0714497530

ENGLI
SHNOTES
FORMTWOWORK
(
isa
boke
mic
ah@g
mai
l.
com)
LI
STENI
NGANDSPEAKI
NGFORFORM TWO

PRONUNCI
ATI
ON

STRESS
Notal
lsyll
ablesi
nawor
dar
egi
venequal
emphasi
s.Byt
hesamet
oken,
notal
lwor
dsi
nasent
encear
esai
dwi
th
equal
length.

Therel
ati
veemphasi
sthatmaybegi
vent
ocer
tai
nsy
ll
abl
esi
nawor
d,orcer
tai
nwor
dsi
nasent
encei
swhatwe
ref
ertoasst
ress.

Yousayasy
ll
abl
eorawor
disst
ressedwheni
tissai
dlouderorl
ongert
hant
her
est
.

St
ressi
sst
udi
edi
ntwol
evel
s:

(
a)Wor
dlev
el;
and

(
b)Sent
encel
evel
.

St
ressatt
heWor
dLev
el

Apar
tofacer
tai
nwor
dwhensai
dlouderorl
ongert
heni
tisst
ressed.

Rul
esofWor
dSt
ress

1.Fort
wo-
syl
l
abl
enounsandadj
ect
ives,
str
esst
hef
ir
st,
forexampl
e

Cl
oudycar
ton t
abl
e

2.Forv
erbswi
tht
wosy
ll
abl
esandpr
eposi
ti
ons,
emphasi
zet
hesecondsy
ll
abl
e,f
orexampl
e

3.Wor
dswi
tht
hreesy
ll
abl
es.

(
a)Thoseendi
ngi
n–er
,-l
y,emphasi
sputont
hef
ir
stsy
ll
abl
e,f
orexampl
e,

(
b)St
resst
hef
ir
st,
fort
hoseendi
ngi
nconsonant
sandi
n–y
,forexampl
e,

(
c)St
resst
hel
astsy
ll
abl
eift
hewor
dendsi
n–ee,
-ese,
-eer
,-i
que,
-et
te,
forexampl
e,

(
d)Lookatt
heoneswi
tht
hesuf
fi
xesbel
ow,
wher
est
ressi
spl
acedont
hesecond,

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 0714497530

-
ary
:li
brar
y

Ci
al:
judi
cial
,commer
cial

-
cian:
musi
cian,
cli
nici
an

-
tal
:capi
tal
,reci
tal

Str
essisimpor
tantinstudy
ingt
hehet
erony
ms.Apair,orgr
oupofwor
dsisr
efer
redt
oashet
eronym whenthose
wordsarespel
l
edt hesamewaybuthavedi
ffer
entpr
onunci
ati
onandmeani
ng.Wehavet
womai ncat
egori
esof
het
eronyms:

(
a)Noun-v
erbpai
rs;
and

(
b)Ver
b-and-
adj
ect
ivepai
rs.

West
resst
hef
ir
stsy
ll
abl
eifnounandt
hesecondi
fver
b.

Ex
ampl
esofnoun-
and-
ver
bpai
rsar
eincl
udedi
nthet
abl
ebel
ow:

Noun Ver
b Noun Ver
b

Abuse Gr
aduat
e

Recor
d Cement

Conv
ert Wi
nd

Abuse Si
n

Cont
est Pr
oduce

Dupl
i
cat
e Excuse

Pol
i
sh I
nsul
t

Rebel Per
mit

I
nsent
ences;

(
a)Manyf
act
ori
espr
oducet
hepr
oducewei
mpor
t.

(
b)Al
l
anbecameaconv
ertaf
terdeci
dingt
oconv
ertt
ochr
ist
iani
ty.

Sent
enceSt
ress

Sent
encest
ressi
saccentoncer
tai
nwor
dswi
thi
nasent
ence.

Mostsent
enceshav
etwobasi
cwor
dty
pes:

(
a)Cont
entwor
dswhi
char
ethekeywor
dscar
ryi
ngt
hesenseormeani
ng-message.
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 0714497530

(
b)St
ruct
urewor
dswhi
chj
ustmaket
hesent
encegr
ammat
ical
l
ycor
rect
.Theygi
vet
hesent
encei
ts
st
ruct
ure.

Lookatt
hesent
encebel
ow:

Buymi
l
kfeel
i
ngt
ir
ed.

Thought
hesentencei
sincomplete,y
ouwi l
lpr
obabl
yunder
standt
hemessagei
nit
.Thef
ourwor
dsar
ethe
cont
entwor
ds.Verbs,
nouns,adject
ives,
arecont
entwor
ds.

Youcanaddwor
dst
othesent
encet
ohav
esomet
hingl
i
ke:

Wi
l
lyoubuymemi
l
ksi
nceIam f
eel
i
ngt
ir
ed?

Thewords:wi
ll
,you,me,si
nce,
I,ar
ejustmeantt
omaket
hesent
encecor
rectgr
ammat
ical
l
y.Theycanal
sobe
st
ressedtobr
ingtheint
endedmeaning.

Nowl
et’
sst
udyt
hesent
encebel
ow:

Joandoesn’
tthi
nkAki
nyi
stol
emygr
eenski
rt
.

Eachwor
dint
hesent
encecanbest
ressedt
obr
ingt
hemeani
ngasi
l
lust
rat
edi
nthet
abl
e.

Sent
ence Meani
ng

Joandoesn’
tthi
nkAki
nyi
stol
emygr
eenski
rt
. Shedoesn’
tthi
nkt
hat
,butsomeoneel
sedoes.

Joandoesn’
tthi
nkAki
nyi
stol
emygr
eenski
rt
. I
tisnott
ruet
hatJoant
hinkst
hat
.

Joandoesn’
tthi
nkAki
nyi
stol
emygr
eenski
rt
. Joandoesn’
tthi
nkt
hat
,sheknowst
hat
.

Joandoesn’
tthi
nkAki
nyi
stol
emygr
eenski
rt
. NotAki
nyi
,butsomeoneel
se.Pr
obabl
y
Nj
ugunaorAdhiambo.

Joandoesn’
tthi
nkAki
nyi
stol
emygr
eenski
rt
. Joanthi
nksAki
nyi
didsomet
hingt
othegr
een
ski
rt
,maybewashedit
.

Joandoesn’
tthi
nkAki
nyi
stol
emygr
eenski
rt
. Joanthi
nksAki
nyi
stol
esomeoneel
se’
sgr
een
ski
rt
,butnotmi
ne.

Joandoesn’
tthi
nkAki
nyi
stol
emygr
eenski
rt
. Shet
hinksAkiny
ist
olemyr
edski
rtwhi
chi
s
al
somissing.

Joandoesn’
tthi
nkAki
nyi
stol
emygr
eenski
rt
. Joanthi
nksAkinyi
stol
emygr
eenshi
rt
.She
mispr
onouncedtheword.

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Exer
cise1

1.Thewordsthatfol
l
owcanbenounsorv
erbsdependi
ngont
hest
ressedsy
ll
abl
e.Useeachasbot
hthev
erb
andnouninasingl
esent
ence.

(
a)Cement

(
b)Addr
ess

(
c)Per
mit

(
d)Cont
ent

2.Under
li
net
hepar
toft
hewor
dinbol
dfacey
ouwi
l
lst
ressi
neachoft
hef
oll
owi
ngsent
ences.

(
a)Theboyhasbeenaskedt
ode.
ser
tthede.
ser
t.

(
b)Myhandsomees.
cor
twi
l
les.
cor
tmet
othedance.

(
c)Af
terupdat
ingmyr
e.sume,
Iwi
l
lre.
sumemyj
obsear
ch.

(
d)Theyhav
etocon.
test
int
heannual
Mat
hcon.
test
.

(
e)I
fyoucon.
vi
ctme,
Iwi
l
lremai
nacon.
vi
ctf
or5y
ear
s.

Exer
cise2

Eachwor
dinthesent
encesbel
owcanbest
ressedt
obr
ingt
hemeani
ng.Whatwi
l
lbet
hemeani
ngwheneach
wordi
sstr
essed?

(
a)Il
ovey
oursi
ster
’shandwr
it
ing.

(
b)Youcamel
atet
oday
.

I
NTONATI
ON
 I
tist
her
iseandf
all
ofv
oicei
nspeaki
ng.

 I
ntonat
ioni
scr
uci
alf
orcommuni
cat
ion.

 I
nEngl
i
sht
her
ear
ebasi
cal
l
ytwoki
ndsofi
ntonat
ion:
risi
ngandf
all
i
ng.

 Wecanusear
rowst oshowt
hei
ntanot
ion–whet
herr
isi
ngorf
all
i
ng.↘r
epr
esent
sfal
l
ingi
ntonat
ionwhi
l
e↗
r
epr
esent
stheri
singone.

Fal
l
ingI
ntonat
ion

 Fal
l
ingi
ntonat
ioni
swhenwel
owerourv
oiceatt
heendofasent
ence.

 Thi
susual
l
yhappensi
n:

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(
a)St
atement
s,f
orexampl
e,

 Il
i
ke↘bananas.

 I
tisni
cewor
kingwi
th↘y
ou.

 Shet
rav
ell
edt
o↘El
dor
et.

(
b)W/
HQuest
ions

 Whati
syour↘name?

 Wher
edoy
ou↘l
i
ve?

 Howol
dar
e↘y
ou?

 Whoi
sthi
syoung↘man?

(
c)Commands

 Getout↘now.

 Gi
vemet
he↘money
.

 Cl
osey
our↘books.

(
d)Excl
amat
orysent
encese.
g.

 Whatawonder
ful
↘pr
esent
!

 How↘ni
ceofy
ou

Ri
singi
ntonat
ion

 Whenwel
owerourv
oice.

 Usedi
n:

 Gener
alQuest
ionse.
g.

Doy
ouv
isi
tthem↗of
ten?

Hav
eyouseen↗her
?

Ar
eyour
eadyt
o↗st
art
?

Coul
dyougi
vemea↗pen,
please?

 Al
ter
nat
ivequest
ionse.
g.

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 0714497530

Doy
ouwant↗cof
feeor↘t
ea?

Doeshespeak↗Ki
swahi
l
ior↘Engl
i
sh?

 Bef
oret
agquest
ionse.
g.

Thi
sisabeaut
if
ul↘pl
ace,
↗isn’
tit
?

Sheknows↘hi
m,↗doesn’
tshe?

 Enumer
ati
nge.
g.

↗One,
↗two,
↗thr
ee,
↗four
,↘f
ive.

Shebought↗br
ead,
↗cheese,
↗or
anges,
and↘appl
es.

Exer
cise

Usi
nganar
row,
det
ermi
newhet
herr
isi
ngorf
all
i
ngi
ntonat
ioni
susedi
nthesent
ences.

(
a)Thi
smusi
csoundsgood.

(
b)Il
ovewat
chi
nghor
rormov
ies.

(
c)Mysi
ster
’snamei
sAmi
na.

(
d)Bl
uei
smyf
avour
it
ecol
our
.

(
e)I
sthatt
vgood?

(
f)Doy
oul
i
ket
hatmov
ie?

(
g)Ar
eyouhungr
y?

(
h)Getmemyshoes.

(
i)St
udyy
ourl
essonsnow.

(
j)Ar
eyoui
nsane?

(
k)Howmanymor
ehour
sbef
orey
ouar
edonewi
thy
ourwor
k?

(
l)Whi
chnov
eli
sthebestf
ory
ou?

(
m)Hei
sal
i
ttl
ebi
tner
vous,
isn’
the?

(
n)Youshoul
dli
stent
oyourpar
ent
s’adv
ice.

(
o)Di
dyouf
ini
shy
ourhomewor
k?

(
p)Wat
eri
sgoodf
ort
hebody
.

(
q)Thi
sisgood!

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(
r)Whatacr
azyshow.

PUNS/
WORDPLAY
 Apunisaform ofwordpl
ayt
hatsuggestsseveralmeani
ngs,
byeit
herexpl
oit
ingthemult
ipl
emeani
ngsofa
wor
d,orsubst
it
utingawordf
oranothersi
milarsoundi
ngword,t
heresul
tofwhichishumorous.

 Apuni
sal
soknownaspar
onomasi
a.

 Ther
ear
etwomai
nty
pesofpuns:

(
a)Homophoni
cpuns

Thi
siswhereawordi
ssubst
it
utedf
oranot
hersi
mil
arsoundi
ngwor
dorwor
dpr
onouncedal
mosti
nthesame
way.Forexampl
e,

Fi
sher
menar
ereelmen.

Expl
anat
ion:
Ther
eisat
wistont
hewor
d‘r
eel
’whi
chi
sor
igi
nal
l
ysupposedt
obespel
t‘r
eal
’
.

Cany
ounowexpl
aint
hepuni
nthef
oll
owi
nghomophoni
cpuns?

1.Whatdoseamonst
erseatf
orl
unch?Fi
shandshi
ps.

2.Iam onaseaf
ooddi
et.Ev
eryt
imeIseef
ood,
Ieati
t.

3.Di
dyouaboutt
heI
tal
i
anchefwi
tht
ermi
nal
il
lness?Hepastaway
.

4.Beaut
yisi
ntheey
eoft
hebeerhol
der
.

5.Whatt
eadohockeypl
ayer
sdr
ink?Penal
tt
ea

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6.Whatdoghost
sser
vef
ordesser
t?Iscr
eam.

7.Whatdi
dthet
reesy
atot
heaut
umn?Leafmeal
one.

8.Whatdi
dtheboycatsayt
othegi
rlcatonv
alent
ine’
sday
?You’
repur
r-
fectf
orme.

9.WhatdaydoesanEast
eregghat
ethemost
?Fr
y-day
s.

10.Whydi
dthesci
ent
isti
nst
all
aknockeronhi
sdoor
?Hewant
edt
owi
ntheNo-
bel
lpr
ize!

(
b)Homogr
aphi
cpuns

Homographi
cpunisfor
medbyusi
ngawor
dthathasmul
ti
plemeani
ngs.Youmi
ghtnott
ell
whatexact
lywhat
t
hespeakermeans.

Forexampl
e;

Rosei
sthef
lowerofmyl
i
fe.

Expl
anat
ion:
Thewor
d‘Rose’
isaf
emal
ename.i
tcoul
dbet
heper
sont
hespeakerl
oves.

I
tisal
soat
ypeoff
lower
.

Theot
herexampl
esar
e;

1.Mymat
hteachercal
l
edmeav
erage.Howmean!

2.Whatdopr
isoner
suset
ocal
leachot
her
?Cel
lphones.

3.Nomat
terhowmuchy
oupusht
heenv
elope,
it’
l
lremai
nst
ati
oner
y.

4.Hav
eyouev
ert
ri
edt
oeatacl
ock?I
t’
sver
yti
meconsumi
ng.

5.Awai
sti
sat
err
ibl
ethi
ngt
omi
nd.

6.Iam r
eadi
ngabookaboutant
i-
grav
ity
.It
’si
mpossi
blet
oputdown.

7.Whatpar
toff
oot
bal
lgr
oundi
snev
ert
hesame?Thechangi
ngr
oom.

8.Iwantt
otel
lyouachemi
str
yjokebutIknowIwi
l
lnotgetar
eact
ion.

9.Whydi
dthebeegetmar
ri
ed?Becausehef
oundhi
shoney
.

10.Di
dyouhearaboutt
heguywhogothi
tint
heheadwi
thacanofsoda?Hewasl
uckyi
twasasof
tdr
ink.

Feat
uresofPuns

Punsar
echar
act
eri
zedby
;

1.Theyar
eshor
t.

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2.Theyar
ehumor
ous.

Funct
ionsofPuns

Theyser
vef
unct
ionssuchas:

(
a)Teachi
ngpr
onunci
ati
on.Forexampl
e,homophones.

(
b)Enhanci
ngcr
eat
ivi
ty.Onehast
othi
nki
nor
dert
ofor
mthei
rpuns.

(
c)Ent
ert
aini
ng.Whensai
donewonder
swhatt
hespeakeri
ntends,
theaudi
encewi
l
llaugh.

Exer
cise

Ex
plai
nthepuni
n:

(
a)Iusedt
obeabankerbutIl
osti
nter
est
.

(
b)Abi
cycl
ecan’
tst
andoni
tsownbecausei
tist
wo-
ti
red.

(
c)Idon’
ttr
ustt
hesest
air
sbecauset
heyar
eal
way
supt
osomet
hing.

(
d)Sant
a’shel
per
sar
eknownassubor
dinat
ecl
auses.

(
e)Themanwhodr
ankbat
ter
yaci
dgotchar
ged.

TONGUETWI
STERS
 Aphraseorasentencewhichi
shar
dtospeakf
astbecauseofal
l
iter
ati
onorasequenceofnear
lysi
mil
ar
soundsi
sthetonguetwist
er.

 I
tiswor
thnoti
ngthatt
her
eisusual
l
ytheuseofmnemoni
cfeat
ure(
sounddev
icesorsoundpat
ter
ns)i
nthe
t
onguet
wister
s.

 Letusr
eadt
hef
oll
owi
ngt
onguet
wist
ersf
ast
.

 Shesel
l
sseashel
l
sont
heseashor
e.
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 Anynoi
seannoy
sanoy
sterbutnoi
synoi
seannoy
sanoy
stermor
e.

 Ki
ndl
yki
tt
enskni
tt
ingmi
tt
enskeepkazooi
ngi
ntheki
ng’
ski
tchen.

SoundPat
ter
nsi
nTongueTwi
ster
s

1.Readt
het
onguet
wist
erbel
owf
ast
.

Shesawaf
ishont
heseashor
eandIam sur
ethef
ishshesawont
heseashor
ewasasaw-
fi
sh.

I
nt hewor ds:she,shoreandsure,t
hereistherepeti
ti
onoftheconsonantsound/ᶴ
/att
hebegi
nni
ngoft
hewor
ds.
Thi
si sall
iter
ation.
All
i
t er
ati
oni stherepeti
ti
onoftheini
ti
alconsonantsoundinthenearbywor ds.
Cany ouidentif
yanyot heri
nst
anceofalli
terat
ionintheabovetonguetwist
er?
2.Readt hisothertonguetwi
sterandtakenoteofthehighli
ghtedl
ett
ers.

Askunksatonast
umpandt
hankt
hest
umpst
unk,
butt
hest
umpt
hankt
heskunkst
unk.

Thesoundpat
ter
nher
eisconsonance.

Consonancei
stherepet
it
ionoft
hei
nnerconsonantsoundi
nthenear
bywor
ds.Ani
nnersoundi
sthatwhi
ch
comesaftert
hefi
rst
.

Ther
eisanot
heri
nst
anceofconsonance.Cany
oui
l
lust
rat
eit
?

3.Repet
it
ion

 I
nmosttonguetwist
ers,
ther
eisr
epet
it
ionofwor
dsorphr
ases.I
n(1)abov
e,t
hewor
ds‘
saw’
,‘
fi
sh’
,et
c.
hav
ebeenrepeat
ed.

 Nowpi
ckoutt
hewor
dsandphr
asesr
epeat
edi
ntheset
onguet
wist
ers.

(
a)I
fyout
ell
Tom t
otel
lat
onguet
wist
er,
hist
onguewi
l
lbet
wist
edast
onguet
wist
ert
wist
stongues.

(
b)Thesi
xthsi
ckShei
k’
ssi
xthsheep’
ssi
ck.

4.Assonance

Let
’sl
ookat
:

Howmuchwoodcoul
dawoodchopperchop,
ifawoodchoppercoul
dchopwood?

Ther
eisr
epet
it
ionoft
he/
u:/i
nthewor
ds;
wood,
coul
d.Thi
sisassonance.

Assonancei
sther
epet
it
ionofv
owel
soundsi
nthenear
bywor
ds.

Feat
uresofTongueTwi
ster
s

At
onguet
wist
erwi
l
lhav
ethef
oll
owi
ngf
eat
ures:

(
1)i
tisshor
tandbr
ief
.

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10
 0714497530

(
2)I
tisal
l
iter
ati
ve.

Funct
ionsofTongueTwi
ster
s

1.Theyent
ert
ain.Whenoneconf
usest
hepr
onunci
ati
onofsounds,
theaudi
encewi
l
llaugh.

2.Theyt
eachpr
onunci
ati
on.Wecan,
forexampl
e,l
ear
nthepr
onunci
ati
onoft
hesounds/
f/and/
v/,
/s/and/
ᶴ/
et
c.

3.Enhancecr
eat
ivi
ty.

Exer
cise1

Wi
thi
l
lust
rat
ions,
ident
if
ythesoundpat
ter
nsi
n:

(
a)I
t’
snott
hecought
hatcar
ri
esy
ouof
f,i
t’
sthecof
fi
ntheycar
ryy
ouof
fin!

(
b)I
ftwowi
tcheswer
ewat
chi
ngt
wowat
ches,
whi
chwi
tchwoul
dwat
chwhi
chwat
ch?

(
c)I
fabl
ackbugbl
eedsbl
ackbl
ood,
whatcol
ourofbl
ooddoesabl
uebugbl
eed?

(
d)Iwi
sht
owashmyI
ri
shwat
ch.

Exer
cise2

Readt
hei
tem bel
owandt
henanswerquest
ionsaf
teri
t:

Wesur
elyshal
lseet
hesunshi
nesoon.

(
a)I
dent
if
ythegenr
e.

(
b)Whi
cht
wosoundshast
hei
tem beenusedt
oteach?

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11
 0714497530

RHYME
 Rhy
mingwor
dsar
ethewor
dst
hatsoundt
hesameatt
heends.Exampl
esofr
hymi
ngwor
dsar
e:

 Whenapoem hasr
hymi
ngwor
dsatt
heendofi
tsl
i
nes,
thesear
ecal
l
ed‘
endr
hymes’
.Lookatt
heset
wo
l
ines:

Thatkeepmel ockedupt i
ght
All
ofthet hi
ngst hatmakemef eelnotr
ight
Thewor ds‘t
ight’and‘r
ight’
rhy
me.
 Bycontrast,
internalr
hyme/mi ddlerhyme,i
sar
hymet
hatoccur
sei
therwhen:

 Twoormor
erhy
mingwor
dsoccurwi
thi
nthesamel
i
ne;

 Twoormor
erhy
mingwor
dsappeari
nthemi
ddl
eoft
wosepar
atel
i
nes,
orsomet
imesmor
e;

 Awor
datt
heendofal
i
ner
hymeswi
thoneormor
eint
hemi
ddl
eoft
hef
oll
owi
ngl
i
ne.

 Readt
hepoem bel
owandt
hent
ryt
oident
if
ythei
nst
ancesofr
hymei
nit
.

