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Fl Ib rr fkil k`ltflglt k`ultr y ofd g Silzilfi gliktgc "Silzilfil Oilc Ikt, 9668" w
whhfkh Ikt
pr`vfcgs gquio ^fahts `b pr`pgrtfgs t` thg Silzilfil pg`pogs. pg`pogs.
[@WSH IB^FKI
Burthgr fl [`uth Ibrfki fl ygir 9663 gliktgc Oiw lijgc "Shg rgstftutf`l `b Oilc ^fahts
Ikt, 9663" w pgr ty b `r w
hfkh afvgs gquio r faht t` pr ` pg
wh w`jgl.
>>
Oixjfchir Kh`uhil "Q`jgl ilc thg Oiw", Jftti
ttio ]unofkitf`ls, Cgohf, >==1, p.p.63-67.
I w`jil kil koifj pr ` pg pgr ty r fahts ny koifjfla hgr str fchil, jifltglilkg b rr `j
`j thg
hg ee`flt Hflcu b ijfoy pr ` pg
hus nilc, shir g fl thg pgr ty, r faht t` r gsfcg fl jitr fj`lfio h`jg.
Shgrg fs il gssgltfio cfbbgrglkg ngtwggl strfchil ilc c`wry ilc ft's vgry fjp`rtilt t`
ulcgrstilc thfs cfbbgrglkg. Qhfog strfchil fs oiwbuo, afvfla ilc tidfla `b c`wry fs
uloiwbuo. Ikk`rcfla t` k`jj`l ulcgrstilcfla `loy th`sg pr`pgrtfgs whfkh irg afvgl
ny nrfcg's bijfoy w`l i cgjilc rifsgc ny ar``j ilc hfs bijfoy irg k`lsfcgrgc is
c`wry. ]r`pgrtfgs afvgl ny nrfcg's bijfoy v`oultirfoy irg kioogc strfchil.
k) @b
@bbg
bglk
lkgg `b Krfj
Kr fjfl
flio
io nr
nrgi
gikkh `b tr
trus
ustt ny hu
husn
snil
ilc5
c5
fs quftg `btgl thit thg wfbg dggps hgr strfchil fl thg sibg kust`cy `b hgr husnilc nut thit
c`gsl't jgil shg o``sgs hgr rfaht `vgr thit pr`pgrty. Shg husnilc fs n`ulc t` rgturl thg
pr`pgrty whglgvgr shg jfaht isd b`r ft ilc fs l`t ioo`wgc t` jfsippr`prfitg ft wfth`ut hgr
dl`wogcag. Krfjflio nrgikh `b trust fs il `bbglkg ulcgr thg Flcfil ]glio K`cg. Shg !i fs
fltglcgc t` k`vgr sftuitf`ls whgrg i pgrs`l gltrusts pr`pgrty fl i- ilc thit `thgr pgrs`l
ngtriys thg trust ilc jfsippr`prfitgs ft.
Sh`uah thg pr`vfsf`l `b F]K Fs l`t spgkfbfkiooy jgilt b`r k`vgrfla kisgs whgrg Ju
husnilc
husni lc bioos/rgbusgs
bioos/rgbusgs t` hilc`vgr
hilc`vgr thg strfchil t` hfs wfbg thg [uprgjg
[uprgjg K`urt Fl oilcjird
oilcjird
eucajglt his rgic thg pr`vfsf`l flt` i jitrfj`lfio
jitrfj`lfio kiw ilc thus afvgl rgofgb t` thg w`jil,
sgttfla i prgkgcglt b`r thg buturg. Ft sifc [ukh pr`pgrty wis jgilt b`r thg gxkousfvg usg `b
thg wfbg, ilc wis `loy gltrustgc t` thg husnilc `r hfs rgoitfvgs b`r sibgdggpfla. Shg wfbg
hic i rfaht t` isd b`r i rgturl `b thg pr`pgrty t` hgr it ilytfjg Hus nilc ilc hfs b ijfoy
- n`ulc t` c` s`, b ifofla whfkh thgy w`uoc ng pr`sgkutgc b`r thg `bbglkg
ngr s w `r g cuty n
jgj ng
`b krfjflio nrgikh `b trust.>;
c) Jif
Jifltgl
ltglilk
ilkg5
g5
Shg K`lkgpt `b jifltglilkg stgjs br`j thg sun`rcflitg stitus `b w`jgl. Q`jgl irg
s`kfiofzgc flt` ikkgptfla i prfjiry r`og `b wfbg & j`thgr4 thgfr k`ltrfnutf`l t` thg
h`usgh`
h`u sgh`oc
oc gk`l`j
gk`l`jy y is h`jg-j
h`jg-jidg
idgrs
rs rgjifl
rgjiflss ulpifc
ulpifc44 gvgl
gvgl is girlfla
girlfla w`jgl,
w`jgl, thgy
thgy
rirgoy hivg k`ltr`o `vgr thgfr girlflas. Jifltglilkg fs fltglcgc t` k`jpglsitg b`r thfs
o`ss.
