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    15 views7 pages

    Signals and Systems

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    HEnry

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    Lecture Notes 1 Introduction 1.1 Overview of Signals and Systems A signal is a function representing a physical quantity or variable. Typically it contains information about the behavior or nature of the phenomenon it represents. Mathematically, a signal is represented as a function of an independent variable t. Usually t represents time. Thus, a signal is denoted by x(). 1.1.1 Classification of Signals ignals can be classified in the following categories: 1, One-dimensional and Multi-dimensional 2. Continuous-Time and Discrete-Time signals 3. Analog and Digital Signals 4, Deterministic and Random Signals Even and Odd Signals Periodic and Non-Periodie Signals ae Finite and Infinite Length Signals 8, Real and Complex Signals 9, Energy and Power Signals, 1. One-dimensional and Multi-dimensional A one-dimensional signal isa signal that isa function ofa single variable. A multidimensional signal isa signal that is dependent on multiple (more than one) variables 1 LECTURE NOTES 1. INTRODUCTION Speech varies as a function of time = one-dimensional. Image intensity varies as a funetion of (x,y) coordinates => multi-dimensional 2, Continuous-Time Signals and Discrete-Time Signals ‘A signal is continuous-time if itis defined for all time, x(2). This means it has an amplitude defined for a continuous time. For such a signal, time is a continuous variable. x) 0 1 Figure 1.1: Graphical representation of continuous-t ime signals. A signal is discrete-time if itis defined only at discrete instants of time, x{n]. This means. it has an amplitude defined only at discrete time intervals. For such a signal, 1 is a discrete variable usually indicated by n. ain] S43210123 456 n Figure 1.2: Graphical representation of discrete ime signal A continuous-time signal can be converted to di rete-time signal through sampling. 3. Analog and Digital Signals A signal whose amplitude can take on any value in a continuous range is an analog signal. A digital signal is one whose amy Bin itude can take on only a finite number of distinct values, Y signals are an example digital signals An analog signal c: be converted into a digital signal through quantization. 4, Deterministic and Random Signals Deterministic signals are those signals whose values are completely specified for any given 1.1. OVERVIEW OF SIGNALS AND SYSTEMS. 3 time. Thus, a deterministic signal can be modeled by a known function of time ¢. Its value at each time point is defined as a mathematical function, Random signals are those signals that take random values at any given time and must be characterized statistically. It cannot be described by a mathematical function, 5, Even and Odd Signals A signal is even if a-1) = a) ‘A signal is odd if x(-1) = =x(0) Pt 0, 0 . 0 (@) Even signal (b) Ode signal Figure 1.3: Examples of even signals and odd signals. A signal can be even, odd or neither. Any signal x(t) can be expressed as a sum of two signal even x,(0) and odd x,(1). That is, x Net) + Xo) where, Il xe) = {x + aco} = even part of x(0) ss-=}fa 2009} aan tt Sin(t) is an odd signal, Cos(t) is an even signal. 6. Periodic and Non-Periodie Signals A periodic signal x(t) isa function of time that satisfies XE#T) = a) a(t + mT) = x(t) ‘The smallest period 7,, that satisfies this relationship is called the fundamental period Fundamental period is undefined for any constant signal, e.g. DC. This is because a constant signal is periodic for any choice of T (and so there is no smallest positive value). Any continuous-time signal which is not periodic is called a nonperiodie (or aperiodie) signal Frequency f (Hz) is inverse of 7,. A signal is either periodic or aperiodic. LECTURE NOTES 1. INTRODUCTION x 27 T 0 T or 7 Figure 1.4: Periodic continuous-time signal. 7. Real and Complex Signals A signal is real if it has real values at all time t, If a signal has one or more of its values complex at time (1), then it is a complex signal. 8. Finite and Infinite Length Signals A signal x(1) is a finite length signal if it is non-zero over a finite interval, ie. a <1

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