My
sti
cTr
avel

My
sti
ctr
avel
time

Tooendl
essi
slandsi
nyourmi
nd

Ti
nyl
i
ght
smaj
est
icandf
ree

Opent
heski
essoarme

Tr
avel
yourmi
ndsunseenr
oad

Tomy
ster
iousl
andssecr
etsunt
old

Themount
ainsv
all
eyl
ayqui
et

Asashowercar
ri
esaway

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12
 0714497530

Thewar
mthofanev
eni
ngbr
eeze

Bui
l
tfr
om wi
thi
naday

Heatdancesshadowsont
hel
akesf
ier
ybay

Const
ruct
ingt
empl
eswher
egodscoul
dpl
ay

Todayi
sthef
inestpi
ece

Fort
ranqui
lempt
iness

Suggest
ionsoff
luentsensat
ions

Congr
egat
edi
l
lusi
onsofmast
urbat
ions

Sy
mpat
hiz
ether
ichnessoft
het
rut
h

Ener
gizet
heex
pect
edt
hought
sofy
out
h

Readi
ngt
hepoem al
oud,
wecanpoi
ntoutsev
eral
rhy
mingcoupl
ets.Theyi
ncl
udeamongot
her
s:

 Fr
eeandme

 Awayandday

 Sensat
ionsandmast
urbat
ions

 Tr
uthandy
out
h

I
nter
nal
Rhy
mei
nSepar
ateLi
nes

Her
eisar
etwoexampl
esofpai
rsofl
i
neswi
thmi
ddl
erhy
mesi
nsepar
atel
i
nes.

Iseearedboatt
hathasaredfl
ag
Justl
i
kemyr edcoatandmyli
tt
ler
edpai
l

Thewor
ds‘
boat
’and‘
coat
’rhy
me.

I
’
dli
ket
ojumpi
ntot
heocean

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13
 0714497530

Butdon’
tdumpmei
nst
ead.

Ther
hymi
ngwor
dsar
e‘j
ump’
and‘
dump’
.

Nowr
eadt
hest
anzabel
owf
rom t
hepoem ‘
TheRav
en’
andi
dent
if
yal
lthepai
rsofr
hymi
ngwor
ds.

Onceuponami dni
ghtdr eary,whilei
Pondered,weakandwear y
Overmanyaquai ntandcur i
ousv olumeof
Forgott
enlore.
WhileInodded,nearlynapping,suddenly
Therecameat apping
Asifsomeonegent l
yrapping,rappingat
Mychamberdoor
’
’Ti
ssomev i
sit
or,
’’Imuttered,’
’tappingat
Mychamberdoor ;
Onlythi
s,andnothingmor e.’
’
RhymeScheme

 Thi
sisawayofdescr
ibi
ngt
hepat
ter
noft
heendr
hymesi
napoem.

 Thepoi
ntsbel
owwi
l
lhel
pyoui
nreadi
ngandnot
ati
ngt
her
hymescheme.

 Eachnewsoundatt
heendofal
i
nei
sgi
venal
ett
er.

 Thel
ett
ersst
artwi
th‘
a’,
then‘
b’
,andsoon.

 I
fanendsoundr
epeat
stheendsoundofanear
li
erl
i
ne,
itget
sthesamel
ett
erast
hatear
li
erl
i
ne.

 Herear
efourdi
ff
erentst
anzas,
eachwi
thadi
ff
erentr
hymescheme,
thatcanhel
pyouunder
standr
hyme
scheme.

1.Fr
om Voi
cesi
nMyHead,
byI
vorDav
ies

Suddenl
yav
oiceappear
s

Iheari
tinmymi
nd

Wi
thi
nmyheadnoti
nmyear
s

Notoft
henor
mal
kind

Ther
hymeschemei
s:abab

I
tisr
egul
arr
hymeschemeasi
tiseasyt
opr
edi
ctwhent
hesoundwi
l
lnextappear
.

2.Fr
om Fal
l
ingRai
ndr
ops’
Pray
erf
ort
heBr
oken.

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14
 0714497530

Ipr
ayf
ort
hecr
ying

Fort
hehur
tandt
hedy
ing

Fort
hosebur
nedandscr
eami
ng

Foreachhel
percr
ying

Ther
hymeschemei
saaaaa

Thi
stooi
sregul
ar.

3.Fr
om t
hepoem byRober
tBr
oadbent
.

Ear
lyorl
ate,

Pat
ient…can’
twai
t

Lostory
ourf
ound

Thewor
ldgoesar
ound

Ther
hymeschemeher
eisaabb.Thi
sisaRegul
arscheme

4.Fr
om HappyHol
i
day
sbyJohnLumber
.

Chr
ist
masEv
e

Ohhowsupr
eme!

WhenSant
acomes

Ev
eryni
ght
!

Then,
nextday
,

Ij
ustcan’
twai
t,

Whent
het
reei
sal
lal
i
ght
.

Ther
hymeschemei
sabcdedd.Thi
sisi
rr
egul
ar.

Thei
rr
egul
arr
hymeschemeoccur
swheny
oucan’
tpr
edi
ctwhent
heendsoundwi
l
lber
epeat
ed.

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15
 0714497530

WhyRhy
me?

(
a)Rhy
mecr
eat
esr
hyt
hm i
nthepoem.

(
b)I
tal
somakesr
eadi
ngorr
eci
ti
ngt
hepoem i
nter
est
ing.

(
c)Thepoem i
sal
somadeeasyt
omemor
ize.

Exer
cise1

Descr
ibet
her
hymeschemeoft
hepoem bel
owbyRober
tBr
oadbent
.

OneDayataTi
me

Happyorsad
Gooddaysorbad
Cher
ryordown
Theworl
dgoesaround

Giv
euport r
y
Outgoingorshy
Asmileorafrown,
Thewor l
dgoesaround

Earl
yorlat
e,
Pati
ent…can’
twait,
Lostoryourf
ound,
Theworldgoesaround

Angry
,serene
Outspoken,unsent
Tenseorunwound,
Theworldgoesar ound

Al
l f
uturedays,
Arehiddeninhaze,
Don’tworry
,justl
earn,
Toletthewor l
dtur
n.

Exer
cise2

Thei
ncompl
etepoem bel
owhast
her
hy aabccbddebf
mescheme: e.Compl
etei
twi
thappr
opr
iat
ewor
ds.

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 0714497530

Deathdidnott akePari
ssil
ently
Rumbl edthegravescreaming______
_____
______
____
__
Nochi l
dslepteasythat_____
_____
_____
______
__
Twent yminutesofterr
orwaking
Weeonesf r
om sleepincoldsweats______
______
____
___
___
___
_
Steal
ingtheirpeaceful
bir
thri
ght.

I
ndeli
bleimprintsof_ _
__________
_ _
______
__
I
ngrai
nediny oungpsy chesf orever;
Posttr
aumaticst r
esssy ndrome.
Theymayage, buttheywillnot_______
_____
___
___
__
Thebloodydeat hthatevil
beget s
Shadowslurkindr eaming’sgloam.
(ByCati
eLindsey )

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17
 0714497530

SONGS

(
a)LULLABI
ES

 t
heyar
esungbyananny
,si
bli
ng,
aunt
y,et
c.i
nor
dert
o:

1.Sendt
hebabyt
osl
eep.
2.Cal
mthecr
yingbaby
.
3.Gi
vepr
omi
set
othecr
yingbaby
.Thepr
omi
secanbet
hatoneoft
hepar
ent
siscomi
ngback.

 Theyar
enor
mal
l
ysungsof
tl
ysoast
olul
lthebaby
.
 I
fyouhav
etocl
ap,
orhum,
orwhi
stl
etot
her
hyt
hm,
doi
tsof
tl
yandsl
owl
y.
 I
nthecasewher
eachi
l
dcr
ies,
rockt
hebabyasy
ousi
ng.
 Youcanal
sogent
lyt
apt
hebackoft
hebaby
.
 Theyar
enor
mal
l
yshor
t.
 Theyar
eal
sor
epet
it
ive.
 Readt
hesongbel
owandt
henat
temptt
hequest
ionst
hatf
oll
ow.

Sl
eepbabysl
eep

Sl
eepbabysl
eep

Yourf
athert
endst
hesheep

Yourmot
hershakest
hedr
eaml
andt
ree.

i
. I
dent
if
ytwof
eat
uresofl
ull
abi
esi
ntheabov
esong.

i
i
. Gi
vet
hemai
nreasonf
orsi
ngi
ngt
heabov
esong.

i
i
i. Howwoul
dyoudot
hef
oll
owi
ngasy
ousi
ngt
hesong:

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18
 0714497530

a)Cl
apt
other
hyt
hm oft
hesong.

b)Rockt
hebabyasy
ousi
ng.

(
b)CHI
LDRENSONGS

 Theyar
esungbychi
l
drendur
ingt
hei
rpl
ayt
ime.
 Al
sor
efer
redt
oaspl
aysongs.

Feat
uresofChi
l
drenSongs

1.Repet
it
ioni
sused.Awor
d,sent
ence,
andev
enawhol
est
anzacanber
epeat
ed.
2.Theyar
eof
tenshor
t.

Funct
ionsofChi
l
dren’
sSongs

1.Theyhel
pindev
elopi
ngchi
l
dren’
slanguageski
l
lsast
heyl
i
stent
ofami
l
iarwor
dsi
nthesongs.
2.Hel
pdev
elopchi
l
dren’
sli
stenski
l
ls,
thusconcent
rat
e.
3.Encour
agecr
eat
ivi
tyi
nchi
l
dren.Att
imesy
ouf
indchi
l
drenaddi
ngwor
dst
hatwer
enoti
nit
ial
l
yment
ioned
i
ntheor
igi
nal
ver
sionsoft
hesongs.
4.Somet
eachi
ngcount
ingofnumber
s.

 Nowr
eadt
hesongbel
ow.Youcanpr
act
icesi
ngi
ngi
t.

I
nandoutt
hebamboof
orest

I
nandoutt
hebamboof
orest

I
nandoutt
hebamboof
orest

Youar
emypar
tner
.

Beatabeatonmyshoul
der

Beatabeatonmyshoul
der

Beatabeatonmyshoul
der

Youar
emypar
tner
.

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 0714497530

(
c)Teasi
ngSongs

 Sungt
omakef
unofsomeone.

(
d)Rel
i
giousSongs

 Sungandper
for
meddur
ingr
eli
giousoccasi
ons.
 Sungmost
lyatpl
acesconsi
der
edhol
ygr
ounds.
 Sungsof
tl
yandsl
owl
y.

(
e)Lov
ePoet
ry/
Songs

 Theyar
ebasedonr
omance.
 Sungbyonet
othel
ovedone.
 Theyar
esungsof
tl
yandsl
owl
yast
heyshoul
dpr
esentr
omant
icel
ement
s.
 Theyar
esungt
o:

1.Ex
pressr
omance.
2.Mendt
hedamagedr
elat
ionshi
pbet
weenl
over
s.

(
f)Cr
adl
eSongs/
Poet
ry

 Per
for
medt
omar
kthebi
rt
hofachi
l
d.
 I
nmostcases,
achi
l
diswi
shedasuccessf
ull
i
fei
nfut
ure.
 Most
lyper
for
medbywomenandgi
rl
s.
 Dur
ingt
hist
ime,
achi
l
dorchi
l
d’smot
heri
spr
esent
edwi
thgi
ft
s.

(
g)WarPoet
ry

 Per
for
medbywar
ri
orsdur
ingwar
.
 Sungl
oudl
ytoshowbr
aver
y.
 Dur
ingt
hesi
ngi
ng,
weaponsar
ehel
dint
hehandsoft
heper
for
mer
s.

(
h)Hunt
ingSongs

 Hunt
ersper
for
m hunt
ingsongs.

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20
 0714497530

 Sungont
hewayt
oandf
rom hunt
ingt
ri
p.
 Hunt
ingt
ool
scar
ri
edi
nthepr
ocess.
 Justl
i
kewarsongs,
theyar
esungl
oudl
y.
 Theyar
eont
hewayt
ohuntt
oencour
aget
hemsel
vesont
hepossi
bil
i
tyofki
l
li
ngf
att
erandenough
ani
mal
s.
 Al
sot
opasst
imeont
hei
rway
.

(
i)Sat
ir
ical
Songs

 One’
sfol
l
yiscr
it
ici
zedi
nthi
ssong.
 Theyar
emeantt
ohel
pthewi
ckedi
nsomear
east
ochange.

(
j)Epi
cs/
Her
oicPoet
ry

 Theyar
eel
abor
ateandt
alkaboutt
hel
i
vesofher
oesknownt
othecommuni
ty.
 Theher
oicdeedsoft
heher
oesar
ement
ioned.

(
k)Di
rges

 Al
sor
efer
redt
oasf
uner
alsongsorf
uner
alpoems.
 Theyar
esungaf
terl
ear
ningaboutt
hedeat
hofsomeone.
 Canal
sobesungdur
ingt
hef
uner
alcer
emony
.
 Shoul
dal
sobesungsof
tl
ytoshowt
hesadnesst
hatr
esul
tfr
om l
osi
ngsomeone’
sbel
ovedone.
 I
nsomecases,
weaponsar
ehel
ddur
ingt
heper
for
mance.
 Ther
eist
heuseofapost
rophe.Thi
sisst
yleofaddr
essi
nganobj
ectoradeat
hasi
fiti
sal
i
veandcan
r
espond.
 Whi
l
ewomensi
ng,
menchant
.

(
l)Panegy
rics

 I
nit
sspeci
ali
zedf
orm panegy
rici
sat
ypeofsongandonemeantt
opr
aisesomeone.
 Thepr
aisesongcanbesungbysomeoneel
seorsungbyonef
orsel
fpr
aises.Somet
imest
hese
ar
esel
f-
prai
ses
 For
mal
i
zedpr
aisesar
edi
rect
edpubl
i
clyt
oki
ngs,
chi
efs,
andl
eader
s,composedandr
eci
tedby
member
sofaki
ng’
sof
fi
cial
ent
our
age.
 Onecanbepr
aisedi
ncaseof
:

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21
 0714497530

i
. per
sonal
achi
evementi
nwar;
or
i
i
. Achi
evementi
nhunt
ing.

 Lookatt
hepanegy
rici
nthenextpage.

Ogunki
l
lsont
her
ightanddest
roy
sont
her
ight
.
Ogunki
l
lsont
hel
eftanddest
roy
sont
hel
eft
.
Ogunki
l
lssuddenl
yint
hehouseandsuddenl
yint
hef
iel
d.
Ogunki
l
lst
hechi
l
dwi
tht
hei
ronwi
thwhi
chi
tpl
ays.

Ogunki
l
lsi
nsi
l
ence.
Ogunki
l
lst
het
hiefandt
heowneroft
hest
olengoods.
Ogun-
kil
l
stheowneroft
hesl
ave—andt
hesl
aver
unsaway
.
Ogunki
l
lst
heowneroft
hir
ty’
i
wof
a’[
pawns]
—andhi
smoney
,weal
thandchi
l
drendi
sappear
.
Ogunki
l
lst
heowneroft
hehouseandpai
ntst
hehear
thwi
thhi
sbl
ood.
Oguni
sthedeat
hwhopur
suesachi
l
dunt
ili
trunsi
ntot
hebush.
Oguni
stheneedl
ethatpr
icksatbot
hends.
Ogunhaswat
erbuthewashesi
nbl
ood.

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ionKi
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22
 0714497530

ETI
QUETTE

TELEPHONEETI
QUETTE
Tel
ephoneet
iquet
tear
ether
ulest
hatdemonst
rat
ethepr
operandpol
i
tewayt
ousey
ourphone/
tel
ephone.

I
tst
art
sfr
om howy
oupr
epar
eforphonecal
l
stowheny
ouendt
hecal
l
.

Pr
epar
ati
onf
orPhoneCal
l

Thef
oll
owi
ngshoul
dbedonebef
orepl
aci
ngacal
l
:

 Ensur
eyouhaveenought
ime.I
twi
l
lnotaugerwel
ltosuddenl
yendt
heconv
ersat
ionbecauseof
i
nsuff
ici
entai
rt
ime.

 Got
oapl
acewher
ether
eissi
l
ence.Toomuchnoi
sewi
l
ldi
str
acty
ourat
tent
ion.

 Thi
nkthr
oughexact
lywhatyouwanttosay
.Wr i
tei
tdowni
fpossi
blesoy
oudon’
tfor
getwhatt
osayor
askandl
ookasthoughyoudidn’
thav
eanythi
ngtosay.

Ti
pst
oDi
spl
ayWhenMaki
ngaCal
l

Whet
heratwor
k,athome,
orony
ourmobi
l
ephone,
remembert
odi
spl
ayt
het
ipsbel
owatal
lti
mes:

1.I
dent
if
yyour
sel
fatt
hebegi
nni
ngoft
hecal
l
.

2.Speakcl
ear
lyandsl
owl
yespeci
all
ywhenl
eav
ingt
hemessage.

3.Speakwi
thal
owt
oneofv
oice.Besur
etoknowhowl
oudy
oumaybe.

4.Al
way
sendwi
thapl
easant
ry,
forexampl
e,
’Hav
eani
ceday
.’

5.Lett
hecal
l
erhangupf
ir
st.

6.St
ayawayf
rom ot
her
swhi
l
etal
ki
ngont
hephone.Theydon’
tneedt
oheary
ourpr
ivat
econv
ersat
ion.

Whatt
oAv
oid

1.Av
oidbei
ngdi
str
act
edbyot
heract
ivi
ti
eswhi
l
espeaki
ng.Someoft
heseact
ivi
ti
esi
ncl
ude:

 Rust
li
ngpaper
s

 Chewi
ng

 Dr
ivi
ng

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ls,
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ge23

23
 0714497530

 Speaki
ngwi
thsomeone

 Shoppi
ng

 Wor
kingont
hecomput
er

2.Av
oidal
l
owi
ngi
nter
rupt
ionst
ooccurdur
ingt
heconv
ersat
ion.

3.Donotengagei
nanar
gumentwi
tht
hecal
l
er.

4.Tal
ki
ngt
ool
oudl
y.

Notatt
hesePl
aces

Thefol
l
owingarepl
acesy
oushoul
dnotmakeacal
l
.Youshoul
dev
enhav
eyourcel
lphonei
nasi
l
entmodeor
swi
tchitof
fal
toget
her
.

 Bat
hrooms

 Hospi
tal
s

 Wai
ti
ngr
ooms

 Meet
ings

 Museums

 Pl
acesofwor
shi
p

 Lect
ures

 Li
veper
for
mances

 Funer
als

 Weddi
ngs

Tel
ephoneConv
ersat
ions

Hereweshal
lfocusonmaj
orlybusi
nesstel
ephoneconver
sat
ions.Itshouldbenot
edt
hatt
her
ear
epat
ter
nst
hat
ar
ef ol
l
owed;
butnotall
wil
lfol
lowthi
srigi
dpatt
ern.Thesi
xpatter
nsi ncl
ude:

1.Thephonei
sanswer
edbysomeonewhoasksi
fhe/
shecanhel
p.

2.Thecal
l
ermakesar
equestei
thert
obeconnect
edt
osomeoneorf
ori
nfor
mat
ion.

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24
 0714497530

3.Thecal
l
eri
sconnect
ed,
giv
eni
nfor
mat
ionort
oldt
hatt
hatper
soni
snotpr
esentatt
hemoment
.

4.Thecal
l
eri
saskedt
oleav
eamessagei
ftheper
sonwhoi
srequest
edf
ori
snoti
n.

5.Thecal
l
erl
eav
esamessageorasksot
herquest
ions.

6.Thephonecal
lfi
nishes.

Exer
cise1

Readt
het
elephoneconv
ersat
ionbel
owandt
henanswerquest
ionst
hatf
oll
ow.

Paul
i
ne:
(af
ormt
wost
udent
,Waj
anj
aSchool
)ri
ngr
ing…r
ingr
ing…

Secr
etar
y:Hel
l
o,Waj
anj
aSchool
,thi
sisMsEst
herspeaki
ng.HowmayIbeofhel
ptoy
ou?

Paul
i
ne:
Yes,
thi
sisPaul
i
neKar
anj
aaf
ormt
wost
udentcal
l
ing.MayIspeakt
othepr
inci
pal
,pl
ease?

Secr
etar
y:Iam af
rai
dMsKal
umai
snoti
ntheof
fi
ceatt
hemoment
.Woul
dyoul
i
ket
oleav
eamessage?

Paul
ine:
Iwoul dr
eal
l
ywant,
thanks.Whenshecomesback, tel
lherIwantedt
oaskforonedaypermi
ssion.My
br
otheri
ssickandIwoul
dli
ketorequesthert
hatIrepor
tonedayaf t
ertheopeni
ngday.I
tisIwhowi
llbelef
t
wit
hmysi bl
ingsast
hebr
othergoestothehospi
tal
.Thatisall
.

Secr
etar
y:Sor
ryf
ort
hat
,Iwi
shhi
m qui
ckr
ecov
ery
.Iwoul
dgi
vehert
hemessageassoon.

Paul
i
ne:
Iwoul
dbegr
atef
ulmadam.Thanksagai
n.

Paul
i
ne:
Wel
comePaul
i
ne.Justensur
eyour
epor
tasst
atedher
e.

Secr
etar
y:Okhav
eani
cedaymadam.

Paul
i
ne:
Yout
oohav
eaper
fectday
.Goodby
e

(
a)Wi
thexampl
es,
out
li
net
hepat
ter
nsoft
elephoneconv
ersat
ioni
nabov
e.

(
b)I
dent
if
yev
idencesoft
elephoneet
iquet
tet
ipsdi
spl
ayedbyPaul
i
nei
ntheconv
ersat
ionabov
e.

Exer
cise2

Yoursibl
ingi
sver
ysi
ck.Youar
epl
anni
ngt
omakeadoct
oraphonecal
ltocomet
oyourhomet
opr
ovi
de
medicati
on.

(
a)St
ateanyt
hreepr
epar
ati
onsy
ouwoul
dputi
npl
acebef
oremaki
ngt
hisi
mpor
tantcal
l
.

(
b)Gi
vef
ourbadhabi
tsy
ouwoul
dav
oidwhenmaki
ngt
hiscal
l
.

Exer
cise3

Joanhasj
ustcal
l
edtheparenttoaskt
hem topayt heschoolfee.Unfor
tunat
ely
,theparenti
snothappywi
tht
he
wayshehasmadethecal
l.Ident
if
yanyfourt
elephoneetiquet
tetipsshecoul
dhav ef
ail
edtodispl
ay.