o`ss. Ft pr`vfc
pr`vfcgs
gs gk`l`j
gk`l`jfk
fk sgkurfty
sgkurfty t` thg cgpglc
cgpglcglt
glt wfbg
wfbg ilc ifjs it prgvgl
prgvgltfl
tfla
a
cgstftutf`l `b w`jgl. I w`jil fs gltftogc t` jifltglilkg ibtgr cfv`rkg ilc gvgl whgl
thg cfv`rkg pgtftf`l fs pglcfla. J`st `b thg w`jgl fl Flcfil s`kfgty hivg l`
flcgpglcglt girlflas ilc irg cgpglcglt `l thgfr jgl. Hflcu Oiw whgthgr tricftf`lio `b
j`cgj. Oidgs kirg `b thgfr jifltglilkg
g) [ukkgs
[ukkgssf`l
sf`l ilc Flhgrfti
F lhgrftilkg
lkg 5
KHI]SG^ ;.
p g r ty ^
Ju s o fj Q ` j i l ‖s ] r ` p fa h t s 5
Shgrg irg tw` nr`ic skh``os `b Jusofj Oiw fl Flcfi - Hilibf & [hfi Irg thgrg ily
cfbbgrglkg ngtwggl [ullf ilc [hfi oiw `b Flhgrftilkg0 Hilbf ruogs `loy k`ult th`sg
rgoitfv
rgoit fvgs
gs is hg hgfrs
frs wh`s
wh`sgg rgoit
rgoitf`
f`ll t` th
thgg cgcgkg
kgisg
isgc
c pg
pgrs`
rs`l
l fs th
thr`
r`ua
uah
h i jiog
jiog-s`-s`l'
l'ss
ciuahtgr s, s`l's s`l ilc b ithgr 's j`thgr . [hfi flkoucg gvgl th`sg pgr s`ls is hgf
hgfr s wh`
hg cgkgisgc thr `uah i b gjiog ga. Ciuahtgr 's s`l, ciuahtgr 's ciuahtgr .
ir g r goitgc t` thg
[ukkgssf`l & Flhgrftilkg - I bgw aglgrio ruogs `b flhgrftilkg irg5 Fb ioo thg hgfrs
koifjfla pr`pgrty irg gquiooy lgir fl rgoitf`l t` thg cgkgisgc thgy ioo hivg il gquio rfaht
fl pr`pgrty I jiog tidgs c`unog thg shirg `b i bgjiog Fb `lg fs rgoitgc t` thg cgkgisgc
thr`uah il`thgr, `lg c`gs l`t flhgrft is o`la is thit pgrs`l fs iofvg I lgirgr hgfr
gxkoucgs thg
hg r gj`tgr `lg I w`jil his kgr tifl r fahts t` pr ` p
pggr ty fl flhgr ftilkg,
jifl
ji fltg
tglil
lilkg
kg ililc c Jihr
Jihr.. [hg
[hg fs gl
gltf
tfto
togc
gc t` fl
flhg
hgrft
rft pr
pr`p
`pgr
grty
ty is5 CiuaCiuaht htgr
gr Qfc`
Qfc`w w
Arilcj`thgr J`thgr [`l's ciuahtgr
C`wgr `r Jihr5 C`wgr `r Jihr C`wgr I suj `b j`lgy `r s`jg `thgr pr`pgrty whfkh
thg wfbg fs gltftogc t` agt br`j thg husnilc `l jirrfiag. Ft kil ng bfxgc it ily tfjg
ngb`rg jirrfiag `r it thg tfjg `b jirrfiag. Sw` typgs `b Jihgr ]r`jpt5 ij`ult afvgl t`
thg wfbg fjjgcfitgoy `l jirrfiag Cgbgrrgc5 ij`ult afvgl t` thg wfbg whgl hgr jirrfiag
his glcgc- gfthgr ny cgith `b hgr husnilc `r ny cfv`rkg.
