ENGLISH TAKS

KELOMPOK 1
1. FAISAL FAHRI
2. MIA SANITA SIAGIAN
3. RINI HARYANI

BOOK : INTRODUCTING ENGLISH SEMANTICS

WRITER : CHARLES W. KREIDLER

Chapter 2 : Language use

2.3 Linguistic signs

Direct quote
1) When we listen to someone talking, we first take in a sequence of sounds, a phonetic
event, but our understanding is not a matter of grasping one sound after another, nor even
one word after another. We organize the message into sense-groups (Clark and
Clark 1977:43–57).

Indirect Quote
1) Possibly the speaker helps by speaking in sense-groups, making the pauses that are
needed for breathing between sense-groups; for example, at some of the places marked
(pause).

Linkage of quotations:
Between direct quotations and indirect quotations there is a clear relationship, in which direct
quotations explain how to organize messages into sense groups. In indirect quotations it also
explains about speakers helping by speaking in the sense group. So, it is very clear that the
relationship between direct and indirect quotations is that they both explain how to organize and
assist speakers in speaking into the sense group.

Direct quote
2) Identification of the elements in an utterance requires speaker and hearer to share what
Clark (1996:92–121) calls ‘common ground.’ By and large, speaker and hearer use the
same vocabulary: they attach the same meanings to the same words and sentences; they
have similar pronunciations; and they have, in general, the same ways of putting words
together in sentences. Of course there can be different degrees of commonality in the
common ground.

Indirect Quote
2) Speaker and hearer may speak different dialects of the same language, so that their
pronunciations differ to some degree and there is some divergence in the ways they
express themselves. One—or both—may be a foreigner with only partial mastery of the
language they are using. Markedly different pronunciations, use of vocabulary items that
the other doesn’t know, meanings not shared, syntactic constructions not familiar to both
— these disturb the process of identification.

Linkage of quotations:
There is a disconnect between direct quotations and indirect quotations, direct quotations explain
that speakers and listeners use the same vocabulary and they generally have the same way of
arranging words in sentences so that they both know the vocabulary or the meaning of the person
who says it. . Whereas in indirect quotations it is explained that speakers and listeners can speak
different dialects of the same language, so that their pronunciations differ to some degree and
this interferes with the identification process.
Direct quote
3) Although we, as listeners, begin with a phonetic message, once we have grasped the
semantic content we retain only the sense of the message (Clark and Clark (1977:49)

Indirect Quote
3) People frequently give an accurate account of semething that has been said but almost always
they re - tell it in words that are different from the original message.

Linkage of quotations:
Between direct quotations and indirect quotations, there is no connection with one another. If the
quote directly discusses, as listeners if we understand the semantic content, we will understand
the meaning. Meanwhile, indirect quotations talk about people who receive messages from other
people accurately, but convey them again to other people with different languages or different
intentions.

Direct quote
4) We interpret an utterance according to its position in a discourse, our knowledge of the
speaker, our recognition of how things are in our world (Couper-Kuhlen 1986:209)

Indirect Quote
4) Aside from what we say to one another through the verbal content and the prosody of
spoken utterances, we can, in face-to-face communication, transmit less systematic
messages to one another by means of audible and visible signs that are not part of
language.

Linkage of quotations:
The relationship between direct quotations and indirect quotations is interrelated. Because the
direct and indirect quotations both discuss the speaker's speech. This means that to be able to
convey a message, the speaker and the listener do not have to meet face to face but can use
discourse and send messages. This goes into semantics, namely signs and language.