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ls,
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chool
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es&Re
vis
ionKi
ts(
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ah@g
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l.
com) Pa
ge25

25
 0714497530

MASTERYOFCONTENT

I
NTERVI
EWS
Haveyoueveratt
endedtheformalmeetingswher
ey ouar easkedquest
ionsandareexpect
edt
or espondto
t
hem?Mor ethanonceyouwi l
lbeinv
itedtoatt
endinter
views.Youcanalsoinvi
tesomeonetoi
ntervi
ew.Forthi
s
r
eason,youshoul
dsomei nt
erviewti
ps.

Thet
wopar
ti
cipant
sinani
nter
viewar
ethei
nter
viewer(
att
imesapanel
ofi
nter
viewer
s),
andt
hei
nter
viewee.

Ti
psf
ort
heI
nter
viewees

JobI
nter
viewPr
epar
ati
ons

Ifyoureal
lywanttobeconsi
der
edforaparti
cularj
obfol
lowi
nganint
ervi
ew,youhavet
oadequatel
ypr
epar
eto
succeed.Thefol
lowi
ngarethepr
eparat
ionstheint
erv
ieweewoul
dputinplacebef
oret
hei
nterv
iew:

(
a)Cont
acty
ourr
efer
eest
oal
ertt
hem t
haty
ouwi
l
lbei
nter
viewedandt
heyar
eli
kel
ytor
ecei
veacal
l
.

(
b)Pr
epar
eyourdocument
s.Makesur
etheyar
eneatandwel
lar
ranged.

(
c)Knowthelocat
ionwher
eyouar
ehav
ingt
hei
nter
view.I
twi
l
lhel
pyouknowhowl
ongi
twi
l
ltakey
out
o
reacht
her
e.

(
d)Dosomer
esear
chaboutt
heor
gani
zat
ion.

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ls,
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ge26

26
 0714497530

(
e)Pr
epar
ewhatt
owearandhowt
ogr
oom.

(
f)Ant
ici
pat
epot
ent
ial
quest
ionsandpr
epar
eanswer
scor
rect
ly.

(
g)Ar
ri
veear
lyenoughf
ort
hei
nter
view.

(
h)Prepar
equest
ionst
oaskt
hei
nter
vieweratt
heend.I
twi
l
lshowhowmuchy
ouar
eint
erest
edi
nwor
king
ther
e.

Dur
ingt
heI
nter
view;

(
a)Gr
eett
hei
nter
viewer
.

(
b)Knockont
hedoorandwai
tforr
esponsebef
orey
ouent
er.Shutt
hedoorbehi
ndy
ouqui
etl
y.

(
c)Wai
tunt
ily
ouar
eof
fer
edt
heseatbef
oresi
tt
ing.

(
d)Si
torst
andupr
ightandl
ookal
ertt
hroughout
.

(
e)Makegoodey
econt
actwi
tht
hei
nter
viewert
oshowy
ouar
ehonest
.

(
f)Expl
ainy
ouranswer
swhenev
erpossi
bleandav
oidanswer
ingquest
ionswi
thy
es/
noasanswer
s.

(
g)Answerquest
ionshonest
ly.Don’
tev
erl
i
e!

CommonBl
under
syouMUSTAv
oid

Av
oidf
all
i
ngf
oul
oft
hef
oll
owi
ng:

1.Tur
ningupl
atef
ort
hei
nter
view.

2.Dr
essi
ngandgr
oomi
ngi
nappr
opr
iat
ely
.

3.Gi
vi
ngsi
mpl
eyes/
noasanswer
s.

4.Speaki
ngnegat
ivel
yabouty
ourpr
evi
ousempl
oyer
.

5.Si
tt
ingbef
orei
nvi
ted.

6.Di
scussi
ngt
ime-
offormoney
.

AsanI
nter
viewer

Bef
oret
heI
nter
view:

1.Wr
it
edownquest
ionst
oask.

2.Cal
lthepr
ospect
iveempl
oyee’
sref
erees.

3.Pr
epar
ethepl
acef
ort
hei
nter
view.

4.Al
ertt
hei
nter
vieweeaboutt
hei
nter
view.Ment
iont
het
imeandpl
ace.

Nove
ls,
Upda
tedKAS
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e,Hi
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chool
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es&Re
vis
ionKi
ts(
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ah@g
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com) Pa
ge27

27
 0714497530

5.Ar
ri
veear
lyf
ort
hei
nter
view.

Dur
ingt
heI
nter
view:

1.Al
l
owt
hem enought
imet
orespondt
oquest
ions.

2.Encour
aget
hem t
ospeakby
,forexampl
e,noddi
ngy
ourheadwhent
heyanswerquest
ions.

3.Speakandaskquest
ionspol
i
tel
y.Bef
ri
endl
ybutf
ormal
asmuchasy
oucan.

4.Makeey
econt
actwi
tht
hei
nter
vieweet
oshowy
ouar
eli
steni
ngt
othem.

Exer
cise1

y
ouarethesecr
etar
yofjournal
ism ClubatMaembeDodoMixedSchool
.OnFr
idayy
ouwoul
dli
ket
oint
erv
iew
y
ourschool
DeputyPri
ncipalontheissueofSt
udent
s’Di
sci
pli
ne.

(
a)Wr
it
edownanyt
hreequest
ionsy
ouwoul
daskhi
m/her
.

(
b)Ot
hert
hanwr
it
ingdownquest
ionst
oask,
howel
sewoul
dyoupr
epar
epr
epar
efort
hisday
?

(
c)St
atef
ourt
hingsy
ouwoul
ddoasy
oui
nter
viewhi
m.

Exer
cise2

Readt
heconv
ersat
ionbel
owandt
henanswerquest
ionsaf
teri
t.

MsNaomi : Wel comet oourDoct or

’soffi
ce.
Mr.Josh:Ni cet obeher e.
MsNaomi : Iseef rom y ourresumet hatyouareacar di
ologistwith10yearsofpractice.
Mr.Josh:That ’sr i
ght .
MsNaomi : Thisi nterv i
ewi sjusttogett oknowy oual i
tt
leandt hentherearefol
lowupi nt
erviews.Sowhatdo
youdoiny ourf r
eet ime?
Mr.Josh:Ilikegol fi
ngandswi mmi ng.Ialsoliketoreadnewspaper s.
MsNaomi :Whydi dy ouwantt obeadoct or
?
Mr.Josh:
Act uall
yIl ov ehelpingpeopl egetwel l
.It
hinkcardiologyhasmadegr eatstridesrecentl
yandIwould
l
iketosharemyf i
ndingswi thot hers.
MsNaomi :Hav ey ouwr i
tteninanysci enti
fi
cjournal
ssof ar?
Mr.Josh:
Noty et.Buthopef ull
ysoon.
MsNaomi :OK, we’ dliketolearnmor eaboutyou.Let ’
sgof orlunchwwithourcolleagues,ifthat’
sOK.
Mr.Josh:
That ’
sf ine,Iam f ree.

(
a)Whatt
wothi
ngsquali
fyMsNaomi asagoodi
nter
viewer?
(
b)I
dent
if
ytwoevi
dencesofi
nter
viewti
psdi
spl
ayedbyMr .Josh.

Nove
ls,
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chool
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ionKi
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ge28

28
 0714497530

READI
NGFORFORM TWO
READI
NGSKI
LLS

SCANNI
NGANDSKI
MMI
NG.
.

Readi
ng

 Thereisalotofr
eadi
ngy ouwi
llengagein.Tocopewi
thi
tall
,you'
l
lneedt
odev
elopsomer
eadi
ng
techni
ques.
 Herewe'l
ltal
kaboutscanni
ng,
skimmi ngandreadi
ngf
orstudy.

Scanni
ng
Nove
ls,
Upda
tedKAS
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leg
e,Hi
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chool
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es&Re
vis
ionKi
ts(
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mic
ah@g
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l.
com) Pa
ge29

29
 0714497530

 Whenyouscanat ext,yousearchforoneparti
cul
arit
em (orsetofitems)whil
eignor
ingever
ythi
ngelse.
 Suppose,f
orexampl e,
thatyou'r
ewr i
ti
nganassignmentonEf fectsofDrugAbuse,andyou'
relooki
ng
t
hroughacopyofDr ugAddict’
sSt or
y,toseeift
hereareanyrelevantmater
ial
.Youscantheli
stofcontent
s
t
ofindthepar
twritenDr
t ugAbuse, thenscanthemateri
alsli
stedthere.

Ski
mmi
ng

 Wher easyouscanf orspecif

icinf
ormation,y
ouskim atexttogetageneralideaofwhatinfor
mationit
contains.
 Inthiscasey oumi ghtpi
ckupt hecopyofDr ugAddict
’sStor
yinal i
brar
y,skimthroughthecont
ents,t
urnto
acoupl eofarti
clesthati
nter
estyouandski mthroughtheparagraphstogetasenseofwhatt heyaresayi
ng.
 Youwoul dn'tr
eadev eryword,orevenlookateverypar
agraph.
 Youjustr eadenought ofi
ndoutwhet herthebook/newspaperisworthreading/
buying.

COMPREHENSI
ONSKI
LLS

SUMMARYANDNOTE-MAKI
NG.

SUMMARY

 Anexcel
lentsummar
yisasummarywr
it
tentoshowthaty
ouhavereadandunderst
oodsomet
hing.
 Youwil
lgetassi
gnment
sthatasky
out
oreadacert
ainmater
ial
andsummarizeit
.

Howt
opr
oduceasummar
y:

1.
Readt
hemat
eri
alt
obesummar
izedandbesur
eyouunder
standi
t.

2.
Out
li
net
hemaj
orpoi
nts.

3.
Wri
teaf
ir
stdr
aftoft
hesummar
ywi
thoutl
ooki
ngatt
hemat
eri
al.
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30
 0714497530

4.
Alway
susepar
aphr
asewhenwr
it
ingasummar
y.

5.
Tar
gety
ourf
ir
stdr
aftf
orappr
oxi
mat
ely1/
4thel
engt
hoft
heor
igi
nal
.

6.Nev
erputanyofyourowni
deas,
opinions,
ori
nter
pret
ati
onsi
ntot
hesummar
y.Thi
smeansy
ouhav
e
tobever
ycareful
ofyourwor
dchoice.

7.Wr
it
einpr
ose–notpoi
ntf
orm.

NOTEMAKI
NG
Howt
oMakeNot
es

Thef
oll
owi
ngt
ipswi
l
lcomei
nhandywhenmaki
ngnot
es:

1.Readt
hemat
eri
alcar
eful
l
yandt
hor
oughl
y.

2.Under
li
net
hekeysent
encesasy
our
ead.Thi
swi
l
lhel
pinf
ormi
ngt
het
it
le.

3.Makear
oughnot
eoft
hemai
npoi
ntsi
nal
ogi
cal
sequence.

4.Wr
it
ethef
inal
not
es.

Youshoul
dhav
einmi
ndt
hatanot
e:

1.Shoul
dbeshor
tandt
othepoi
nt.

2.Cont
ainal
lthei
mpor
tantandr
elev
anti
nfor
mat
ion.

3.Shoul
dhav
einf
ormat
ionsy
stemat
ical
l
ydi
vi
dedandsubdi
vi
ded.

4.Shoul
dhav
eashor
tti
tl
e.Av
oidl
ongsent
encesast
it
les.

5.Mustbewr
it
teni
npoi
ntsonl
y.

Not
esTempl
ate

TI
TLE…………………….

(
a)………………………………………….

(
b)…………………………………………

(
c)……………………………………….
.

(
d)……………………………………….
.

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31
 0714497530

GRAMMARFORFORM TWO
PARTSOFSPEECH

NOUNS

(
a)COLLECTI
VENOUNS

 Acol
l
ect
ivenouni
sawor
dforagr
oupofspeci
fi
cthi
ngsorpeopl
eregar
dedasanent
it
y.

 Col
l
ect
ivenounsar
egr
oupedundert
hreecat
egor
ies:

i
. Cat
egor
yofpeopl
e

Nove
ls,
Upda
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chool
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32
 0714497530

i
i
. Cat
egor
yofani
mal
s

i
i
i. Cat
egor
yoft
hings

1.Cat
egor
yofPeopl
e

Thecol
l
ect
iveusedher
ear
e:

 Anaudi
enceofl
i
stener
s

 Ababbl
eofbar
ber
s

 Abenchofbi
shops

 Abl
ushofboy
s

 Apr
omi
seofbar
men

 Aboar
dofdi
rect
ors

 Acl
assofst
udent
s

 Anar
myofsol
dier
s

 Abandofmusi
cians

 Abunchofcr
ooks

 Acastofact
ors/
play
ers(
alsoacompanyorcr
yof
)

 Achoi
rofsi
nger
s

 Acr
ewofsai
l
ors

 Acr
owdofpeopl
e/spect
ator
s

 Af
lockoft
our
ist
s

 Agangofl
abour
ers

 Agangoft
hiev
es

 Agor
ingofbut
cher
s

 Agr
oupofdancer
s

 Apackoft
hiev
es

 Apanel
ofexper
ts

 Ar
egi
mentofsol
dier
s

 Ast
affofempl
oyees

Nove
ls,
Upda
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33
 0714497530

 At
aber
nacl
eofbaker
s

 At
eam ofpl
ayer
s

 At
houghtofbar
ons

 At
ri
beofnat
ives

 At
roopofboyscout
s

 At
roupeofar
ti
sts/
dancer
s

2.Cat
egor
yofAni
mal
s

Thoseusedf
orani
mal
sincl
ude:

 Anar
myofant
s

 Acat
choff
ish

 Adr
oveofgoat
s/bul
l
ocks

 Af
all
ofl
ambs

 Af
li
ghtofbi
rds

 Af
lockofbi
rds

 Af
lockofsheep

 Ahaul
off
ish

 Aher
dofbuf
fal
oes/
cat
tl
e/deer
/el
ephant
s/goat
s

 Ahi
veofbees

 Ahostofspar
rows

 Akennel
ofdogs

 Aknotoff
rogs

 Al
i
tterofcubs

 Al
i
tterofki
tt
ens/
puppi
es

 Amur
derofcr
ows

 Apackofwol
ves

 Apackofhounds

Nove
ls,
Upda
tedKAS
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34
 0714497530

 Aswar
m ofbees/
fli
es

 At
eam ofhor
ses

 At
eam ofducks/
hor
ses/
oxen

 At
ri
beofgoat
s

 At
roopofl
i
ons/
monkey
s

 Azooofwi
l
dani
mal
s

3.Cat
egor
yofThi
ngs

 Anal
bum ofaut
ogr
aphs/
phot
ogr
aphs/
stamps

 Anant
hol
ogyofpoems/
stor
ies

 Abasketoff
rui
ts

 Abowl
ofr
ice

 Abouquetoff
lower
s

 Abunchofkey
s

 Achestofdr
awer
s

 Acl
oudofdust

 Aconv
oyofl
orr
ies

 Af
leetofshi
ps/
lor
ri
es

 Af
orestoft
rees(
also;
stand,
clump,
grov
eof
)

 Agal
axyofst
ars

 Agr
oupofi
slands

 Ahedgeofbushes

 Al
i
brar
yofbooks

 Anestofr
umour
s

 Apackofcar
ds

 Apackofl
i
es

 Apai
rofshoes

Nove
ls,
Upda
tedKAS
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chool
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35
 0714497530

 Ar
angeofmount
ains

 Ar
oul
eauofcoi
ns

 Ast
ackofwood

 Ast
ri
ngofpear
ls

 Awadofnot
es

Exer
cise1

Whatnamei
sgi
vent
oagr
oupof
:

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ls,
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36
 0714497530

1.Wr
it
ers

2.Wi
dows

3.Wi
tches

4.Tai
l
ors

5.Judges

6.Gr
ammar
ians

7.Shoemaker
s

8.Gi
rlgui
des

9.For
est
ers

10.Pr
isoner
s

11.Pr
eacher
s

12.Candi
dat
es

13.Mat
rons

14.Magi
str
ates

15.Lawy
ers

Nove
ls,
Upda
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ege
,Hi
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chool
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es&Re
vis
ionKi
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(
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.
com) Pa g
e37

37
 0714497530

(
b)COMPOUNDNOUNS

 Acompoundnouni
sanount
hati
smadewi
tht
woormor
ewor
ds.

 Ther
ear
ethr
eef
ormsf
orcompoundnouns:

 Openorspace–spacebet
weenwor
ds,
forexampl
e,manser
vant

 Hy
phenat
ed–hy
phenbet
weenwor
ds,
forexampl
e,si
ster
-i
n-l
aw

 Cl
osedorsol
i
d–nei
therspacenorhy
phenbet
weenwor
ds,
forexampl
e,wi
tchcr
aft

CompoundNounsCombi
nat
ions

Thef
oll
owi
ngar
ethecompoundnouncombi
nat
ionswi
thexampl
es:

Noun+Noun

Football
Eyeli
d
Adjecti
ve+Noun

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38
 0714497530

Greenhouse
Hotdogs
Verb+Noun

Washingmachi
ne
Di
nningtabl
e
Noun+Ver b

Hai
rcut
Rai
nfal
l
Ver
b+Pr eposi
ti
on

Check-
out

Noun+Pr
eposi
ti
onal
Phr
ase

Masterofceremoni
es
Si
ster-
in-l
aw
Pr
eposi t
ion+Noun

Under
dog

Noun+Adj
ect
ive

Spoonf
ul

Pl
ural
For
msofCompoundNouns

 I
ngener
al,
wemaket
hepl
ural
oft
hecompoundnounbyaddi
ng–st
othemostsi
gni
fi
cantone.Lookatt
he
t
abl
e

Si
ngul
ar Pl
ural

Headt
eacher Headt
eacher
s

Passer
by Passer
sby

Mot
her
-i
n-l
aw Mot
her
s-i
n-l
aw

Wal
l
paper Wal
l
paper
s

 Therearevar
iat
ionswiththoseendi
ngin–ful
,li
kespoonful
.Youcanei
thersayspoonsf
ul(
newst
yle)
,
spoonful
s(ol
dst y
le)
.Iti
sadv i
sabl
eyouremainconsi
stenti
nyourchoi
ce.

CompoundNoun NewSt
yle Ol
dSt
yle

Spoonf
ul Spoonsf
ul Spoonf
uls

Bucket
ful Bucket
sful Bucket
ful
s

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39
 0714497530

Cupf
ul Cupsf
ul Cupf
uls

Tr
uckf
ul Tr
ucksf
ul Tr
uckf
uls

Mout
hful Mout
hsf
ul Mout
hful
s

 Therear
ethosenounsthathavenoobv
ioussi
gni
fi
cantwor
d.Theywi
l
lrequi
rey
out
oconsul
tthedi
cti
onar
y
tofi
ndthei
rpl
ural
.Forexample,

 Go-
bet
weens

 Good-
for
-not
hings

 Gr
own-
ups

 Hi
gher
-upset
c

 Forcompoundnounsmadeofnoun+noun,
thef
ir
stnouni
stakenasanadj
ect
ive,
anddoesnott
akean–s.
examples

 Appl
etr
ees

 Toot
hbr
ushes

 Busst
ops,
etc

Exer
cise

Usi
ngcompoundnouns,
shor
tent
heunder
li
nedphr
asesi
nthesent
encesbel
ow.

(
a)Shei
scl
eani
ngar
oom f
orst
ores.

(
b)Heboughtanewr
ulerf
ormeasur
ingupt
o30cm.

(
c)Junei
stheassi
stantcl
asssecr
etar
yforf
ormt
wo.

(
d)Wehadt
ost
opatt
hest
ati
onf
ort
hebuses.

(
e)Getmesi
zeofcabl
es.

(
f)Theyboughti
tast
her
ewasr
educt
ioni
ncost
.

(
g)St
udent
sar
egi
vent
wobr
eaksoft
went
ymi
nut
es.

(
h)Thesear
ethepl
ugswi
tht
hreepi
ns.

(
i)Themechani
chascar
ri
edt
womet
alboxesf
ort
het
ool
s.

(
j)Ar
eyout
hewi
feofmyson?
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 0714497530

(
c)POSSESSI
VES
 Anouncanbeapossessi
vewheni
tcanal
sohav
e“ofa”or”
oft
he”pr
ecedi
ngi
t.Forexampl
e,

Thewat
chofagi
rl–agi
rl
’swat
ch.

Themi
l
koft
hecow–t
hecow’
smi
l
k.

Si
ngul
arPossessi
ves

 Asi
ngul
arnouni
susual
l
ymadepossessi
vebyaddi
ng‘
stot
heendoft
henoun.Forexampl
e,

Theman’
swheel
bar
rowi
slost
.

 Mostpr
opernounsar
emadepossessi
vesbyaddi
ng‘
stot
heendoft
hewor
d,f
orexampl
e,

Khal
wal
e’
sshi
rti
sdar
k.

 Asingul
arnounthatendsi
nscanbemadepossessi
vebyei
theraddi
ng‘
stot
heendoft
hewor
d,orbyonl
y
addi
ng‘totheendoftheword.Exampl
e,

Mat
thews’
jobi
sgood.

Mat
thews’
sjobi
sgood.

Pl
ural
Possessi
ves

 Apl
ural
nount
hatendsi
nscanbemadepossessi
vebyonl
yaddi
ng‘
tot
heendoft
hewor
d.Exampl
e

Al
lthet
echni
cians’
finger
swer
ecut
.

 Aplur
al nount
hatendsi
not
herl
ett
ersapar
tfr
om scanbemadepossessi
vebyaddi
ng‘
stot
hewor
d.For
example,

Thewomen’
steam wi
l
lpl
aynextweek.

Possessi
vePr
onouns

 Mostpossessi
vepr
onounsdonotuseanapost
rophet
oindi
cat
epossessi
on.Exampl
es

 Thati
sit
stai
l
.

 Hi
sist
henewone.

 Our
shasbeenr
ecei
ved.
Nove
ls,
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41
 0714497530

 Somepossessi
vepr
onounsuse‘
s,f
orexampl
e,

Gr
ade“
A”i
sev
ery
one’
sdr
eam.

Thi
sissomeone’
swr
istwat
ch.

Not
e:“
it
’s”i
sacont
ract
ionf
or“
iti
s”andnotapossessi
ve.

PRONOUNS
(
a)NUMBERANDPERSONI
NPRONOUNS

Pr
onounNumber

 Apr
onouncanbesi
ngul
arorpl
ural
.

 Si
ngul
arpr
onounsar
e:

 I
,me,
he,
him,
his,
she,
her
,it
,any
one,
thi
s,et
c

 Pl
ural
pronounsar
e:

 We,
us,
they
,them,
these,
all
,those,
etc

Pr
onounPer
son

 Pr
onounsar
edi
vi
dedi
ntot
hreegr
ammat
ical
per
sons.Thesedi
vi
sionsar
e:

 Fi
rstper
son

I
tref
erst
otheoneoronesspeaki
ng.