Qfoo `r Qisfyit5 Shg ngqugst `b pr`pgrty (`r j`lgy) ibtgr `lg's cgith t` i pirtfkuoir
pgrs`l. H`w jukh `b hfs/hgr pr`pgrty kil i Jusofj ngqugith0 I Jusofj kill`t
ngqugith j`rg thil 9/;rc `b hfs t`tio pr`pgrty (nut fb i w`jil his l` no``c rgoitf`ls &
hgr husnilc w`uoc ng thg `loy hgfr, thgl shg kil Qfoo >/;rc `b hgr pr`pgrty fl hfs
biv`ur) Shfs ij`ult fs kiokuoitgc ibtgr thg bulgrio k`sts ilc cgnts hivg nggl pifc.
Afbt `r Hfni5 Afbt `r Hfni Qhgl i kgrtifl pr`pgrty `r thfla `r j`lgy fs afvgl ny `lg
pgrs`l t` il`thgr pgrs`l wh` ikkgpts ft. Hfni fs jicg wfth`ut thg afvgr agttfla ilythfla
fl rgturl Ioo typgs `b pr`pgrty jiy ng afvgl is i afbt B`r i afbt t` ng viofc, thgrg just ng5
Cgkoiritf`l `b thg wfsh t` jidg thg afbt Ikkgptilkg `b thg afbt Afvfla `b thg afbt t` thg
`thgr pgrs`l.
I Jusofj's Qfoo kil ng wrfttgl `r `rio. Shgrg fs l` spgkfbfk b`rj b`r ft nut thg fltgltf`l
`b jidfla i Qfoo just ng kogir br`j ft. Ft fs ngttgr t` jidg i Qfoo fl wrftfla. I Qfoo kil
ng wrfttgl `l il `rcfliry pipgr.
hg Jusofj Oiw `b [ukkgssf`l fs nisfkiooy
Shg ooy cfbb gr glt b rr `j thg
hg `thgr flcfagl`us, systgjs
`b Flcfi. Shg hg sgob ikqufr gc ilc ilkgstr io pr ` p
hg cfstflktf`l ngtwggl thg ptts `b
pggr tfgs ,k`lkg p
rfaht ny nfrth k`pirkgliry pr`pgrty, survfv`rshfp ilc pirtftf`l gtk. irg l`t dl`wl t`
Fsoijfk oiw `b sukkgssf`l whfkh fs nisgc `l thg tglgts' `b thg h`oy Yuiril. L` w`jil fs
gxkoucgc br`j flhgrftilkg `loy `l thg nisfs `b sgx. Q`jgl hivg, ofdg jgl, rfaht t`
flhgrft pr`pgrty flcgpglcgltoy, l`t jgrgoy t` rgkgfvg jifltglilkg `r h`oc pr`pgrty fl
ofgu `b jifltglilkg. Gvgry w`jil wh` flhgrfts s`jg pr`pgrty. fs fts ins`outg `wlgr ofdg
jil. Shgrg fs .l` k`lkgpt `b gfthgr srfchil `r w`jgl's ofjftgc gstitg. Shg Jusofj oiw `b
sukkgssf`l whfkh fs ulk`cfbfgc jidgs l` cfstflktf`l ngtwggl pr`pgrtfgs `b cgkgisgc
jiog `r bgjiog.
CIWAHSG^[5
Ciuahtgr [hirg fl bithgr's pr`pgrty [hirg `b hiob (whgl his l` nr`thgr) Hiob `b whitgvgr
shirg thg nr`thgr agts I jil tidgs c`unog thg shirg `b i bgjiog J`thgr [hirg fl s`l's
pr`pgrty Qfoo agt 9/;rc shirg `b hgr s`l's pr`pgrty (whgl thgrg irg l` khfocrgl) Qfoo agt
9/2th shirg `b hgr s`l's pr`pgrty (whgl thgrg irg khfocrgl) Arilc j`thgr [hirg fl hgr
arilcs`l's pr`pgrty Jitgrlio arilcj`thgr wfoo agt 9/2th shirg (`loy fb thgrg fs l` j`thgr
`r arilcbithgr) ]itgrlio arilcj`thgr agts i shirg `b thg t`tio pr`pgrty (`loy fb thgrg fs l`
j`thgr `r arilcbithgr)
QFRG[5
Fl Fsoijfk oiw, i w`jil's fcgltfty, th`uah flb gr f`r fl stitus t` i jil's, fs l`t
gxtflaufshgc fl hfj whgl shg jirrfgs Shus shg rgtifls k`ltr`o `vgr hgr a``cs ilc
pr ` pg
pgr tfgs. [hg
hg his i r faht t` thg
hg sijg jifltglilkg hg wfvgs, fb ily, ilc
hg afvgs t` hfs `thgr wf
jiy tidg iktf`l iaiflst hfj fl kisg hg cfskrfjflitgs iaiflst hgr.
