CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

According to the Wikipedia, the Swietenia macrophylla, commonly known as mahogany, Honduran
mahogany, Honduras mahogany, big-leaf mahogany or West Indian mahogany, is a species of plant in
the Meliaceae family. It is one of the species that yields genuine mahogany timber (Swietenia), the
others being Swietenia mahagoni and Swietenia humilis. It is native to South America and Mexico, but
naturalized in the Philippines, Singapore and Hawaii and cultivated in plantations and wind-breaks
elsewhere. And a study of Ikhsan M. (2017) shows that mahogany leaves extract has properties that
produce electricity and can be an alternative electricity source.

Electricity, we can hear it everywhere when some people talk about this topic, it is one of the most
important things in our lives because of its benefits and it makes our lives more easy. In some places
people get crazy because of having black out/brown out and get angry with this. More and more people
don't have easy lives because of lack of electricity and this is one of the common problems that people
are facing. They cannot charge their phones, etc.

In this case, the researchers therefore conclude that we need this innovation to help who really need to
charge their phones, etc. using mahogany leaf extract as an alternative source of electricity. It is to make
people lives relief in times of black out/brown out especially in times of emergencies.

STATEMENT of the PROBLEM

HYPHOTHESIS

Mahogany leaves extract is good as biofuel.

SCOPE and DELIMITATION

This study is just to determine if the mahogany leaf extract is good to be a biofuel as an alternative
source of electricity. The researchers used mahogany leaves from Cayabon, Milagros, Masbate and also
the respondents will be from Cayabon, Milagros, Masbate. We chose this place because it is one of the
places that often experiences brownouts and also some people living in this place don't have connection
to the electricity supply of MASELCO maybe because they couldn't afford to pay for it.

SIGNIFICANCE of the STUDY

 This study will be a help to people to have an alternative source of electricity for emergencies and
also to have more knowledge about mahogany leaves. The following are the specific beneficiaries and
show how they will benefit from the study:

Community. The community will have biofuel as an alternative electricity source. For some emergencies
like brownout they can use it. When their mobile phones don't have charges they can recharge it using
our product. This product will also be a help to those families who can't afford to pay for the electricity
supply of MASELCO.

Future Researchers. Future researchers will gain knowledge about mahogany leaves. They can apply the
knowledge they gained when they will conduct studies that are related to mahogany leaves. This will
also prove that mahogany leaf extract is good to be a biofuel as an alternative electricity source.
 Chapter 2
Related Literature

Related Studies

Power generation is key to economic prosperity and strength of a nation. Nations need clean,
sustainable, and efficientelectric power generation system. The natural sources of energy available to
man are: the sun, fossil fuels, flowing water and wind. Making the decision on which of the
aforementioned sources to utilize requires careful considerations such as: Availability, Extraction costs
and feasibility, Conversion costs, Efficiency, Sustainability, and Economic implications.The most desirable
source would be one that is non-pollutant, available in abundance, renewable, and can be harnessed at
an acceptable cost in both large-scale and small-scale systems. Of all these natural energy sources, Wind
seems to be the most promising as it satisfy these requirements. Wind energy is one of the most
available and exploitable forms of renewable energy. Wind results due to the rotation of the earth, and
the heating and cooling of the earth surface by the Sun. Wind power has been used for centuries in
sailing ships, for pumping water, grinding grain, etc. The worldwide interest in developing wind power
plants is due to the rapidly increasing demand for electrical energy and the consequent depletion of
fossil fuels, namely, oil and coal, whose reserves are limited.

This study aims to show the feasibility of using solar power in Iraq as an alternative source of power
generation. This research investigated the profits of using solar power economically and
environmentally. Also, it addressed a set of important charts such as generated power, oil production,
the amount of gas that used in the power plant, the average of delivered electricity hours, and CO2
emissions. Ten locations are chosen as the best places according to their total annual solar radiation and
each location is assumed to have a 10 MW solar park. The results showed saving about 676,000 USD
daily (based on 52 USD per barrel) from petrol can be used to generate electricity from the conventional
means, offsetting over 200,000 metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent emissions annually, and around
111 job will be created during the construction stage of each 10 MW.

Hydropower is an important renewable energy resource worldwide. However, its development is

accompanied with environmental and social drawbacks. Issues of degradation of the environment and
climate change can negatively impact hydropower generation. A sustainable hydropower project is
possible, but needs proper planning and careful system design to manage the challenges. Well-planned
hydropower projects can contribute to supply sustainable energy. The paper has reviewed the world
energy scenario and how hydropower fits in as the solution to the global sustainable energy challenge.
Hydropower is sensitive to the state of environment, and climate change. With global climate change,
though globally the potential is stated to slightly increase, some countries will experience a decrease in
potential with increased risks. Adaptation measures are required to sustainably generate hydropower.

Geothermal energy is the energy that is stored inside the earth and which may be used by man either
directly (with no transformation) or to generate electricity by means of a geothermal power plant. This
article estimates the participation of geothermal energy in Colombia’s electricity market by the year
2025, based on a review of current installed capacity in the country; potential sources of geothermal
energy for electric power generation; the existing regulatory framework for projects involving
renewable sources, and the geothermal projects currently under development in the national territory.
Demand for electricity in Colombia will continue to increase, which implies that new electric power
generation projects must be undertaken in order to meet the country’s demand. The conclusion is that
geothermal energy is a good alternative to help achieve this objective. By 2025, geothermal sources are
expected to generate at least 1400 GWh of electric power per year, equivalent to 1.65% of total
electricity estimate demand in Colombia. If the full potential that has been assessed were exploited,
generation capacity could reach up to 17,400 GWh/year (equivalent to close to 20% of the country’s
demand) by 2025.

The fossil fuel is a main source of energy for generation of electricity in India. Overall, about 80% of
greenhouse gas (GHS) emissions are related to the production and use of energy, and particularly,
burning of fossils fuels. The environmental problems are associated with the generation of conventional
sources of energy.The Kyoto protocol has established flexible mechanisms for developing countries to
meet there GHG reduction commitment. Therefore, renewable source of energy is an alternative to
conserve the natural resources and reduce the pollution burden. At present renewable sources of
energy such as solar, wind, geothermal and hydropower provide small fraction of energy need. The most
prevalent source is biomass, which accounts around 12% of total energy requirement. This source of
energy includes wood, logging waste, sawdust, animal dung and vegetables consisting of grass, leaves,
grass residues and agricultural waste. The biomass is abundant in nature which can be trapped as source
of energy for generation of electricity for the rural as well as urban population. The technology needs to
be developed for use of biomass as a source of energy.