Thepr
onounsusedher
ear
eI,
me,
mine,
we,
us,
our
s

 Secondper
son

Nove
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 0714497530

Theonespokent
o,ordi
rect
lyaddr
essed,
isr
efer
redt
oher
e.

Thepr
onounsi
nthesecondper
sonar
eyou,
your
s

 Thi
rdper
son

I
tref
erst
otheoneoronesspokenabout
.

Somepr
onounsusedi
nthesecondper
sonar
eit
,it
s,t
hey
,thei
rs,
them

Exampl
esi
nSent
ences

i
. Shel
i
kesme.

i
i
. Fr
edboughthi
m anumbr
ell
a.

i
i
i. Your
sist
hesmal
l
est
.

(
b)I
NDEFI
NITEPRONOUNS
 Ani
ndef
ini
tepr
onoundoesnotr
efert
oanyspeci
fi
cper
son,
thi
ngoramount
.

 Somecommoni
ndef
ini
tepr
onounsar
e:

Nove
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43
 0714497530

 Al
l

 Anot
her

 Any

 Any
body

 Any
one

 Any
thi
ng

 Any
wher
e

 Bot
h

 Each

 Ei
ther

 Enough

 Ev
ery
body

 Ev
ery
one

 Ev
ery
thi
ng

 Few

 Many

 Nobody

 None

 One

 Sev
eral

 Some

 Somebody

 Someone

 Somewher
eet
c

Nove
ls,
Upda
tedKASNEB,
IT,
Coll
ege
,Hi
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chool
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 Mostindef
ini
tepr
onounsareei
thersi
ngul
arorpl
ural
.Someoft
hem can,
howev
er,
beusedassi
ngul
arand
pl
ural
dependingonthecont
ext
.

 Asi
ngul
arpr
onount
akesasi
ngul
arv
erb.Exampl
es,

i
. Eacht
eacherhaswr
it
tenher
/hi
slessonnot
es.

i
i
. Ther
ear
etwocups.Onei
smi
ne.

 Byt
hesamet
oken,
apl
ural
pronount
akesapl
ural
ver
bforagr
eement
.Exampl
es,

i
. Manyhav
ebeenher
e.

i
i
. Bot
har
emyf
ri
ends.

Meani
ngofSomeTy
pical
Indef
ini
tePr
onouns

Si
ngul
arI
ndef
ini
tePr
onouns

Pr
onoun Meani
ng Exampl
einaSent
ence

Anot
her Addi
ti
onal Thatcookwasst
ubbor
n.Cany
ou
hel
pmegetanother
?

Any
body
/any
one Nomat
terwhatper
son I
sther
eany
oneathome?

Any
thi
ng Nomat
terwhatt
hing I
sther
eany
thi
ngl
eftt
her
e?

Each Ev
eryoneoft
woormor
e Eachhast
opayf
ort
hedamage.

Ei
ther Oneoft
het
wo Ei
theri
sok.

Enough Asmuchasneeded Ther

eisenoughmoneyt
otakeus
thewhol
eweek.

Ev
ery
body
/ev
ery
one Al
lpeopl
e Si
nceevery
onehasarr
ivedhas
l
eft
,youcanlockt
hegate.

Ev
ery
thi
ng Al
lthi
ngs Ever
ythi
ngthatbel
ongst
othem
havebeensweptbyfl
ood.

Nei
ther Notoneandnott
heot
heroft
he Ial
waysadviseMuktarandAsi
ya
t
wo butnei
therl
i
stenst
ome.

Nobody
/no-
one Noper
son Ihavewrit
tentomanypeopl
ebut
no-onehasrepl
ied.

Not
hing Notany
thi
ng Not
hinghasbeenhear
dfr
om
t
hem si
nce.

One Anuni
dent
if
iedper
sonort
hing Onehasnotbeenf
ound.

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 0714497530

Ot
her Adif
ferentonefr
om theonet
hat Oneofthetwinsisbr
ownwhi
l
e
hasbeenment i
oned t
heotherisdark.

Somebody
/someone Unknownorunspeci
fi
edper
son Someonei
smi
ssi
ng.

Somet
hing Anunspeci
fi
edt
hing Ihopeshei
scooki
ngsomet
hing.

Pl
ural
Indef
ini
tePr
onouns

 Bot
h

 Many

 Al
l

Exer
cise1

Compl
etet
hesent
encewi
tht
hemostappr
opr
iat
eindef
ini
tepr
onounf
rom t
hel
i
stgi
venbel
ow.

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Everyone
Somewher e
Everybody
Nothing
Anywher e
Anything
Anybody
Somet hi
ng

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 0714497530

1.Wouldl i
ke_ ____
_________todrink?
2.Icouldn’tsee__________
_ _
_int hedark.
3.Does_ _______
_knowher ?
4.Don’taskwher eshehasgone.Dor othycango_____
__ _
__shef eel
sli
kegoi
ng.
5.Theweaponswer efound_ __________
_here.
6.Thereis_ ___
________towat ch.
7.Since___ _
________
_hasl eft,t
heshopcanbecl osed.
8.Wewi llgetyou_ _____
_______youar e.Youcan’
thi
def orlong.
9._ _
___
_ _
__ _
__hasappr ovedourpr oposal
.
10.Wewer etoldthatthereisagoodschool ___
___
_____
__nearher e.
Exerci
se2

Rewr
it
eeachsent
enceusi
ngt
hewor
dinbr
acket
s.

1.Hesai
dnot
hingusef
ul.(
any
thi
ng)

2.Ther
eisnoany
thi
ngl
eft
.(not
hing)

3.Canany
oneanswert
hisquest
ion?(
no-
one)

VERBS

(
a)AUXI
LIARYVERBS

 Auxil
iary(orHel
ping)v
erbsar
eusedtogetherwi
thamai
nver
btoshowt
hev
erb’
stenseort
ofor
ma
negativ
eorquestion.
 Therear etwocat
egori
esofauxi
l
iar
yverbs:

(
i)Pr
imar
yAuxi
l
iar
ies
(
ii
)Modal
auxi
l
iar
ies

(
a)Pr
imar
yAuxi
l
li
ari
es

 Themostcommonauxi
l
iar
yver
bsar
ehav
e,be,
anddo.
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48
 0714497530

 Thet
hreehav
ethei
rfor
msasshownbel
ow.

Ver
b For
ms

Be  Be
 Am
 I
s
 Ar
e
 Was
 Wer
e
 Been
 Bei
ng

Hav
e  Hav
e
 Has
 Had

Do  Do
 Does
 Di
d

Exampl
esi
nSent
ences

1.Emi
l
ianai
srunni
ngawayf
rom us.
2.I
fshedoesn’
tcomeont
ime,
she’
l
lhav
etodoal
lthewor
k.
3.Doesy
ournamebegi
nwi
than“
F”?
4.Theboy
shav
efi
nishedt
her
ace.
5.Iam wr
it
ingy
ouanot
ice
6.Themi
l
khasbeendr
ankbyt
hecat
.

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 0714497530

7.Ihav
epur
chasedanewpai
rofshoest
orepl
acet
heonest
hatwer
elosti
nmyl
uggage.
8.Wehopey
oudon’
tdr
opoutofschool
.
9.Shewasaski
ngWachi
raaquest
ion.
10.Ri
char
dhasbeenwor
kinghar
dthewhol
eyear
.
11.Sar
ahdoesn’
tski
orr
oll
erskat
e.

(
b)Modal
Auxi
l
iar
yVer
bs

 Unl
iket
hepri
maryauxi
l
iar
yv er
bs,modal
auxil
i
ari
esnev
erchangef
orm.
 Lookatthel
i
stofmodalauxil
i
aryver
bsfol
l
ows:

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 0714497530

 Can
 Could
 May
 Might
 Must
 Need
 Oughtto
 Shal
l
 Shoul
d
 Wil
l
 Would

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 0714497530

Funct
ionsofAuxi
l
iar
yVer
bs

Auxi
l
iar
yver
bs,
alsoknownashel
pingv
erbs,
addf
unct
ional
orgr
ammat
ical
meani
ngt
othecl
ausesi
nwhi
ch
t
heyappear
.Theyper
for
mthei
rfunct
ionsi
nsev
eral
dif
fer
entway
s:

 Theyexpr
esst
ense.Forexampl
epast
,pr
esentandf
utur
e.
 Makesent
encesgr
ammat
ical
l
ycor
rect
.
 Theyquant
if
yver
bs.
 Sent
encesar
eemphasi
zedt
hrought
hem.

Auxi
l
iar
yver
bsal
mostal
way
sappeart
oget
herwi
thamai
nver
b,andt
hought
her
ear
eonl
yaf
ewoft
hem,
they
ar
eamongt
hemostf
requent
lyoccur
ri
ngv
erbsi
ntheEngl
i
shl
anguage.

Auxi
l
iar
yVer
bExer
cises

Fi
l
lint
hebl
ankwi
tht
hecor
rectauxi
l
iar
yver
bfr
om t
hechoi
cespr
esent
ed:

1.What_ _____
__________thekidsdoingwheny oulastsawt hem?( was, were, ar e,did, been)
2.Car la______
__________alwayswant edtotryskydivi
ng.( was, doesn’ t
, has,is, hav e)
3.Wher e_______
___________yougoony oursummerv acation?( were, been, are, did, does)
4.Whydoy outhinkshe_ _
_______
_cal l
youlikeshesai dshewoul d?(didn’t,is,hasn’ t
, hasbeen, have)
5.Mar y_____
________goingt obeupsetwhenshehear swhathappened.( will,don’ t,is, di
dn’t
,has)
6.Jer emy_ _____
_______wantt ogot othemov ies;
hewant st ost ayhomei nst ead.( doesn’ t,
isn’
t,wasn’
t,
hasn’t,
wasnot )
7.I_ ______
________
__appr eciat
ehisjokes.Theywer en’tfunny .(did,hav e,been, didn’t, haven’
t)
8.Ir eall
yli
kefishbutI_ _______
_______careformeat.( weren’t,been, don’t,i
s, was)
9.Wher e_______
______y ougoingwhenIsawy oul
astni ght?(wer e,was, i
s,do, did)
10.Tara_ _
________
______calledyet;she’
slateasusual .(ar
e, wer e,has, hasn’t,woul dn’ t
)

Answer
s:1–wer
e,2–has,
3–di
d,4–di
dn’
t,
5–i
s,6–doesn’
t,
7–di
dn’
t,
8–don’
t,
9–wer
e,10–hasn’
t

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(
b)PERFECTI
VEASPECT

 Al
socal
l
edcompl
eteaspect
,ist
heaspectofav
erbwhi
chexpr
essesacompl
etedact
ion.

 Thecompl
etedact
ioncanbe:

 I
nthepast
,forexampl
e,

 Wehadmet
.

 Shehadl
eft
.

 Theyhaddr
unk.

 I
nthepr
esent
,exampl
es,

 Ihav
eseeni
t.

 Hehast
akenhi
sbag.

 I
thasdr
unki
tsmi
l
k.

 I
nfut
ure,
forexampl
e,

 Shewi
l
lhav
elef
t.

 Theywi
l
lhav
egone.

 Hel
sywi
l
lhav
ecompl
eted.

Howt
oFor
mthePer
fect
iveAspect

 For
medbyusi
ngt
heauxi
l
iar
yver
bhav
eandt
hepastpar
ti
cipl
efor
m oft
hemai
nver
b.

PastPer
fectTense

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 0714497530

 Expr
essesact
ioncompl
etedi
nthepast
.

 Ther
ecoul
dbeoneact
ioncompl
etedbef
oret
heonest
art
ed.

Exampl
esi
nSent
ences

1.Whenhear
ri
ved,
Ihadal
readyeat
en.

2.Johnhadf
ini
shedhi
ghschool
byt
het
imeIj
oinedf
orm one.

3.Gr
egor
yhadseent
hem.

ThePr
esentPer
fectTense

 Expr
essest
heact
ioncompl
etedi
nthepr
esent
,bef
oret
henextonest
art
s.

 Exampl
esofsent
encesi
nthi
stensear
e:

 Hehaspl
ayed.

 Wehav
efi
nished.

 Ihav
ejumpedal
ready
.

TheFut
urePer
fectTense

 Thefut
ureperf
ecttenseref
erstoacompl etedacti
oninthefut
ure.Whenweuset histensewear
e
proj
ect
ingour
selvesfor
wardintothefutureandl ooki
ngbackatanact i
onthatwil
lbecomplet
ed
sometimelat
erthannow.Itismostoftenusedwi thati
meexpression.
 Thefut
ureperf
ectiscomposedoft woel ement s
thesi
mplefut
ureoftheverb"tohave"(willhave)+thepastpar
tici
pleofthemainverb

Af
fi
rmat
ive Negat
ive I
nter
rogat
ive Negat
iveI
nter
rogat
ive

Iwi
l
lhav
ejumped Iwon'
thav
ejumped Wi
l
lIhav
ejumped? Won'
tIhav
ejumped?

Youwi
l
lhav
ejumped Youwon'
thav
ejumped Wi
l
lyouhav
ejumped?Won'
tyouhav
ejumped?

Hewi
l
lhav
ejumped Hewon'
thav
ear
ri
ved Wi
l
lhehav
ear
ri
ved? Won'
thehav
ear
ri
ved?

Wewi
l
lhav
ejumped Wewon'
thav
ejumped Wi
l
lwehav
ejumped?Won'
twehav
ejumped?

Theywi
l
lhav
ejumpedTheywon'
thav
ejumpedWi
l
ltheyhav
ejmped?Won'
ttheyhav
ejumped?

Funct
ion

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Ex
ampl
es

 Iwi
llhavebeenher eforsi
xmont hsonJune23r
d.
 Bythetimey oureadthi
sIwi l
lhaveleft
.
 Youwillhavefi
nishedyourreportbythi
sti
menextweek.
 Won'ttheyhavearri
vedby5:00?
 Wil
lyouhav eeatenwhenIpi ckyouup?

(
c)PROGRESSI
VEASPECT

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 0714497530

 I
texpr
essesanon-
goi
ngact
ion.

 Theact
ioncoul
dhav
ebeeni
nthepast
,pr
esent
,orwi
l
lhappeni
nfut
ure.

 Ver
bsi
nthi
saspectar
erecogni
zabl
ebyt
hepr
esentpar
ti
cipl
e(-
ing)

Pr
ogr
essi
veAspectwi
thPastTense

Weuset
hepat
ter
n:

Wasorwer
e+pr
esentPar
ti
cipl
e,

Ex
ampl
es

 Wewer
etr
avel
l
ing.

 Shewaswr
it
ing.

Pr
ogr
essi
veAspectwi
thPr
esentTense

Thepat
ter
nbel
owi
sused

I
sorar
e+pr
esentpar
ti
cipl
e,f
orexampl
e

 Shei
swr
it
ing.

 Theyar
edanci
ng.

Pr
ogr
essi
veAspectWi
thFut
ureTi
me

Tof
ormt
his,
weuset
hepat
ter
n:

Wi
l
lbe+pr
esentpar
ti
cipl
e

 Hewi
l
lbecy
li
ng.

 Theywi
l
lbecr
ying.

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 0714497530

(
d)FUTURETI
ME

 Thereareanumberofdif
fer
entway sofrefer
ri
ngtothefutureinEngli
sh.Iti
simport
antt
or emember
thatweareexpr
essingmorethansimplytheti
meoft heactionorevent.
 Futurealway
srefer
stoatime'lat
erthannow',buti
tmayal soexpressouratti
tudet
othefutur
eevent
.

Al
loft
hef
oll
owi
ngi
deascanbeexpr
essedusi
ngdi
ff
erentt
enses:

(
i) Si
mpl
epr
edi
cti
on:
Ther
ewi
l
lbest
ri
kenextweek.
(
i)Ar
i rangement
s:Shei
srunni
ngt
oKi
l
gor
ist
omor
row.
(
ii
i)Pl
ansandi
ntent
ions:
Theyar
egoi
ngt
ofl
ytoLondoni
nDecember
.
(
iv)Pr
edi
cti
onbasedonpr
esentev
idence:
Ithi
nki
t'
sgoi
ngt
orai
n!
(
v)Wi
l
li
ngness:
Shewi
l
lpayy
ourf
ee.
(
vi)Anact
ioni
npr
ogr
essi
nthef
utur
e:Thi
sti
menexty
earhewi
l
lbei
nfor
mthr
ee.
(
vi)Ane
i ventoract
iont
hati
sar
out
ine:
Youwi
l
lbeseei
ngPer
pet
uai
nthechur
cht
omor
row.
(
vii
i
) Obl
i
gat
ion:
Youar
etodr
ivedi
rect
lyt
omyhouse.
(
ix)Anact
ionorev
entt
hatwi
l
ltakepl
acei
mmedi
atel
yorv
erysoon:
Thet
rai
nisaboutt
oleav
e.
x)Pr
( oject
ingour
sel
vesi
ntot
hef
utur
eandl
ooki
ngbackatacompl
etedact
ion:
Amont
hfr
om nowhewi
l
l
hav
efi
nishedal
lhi
sexams.

Thef
ourf
utur
ever
btensesi
nEngl
i
shar
e:

 Simplef
uturetense
 Futur
econtinuoustense
 Futur
eperfecttense
 Futur
eperfectconti
nuoust
ense

Si
mpl
efut
uret
ense

Thesi
mpl
efut
urer
efer
stoat
imel
atert
hannow,
andexpr
essesf
act
sorcer
tai
nty
.

Exampl
esi
nSent
ences

(
i)Iwi
ll
seeyoulat
er.
(
ii
)Shewil
ldoi
t.Donotwor
ry.

Howt
oFor
mthesi
mpl
efut
ure

 Thesi
mplefut
uretensei
scomposedoft
wopar
t wi
s: l
l/shal
l+t
hei
nfi
nit
ivewi
thoutt
o.
 st
udythet
ablebel
ow:

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 0714497530

Af
fi
rmat
ive Negat
ive I
nter
rogat
ive

Iwi
l
lvi
sit Iwon’
tvi
sit
. Wi
l
lIv
isi
t?

Iwi
l
lnotv
isi
t. Won’
tIv
isi
t?

Shewi
l
lvi
sit
. Shewon’
tvi
sit
. Wi
l
lshev
isi
t?

Shewi
l
lnotv
isi
t. Won’
tshev
isi
t?

Theywi
l
lvi
sit
. Theywon’
tvi
sit
. Wi
l
ltheyv
isi
t?

Theywi
l
lnotv
isi
t. Won’
ttheyv
isi
t?

Cont
ract
ionsi
nsi
mpl
eFut
ure

Iwil
l=I'
ll
Wewi l
l=we' l
l
Youwill=you'l
l
Hewill=he'l
l
Shewil
l =she'l
l
Theywill=they'
l
l
Wil
lnot=won' t

Fut
urecont
inuous

 Thefut
ureconti
nuousref
erstoanunfini
shedactionoreventthatwillbeinpr
ogressatati
mel
atert
han
now.
 Thefut
ureconti
nuousismadeupof :
thesi
mplefut
ureoftheverb'
tobe'+thepresentparti
cipl
e(base+ing)
 Thefut
ureconti
nuousisusedforqui
teafewdi f
ferentpurposes.Thesefunct
ionsincl
ude:

(
i) Topr
ojectonesel
fint
othef
utur
e.Exampl
e

Thi
sti
menextmont
hshewi
l
lbewr
it
ingherf
inal
paper
.

(
ii
)Topr
edi
ctorguessaboutf
utur
eev
ent
s.Exampl
e

Nove
ls,
Upda
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e,Hi
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ionKi
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ge58

58
 0714497530

You'
l
lbemi
ssi
ngt
hesemeal
soncel
eav
ehi
ghschool
.

(
ii
i)Toaskpol
i
tel
yfori
nfor
mat
ionaboutt
hef
utur
e.Exampl
e

Wi
l
lyoubeat
tendi
ngmyweedi
ngt
hisweekend?

(
iv)
Tor
efert
ocont
inuousev
ent
sexpect
edt
ohappeni
nthef
ut e.
ur Exampl
es

I
'
llbet
raci
nghi
m nextmont
h.

Fut
ureper
fect

 Thef
utur
eper
fectt
enser
efer
stoacompl
etedact
ioni
nthef
utur
e.
 I
nusi
ngt
hist
ense,
wepr
ojectour
sel
vesf
orwar
dint
othef
utur
eandl
ooki
ngbackatanact
iont
hatwi
l
lbe
compl
etedsomet
imel
atert
hannow.
 I
tismostof
tenusedwi
that
imeexpr
essi
on.
 Tof
ormi
t,i
ncl
ude:
t
hesi
mpl
efut
ureoft
hev
erb"
tohav
e"(
wil
lhav
e)+t
hepastpar
ti
cipl
eoft
hemai
nver
b

Exampl
esi
nSent
ences

(
i) Won’
tyoubeher
eformypar
tyf
ort
hreehour
snextweek?
(
i)Youwi
i l
lhav
eev
acuat
edt
hebui
l
dingbyt
het
imet
heconst
ruct
orsar
ri
ve.
(
ii
i)Shewi
l
lhav
elef
tbyt
het
imewear
ri
ve.

Fut
urePer
fectCont
inuous

 Thi
stensei
susedt
opr
ojectonesel
ffor
war
dint
imeandt
olookback.
 I
tref
erst
oev
ent
soract
ionsi
nat
imebet
weennowandsomef
utur
eti
mear
eunf
ini
shed.
 I
tismostof
tenusedwi
that
imeexpr
essi
on.
 Thef
utur
eper
fectcont
inuousi
scomposedoft
woel
ement
s
t
hef
utur
eper
fectoft
hev
erb"
tobe"(
wil
lhav
ebeen)+t
hepr
esentpar
ti
cipl
eoft
hemai
nver
b(base+i
ng)
 St
udyt
heexampl
esbel
ow:

(
i)Iwi
l
lhav
ebeendoi
ngmydegr
eeatt
heuni
ver
sit
yfort
woy
ear
sby2019.
(
i)By2030hewi
i l
lhav
ebeendr
ivi
nghi
scarf
or15y
ear
s.
(
ii
i)Nexty
earIwi
l
lhav
ebeenl
ear
ningi
nthi
sschool
fort
hreey
ear
s.

Nove
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59
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ADJECTI
VES
ORDEROFADJECTI
VES

 Adj
ect
ivesdenot
ingat
tri
but
esusual
l
yoccuri
naspeci
fi
cor
der
.

