + 2)      
+∞
 n=1 1/n  
    
3
3n
lı́m n + 2 = lı́m = 3.
n 1 n n+2
n
 
        
     


+∞
3 
+∞
1

n=1
n+2 n=1
n
+∞

     
  
+∞ n=1 1/n  
      !  

n=1 3/(n + 2) 
 " 
 

#
     $
  %     
  
 &     
       
   
          

&  
    
     
"

   
 
   

 
      
        
  "  
   &      "          
   
     ' "
    (    "  
 

    
   $  
 
       

    
+∞
 

     !
         n=n0 an  
lı́mn n
an = l   

+∞
l>1 ⇒ an 
,
n=n0


+∞
l<1 ⇒ an 
.
n=n0

 l = 1         


            
  
   

+∞ 
 n
2n + 3
                    3n + 2

n=1
 n
2n + 3
 an =  
        
3n + 2
√ 2n + 3 2
n
an = −→ < 1.
3n + 2 3
          
      
  

   

+∞
      
  n=n0 an   
    
 
a
     lı́m n+1 = l 

n an


+∞
l>1 ⇒ an 
,
n=n0


+∞
l<1 ⇒ an  
.
n=n0

 l = 1  
             
   


+∞ 3
n
                      
3n

n=0
n3
 an =  
        
3n
(n+1)3
an+1 3n+1 (n + 1)3 3n 1 (n + 1)3 1
= = = −→ < 1.
an n3
3n
3 n+1 n3 3 n 3 3
           
      
  

  
   
                   
  
 !                
      
          "  
   

   
   # 
        

+∞
sen n 
+∞
(−1)n 
+∞
(−1)n
, , .
n=1
n2 n=1
n n=1
n2

  
    

 
          
     
   
 
   
      
  

        


   

+∞
an = an0 + an0 +1 + an0 +2 + an0 +3 + . . .
n=n0

  
 

   


+∞
|an | = |an0 | + |an0 +1 | + |an0 +2 | + |an0 +3 | + . . .
n=n0

  


     
    +∞ n=n0 an          

+∞
n=n0 |an |     
   
 !       
  

   
     "    
    

   #      $    


 
  

  
      
   

+∞
sen n
, % &'
n=1
n2
   (           

+∞ 
  +∞
 sen n   | sen n|
 2 = . % )'
n=1
n n=1
n2
*  % )'  
   
         
  
 + , 
| sen n| 1
≤ 2, ∀n ∈ N,
n2 n
+∞ 2
"   n=1 1/n   
 %   p−  p = 2'   
 
  % -'   % )'   
 .
       

    % &'  
 
  


/  
      
   

+∞
(−1)n
, % '
n=1
n

        

+∞   +∞
 (−1)n   1
 
 n = n
.
n=1 n=1

.
   
      
    % '  

 
  

  
   

+∞ n
     n=1 (−1) /n2        

       


    
  
  
 
 
an  
    
  =⇒ an 
 


              

+∞
cos n
.  
n=1
n2
                   !    

        +∞ 2
n=1 | cos n/n |               
           " #
| cos n| 1
≤ 2, ∀n ∈ N.
n2 n
 
$  1/n2      %         " &   | cos n|/n2

 !      '        cos n/n2  !       
'     " (     )          

   *       

+∞
(−1)n
 
n=1
n
     +     ,     " (     )      -
  !   .     
+∞ 

 +∞
 (−1)n   1
 
 n = n
,
n=1 n=1

!      "   )     '          !   
    %    " (           

/ %             )         



+∞
(−1)n xn = x1 − x2 + x3 − x4 + . . . + (−1)n xn + . . .
n=1

'                 

     


   
  
 an = (−1) xn 

n

 x1 ≥ x2 ≥ . . . ≥ xn ≥ . . . ≥ 0,
 lı́m xn = 0
n
  



+∞

  n=1 an    

 

 
   
    

+∞
(−1)n
.
n=1
n


     

   
  
  
 
         xn = 1/n
     lı́m 1/n = 0   


 !   

  

"         #  


  
 
 !   
 

     

       
     
 



# $     % !    &
 ' 
(  
) 

 

  
 *  
  #   *   

% 

(  

  
 
   
(  
  

%
 !     
  
 !  
  +#  , 
  -
 
!
 
  


  
 

  
  

  . 
   % !


 


    


! (  n≥0 ar n  !

%
|r| < 1 / #


    

a − ar n+1 a
S = lı́m sn = lı́m = .
n n 1−r 1−r

    

 
"
n an
  
     

 (   !  

 
    +  an = φ(n) − φ(n + 1)

 
   



% 

  

  + 

sn = φ(1)−φ(2)+φ(2)−φ(3)+φ(3)−φ(4)+. . .+φ(n−1)−φ(n)+φ(n)−φ(n+1) = φ(1)−φ(n+1).



 !


% (φ(n))n∈N
 !   l 
  
 
%  n an
#
 
S = lı́m(φ(1) − φ(n + 1)) = φ(1) − l.
n
  
   


+∞
1
 
   n(n + 1)

n=1
                       p−

+∞
1
 p = 2
n=1
n 2

                  


1 1 1
= − .
n(n + 1) n n+1

                         


         
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
sn = 1 − + − + − + ...+ − + − =1− .
2 2 3 3 4 n−1 n n n+1 n+1

!"             "         


 
1
S = lı́m sn = lı́m 1 − = 1.
n n n+1

       



+∞ n
a
             a ∈ R # $   %&   '
n=0
n!
  

+∞ n
a
S= = ea .
n=0
n!


+∞
(−5)n
 

n!
           #   
n=3


+∞ 
+∞    
(−5)n (−5)n (−5)0 (−5)1 (−5)2 −5 25 13
= − + + =e − 1−5+ = e−5 − .
n=3
n! n=0
n! 0! 1! 2! 2 2



+∞
2n
 

n!
    #   
n=2
 +∞

+∞
2n 
+∞
1 
+∞
1  1
=2 =2 =2 − 1 = 2(e − 1).
n=2
n! n=2
(n − 1)! k=1
k! k=0
k!


  
     

 

  
 
  




    
               

  





   
        

 
     
  

 
         


  

  n−  an


  
   lı́m an = 0
 
      n→+∞
n=0

 a
  ar n |r| < 1 |r| ≥ 1  
n=0
1−r


    (bn − bn+1 ) lı́m bn = L  
 n→+∞   b1 − L
n=1

 1
p  p>1 p≤1
np
n=0
∞ an ≤ bn ∀n ≥ n0 , bn ≤ an ∀n ≥ n0 ,
    ∞ ∞
an  
an , bn > 0 n=1
 bn    bn

n=1 n=1
an an
∞ lı́m = L > 0   lı́m = L > 0  
        n→∞ bn n→∞ bn
an ∞ ∞

an , bn > 0 n=1  bn  
bn

n=1 n=1


! √
n

n
     
an lı́m an < 1 lı́m an > 1 √ n
an > 0 n→∞ n→∞ lı́m an = 1
n=1 n→∞
∞      
  an+1 an+1
an lı́m <1 lı́m >1 an+1
an > 0 n→∞ an n→∞ an lı́m =1
n=1 n→∞ an
∞ ∞

     " an |an |  
n=1 n=1

 0 < an+1 < an   
 
(−1)n an
lı́m an = 0 |Rn | ≤ an+1
n=1 n→+∞


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