 I
ngener
al,
adj
ect
ivesf
oll
owt
hef
oll
owi
ngor
der
:

Or
der Exampl
es

Quant
it
y Thi
rt
y,many
,some

Opi
nion Nast
y,di
rt
y,beaut
if
ul

Si
ze Shor
t,t
iny
,huge

Shape Squar
e,r
ound,
cir
cul
ar

Age Young,
new,
20-
year
-ol
d

Col
our Gr
een,
indi
go,
pink

Or
igi
n/Nat
ional
i
ty Keny
an,
Engl
i
sh,
Chi
nese

Pur
pose Ser
ving,
sleepi
ng,

Mat
eri
al Gl
ass,
ear
then,
met
all
i
c

Noun

Exampl
esi
nSent
ences

i
. Hami
sihasdeci
dedt
osel
lhi
sfl
ashynewGer
mancar
.

i
i
. Imetsev
eral
char
mingI
ndi
anl
adi
es.

i
i
i. Ther
ear
ethr
eebi
gfoot
bal
lbal
l
sint
hest
ore.

i
v. Shehasboughtaf
ewsmal
lwhi
tesl
eepi
ngmat
s.

Nove
ls,
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ionKi
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60
 0714497530

ADVERBS
(
a)ADVERBSOFPLACE

 Theyt
alkaboutwhent
heact
ionhappened,
wil
lhappen,
orhappens.

 Theyar
epl
acedaf
tert
hemai
nver
borobj
ect
.

 Exampl
esofadv
erbsofpl
acear
e:

 Up

 Down

 Far

 Ov
erseas

 Near
by

 Nor
th,
etc

Exampl
esi
nSent
ences

1.Shewentt
her
e.

2.Thesuper
mar
keti
snear
by.

3.Shewentov
erseas.

4.Thebedr
oom i
supst
air
s.

(
b)ADVERBSOFDEGREE

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61
 0714497530

 Anadver
bofdegreet
ell
sust
hei
ntesi
tyatwhi
chatwhi
chanact
ionoccur
s,ordegr
eeofanadj
ect
iveor
anot
heradv
erb.

 Exampl
esofadv
erbsofdegr
eear
e:

 Ext
remel
y

 Qui
te

 Ver
y

 Al
most

 Justet
c

Exampl
esi
nSent
ences

1.I
tver
ycol
dout
side.

2.Thi
swat
eri
sext
remel
yhot
.

PREPOSI
TIONS

COMPLEXPREPOSI
TIONS

 Acompl
expr
eposi
ti
onconsi
stsoft
woort
hreewor
dcombi
nat
ionsbutact
ingasasi
ngl
euni
t.

 Bel
owar
etheexampl
es:

 I
naccor
dancewi
th

 Onbehal
fof

 I
nai
dof

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62
 0714497530

 I
nli
newi
th

 Wi
thr
espectt
o

 Bymeanof

 I
nrel
ati
ont
o

Exampl
esi
nSent
ences

1.Iam wr
it
ingi
nregar
dtowhatwedi
scussedy
est
erday
.

2.Hecameonbehal
fofhi
sboss.

3.Awor
dcanbedi
sti
ngui
shedont
hebasi
sofst
ress.

CONJUNCTI
ONS

SUBORDI
NATI
NGCONJUNCTI
ONS
 Asubor
dinat
ingconj
unct
ionj
oinsasubor
dinat
ecl
ause(
dependent
)toamai
ncl
ause(
independentcl
ause)
.

 Asubor
dinat
ingconj
unct
ioni
sal
way
sfol
l
owedbyacl
ause.

Nove
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63
 0714497530

 I
treducesthei
mpor
tanceofonecl
ausesot
hatt
her
eaderunder
standswhi
choft
het
woi
deasar
e
i
mpor t
ant.

 Separ
atethesubordi
nat
ecl
ausef
rom t
hemai
ncl
ausewi
thacommawhent
hesent
encebegi
nwi
tha
subor
dinat
eclause.

 Thef
oll
owi
ngi
sal
i
stofcommonsubor
dinat
ingconj
unct
ions:

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64
 0714497530

 Af
ter  Though

 Al
though  Ti
l
l

 As  Unl
ess

 Asi
f  Unt
il

 Asl
ongas  When

 Asmuchas  Whenev
er

 Assoonas  Wher
e

 Ast
hough  Wher
eas

 Because  Wher
ever

 Bef
ore  Whi
l
e

 Ev
eni
f  Why

 Ev
ent
hough

 How

 I
f

 I
nasmuch

 I
nor
dert
hat

 Lest

 Nowt
hat

 Once

 Pr
ovi
ded

 Provi
ded
that

 Si
nce

 Sot
hat

 Than

 That
Nove
ls,
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65
 0714497530

Exampl
esi
nSent
ences

i
. Whent
hedoorwasknocked,
Joanr
oset
oopeni
t.

i
i
. I
tishar
dtogi
veupdr
ugsoncey
ougetaddi
cted.

i
i
i. BecauseIwassi
ck,
Iwentt
oseet
hedoct
or.

i
v. Al
thoughi
twascol
d,het
ookof
fhi
scoat
.

v
. Ican’
ttakey
ououtsi
nceIhav
enomoney
.

Exer
cise

Combi
net
hepai
rofsent
encesusi
ngsubor
dinat
ingconj
unct
ion.Chooset
heconj
unct
ionf
rom t
hel
i
stbel
ow.

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66
 0714497530

Rathert han
Whi l
e
Wher eas
Nowt hat
Before
Whetherornot
Once
Event hough
Si
nce

Nove
ls,
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ege
,Hi
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chool
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67
 0714497530

1.Henr
ypassedt
heexamsf
ir
stt
ime.Janehadt
oret
aket
heexamst
wice.

2. Mysi
sterl
i
kesMat
h.Ipr
eferChemi
str
y.

3.I
twasr
aini
ng.Idi
dn’
tgetwet
.

4.Iwi
l
lbel
atet
oday
.Ther
eisj
am i
ntown.

5.Nj
ugunapassedt
het
est
.Nj
ugunadi
dnotr
evi
se.

6.Iwi
l
lleav
e.Ther
eissomeonet
otakecar
eoft
hebaby
.

7.Johni
saboy
.Mar
yisagi
rl
.

8.Got
opl
ay.Cal
lyoursi
ster
.

9.Idi
dn’
tgi
vet
hemoneyt
omysi
ster
.Igav
ethemoneyt
omycousi
n.

10.Youknowhi
m per
sonal
l
y.Youhav
etoagr
eet
hathehasdoneal
otf
ort
hiscount
ry.

Nove
ls,
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68
 0714497530

I
NTERJECTI
ONS
 Awor
d(s)usedt
oexcl
aim orpr
otestorcommand.

 Ani
nject
ionconv
eysanemot
ion.Theemot
ioncanbeofj
oy,
disgust
,sur
pri
se,
exci
tement
,et
c.

 Thi
swor
disnor
mal
l
ypl
acedatt
hebegi
nni
ngofasent
ence.

 Af
orcef
uli
nject
ioni
sfol
l
owedbyanexcl
amat
ionmar
k.

 Al
essf
orcef
uli
nject
ioni
sfol
l
owedbyacomma.

Exampl
esi
nSent
ences

i
. Wow!Ihav
ewoni
t!

i
i
. Jeeper
s,t
hatwast
oocl
ose.

i
i
i. I
ndeed,
Ili
kei
t.

i
v. Good!Icannowr
elax
.

v
. Oh,
Idi
dn’
tknowaboutt
hat

v
i. No,
leav
emeal
one.

I
nter
ject
ionswhi
char
eSounds

I
nter
ject
ionst
hatf
oll
owar
eofsounds:

 Phew

 Ah!

 Mmm!

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 0714497530

 Humph

Exer
cise

Fi
l
lthebl
ankswi
thappr
opr
iat
eint
erj
ect
ions.

1._
___
___
___
,Ican’
tseey
out
omor
row.

2._
___
___
__,
Iwi
l
lwai
tfory
ou.

3._
___
___
___!Thet
rai
nisl
eav
ing!

4._
___
___
___
_Icannowgoandpl
ay.

5._
___
___
__!Iam l
osti
nthi
sbi
gtown!

6._
___
___
__,
thati
swonder
ful
.

PHRASES
(
a)CONSTI
TUENTSOFVERBPHRASES

 Asent
encemusthav
eav
erb.

 Av
erbphr
asehasav
erbast
heheadwor
d.

 Av
erbphr
aseconsi
stsofamai
nver
bpl
usauxi
l
iar
yveb(
s).

 Lookatt
hesent
encebel
ow.

Thesegi
rl
sar
eannoy
ing.

Ar
eannoy
ingi
sthev
erbphr
ase.

Ar
eisanauxi
l
iar
yver
b.

Annoy
ingi
sthemai
nver
b.

 Themai
nver
bnor
mal
l
ycomesatt
heendoft
hephr
ase.

Mor
eExampl
esI
nSent
ences
Nove
ls,
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70
 0714497530

1.Thepr
iceshav
efal
l
en.

2.Theycoul
dber
unni
ngf
rom me.

3.Theyhav
ebeenaski
ngt
hisquest
ionov
erandov
eragai
n.

4.Sheshoul
dhav
ebeenwr
it
ingt
hebook.

Nove
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71
 0714497530

(
b)CONSTI
TUENTSOFADVERBPHRASES
 Anadv
erbphr
asei
sawor
dgr
oupwi
thanadv
erbast
hemai
nwor
d.

 Anadv
erbphr
asecanmodi
fyav
erb,
anadj
ect
ive,
oranadv
erb.

Const
it
uent
sofAdv
erbPhr
ases

Anadv
erbphr
asecanconsi
stof
:

 Anadv
erb

 Pr
emodi
fi
er,
whi
chcanbeanadv
erb,
adj
ect
ive,
orapr
eposi
ti
on.

 Postmodi
fi
er

Adv
erbPhr
asesExampl
es

i
. Qui
tesl
owl
y

Qui
tei
sthepr
emodi
fi
er,
whi
l
esl
owl
yist
headv
erb

i
i
. OnFr
idayni
ght

Pr
emodi
fi
eri
sthepr
eposi
ti
onon.ni
ghti
sthepostmodi
fi
er

Exampl
esi
nSent
ences

i
. Thepr
ojectwasdonev
erysl
owl
y.

i
i
. Wet
alkedal
ldayl
ong.

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 0714497530

CLAUSES

(
a)I
NDEPENDENTANDSUBORDI
NATECLAUSES

I
ndependentCl
auses

 Acl
ausei
sindependentwheni
tmeet
sthef
oll
owi
ngcondi
ti
ons:

 I
thasasubj
ect

 I
thasanact
ion—whatt
hesubj
ecti
sdoi
ng.

 I
texpr
essesacompl
etet
hought
.

Exampl
es

1.Wel
efthome.

2.Hel
i
vesi
nNai
robi
.

Subor
dinat
eCl
auses

 Asubor
dinatecl
ause(
ordependent
)cl
asusecannotst
andal
oneasasent
encesi
ncei
tdoesnotexpr
essa
compl
etethought
.

 Adependentcl
ausebegi
nswi
thasubor
dinat
econj
unct
ionorr
elat
ivepr
onounsorar
elat
iveadv
erb.

 I
tleav
esonewonder
ing“
whathappened?
”

Exampl
es

1.Wher
eshewent

2.Bef
oreKhami
siar
ri
ved.

3.Af
tersheabusedme.

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73
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(
b)COMPOUNDSENTENCES
 Acompoundsent
encehast
woi
ndependentcl
auses.

 Anindependentcl
ause,
asear
li
erdi
scussed,
hasasubj
ectandandav
erbandexpr
essesacompl
ete
thought
.

 Thetwoi
ndependentcl
ausefor
mingacompoundsent
encear
ejoi
nedusi
ngacoor
dinat
ingconj
unct
ion.
Atti
mes,
asemi coloni
sused.

 Thecoor
dinat
ingconj
unct
ionsar
e:

 For

 And

 Nor

 But

 Or

 Yet

 So

Theseconj
unct
ionscanbebestr
emember
edbyahandymnemoni
c:FANBOYS.

 Her
eisanexampl
eofacompoudsent
ence:

Hewor
ksi
nWaj
i
r,buthest
aysi
nIsi
olo.

 Thesent
encehast
woi
ndependentcl
auses:
hewor
ksi
nWaj
i
randhest
aysi
nIsi
olo.
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 0714497530

 Buti
sthecoor
dinat
ionconj
unct
ionj
oini
ngt
het
wocl
auses.

Ot
herExampl
es

1.Rosewant
edt
obuyadr
ess,
butshedi
dn’
thav
eenoughmoney
.

2.Theydi
dnotgot
ochur
ch,
yett
hei
rpar
entadv
isedt
hem t
o.

3.Doy
ouwantt
ogot
oRongoorHomabay
?

(
c)COMPLEXSENTENCES
 Acompl
exsent
encei
smadeupofani
ndependentcl
auseandatl
eastonedependentcl
auses.

 Adependentcl
ausel
acksoneoft
heel
ement
sthatwoul
dmakei
tacompl
etesent
ence.

 Thecl
ausesmaki
ngupt
hecompl
exsent
encear
ecombi
nedusi
ngasubor
dinat
ingconj
unct
ion.

 Her
eisanexampl
efory
ou:

Mobi
l
ephoneshav
ehel
pedal
otsi
ncet
heycamet
othemar
ket
.

 Theindependentcl
ausemobi
l
ephoneshav
ehel
pedal
oti
sjoi
nedt
othedependentcl
ausesi
nce
theycamet othemarket
.

Mor
eExampl
esi
nSent
ences

1.Al
thoughdeereatmycr
ops,
theyar
ecut
e.

2.Bef
orey
oul
eav
e,gi
vemey
ouraddr
ess.

3.Whi
l
eIpr
eferaper
manenthouse,
mywi
fepr
efer
sasemi
per
manentone.

Nove
ls,
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e,Hi
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chool
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ionKi
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ge75

75
 0714497530

(
d)ACTI
VEANDPASSI
VEVOI
CE
 Asent
encecanei
therhav
eav
erbi
nact
ivef
orm orpassi
vef
orm.

Act
iveVoi
ce

 I
nasent
encewi
thanact
ivev
erb,
thesubj
ectper
for
mst
heact
iondenot
edbyt
hev
erb.

 Her
eisasent
encewher
ethesubj
ecti
sper
for
mingt
hev
erb’
sact
on.

Jamesi
swr
it
ingt
henot
es.

 Jamesi
sthesubj
ectdoi
ngt
heact
ion“
wri
ti
ng”
.

 Si
ncet
hesubj
ectJamesdoest
heact
ion,
thesent
encei
ssai
dtobei
ntheact
ivev
oice.

Mor
eExampl
es

Nove
ls,
Upda
tedKAS
NEB,
IT,
Col
leg
e,Hi
ghS
chool
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es&Re
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ionKi
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76
 0714497530

1.Ri
char
dlockedt
hedoor
.

2.Akot
hpai
ntedt
her
oom.

3.Hei
sbuy
ingt
hephone.

Passi
veVoi
ce

 Anor
mal
orderofmanyact
ivesent
encescanbechanged,
sucht
hatt
hesubj
ecti
snol
ongeract
ive.

 I
nthecaseabov
e,t
hesubj
ecti
sbei
ngact
eduponbyt
hev
erb.

 Her
eisanexampl
efory
ou:

Thenot
eswer
ewr
it
tenbyJames.

 Thesubj
ecti
sthenot
es.

 i
tispassi
veasi
tisact
eduponbyt
hev
erb.

 Si
ncet
hesubj
ecti
sbei
ngact
edupon,
thesent
encei
ssai
dtobei
napassi
vev
oice.

Mor
eExampl
es

1.Thedoorwasl
ocked.

2.Ther
oom waspai
ntedbyAkot
h.

3.Thephonei
sbei
ngboughtbyhi
m.

Changi
ngaSent
encef
rom Act
iveVoi
cet
oPassi
veVoi
ce

Fol
l
owt
hest
epsbel
owi
nor
dert
ochanget
hesent
encef
rom act
ivet
opassi
vev
oice:

 Mov
etheact
ivesent
ence’
sdi
rectobj
ecti
nthesubj
ect
’ssl
ot.

 Pl
acet
heact
ivesent
ence’
ssubj
ecti
ntoaphr
asebegi
nni
ngwi
tht
hepr
eposi
ti
on“
by”.

 Addaf
orm oft
heauxi
l
iar
yver
b“be”t
othemai
nver
bandchanget
hemai
nver
b’sf
orm.

Exer
cise

Changet
hesent
encesbel
owt
opassi
vev
oice.

1.Jul
i
etchangedt
hef
latt
ir
e.

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 0714497530

2.Gr
egor
ypai
ntedt
heent
ir
ehouse.

3.Whot
aughty
ouPhy
sics?

4.Nooneanswer
edmycal
l
.

5.Whost
olemybag?

6.Thehunt
erki
l
ledt
heant
elope.

7.Theywi
l
lsendherasuccesscar
d.

8.Thet
err
ibl
enewsshockedev
ery
one.

GRAMMARANSWERS
PARTSOFSPEECH

NOUNS

COLLECTI
VENOUNS

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78
 0714497530

1) Wor
shi
p

2)Ambush

3)Cov
en

4)Adi
sgui
sing

5)Bench

6)Aconj
unct
ion

7)Bl
ackeni
ng

8)Company

9)St
alk

10)Api
ty/
agang

11)Conv
ert
ing

12)Sl
ate

13)Ri
ches

14)Bench

15)El
oquence

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ls,
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79
 0714497530

(
a)COMPOUNDNOUNS

a)Shei
scl
eani
ngar
oom f
orst
ores.

Shei
scl
eani
ngast
orer
oom.

b)Heboughtanewr
ulerf
ormeasur
ingupt
o30cm.

Heboughta30-
cm r
uler
.

c) Junei
stheassi
stantcl
asssecr
etar
yforf
ormt
wo.

Junei
stheassi
stantf
ormt
wocl
asspr
efect
.

d)Wehadt
ost
opatt
hest
ati
onf
ort
hebuses.

Wehadt
ost
opt
hebusst
ati
on.

e) Getmesi
zeofcabl
es.

Getmecabl
esi
ze.

f
) Theyboughti
tast
her
ewasr
educt
ioni
ncost
.

Theyboughti
tast
her
ewascostr
educt
ion.

g)St
udent
sar
egi
vent
wobr
eaksoft
went
ymi
nut
es.

St
udent
sar
egi
vent
wo-
twent
ymi
nut
ebr
eaks.

h)Thesear
ethepl
ugswi
tht
hreepi
ns.

Thesear
ethet
hree-
pinpl
ugs.

i
) Themechani
chascar
ri
edt
womet
alboxesf
ort
het
ool
s.

Themechani
chascar
ri
edt
womet
alt
ool
boxes.

j
) Ar
eyout
hewi
feofmyson?

Ar
eyoumydaught
er-
in-
law?

PRONOUNS

I
NDEFI
NITEPRONOUNS

Exer
cise1

1) Somet
hing

2)Any
thi
ng

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 0714497530

3)Any
body

4)Any
wher
e

5)Somewher
e

6)Not
hing

7)Ev
ery
one/
ever
ybody

8)Any
wher
e

9)Ev
ery
one/
ever
ybody

10)Somewher
e

Exer
cise2

1)Hedi
dn’
tsayany
thi
ngusef
ul.

2)Ther
eisnot
hingl
eft
.

3)No-
onecananswert
hisquest
ion.

SUBORDI
NATI
NGCONJUNCTI
ONS

1.Henr
ypassedt
heexamsf
ir
stt
ime.Janehadt
oret
aket
heexamst
wice.

Henr
ypassedt
heexamst
hef
ir
stt
imewhi
l
e/wher
easJanehadt
oret
aket
hem t
wice.

2. Mysi
sterl
i
kesMat
h.Ipr
eferChemi
str
y.

Wher
eas/
whi
l
emysi
sterl
i
kesMat
h,Ipr
eferChemi
str
y.

3.I
twasr
aini
ng.Idi
dn’
tgetwet
.

Ev
ent
houghi
twasr
aini
ng,
Idi
dn’
tgetwet
.

Idi
dn’
tgetwetev
ent
houghi
twasr
aini
ng.

4.Iwi
l
lbel
atet
oday
.Ther
eisj
am i
ntown.

Iwi
l
lbel
atet
odaysi
ncet
her
eisj
am i
ntown.

Si
ncet
her
eisj
am i
ntown,
Iwi
l
lbel
atet
oday
.

5.Nj
ugunapassedt
het
est
.Nj
ugunadi
dnotr
evi
se.

Ev
ent
houghNugunadi
dnotr
evi
se,
hepassedt
het
est
.

6.Iwi
l
lleav
e.Ther
eissomeonet
otakecar
eoft
hebaby
.

Nowt
hatt
her
eissomeonet
otakecar
eoft
hebaby
,Iwi
l
lleav
e.

Nove
ls,
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chool
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 0714497530

7.Johni
saboy
.Mar
yisagi
rl
.

Johni
saboywhi
l
eMar
yisagi
rl
.

8.Got
opl
ay.Cal
lyoursi
ster
.

Bef
orey
ougot
opl
ay,
cal
lyoursi
ster
.

9.Idi
dn’
tgi
vet
hemoneyt
omysi
ster
.Igav
ethemoneyt
omycousi
n.

Rat
hert
hangi
vi
ngt
hemoneyt
omysi
ster
,Igav
eitt
omycousi
n.

10.Youknowhi
m per
sonal
l
y.Youhav
etoagr
eet
hathehasdoneal
otf
ort
hiscount
ry.

Whet
herornoty
ouknowhi
m per
sonal
l
y,y
ouhav
etoagr
eet
hathehasdoneal
otf
ort
hiscount
ry.

I
NTERJECTI
ONS

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82
 0714497530

1)No, 4)Phew

2)Wel
l 5)Al
as

3)Hur
ry 6)Ahh

7)

ACTI
VEANDPASSI
VEVOI
CE

1.Thef
latt
ir
ewaschangedbyJul
i
et.

2.Theent
ir
ehousewaspai
ntedbyGr
egor
y.

3.Bywhom wer
eyout
aughtPhy
sics?

4.Mycal
lwasnotanswer
edbyany
one.

5.Mybagwasst
olenbywhom?

6.Theant
elopewaski
l
ledbyt
hehunt
er.

7.Asuccesscar
dwi
l
lbesentt
oher
.

8.Ev
ery
onewasshockedbyt
het
err
ibl
enews.

WRI
TINGFORFORM TWO

SPELLI
NG

COMMONLYMI
SSPELTWORDS
Thet
abl
ebel
owcont
ainswor
dst
hatar
enor
mal
l
ymi
sspel
t.

absence defi
niti
on knowl edge professi
on
acci
dentall
y descri
be l
abor atory professor
accommodat e descri
ption l
aid prominent
accumulate desperate l
ed pronunciat
ion
achi
evement di
ctionary l
ightning pursue
acquaint
ance di
ning l
oneliness quantit
y
acqui
re di
sappear ance l
ose quizzes
acqui
tted di
sappoint l
osing recede
advi
ce di
sastrous maint enance receive
advi
se di
scipli
ne maneuv er receivi
ng
amateur di
ssatisfi
ed manuf act
ure recommend
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 0714497530

among dor mi tor y mar riage refer ence

anal ysis effect mat hemat i
cs refer ring
anal yze eight h may be repet ition
annual eligibl e mer e rest aur ant
apar tment elimi nat e miniat ur e rhyme
appar atus embar rass mischi evous rhythm
appar ent emi nent my ster ious ri
dicul ous
appear ance encour agementnecessar y sacr ifice
arctic encour agi ng Negr oes sacr ilegious
argui ng env ironment ni net y salar y
argument equi pped noticeabl e schedul e
ari
thmet ic especi ally occasi onal l
y seize
ascend exagger ate occur red sense
athlet i
c excel lence occur rence separ at e
attendance exhi lar at e omi tted separ at i
on
balance exist ence opinion sergeant
battal i
on exist ent oppor t unity sev er ely
begi nni ng exper i
ence optimi st i
c shini ng
belief expl anat i
on paid simi lar
believ e fami liar parallel sincer ely
benef i
ci al fasci nat e paraly sis sophomor e
benef i
ted Febr uar y paraly ze speci ficall
y
boundar ies fi
er y particul ar speci men
Britain forei gn past i
me stat ue
busi ness former ly perfor mance study ing
calendar forty permi ssi ble succeed
candi dat e four th persev erance successi on
categor y frant ical ly personal sur prise
cemet er y gener ally personnel techni que
changeabl e gov er nment perspi ration temper ament al
changi ng grammar physi cal tendency
choose grandeur pi
cni cki ng tragedy
chose griev ous possessi on transf er ri
ng
comi ng hei ght possi bi l
it
y tri
es
commi ssi on her oes possi bl e truly
commi ttee hindr ance pract i
cal l
y tyranny
compar at ive hopi ng precede unani mous
compel led humor ous precedence undoubt edly
concei vabl e hy pocr isy prefer ence unnecessar y
conf er red hy pocr ite prefer red unt i
l
consci ence i
mmedi ately prejudi ce usual l
y
consci ent ious i
nci dent all
y prepar at i
on vill
age
consci ous i
ncr edi ble preval ent vill
ain
cont rol i
ndependence pr i
nci pal weat her
cont rov er sial i
nev itabl e pri
nci pl e wei rd

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 0714497530

contr
oversy i
ntel
l
ectual pr
ivi
l
ege whether
cri
ti
ci
z e i
ntel
l
igence pr
obably woman
defer
red i
nter
esting pr
ocedure women
defi
nit
ely i
rr
esist
ible pr
oceed wri
ti
ng

Task

Wr
it
ethecor
rectspel
l
ingf
or:

39)commi ng
1)absense 40)commi ted
2) accept i
ble 41)conceed
3) acci dent al
y 42)congr adul ate
4)accomodat e 43)consci enci ous
5) achei ve 44)conci ous
6)acknowl ege 45)concensus
7)acquai ntence 46)cont r
av er
sy
8)aqui re 47)cool y
9) aqui t 48)deci ev e
10)acrage 49)def inat e
11)adress 50)def inat ely
12)adul tary 51)despar ate
13)adv i
seabl e 52)diffrence
14)agressi on 53)dilema
15)al
legi ence 54)disapoi nt
16)al
lmost 55)disast erous
17)al
ot 56)drunkeness
18)amat uer 57)embar ass
19)annual y 58)equi pt ment
20)appar ant 59)excede
21)arguement 60)exiler ate
22)athiest 61)exist ance
23)awef ul 62)exper iance
24)becuase 63)ext reem
25)becomei ng 64)faci nat i
ng
26)begi ning 65)fi
rey
27)beleiv e 66)fl
our escent
28)bouy 67)foriegn
29)busi nes 68)freind
30)calender 69)guage
31)camof l
age 70)great f ul
32)catagor y 71)gar ant ee
33)cauhgt 72)gui dence
34)cemet ar y 73)har rass
35)changabl e 74)hei ght h
36)cheif 75)hei rarchy
37)collaegue 76)humer ous
38)colum 77)hy gene
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 0714497530

78)hipocr i
t 118) pruf e
79)i
gnor ence 119) quest i
onai re
80)i
mmi tate 120) readi ble
81)i
medi atel
y 121) real y
82)i
ndependant 122) reci ev e
[
83)i
nt eli
gence 123) reci ept
84)j
udgement 124) recommend
85)l
iesur e 125) refer ed
86)l
iason 126) refer ance
87)l
ibar y 127) relev ent
88)l
isence 128) religous
89)mai ntainance 129) repeat iti
on
90)mi l
lenium 130) rest ar aunt
91)mi schievious 131) ryme
92)mi spell 132) rythm
93)neccessar y 133) secr at ary
94)neice 134) sieze
95)nieghbor 135) seper ate
96)not i
cable 136) sar gent
97)occassi on 137) simi ler
98)occasi onaly 138) ski l
ful l
99)occur ence 139) speach
100) occur ed 140) sucessf ul
101) ommi sion 141) super cede
102) ori
gnal 142) supr ise
103) outragous 143) tomat os
104) parl
iment 144) tommor row
105) passt i
me 145) twel v th
106) percieve 146) tyrany
107) persev erence 147) under at e
108) personel 148) unt ill
109) pl
ay wr i
te 149) usi ble
110) posessi on 150) vaccum
111) potatos 151) vehi cal
112) preceed 152) visious
113) presance 153) wet her
114) pri
velege 154) wi erd
115) professer 155) wel lfar e
116) promi ss 156) wi thol d
117) pronounci ati
on 157) wr itting
Answers

8.acqui re
1.absence 9.acqui t
2.acceptable– 10.acreage
3.acci
dentally/
acci
dent
ly 11.address
4.accommodat e 12.adulter
y
5.achiev
e 13.advisabl
e
6.acknowledge 14.aggression
7.acquaintance 15.al
legiance

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86
 0714497530

16.almost 66.fl
uor escent
17.alot 67.forei gn
18.amat eur 68.fri
end
19.annual ly 69.gauge
20.appar ent 70.grat ef ul
21.argument 71.guar ant ee
22.athei st 72.guidance
23.awf ul 73.har ass
24.because 74.height
25.becomi ng 75.hier ar chy
26.begi nni ng 76.humor ous
27.believ e 77.hygi ene
28.buoy 78.hypocr ite
29.busi ness 79.i
gnor ance
30.calendar 80.i
mi t at e
31.camouf lage 81.i
mmedi ately
32.categor y 82.i
ndependent
33.caught 83.i
nt elligence
34.cemet er y 84.j
udgment
35.changeabl e 85.l
eisur e
36.chief 86.l
iaison
37.colleague 87.l
ibr ar y
38.column 88.l
icense
39.comi ng 89.mai nt enance
40.commi tted 90.mi l
lenni um
41.concede 91.mi schi evous
42.congr atulate 92.mi sspel l
43.consci entious 93.necessar y
44.consci ous 94.niece
45.consensus 95.neighbor
46.cont rov ersy 96.not iceabl e
47.cool l
y 97.occasi on
48.decei v e 98.occasi onally
49.defini t
e 99.occur r ence
50.defini t
el y 100. occur r
ed
51.desper ate 101. omi ssion
52.diff
er ence 102. ori
ginal
53.dil
emma 103. outrageous
54.disappoi nt 104. parl
iament
55.disast rous 105. pastime
56.drunkenness 106. perceive
57.embar rass 107. persev er
ance
58.equi pment 108. personnel
59.exceed 109. pl
ay wright
60.exhilar ate 110. possessi on
61.existence 111. potatoes
62.exper i
ence 112. precede
63.extreme 113. presence
64.fasci nat i
ng 114. pri
vilege
65.fi
ery 115. professor

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87
 0714497530

116. promi se
117. pronunci ati
on
118. proof
119. quest ionnaire
120. readabl e
121. really
122. recei ve
123. recei pt
124. recommend
125. refer red
126. refer ence
127. relev ant
128. reli
gi ous
129. repet ition
130. rest aur ant
131. rhyme
132. rhyt hm
133. secr et ar y
134. seize
135. separ at e
136. ser geant
137. simi lar
138. skilful
139. speech
140. successf ul
141. super sede
142. sur prise
143. tomat oes
144. tomor row
145. twel fth
146. tyranny
147. under rat e
148. unt il
149. usabl e/ useabl
e
150. vacuum
151. vehi cle
152. vicious
153. weat her
154. wei rd
155. wel far e
156. wi t
hhol d
157. Wr iting

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 0714497530

BUI
LDI
NGSENTENCESANDPARAGRAPHI
NG

DEVI
CESOFDEVELOPI
NGPARAGRAPHS
1)Gi
vi
ngReasons

 Giv
ingreasonsisonewayt oill
ustr
ateordevelopparagr aphs.
 Manyt opi
csentencesgivethewr i
ter
s’personalopinion.Suppose,forexample,thaty
ourwr
it
ea
paragr
aphwiththetopicsentenceLiv
inginthev i
l
lagei smor ecomfort
ablethanintowns.
 Tomakeot hersacceptyouropini
on,youhav etoexplainwhyy outhi
nkthatisthecase.

Reasonsanswerthequest
ionwhy
?Whydoy
out
hinkl
i
fei
nvi
l
lagesi
smor
ecomf
ort
abl
e?Youcoul
d
havereasonsasf
oll
ow:

Reason:
Foodi
sfr
eshf
rom t
hegar
den.

Reason:
Ther
eisnor
entandt
opay
.

Reason:
Thechal
l
angeoft
raf
fi
cjam doesnotexi
sti
nthev
il
lages.

 Cany ouwri
teaparagr
aphusingther
easonsandtopi
csent
enceabov
e?
 Reasonsarenotjuststat
ed;theyar
esupportedbydetai
l
s.Somedetai
l
smaybef
act
s,some
opi
nions.
.

2)Compar
ingandCont
rast
ing

 Somewrit
ingt
opi
cswil
lasky
out oconsi
derther
elat
ionshi
pbetweentwothings,
for
exampl
e,t
hehousesi
nyourv
il
lageandthoseint
hetowny oucurr
entl
yresi
de.

 Thosekindoft
opi
csmayal
lowy
outoorgani
zeyourpar
agrapheit
heraroundthe
si
milar
it
iesbet
weent wosubt
heset opi
csoraroundthedi
ff
erencesbetweenthem.

Sampl
ePar
agr
aph

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Compar
isonPar
agr
aphsOr
gani
zedbySi
mil
arPoi
nts

Consi
dert
hef
oll
owi
ngpar
agr
aph:

 
  
  
Thehousesi nmyv i
llageandt hehousesi nt
het ownI
currentl
yresidehavesev er
althingsincommon.Fi rst
,bothare
smal landhav ever
yf ewpeopl est ay
inginthem.Forexampl e
i
nthehousesi nthev il
l
age, between5-10peoplest ayinsuch
houses.Si mil
arl
y,i
nt hehousesi nmypr esentr
eidenti
alarea,
Faruku, ahouseholdhasaboutei ghtpeople.Asecondwayi n
whicht hetwoar esimilar……..

Compar
isonConj
unct
ions

Inthecompari
sonparagraphstherearevar
iousconj
unct
ionst
hatcont
ri
but
eto
par
agr
aphcoherence.
 Her
eisali
stofcomparisonconjunct
ionsyoucanuse:

Shor
tConj
unct
ions LongerExpr
essi
ons

I
nthesameway
,
Si
mil
arl
y,
Xi
ssi
mil
art
oYi
nthat(
they
)..
.
Li
kewi
se,
XandYar
esi
mil
ari
nthat(
they
)..
.
.
..
thesame.
..
Li
keX,
Y[v
erb]
..
.
.
..
thesame
as.
.. I
nli
kemanner
,
.
..
also.
.. Onewayinwhi
chXi
ssi
mil
art
oYi
s
(
that
).
..
.
..
,too.
Anot
herwayi
nwhi
chXi
ssi
mil
art
oYi
s
bot
h
(t
hat
).
..

Cont
rastConj
uct
ions

Her
ear
esomecont
rastconj
unct
ionst
haty
oucanuse:

Shor
tConj
unct
ions Subor
dinat
ingConj
unct
ions

Howev
er,

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Ont
heot
herhand,

ev
ent
hough+[
sent
ence]
I
ncont
rast
,
al
though+[
sent
ence]
Bycont
rast
,
wher
eas+[
sent
ence]
.
..
,but
unl
i
ke+[
sent
ence]
.
..
,yet
whi
l
e+[
sent
ence]

nev
ert
hel
ess,

3)Usi
ngI
diomat
icExpr
essi
ons

 Readt
hepar
agr
aphbel
ow.Thewor
dsi
nbol
dfacear
ethei
diomat
icexpr
essi
ons.

WhenIent ereduniversi
ty,Il
iv
edinasmal l t
ownnearNgunji
ri
.Thatwast hefir
stti
meIliv
edalone.I
fel
titwasaf eat
herinmycap.Ihadnot hi
ngbutasmallbi
cycle.ButIfelthappyeveryday.Iwasn’
t
afrai
dtolosemyshi r
tbecauseIalway sli
vedonashoestr
ing.Ididn’
tbecomehotundert hecol
lar
becauseev eryonehelpedmeki ndl
y.If
oundapar t-
ti
mejobinsupermar ket.Theownerwasabi tofa
stuff
edshirt.SoItri
edt okeephisshir
tonandt ohandl
eourcust omerswi thkidgl
oves.
The
experi
encet aughtmeasenseofr esponsibi
li
ty.

4)Usi
ngFact
s/St
ati
sti
cs

 Anot
herwayt
odev
elopapar
agr
aphi
stoi udeI
ncl ncl
udeFact
sandSt
ati
sti
cs.

 Of
ferpr
eci
sedat
afr
om y
ourownknowl
dege,
orf
rom aut
hor
it
ati
vesour
ces,
possi
blyi
nnumer
ical
for
m.

 Summar
izet
her
esul
ts,
orquot
eyoursour
ces.

 Factsandstat
ist
icsar
etheki
ndsofev
idencemanyr
eader
sconsi
derconv
inci
ngpr
oofofgener
ali
zat
ions
andopini
ons.

 Fact
sandst
ati
sti
csal
sohel
preader
sunder
standasubj
ect
/topi
c.

5)Usi
ngRhet
ori
cal
Quest
ions

 Arhet
ori
calquesti
oncannotbeanswer
edt oyoubutt
hereadermightanswerthequesti
onto
hi
mself
/her
self.
 Aquesti
onwhichisposedwithoutt
heexpect
ati
onofanansweriscall
eda“ r
hetor
icalquest
ion.
”

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PUNCTUATI
ON

QUOTATI
ONMARKS

 Quot at
ionsmar ks(“”)areapai rofpunct
uati
onmar ksusedpr imar i
l
yt omarkthebeginni
ngand
endofapassageat t
ributedtoanotherandrepeatedwor dforwor d.
 Theyar ealsousedt oindicatemeaningsandtoindicatetheunusual oruncer
tainst
atusofa
wor d.
 Singlequotati
onmar ks('
)ar eusedmostf r
equentl
yf orquoteswi t
hinquotes.
 Us equotati
onmar kstoci t
esomet hi
ngsomeonesai dexact l
y.Examples

 "I
'
m comingr
ightnow,"shesai
d.
 Kimtol
dme,"Don'tl
eaveyourshoesatt
hedoor
.Theywi
l
lbest
olen.
"
 Harr
ytol
dmenott oforgetmysoccerj
ersey
.

 Whenr
ephr
asi
ngwhatsomeonet
oldy
ou,
noquot
ati
onmar
ksar
eneeded.Exampl
e,

Shesai
dshewascomi
ngt
hen.

 Ifquoti
ngot
herswithi
naquote,bot
hsingl
eanddoubl
equot
ati
onmar
ksar
eusedt
osett
het
wo
separat
equotat
ionsofff
rom eachot
her.

APOSTROPHE

 Anapostrophe('
)isusedtoindi
catetheomi ssi
onofal
ett
erorl
ett
ersf
rom awor
d,t
he
possessi
vecase,ortheplur
alsoflowercaselet
ter
s.
 Examplesoftheapostropheinuseincl
ude:

•
 Omi
ssi
onofl
ett
ersf
rom awor
d:Ar
eyoucomi
n’
.

•
 Possessi
v Joel
ecase: '
shousehasbeenpai
ntedbl
ack.

•
 Pl
ural
forl
ower
casel
ett
ers:
Theywer
etol
dtomi
ndt
hei
rp'
sandq'
s.

 Theapost
rophehast
wodi
ff
erent
,buti
mpor
tantusesi
nEngl
i
sh:
possessi
onandcont
ract
ions.

Thecont
ract
ionApost
rophe

Theapost
rophei
spl
acedwher
etheomi
tt
edl
ett
erwoul
dbei
nthatcase.

Ty
pe Wi
thoutcont
ract
ions Cont
ract
ions
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Ty
pe Wi
thoutcont
ract
ions Cont
ract
ions

NOT i
snot
,hasnot
,hadnot
,di
dnot
,woul
dnot
,cannot i
sn'
t,
hasn'
t,
hadn'
t,
didn'
t,
woul
dn'
t,
can'
t

shei
s,ther
eis,
hei
s,i
tis,
Mar
yis,
Jimi
s,Ger
manyi
s,she'
s,ther
e's,
he'
s,i
t'
s,Mar
y'
s,Ji
m's,
Ger
many
's,
I
S
whois who's

AM Iam I
'
m

WI
LL Iwi
l
l,y
ouwi
l
l,shewi
l
l,wewi
l
l,t
heywi
l
l I
'
ll
,you'
l
l,she'
l
l,we'
l
l,t
hey
'l
l

WOULDIwoul
d,y
ouwoul
d,hewoul
d,wewoul
d,t
heywoul
d I
'
d,y
ou'
d,he'
d,we'
d,t
hey
'd

HAVE Ihav
e,y
ouhav
e,wehav
e,t
heyhav
e I
'
ve,
you'
ve,
we'
ve,
they
've

ARE y
ouar
e,t
heyar
e,wear
e y
ou'
re,
they
'r
e,we'
re

Thepossessi
veapost
rophe

I
nmostcasesy
ousi
mpl
yneedt
oadd'
stoanount
oshowpossessi
on

Exampl
es

 Boy’
sv oi
ce
 Teacher’
sst
udent
s

HYPHEN
 Ahy
pheni
susedbet
weent
hepar
tsofacompoundwor
dornameorbet
weent
hesy
ll
abl
esofa
wor
d,especi
all
ywhendi
vi
dedatt
heendofal
i
neoft
ext
.

 Exampl
esoft
hisi
nusei
ncl
ude:

•
 Bet f
weenacompoundnoun:at
her
-i
n-l
aw

•
 Wi
thi
nacompoundwor
d:back-t
o-back

 Ingeneral
,hy
phensareusedt
ojoi
ntwowor
dsorpar
tsofwor
dst
oget
herwhi
l
eav
oidi
ng
confusi
onorvagueness.

Exampl
es

 go-
down
 up-
to-
dat
e

 Ther
ear esomecaseswher ehy
phensmai nt
ainwrit
tencl
ari
tysuchaswheretherear
elett
er
col
li
sions,
whereaprefi
xisadded,orinfami
lyrel
ati
ons.Manywordsthathavebeenhyphenat
ed
i
nthepasthavesincedroppedthehyphenandbecomeasi ngl
eword(email,
nowadays).
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Exampl
es

 co-operate
 post-col
onial
 great-gr
andmother

 Hy
phensar
eal
sousedi
nnumber
s

Exampl
es

 Thi
rt
y-si
x
 Thr
ee-fi
ft
hs

 Useahy
phenwhenanumberf
ormspar
tofanadj
ect
ival
compound

Exampl
es

 Theschool
all
owsa30-minut
ebreak.
 Mostofuswerebor
ninthetweent
ient
h-cent
ury
.

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1.STUDYWRI
TING

(
a)SUMMARI
ES

SUMMARY

 Anexcel
lentsummaryisasummarywr
it
tentoshowthaty
ouhavereadandunderst
oodsomet
hing.
 Youwil
lgetassignment
sthatasky
out
oreadacert
ainmater
ial
andsummarizeit
.

Howt
opr
oduceasummar
y:

1.
Readt
hemat
eri
alt
obesummar
izedandbesur
eyouunder
standi
t.

2.
Out
li
net
hemaj
orpoi
nts.

3.
Wri
teaf
ir
stdr
aftoft
hesummar
ywi
thoutl
ooki
ngatt
hemat
eri
al.

4.
Alway
susepar
aphr
asewhenwr
it
ingasummar
y.

5.
Tar
gety
ourf
ir
stdr
aftf
orappr
oxi
mat
ely1/
4thel
engt
hoft
heor
igi
nal
.

6.Neverputanyofyourownideas,
opi
nions,
ori
nter
pret
ati
onsi
ntot
hesummar
y.Thi
smeansy
ouhav
etobe
verycaref
ulofyourwordchoi
ce.

7.Wr
it
einpr
ose–notpoi
ntf
orm.

(
b)DESCRI
PTI
VEESSAYS

 Thi
sty
peofessayrequi
rest
hewrit
ertodescr
ibesomet
hing.
 Thewri
tershoul
dbequi
tevi
vidi
nthei
rdescri
pti
on.
 Thewri
tershoul
dal
sobeobserv
ant.

Descr
ibi
ngaper
son

 Wheny ouaredescri
bingaper
son,y
ouaretel
li
ngthereadersomet
hingabouthi
m orher
.The
qual
it
yofy ourdescr
ipti
onwi
ll
dependonyourobser
vati
onandonhowwel lyoucanexpr
ess
your
selfi
nwr i
ti
ng.
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Exampl
e:

Vi
ctorKumasi

Wehearabouthi m alot.Heisalwaysthefi
rsttoarr
iveint
heclassr
oom.Thishasmadehi m our
classt
eacher’
sfav our
it
e.Wheni tcomestorunning,Idon’
tknowwhattosay;herunsfast
erthan
mostoft heathl
etesweadmi re.Theonlysurpr
isi
ngthingi
sthatheneverspeaksEngl
i
sh.Evenat
thatheremainsthemostl ov
edi nthewholeschool.

Descr
ibi
ngapl
ace

I
ndescr
ibi
ngapl
ace,
youneedt ourf
ousey ivesenses.j
ustconsi
der:

 Whatyousee
 Whatyouhear
 Howitsmells
 Thet
aste
 Howitfeel
sli
ke

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 0714497530

2.CREATI
VEWRI
TING

I
MAGI
NATI
VECOMPOSI
TIONS
El
ement
sofI
magi
nat
iveComposi
ti
ons

I
nor
dert
owr
it
eagoodst
ory
,uset
hesei
mpor
tantel
ement
s:

a)Char
act
ers:
 Ref
erst
othosewhoacti
nthest
ory
.Theyshoul
dbepeopl
e,ani
mal
sorobj
ect
sthat
thi
nkandt
alk.

b)Set
ti
ng:
Descr
ibest
imeandpl
aceoft
hest
oryf
orexampl
e:cl
assr
oom,
lakesi
de,
townet
c.

c)Pl
ot:
 
Refer
stotheseri
esofact
ionst
hatt
hechar
act
ersgot
hroughast
heyt
ryt
osol
veapr
obl
em.
Int
heplot
,wehav
et he:

1. Int
roducti
on:Thisisusuall
yshort
.Itpr
esentsthecharact
er,
thesi
tuati
onorthepr
obl
em,andpartof
thesetti
ng.
2. Development:Thissi
mpl yshowshowt hesi
tuati
onaffect
sthecharacter
sandwhatt
heydototr
yand
solvetheprobl
em.
3. Conclusi
on:Thisshowst hesolut
ionofaprobl
em.I ti
susuall
yshort
.Itmayleadt
oahappy,
sador
surpri
seending.

Whenwrit
ingastory,
remembert oorgani
sethefl
owofy oureventssothatt
hereader
’si
nter
estis
mai
ntai
nedthroughoutt
hestor
y .Theelementofsuspenseshouldalsobecreat
edandmaintai
ned
sot
hatthereaderwil
lwantt
ofindoutwhati smostli
kelyt
ohappeni nyourstor
y.

Youcancr
eat
esuspenseby
:

1.I
ncludingmy stery
2.Changingthescene
3.Creat
ingunexpect edevents
4.I
ncludingdialogue
5.Gi
v i
ngsurpriseending
6.Mov i
ngfrom onechar act
ertoanot
her

Nove
ls,
Upda
tedKAS
NEB,
IT,
Col
leg
e,Hi
ghS
chool
Not
es&Re
vis
ionKi
ts(
isa
boke
mic
ah@g
mai
l.
com) Pa
ge97

97
 0714497530

3.I
NSTI
TUTI
ONALWRI
TING
(
a)Busi
nessLet
ter
s

 Usual
l
yfrom oneorgani
zat
ion/
company
/inst
it
uti
ont
oanot
her
,orbet
weensuchandt
hei
rcust
omer
sand
ot
herext
ernalpar
ti
es.

 Abusinessl
ett
erisanyl
ett
erwi
thtwoaddr
esses,
sal
utat
ion,
RE,
andendswi
thasi
nat
ure,
andwhose
cont
entsarepr
ofessi
onali
nnat
ure.

 I
tismor
efor
mal
thanper
sonal
let
ter
s.

 Youmusthav
ethef
ormat
ti
ngdown.

 Somet
ypesofbusi
nessl
ett
ersar
e:

 Sal
esl
ett
ers

 Or
derlet
ter
s–sentbyconsumersorbusi
nessest
omanuf act
urers,r
etail
ersorwholesal
erst
o
or
dergoodsandser
vices.Thecont
ent
sincl
udequant
it
y,name, etcoftheproduct
.

 Compl
aintl
ett
ers–useat
onet
hatwi
l
lmakey
ourcompl
aintbesat
isf
ied.

 I
nqui
ryl
ett
ers.Wr
it
tent
oel
i
citi
nfor
mat
ionf
rom t
her
eci
pient
.

 Lett
ersofRecommendat
ion.Usual
lywri
ttenbypr
evi
ousempl
oyerdescr
ibi
ngt
hesender
’s
rel
ati
onshi
pwithandopi
nionofthejobseeker
.

 Othersincl
ude:coverl
ett
ers,
acknowl
edgmentl
ett
ers,
let
ter
sofr
esi
gnat
ion,
fol
l
ow-
upl
ett
ers,
and
adjust
mentl et
ter
s.

Busi
nessLet
ter
sFor
mat

 Ther
ear
etwol
ayout
sofbusi
nessl
ett
ers:
BlockandI
ndent
edl
ayout
s.

 Wheny
ouchooset
ousebl
ockl
ayout
,al
lthei
nfor
mat
ioni
swr
it
tenf
lushl
eft
.

 Pr
ovi
dey
ouraddr
essf
ir
st.

 Thenski
ponel
i
neandpr
ovi
det
hedat
e.

 Ski
ponemor
eli
neandpr
ovi
det
hei
nsi
deaddr
essoft
headdr
essee.

 Not
ethatwhenusi
ngl
ett
erhead,
ther
eisnoneedofwr
it
ingy
ouraddr
ess.Onl
ybegi
nwi
tht
hedat
e.

 Ski
py etanot
herl
ineandwr
it
esal
utat
ion.Thi
sisf
oll
owedbyacol
on.Commai
susedf
orper
sonal
cor
respondence.

Nove
ls,
Upda
tedKAS
NEB,
IT,
Col
leg
e,Hi
ghS
chool
Not
es&Re
vis
ionKi
ts(
isa
boke
mic
ah@g
mai
l.
com) Pa
ge98

98
 0714497530

 Wr
it
e“RE”andwr
it
ethesubj
ect
.

 Wr
it
ethebody
.Ski
pli
nesbet
weent
hepar
agr
aphs.

 Aft
erthebody,wri
tecompl
ement
arycl
ose,
fol
l
owedbyacomma,
sign,
thent
ypey
ournameand
ti
tl
e(onl
yifappl
i
cable)

 Wheny
ouchooset
ousei
ndent
edl
ayout
:

 Youraddr
essappear
sont
her
ight
.

 Dat
eont
her
ight
.

 Addr
essee’
saddr
ess,
sal
utat
ionont
hel
eft
.

 Ty
pingdonotst
artf
rom t
hef
lushl
eft
.

 Noski
ppi
ngl
i
nesbet
weenpar
agr
aphs.

 Ty
pet
hecl
osi
ngandsi
gnat
urei
nthecent
er.

Not
e:Bl
ockf
ormatl
ookspr
ofessi
onal
.

Sampl
eBusi
nessLet
ter

Kamat
oAcademy
,

P.
O.Box789–20100,

OGONGO–KENYA

y3rd,
Januar 2016

TheDi
rect
or

Kamat
oAcademy

P.
O.Box789–20100

OGONGO–KENYA

DearMsJane:

Nove
ls,
Upda
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Col
leg
e,Hi
ghS
chool
Not
es&Re
vis
ionKi
ts(
isa
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mic
ah@g
mai
l.
com) Pa
ge99

99
 0714497530

RE:
RESI
GNATI
ONFROM KAMATOACADEMY

Iam wri
tingtopr
ovideformal
not
iceofmyr
esi
gnat
ionf
rom Kamat
oAcademy
.Myl
astdaywi
l
l
be31stJanuaryt
hisyear.

It
rustf
ourweeksissuf
fi
cientnot
icef
oryoutof
indar
epl
acementf
ormypositi
on.Iwoul
dbe
pl
easedtohel
ptrai
nthepersonyouchooset
otakemypl
acebef
oreIf
inal
l
yleave.

Thankyouforof
feri
ngmethejobforthepastt
woy ears.Myexper
ienceasateacher
,headof
var
iousdepar
tmentsandpat
ronofclubsandsociet
iesherehasbeenposi
ti
veandIam
confi
dentt
hatIwil
lusemostoft
heski l
l
sIhavelear
ntatKamat oAcademyinfut
ure.

I
fyouhav
eanyconcer
ns,
pleasel
etmeknow.Iwi
l
lbemor
ewi
l
li
ngt
oli
stent
oyou.

Al
lthebest
,

[
sign]

D’
Mat
teoKi
chapo

TEACHERASSI
STANT

Ki
pchogeMusl
i
msSchool

P.
O.Box567–30300

WAJI
RKENYA

Jul
y,13th2016

Manager
,

Nove
ls,
Upda
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chool
Not
es&Re
vis
ionKi
ts(
isa
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ah@g
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l.
com) Pa
ge100

100
 0714497530

LeakeyVi
l
lageI
nn

P.
O.Box1234–103450

Ki
rema–Keny
a

DearSi
r,

Reser
vat
ionofRoomsf
orMot
ivat
ional
Camp

Iam wri
t i
ngonbehalfoft
heScoutsClubofKipchogeMusl
imsSchool.Weare
organi
zingatwo-day-
one-
nightmoti
vati
onalcampandhavesel
ectedyourhot
elast
he
venueforthecamp.Thetentati
vedat
esforthecampare23and24August2016.We
wouldli
ket oknowifyouwil
lbeabletoaccommodateusfort
heperiod.

Altogether,t
her
ewi l
lbefort
ystudentsandf ourt
eacher
sont hi
stri
p.Wewil
l needt
wo
roomsf ortheteachers(
twinshari
ng).Forthestudent
swewoul dneedfour
teenrooms
only(twinshari
ngaswel l
).Pl
easeincludeanextrabedineachroom t
oaccommodat ea
thi
rdper son.

Wepl antoarri
veat2o' clockint heaf t
ernoonofFr i
day3August .Wehopey ouwil
lbe
abletoservesomel ightrefr
eshment s.Wewi l
lbeginourpr ogram at4p. m.Wewill
requi
retheuseofaconf erencer oom thatcanaccommodat e40peopl e.Wewouldli
kea
microphone,proj
ectorandscr een, astageandar ostr
um.Si ncet hest
udentswil
lbe
workingingroups,wewoul dli
keei ghttablesarr
angedi ntwor ows.Weal sohopethat
watercanbemadeav ai
lableinther oom atallti
messot hatstudentscanhaveadr i
nk
ri
ghtthereanddonothav et oleavether oom tooof t
en.

Regar
dingmeals,
weexpectt
ohavedinnerat7p.m.
,breakf
astat7a.
m.,t
henext
morni
ngandlunchat11a.m.
,j
ustpri
ortoourdepar
tur
e.Wehopet obeabl
etocheck
outbymiddayonSat
urday4August
.

Wewoul dli
ketoknowy ourrat
esf orst
udents,andwhetheryouhaveaspecialr
atefor
groupbooki
ngs.Also,whatareyourchargesfortheuseoftheconfer
enceroom andthe
equipment
?Pleaseletusknowi fpaymentcanbemadebycr edi
tcardorcheque.

Welookfor
wardtoheari
ngf
rom y
ousoon.Pl
easecont
actusi
fyouneedust
ofur
nish
youwit
hfur
therdet
ail
s.

Thanky
ou.

Your
sfai
thf
ull
y,
Nove
ls,
Upda
tedKAS
NEB,
IT,
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leg
e,Hi
ghS
chool
Not
es&Re
vis
ionKi
ts(
isa
boke
mic
ah@g
mai
l.
com) Pa
ge101

101
 0714497530

(
b)POSTERS
 Apost
eri
sanypi
eceofpr
int
edpaperdesi
gnedt
obeat
tachedt
oav
ert
ical
sur
facee.
g.awal
l
.

 Apost
eri
sint
endedt
oconv
eymessageatt
hesamet
imeappeal
tot
heaudi
ence.

 Apost
ercanbepr
ofessi
onal
l
yusedf
oradv
ert
isement
s,announcement
s,ort
oshar
einf
ormat
ion.

 Apost
ercanf
ocusont
opi
csl
i
ke:

(
i) Chi
l
dlabour

(
ii
) Dr
ugabuse

(
ii
i) Cor
rupt
ion

(
iv) Pr
ost
it
uti
on

(
v) Domest
icv
iol
ence

(
vi) Roadacci
dent
,et
c.

Howt
oCr
eat
ePost
ers

 Fi
ndagoodi
deaf
orapost
er.Youcanf
ocusoncar
s,spor
ts,
etc.

 Creat
eanimageorpictur
ewithaclear
lyi
nspi
rat
ionpoint
.Iff
orexampl
e,t
alki
ngaboutchi
l
dlabour
,one
candrawachi
ldworkingint
hefiel
ds,andbei
ngwhipped.

 Bal
ancebet
weent
hepi
ctur
eandt
hewr
it
ings.

 Emphasi
zet
hemosti
mpor
tanti
nfor
mat
ion.Youcanwr
it
ethem i
ndi
ff
erenti
nk,
orunder
li
net
hem.

 Thepi
ctur
e/i
mageandt
hewr
it
ingshoul
dbewi
thi
nthebor
der
li
ne.

Nove
ls,
Upda
tedKAS
NEB,
IT,
Col
leg
e,Hi
ghS
chool
Not
es&Re
vis
ionKi
ts(
isa
boke
mic
ah@g
mai
l.
com) Pa
ge102

102
 0714497530

 Beconci
se.

Act
ivi
ty

Letthest
udentschooseanyofthetopicsaboveanddesi
gnthei
rpost
ersi
ngroups.Ensur
ether
eisabal
ance
bet
weenthepictur
eandthewords.Aftertheyf
ini
sh,al
l
owthem pi
nthei
rpost
ersonthewall.

Exer
cise

Thehabitofshi
rki
ngassi
gnmentsi
nyourcl
asshasbecomer ampant
.Youdon’
tli
kei
tandy
ouwantt
odesi
gn
apostertowarnyourcl
assmat
esagai
nstit
.Desi
gnthatpost
er.

(
c)ADVERTI
SEMENTS
 Adv
ert
isi
ngi
showacompany
/indi
vi
dual
encour
agespeopl
etobuyt
hei
rpr
oduct
s,ser
vicesori
deas.

 Anadv
ert
isement(
shor
tfor
m:ad)
isany
thi
ngt
hatdr
awsexcel
l
entat
tent
iont
owar
dst
heset
hings.

 Adsappearont
elev
isi
on,
aswel
lasr
adi
o,newspaper
s,magazi
nesandasbi
l
lboar
dsi
nst
reet
sandci
ti
es.

 Theyt
ryt
ogetpeopl
etobuyt
hei
rpr
oduct
s,byshowi
ngt
hem t
hegoodr
athert
hanbadoft
hei
rpr
oduct
s.

 Fi
rstimpressi
oni
sver
yimpor
tantandt
her
eisusual
l
ynosecondchanceatmaki
ngagoodf
ir
st
i
mpr essi
on.

 Anadv
ert
isementshoul
dcat
cht
heat
tent
ionwi
thi
nseconds–i
fitdoesn’
t,
theni
tisconsi
der
edf
ail
ed.

 I
tiscr
uci
alt
oshowcasey
ourpr
oducti
nav
erycl
everway
.

Howt
oCr
eat
eanAdv
ert
isement

 Gr
abt
heat
tent
ionoft
heaudi
encebycomi
ngupwi
that
agl
i
net
hati
scat
chy
.Youcanconsi
derusi
ng:

 Humour

 Thy
me

Nove
ls,
Upda
tedKAS
NEB,
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e,Hi
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chool
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es&Re
vis
ionKi
ts(
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l.
com) Pa
ge103

103
 0714497530

 Puns

 Met
aphor

 Al
l
iter
ati
on,
etc

 Ty
pet
henameoft
hebusi
ness.

 Hav
eapi
ctur
etor
einf
orcey
ourmessage.

 Bal
ancebet
weent
hepi
ctur
eandt
hewor
dings.

Act
ivi
ty

Lett
hest
udent
sdesi
gnt
hei
rownadv
ert
s.Theycanadv
ert
iset
hingsl
i
ke;

(
a)Newbooks

(
b)Newbr
andofpen

(
c)Any
thi
ng

4.PERSONALWRI
TING

(
a)PERSONALJOURNALS
 Aper
sonal
jour
nal
isar
ecor
dofi
ndi
vi
dual
’
simpr
essi
onofagi
venev
ent
,occur
renceoraper
son.

 Recor
dwhatst
ri
kesy
out
hemost
.

 Whaty
our
ecor
dcoul
dhav
ehappenedt
oyouort
oot
her
s.

Cont
ent
sofAPer
sonal
Jour
nal

1.Dat
e

2.Day
Nove
ls,
Upda
tedKAS
NEB,
IT,
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leg
e,Hi
ghS
chool
Not
es&Re
vis
ionKi
ts(
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mic
ah@g
mai
l.
com) Pa
ge104

104
 0714497530

3.Att
imes,
thecal
endar

4.Ent
ry

Sampl
ePer
sonal
Jour
nal

MYPERSONALJOURNAL

Cal
endar

Febr
uar
y,2016

SunMonTueWedThuFr
i
Sat

1 2 3 4 5
6

7 8 9 10 11 12
13

14 15 16 17 1819
20

21 22 23 24 2526
27

28

ci
( r
cle/
under
li
net
hedat
e)

ENTRY

Todaywaspar ti
cul
arl
ymybesti nthemonthofFebr
uary
,infactf
rom January.Can
youbelieveTom,ofal
ltheformtwostudents,
hasbeenappoint
edthenewcl ass
prefect
.Thishasmarkedtheendofbadnewsandopenedt hedoortofortunes.I
will
doal l
Icantoimprovethatcl
ass!

Ihadnevergi
venitthoughtunti
lIwastoldmynamehadbeenment i
onedbythe
deputypr
inci
pal
.Itwasmyf ri
end,Huggieswhotol
dmei twasmeandnotanyot her
Tom.OfcourseIam theonlyTom inthatgr
eatcl
ass.Imustexpr
essmyhappiness
atthi
s.Asmall,
smal lcl
asspref
ectinabig,bi
gcl
assroom.

Nove
ls,
Upda
tedKAS
NEB,
IT,
Col
leg
e,Hi
ghS
chool
Not
es&Re
vis
ionKi
ts(
isa
boke
mic
ah@g
mai
l.
com) Pa
ge105

105
 0714497530

Myhappinesscannotall
owmewr i
temor
ethanIhav
ewr
it
ten,
mydearj
our
nal
.Let
t
herestbesaidtomorrow.Goodni
ght
.

(
b)SHOPPI
NGLI
STS
 Ashopperneedst
owr
it
eal
i
stofal
lthei
temst
obepur
chased.

 Wr
it
tenbef
oreashoppi
ngt
ri
ptoashop,
grocer
y,orsuper
mar
ket
.

 Wri
ti
ngashoppi
nglistwi
l
lhel
pcutdownonmoneywast
ageandt
imef
ort
hinki
ngonwhatt
obuywhi
l
eat
t
heshoppi
ngcenter
.

Cont
ent
sofAShoppi
ngLi
st

 Ashoppi
ngl
i
stcont
ainst
hef
oll
owi
ng:

1.Ti
tl
e.At
it
lemusthav
ewhatt
heshoppi
ngi
sint
endedf
orandt
hewor
ds“
shoppi
ngl
i
st”
.

2.Budget
edamount .Wri
tehowmuchy ouhaveathandtodoshoppi
ng.Don’tusemor ethanwhat
youhave.Budgetcar
eful
l
y.Youcan’
tal
soremainwithacer
tai
namount.Ifyouareleftwit
htoo
muchfrom whatyouweretouse,i
twil
lal
someany oudon’
tknowhowt obudget.

3.I
tem category.I
temsarenormall
yputunderdif
fer
entcat
egori
es.I
tisagoodi
deat
ogr
oupr
elat
ed
i
temst ogetherf
oreaseinshoppi
ng.I
temsar ecat
egori
zedas;

 Snackse.
g.cake,
chi
ps,
etc.

 Toi
l
etr
iese.
g.soap,
toot
hpast
e,t
issuepaper
s,et
c.

 Foodst
uff

 Dr
inks/
bev
erages

 El
ect
roni
cs

 Cl
othi
ng

 Andot
her
s

4.I
tem.Wr
it
eit
emsundert
her
ightcat
egor
y.

5.Descr
ipt
ion.Wri
tethety
peofit
em youwant.Pri
cesmightalsobedi
ff
erent
.Iff
orexampl
eyou
wanttobuyjui
ce,wri
tethet
ypeyouwant
,forinst
ance,sav
anna,pi
neappl
e.Thei
rpri
cesv
ary.

6.Quant
it
y.Sayhowmanyorhowmuchy
ouneedt
obuy
.Ifal
i
qui
dusemi
l
il
it
res,
li
tr
eset
c.i
fsol
i
d,

Nove
ls,
Upda
tedKAS
NEB,
IT,
Col
leg
e,Hi
ghS
chool
Not
es&Re
vis
ionKi
ts(
isa
boke
mic
ah@g
mai
l.
com) Pa
ge106

106
 0714497530

gr
ams,
kil
ogr
ams,
wil
ldo.

7.Pr
ice.Theamountt
obespentoneachi
tem i
swr
it
teni
nthi
scol
umn.

8.Tot
al.Wr
it
etheamounti
ntot
alt
ospend.Nev
erspendmor
ethanbudget
edf
or.

 Mor
ecr
eat
ivei
ndi
vi
dual
saddt
othei
rshoppi
ngl
i
sts:

 Expect
edbal
ance/
change

 Wher
eshoppi
ngt
obedone.Forexampl
e:shoppi
ngt
obedoneatUchumi
Super
mar
ket
.

 Whot
odoshoppi
ng,
amongot
hert
hings.

Sampl
eShoppi
ngLi
st

BACKTOSCHOOLSHOPPI
NGLI
ST
BUDGETTEDAMOUNT:
Sh.6100

NO I
TEM CATEGORY I
TEM QUANTI
TY DESCRI
PTI
ON PRI
CE

I
NKSH.

1 St
ati
oner
y Exer
cisebooks 8-
200pages Cr
own 800

Rul
er 2 Hel
i
x 100

Mat
hemat
ical
set 1 Oxf
ord 300

Pens 10 Bi
c 200

2 Cl
othi
ng Bl
ouse 1 Shor
tsl
eev
ed 500
Nove
ls,
Upda
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IT,
Col
leg
e,Hi
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chool
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es&Re
vis
ionKi
ts(
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mic
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com) Pa
ge107

107
 0714497530

Ski
rt 1 Dar
kgr
ey 500

Car
digan 1 I
ndi
goone 600

Neckt
ie 1 Redst
ri
pped 200

3 Books SetBooks 3 TheRiverand 600

theSource

Betr
ayali
n
theCit
y 500

Mst
ahi
ki
Mey
a 600

4 Dr
inks Soda 3-
1Li
tr
e Coke 300

Jui
ce 2L Del
mont
e 300

5 Snacks Cr
acker
s 50g Cheezi
t 110

Cooki
es 100g Or
eo 200

Pr
etzel 100gm Bol
dGol
d 200

TOTAL 6010

Expect
edBal
ance: Sh.90

Exer
cise

Youarefor
mt wocl assprefect
.Yourclassist
hrowingt
heendofthey earcl
asspar
ty.Befor
ethi
shappens,
ther
eiscontr
ibuti
onbyal lt
heclassmember s.I
fthetot
alamountrai
sedissh.9000whi chyouar
esupposed
tobudgetf
or,preparetheshoppingl
istoftheit
em youwouldbuy
.

Nove
ls,
Upda
tedKAS
NEB,
IT,
Col
leg
e,Hi
ghS
chool
Not
es&Re
vis
ionKi
ts(
isa
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mic
ah@g
mai
l.
com) Pa
ge108

108
 0714497530

5.SOCI
ALWRI
TING

(
a)I
NVI
TATI
ONS
 Sendi
nginvi
tat
ionsi
stheappr
opr
iat
ewayt
ocommuni
cat
etoy
ourguestwhati
sitt
haty
ouar
ecel
ebr
ati
ng
andwhattheeventi
sall
about
.

 Ther
ear
etwot
ypesofi
nvi
tat
ions:

 I
nfor
mal
inv
itat
ions

 For
mal
inv
itat
ions

 I
nvi
tat
ionsal
sot
akef
orm of
:inv
itat
ioncar
dsori
nvi
tat
ionl
ett
ers.

(
i) I
nvi
tat
ionCar
ds

 Theyar
edesi
gnedt
oinv
itei
ndi
vi
dual
stov
ari
ouscer
emoni
esandpar
ti
es.

 Whendesi
gni
ngani
nvi
tat
ioncar
dremembert
o:

 Pr
ovi
det
henameoft
hehostf
ort
hepar
ty.

 Ext
endtheinvit
ati
onbychoosi
ngappropri
atef
ormal
wor
ding,
suchas,
“requesty
ourpr
esence”orl
ess
for
malwording,suchas“
tot
all
yinv
itesyou”
.

 I
ncl
udehonor
if
ics(
Dr.
/Mr
./Ms/et
c.)bef
oret
heguest
’snameespeci
all
yiff
ormal
.

 Answerthequestion“ what?”Tell
theguestwhatt heeventi
sf or
.Isitforbirt
hdayparty
, weddi
ngpart
y,
bir
thofanewbaby ,fundr
aisingetc.i
f,f
orexample,iti
sabirthdaypartyensurey outel
lthem whoisi
t
forandagetheper soniscelebrati
ng.Bythesamet oken,i
fitisgraduati
on, t
ell
them whoi ti
sforand
mentiontheeducationmi l
estonetheycompleted.Thepurposeoft heev enti
sstatedclearl
y.

 Beclearaboutt
hedat
eandti
meoft
heev
ent
.Dayoft
heweekshoul
dal
sobei
ncl
uded.Exampl
e
t
h
Sat
urday,16 May2016at4.
00pm.

 Beclearont
hev enue.Tel
lthem wher
ethepar
tywi
l
lbehel
d.I
fthepar
tyi
shel
dof
f-
sit
e(notwher
eis
knowntoall
),y
oucanev engivedir
ecti
ons.

 Writ
e“ RSVP”.Underthis,
writ
ethenameoft hepeoplet
obecont act
edandthei
rcontactdet
ail
s.You
canwr i
tethephonenumbert oall
owt hem cont
actyousoast oi
nformyouaheadoftimewhetheror
nottheywill
beat t
ending.RSVPisFrenchabbrevi
ati
onf r
or“espondezsi
l’
vouspl
ait
”whichsimply
means“ pl
easerespond” .

 Giveinst
ruct
ionst
oy ourreci
pient
sonf
orexampl
e,howt
odr
ess,
orbr
ingsomet
hing,
ift
obr
ing
anotherguest,
oranyotherthi
ngtodo.

 Youcanalsoincl
udethet
easer
.Incl
udesomethingt
hatwil
ldri
vethem t
othepart
yev
enbefor
ethe
actual
day.Youcanmenti
onthi
ngslikedr
inks,
dance,et
c.Thesemakethem l
ooki
ngtowar
ds
att
endingt
heparty.
Nove
ls,
Upda
tedKAS
NEB,
IT,
Col
leg
e,Hi
ghS
chool
Not
es&Re
vis
ionKi
ts(
isa
boke
mic
ah@g
mai
l.
com) Pa
ge109

109
 0714497530

 I
ncl
udesi
mpl
ebutapi
ctur
ethatt
ieswi
tht
hepar
ty.Youcanhav
eapi
ctur
eofacakei
fbi
rt
hdaypar
ty.

Sampl
eInv
itat
ionCar
d

I
nfor
mal
Inv
itat
ionCar
d

Becausey
ouhav
ebel
i
evedi
n

Them,

Cel
ebr
atedwi
tht
hem

Lov
edandencour
agedt
hem,

We,
Rut
hKi
mani
andJohnKi
mani

Asky
out
ojoi
nusi
nhonour
ingour

Chi
l
dren

Jeni
ferWanj
i
ku

And

JosephNj
oroge

Ast
heycel
ebr
atet
hebegi
nni
ngof

Thei
radv
ent
urest
oget
her

OnSat
urday
, y11th,
Januar 2016

At9.
00am

Cer
emonyf
oll
owedbydi
nner
,

Nove
ls,
Upda
tedKAS
NEB,
IT,
Col
leg
e,Hi
ghS
chool
Not
es&Re
vis
ionKi
ts(
isa
boke
mic
ah@g
mai
l.
com) Pa
ge110

110
 0714497530

Dr
inks,
andawkwar
dbut

Ent
husi
ast
icdanci
ng

RSVP:

Mr
.johnKi
mani or MsRut
hKi
mani

Mobi
l
e:0711111111 Mobi
l
e:0712121212

For
mal
Inv
itat
ionCar
d

THEFAMI
LYOFMRANDMRSKAI
MOSI

Cal
l
sfort
hecont
ent
mentof

Dr
/Pst
/Mr
/Mr
s/Ms/
Eng/…………………………………………….
.

Company

Att
hemar
ri
ageof

Ar
senalChel
seaandMi
gingoI
sland

OnSat
urday
,thesecondofJanuar
y;2016

Athal
fpast4.
00i
ntheev
eni
ng

Att rKasar
hei anihome

Dr
essasy
ouwi
sh,
dineasy
oul
i
ke

Danceasy
oupl
ease

RSVP:

Mr
.Kai
mosi Mr
sKai
mosi

Emai
l
:kai
mosi
4@gmai
l
.com Phone:
0716602808

(
ii
) I
NVI
TATI
ONLETTERS

Nove
ls,
Upda
tedKAS
NEB,
IT,
Col
leg
e,Hi
ghS
chool
Not
es&Re
vis
ionKi
ts(
isa
boke
mic
ah@g
mai
l.
com) Pa
ge111

111
 0714497530

 Aninvi
tat
ionlet
ter
,nor
mal
lybusiness,
iswr
it
tent
oinv
itepeopl
etov
ari
ousev
ent
s,suchas,
semi
nar
s,
confer
ences,
andmanyotherfuncti
ons.

 I
ttakest
hef
ormatofot
herbusi
nessl
ett
ers.

 Inaninvi
tat
ionl
ett
eroneshoul
dincl
udet
hedet
ail
srequi
red.Onl
ytheper
ti
nenti
nfor
mat
ionr
egar
dingt
he
eventshoul
dbeincl
uded.

 Theyar
ewr
it
tent
oinv
ite:

 Ar
esour
ceper
sont
oschool

 Teacher
s,st
udent
s,et
ctosemi
nar
s,conf
erences,
dramaf
est
ival
s,et
c

El
ement
sofI
nvi
tat
ionLet
ter
s

Ani
nvi
tat
ionl
ett
erwi
l
lincl
udet
hingsl
i
ke:

 Br
iefdescri
pti
onoftheinst
it
uti
on/or
gani
zat
ion.Lett
her
eci
pientknowwhaty
oudoandt
oknow
whetheryouhavet
her i
ghttohol
dsuchanevent.

 I
ncl
udeal
ltheper
ti
nenti
nfor
mat
ion.

Jehov
aJi
rehSchool
,

P.
O.Box2345–30456,

BETHLEHEM –PALESTI
NE.

Febr y6th,
uar 2016

TheChai
rper
son,

NACADA,

P.
O.Box966–40500

NEBUCHADNEZER–CANAAN.

DearMr
.Her
od:

RE:
INVI
TATI
ONTOGI
VEATALKONDRUGABUSE

Nove
ls,
Upda
tedKAS
NEB,
IT,
Col
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e,Hi
ghS
chool
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es&Re
vis
ionKi
ts(
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mic
ah@g
mai
l.
com) Pa
ge112

112
 0714497530

OnbehalfofEnvi
ronmental
Club,
Jehov
aJireSchool
,itismypl
easuret
oextendt
hei
nvi
tat
iontoour
school
parents’
dayintheschool
ref
ect
oryonFri
day,6thMar
ch,2016at9.
00am.Youar
einvi
tedtogi
vea
tal
kondrugabuse.

JehovaSchoolisoneofthethr
eeschoolsinBet
hlehem i
nwhichstudentshavecont
inuedtoabusedr
ugs.
Howev er
,mostofthem arer
eadytorespondtowhattheyar
et ol
dondanger sofhar
ddr ugs.
Envi
ronmentalcl
ubhasbeengiventhepowertocurbtheuseofsuchdr ugs.

Idohopeyouwil
lbeabl
etoconf
ir
myourat
tendancet
othi
sinv
itat
ion.Wel
ookf
orwar
dtoy
ourpr
esence
att
hisbi
gday.

Your
ssi
ncer
ely
,

[
sign]

Abr
aham Fat
herLuke–ENVI
RONMENTALCLUBCHAI
R

6.PUBLI
CWRI
TING

(
a)TELEPHONEMESSAGES
 Peopl
ewhowor
kinof
fi
cesof
tenanswerphonesf
orot
her
sespeci
all
yint
hei
rabsence.

 Wheny
ouanswersuchcal
l
s,y
ouneedt
otaket
hemessagesf
ort
hem.

 Thet
elephonemessageshav
ethef
oll
owi
ngel
ement
s:

(
i) Nameoft
heper
sont
hecal
l
erwant
edt
otal
kto.

(
ii
) Thenameoft
hecal
l
er.

(
ii
i) Dat
eandt
imeoft
hecal
l
.

(
iv) Tel
ephonenumberoft
hecal
l
er.

(
v) Detai
l
softhemessage.Herey
ouwrit
esomethi
ngli
ke:
Shecal
l
edt
oaskwhet
hery
ouwi
l
l
at
tendthefundr
aisi
ngcer
emonyatMigi
ngoHot
el.

(
vi) Thenameoft
her
ecei
veroft
hecal
l
.

 Lookatt
het
elephonenot
epadbel
ow.

Nove
ls,
Upda
tedKAS
NEB,
IT,
Col
leg
e,Hi
ghS
chool
Not
es&Re
vis
ionKi
ts(
isa
boke
mic
ah@g
mai
l.
com) Pa
ge113

113
 0714497530

SUKUMAWI
KIHI
GHSCHOOL

TELEPHONEMESSAGENOTEPAD

DATE:
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
_

TI
ME:
___
___
___
___
___
___AM/
PM

TO:
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
__

FROM:
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___

TELEPHONE:
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___

Tel
ephoned Pl
easecal
l

Cal
l
edt
oseey
ou Wi
l
lcal
lagai
n

Want
stoseey
ou Ret
urnedy
ourcal
l

MESSAGE:
………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………….

……………………………………………………………………………………………….

……………………………………………………………………………………………….

RECEI
VEDBY:
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
__

Exer
cise

Yournamei sElli
otKumo.Ast heyouthl
eaderinyourward,y
ouhav etheresponsibil
it
yofensur i
ngthe
gar bageinyourareaarecoll
ectedbythecompanyknownasMat akatakaChafuGar bageCol l
ector
s.Oneday
theyf ail
todot hatandyoudecidetocal
lthemanagertocompl ai
naboutthisandt hattheyshouldbri
ngthe
truckt henextdaytopickupthegarbage.Unf
ortunat
ely,
thesecret
arycall
edAmi naSal i
m picksthecal
l.I
na
telephonemessagenot epad,wri
tethemessageAmi nawil
ltake.

Answer
Nove
ls,
Upda
tedKAS
NEB,
IT,
Col
leg
e,Hi
ghS
chool
Not
es&Re
vis
ionKi
ts(
isa
boke
mic
ah@g
mai
l.
com) Pa
ge114

114
 0714497530

MATAKATAKACHAFUGARBAGECOLLECTORS

TELEPHONEMESSAGENOTEPADS

15TH Januar
DATE: y,2016

TI
ME:
9.00AM/
PM

TO:
MakauCol
l
ins–Manager

FROM:
Ell
i
otKamau–Yout
hLeader
,Ki
j
ikoWar
d

TELEPHONE:
254-
720467987

Tel
ephoned √ Pl
easecal
l

Cal
l
edt
oseey
ou Wi
l
lcal
lagai
n

Want
stoseey
ou Ret
urnedy
ourcal
l

MESSAGE: Hecalledtocomplai
naboutt
hefai
l
ureofgar
bagetr
ucktopi
ckup
thei
rgarbagetoday.Heiswonderi
ngwhet
hert
hetr
uckcouldst
optomor
row
andpickitup.

RECEI
VEDBY:
Ami
naSal
i
m

SECRETARY

(
b)FI
LLI
NGFORMS
 Fi
l
li
ngf
ormsmi
ghtseem easyt
omaj
ori
tyofpeopl
ebutt
hisi
susual
l
ynott
hecase.

 Tof
il
lthef
orm asr
equi
red,
youneedt
oconsi
dert
hepoi
ntsbel
ow:

 Got
hrought
hewhol
efor
m bef
orey
oust
artf
il
li
ngi
tin.

 Readt
hei
nst
ruct
ionsandensur
eyouunder
standt
hem.

 Fi
l
lonesect
ionatat
imet
oav
oidconf
usi
on.

 Fi
l
lal
lthebl
anksunl
essst
atedf
orof
fi
cial
useonl
y.

 I
fther
eisapar
t

Nove
ls,
Upda
tedKAS
NEB,
IT,
Col
leg
e,Hi
ghS
chool
Not
es&Re
vis
ionKi
ts(
isa
boke
mic
ah@g
mai
l.
com) Pa
ge115

115
 0714497530

Sampl
eFor
m

EMBEDODOMI
XEDSECONDARYSCHOOL
(
Emai
l
:embdod@y
ahoo.
com,
phone:
071666666,
Websi
te:
www.
embedodo.
go.
ke)

Maki
‘ ngf
utur
efr
om t
hepr
esent
’

STUDENT’
SADMI
SSI
ONFORM

I
NSTRUCTI
ONSTOSTUDENTS

1.Usebl
acki
nkonl
y.

2.Fi
l
lal
lthebl
anksy
ouar
erequi
redt
o.

3.Compl
eteeachsect
ioni
nBLOCKl
ett
ers.

(
a)St
udent
’sPer
sonal
Det
ail
s

St
udent
’sName:
………………………………………………………………………

Dat
eofBi
rt
h:………………………………………………………………………….
.

Gender
: …………………………………

Rel
i
gion:
………………………………….
.

Nameandcl
assesofbr
other
(s)
/si
ster
(s)i
nschool

Si
bli
ng’
sName Si
bli
ng’
sCl
ass

(
b)Par
ent
’sDet
ail
s

Par
ent
/Guar
dian’
sName:
……………………………………………………………………………….
.
Nove
ls,
Upda
tedKAS
NEB,
IT,
Col
leg
e,Hi
ghS
chool
Not
es&Re
vis
ionKi
ts(
isa
boke
mic
ah@g
mai
l.
com) Pa
ge116

116
 0714497530

Pr
ofessi
on:
…………………………………………………………….

Addr
ess:
……………………………………………………………

Mobi
l
eNumber
:………………………………………………….

(
c)Academi
cDet
ail
s

Cl
assi
nwhi
chAdmi
ssi
oni
ssought
:…………………………………………………………………….
.

KCPEMar
ks:
…………………………………………………………………….
.

LastTer
m Gr
ade:
…………………………………………………………….
.

(
d)Heal
th

Hav
eyoubeendi
agnosedwi
thcancerorHI
V/AI
DS?Yes/
No

I
fyesforhowlong
_
____
______
___
____
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
_
____
______
___
____
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___

Doy
ousuf
ferf
rom anyhear
tdi
sease?Yes/
No

(
e)Decl
arat
ion

Idecl
aret
hatwhatIhavewrit
tenher
eist
het
rueandIam r
esponsi
blef
oranyev
ent
ual
i
ty
thatmi
ghtresul
tfr
om t
his.

Si
gn:
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___

Name:
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___

Dat
e:_
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
__

(
f)ForOf
fi
cial
useonl
y

Qual
i
fiedf
oradmi
ssi
on:
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
_

Remarks:
___
___
______
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
______
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___

Si
gnat
ureoft
heof
fi
cer
:__
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___

Nove
ls,
Upda
tedKAS
NEB,
IT,
Col
leg
e,Hi
ghS
chool
Not
es&Re
vis
ionKi
ts(
isa
boke
mic
ah@g
mai
l.
com) Pa
ge117

117
 0714497530

(
c)LETTERSOFAPOLOGY
 Weallmakemi
stakesf
rom t
imet
oti
me.Whent
hathappens,
iti
swor
thwhi
l
ethatt
hesi
tuat
ionbemended
ear
ly.

 Onewayt
omendt
hesi
tuat
ioni
sbywr
it
ingal
ett
erapol
ogi
zi
ngf
ort
hewr
ongdone.

 Al
ett
erofapol
ogyi
swr
it
teni
nor
dert
o:

 Layouty
ourmi
stakescl
ear
ly;

 Askf
orf
orgi
veness;

 Exhi
bitr
egr
et;

 Pr
ovi
deassur
ancesf
orchange;
and

 Al
l
owf
orbui
l
dingofr
elat
ionshi
ps.

 Whenwr
it
ingal
ett
erofapol
ogy
:

 Begi
nthel
ett
erbysay
ingy
ouar
eapol
ogi
zi
ng.

 Admi
tyouwer
ewr
ongandacceptt
her
esponsi
bil
i
ty.

 Of
ferawayy
oucanhel
presol
vet
hesi
tuat
ion.

 Reassur
etheper
sont
haty
ouwi
l
ldoy
ourbestt
opr
eventt
hepr
obl
em f
rom occur
ri
ngagai
n.

 Tel
ltheper
sony
ouar
elooki
ngf
orwar
dtor
ebui
l
dingt
hedamagedr
elat
ionshi
p.

 Apol
ogi
zeagai
ntocl
oset
hel
ett
er.

 Besi
ncer
e.

Howt
oWr
it
eApol
ogy

STEP EXPLANATI
ON EXAMPLE

 Sayy
ouar
esor
ry Iam wri
tingt
oapologi
zef
or
cominglatet
oschool.

 Cl
ear
lyst
atet
hepr
obl
em. Mybr ot herwasr ecentl
y
admi t
t edatthehospi t
al.Thi
s
 Expl
ainasmuchasy
oucanwhat mor ningnoonewasl ef
tat
wentwrong. homewi t
hmyy oungest
sibli
ng.Shewascr y
ingandI
hadt of i
rstwaitforanyofmy
relat
ivest ocome.

 Tr
ytosol
vet
hepr
obl
em. Tomendt
his,
Ipr
omi
set
o
Nove
ls,
Upda
tedKAS
NEB,
IT,
Col
leg
e,Hi
ghS
chool
Not
es&Re
vis
ionKi
ts(
isa
boke
mic
ah@g
mai
l.
com) Pa
ge118

118
 0714497530

 Gi
v eexampl
esofhowy
oucando comeearlyfr
om t omorrow.I
t
his. wil
lletmyparentsknowt hat
thenextt
imet heyleav
et hey
shouldl
eavesomeonebehi nd
tobabysi
tthechild.

 Apol
ogi
zeagai
n Again,Iam sorryforr
eporti
ng
l
ate.Ihopet hatwecanput
thi
sissuebehi ndus.Ilook
for
wardt orebuildi
ngthe
rel
ati
onship.

Exer
cise

Oneoft heschoolrul
esstat
e:“
ONLYEngli
shandKiswahil
iaretheof
fi
cial
languagestouseatschool
”.The
schoolheadofLanguagesdepart
menthascaughtyouspeakingi
nyourmothertongue.Wri
tehi
mt helet
ter
,
apologi
zingforyouract
ion.

Answer

KEMBOIHI
GHSCHOOL

P.
O.BOX434–30300

ELDORET–KENYA

14TH Januar
y,2016

THEHEADOFDEPARTMENT–LANGUAGES

KEMBOIHI
GHSCHOOL

P.
O.BOX434–30300

ELDORET–KENYA

DearMr
.Ki
pchoge:

Nove
ls,
Upda
tedKAS
NEB,
IT,
Col
leg
e,Hi
ghS
chool
Not
es&Re
vis
ionKi
ts(
isa
boke
mic
ah@g
mai
l.
com) Pa
ge119

119
 0714497530

RE:
APOLOGYFORSPEAKI
NGI
NMOTHERTONGUE

Iam sor
ryf
orbr
eaki
ngoneoft
heschool
rul
es.

Iknewt hatspeaki
nginmothert
ongueispr
ohi
bit
edatschool
,whenIspokeit
.Iam deepl
ysor
ry
foract
ingasthoughIam abovether
ulesev
ery
oneshoul
df ol
l
ow.Itwasimpol
itet
obot hy
ou
andtheotherteacher
s.

Ipromi set
oobeyal lt
heschoolr
ulesnowt hatIhavel
ear
ntthatnoonei
sabovetheschool
rul
es.Itwasinappropr
iat
eofmet ospeakthelanguagenotaccept
abl
eatschool
.Iknowthat
punishmentmet edonmei scomplet
elydeserved.

Onceagain,
Iam sor
ryf
ormyst
upi
dbehav
ior
.Iwi
l
lfr
om nowonspeaki
nthet
woof
fi
cial
l
anguages.

Ihopeourdi
ff
erenceshav
ebeenputbehi
ndusandt
hatourr
elat
ionshi
premai
nsundamaged.

Your
sSi
ncer
ely
,

[
signat
ure]

Ki
mit
aKei
no

FORM 2STUDENT

Nove
ls,
Upda
tedKAS
NEB,
IT,
Col
leg
e,Hi
ghS
chool
Not
es&Re
vis
ionKi
ts(
isa
boke
mic
ah@g
mai
l.
com) Pa
ge120

120