Fb ththgr
grgg fs j`r
`rgg th
thil
il `l `lgg wfb fbg,
g, thg
thg sh shirirgg jiy cf cfjjflflfs
fsh
h t` `lg sfx sfxtg
tggl
glth
th.. Fl
kfr kujstilkgs, w
whghgr g thgr g ir g l` shir gs fl thg
hg gstitg is p r gskr ng
fngc n y oiw, thg wffb g jiy
hg w
flhgrft i argitgr ij`ult ny wfoo. I Jusofj jiy cfsp`sg `b `lg thfrc `b hfs pr`pgrty ny
wfoo, th`uah l`t t` i shirgr fl thg flhgrftilkg.
J@SHG^[5
Shg sijg ruog Fs ippofgs t` i wfc`w `r i j`thgr. Jifltglilkg rgvgrts t` hgr pirgltio
bijfoy ibtgr thg fccit pgrf`c (ippr`xfjitgoy ; j`lths). Fl kisg `b cfv`rkg `r wfc`wh``c,
shg fs gltftogc t` jifltglilkg br`j hgr khfocrgl. Hgr pr`pgrty fs t` ng cfvfcgc ikk`rcfla
t` thg ruogs `b Jusofj oiw. [hg fs gltftogc t` flhgrft `lg sfxth `b hgr cgkgisgc khfoc's
gstitg,
Shg Ikt pr`vfcgs ippofkitf`l `b Jusofj pgrs`lio oiw t` Jusofjs fl jittgrs cgskrfngc fl
thfs Ikt.
Is pgr thfs Ikt, ioo qugstf`ls (sivg vg qugstf`ls r goitfla t` iar fkuotur io oilc) r gair cfla
fltgr stitg sukkgssf`l, s pg pgr ty `b b gjiogs, flkoucfla p
pgkfio p r ` pg pggr s`lio p r ` p pggr ty flhgr ftgc `r
ntiflgc ulcgr k`ltr ikt `r afb t `r ily `thgr pr `vfsf`l `b ]gr s`lio Oiw, jirr fiag,
` nt
cfss`outf`l `b jirr fiag, flkoucfla tioiq, Foi, zfhir , Foil d huf hufi ilc ju nir i iiit, jifltglilkg,
c`wgr , auir cfilsh p fp, afb ts, tr usts ilc tr ust pr ` pg
pgr tfgs, ilc wid bb s (`thgr thil khir ftfgs ilc
khirftinog
khirft inog Flstftutf`ls
Flstftutf`ls ilc khirftinog ilc rgofaf`us rgofaf`us glc`wjglts)
glc`wjglts) thg ruog `b cgkfsf`l cgkfsf`l Fl
kisgs whgrg thg pirtfgs irg Jusofjs shioo ng thg Jusofj ]grs`lio Oiw ([hirfit).
L`w thg k`urt kil k il iwirc ily cfv`rkgc Jusofj w`jgl piyjglt `b jifltglilkg br`j hgr
fnog ny sukh r goitfvgs t` piy hgr jifltglilkg, thg k`urt ny
r goitfvgs ilc fl kisg ft fs l`t p`ss n
`rcgr cfrgkt thg [titg Qidb N`irc gstinofshgc ulcgr [gktf`l-6 `b Qidb Ikt. Shg
jifltglilkg kil ng pifc ulcgr ily `thgr oiw b`rkg fl [titg. Ft ios` pr`vfcgs pr`vfsf`ls b`r
ily suft `b jifltglilkg ny cfv`rkgc Jusofj w`jgl ulcgr [gktf`ls 9>7 t` 9>8 `b Kr.pk
pglcfla ngb`rg i Jiafstritg t` ng cfsp`sgc ikk`rcfla t` thg pr`vfsf`l `b thfs Ikt. [gktf`l-
; `b thfs Ikt cgskrfngs thg rfaht `b Jihr ilc `thgr pr`pgrtfgs `b cfv`rkgc Jusofj w`jgl.
hg [u pr gjg K`ur t, fl J`hc. Ihjgc D hil v. [hih Nil` Ngauj ilc `thgr s, his hgoc
Shg
thit fb thg
hg cfv`r kgc w`jil fs i nog t` jifltifl hgr sgob , thg nffofty kgisgs
hg hus nilc's ofi n
wfth thg pgrf`c `b fccit, nut fb shg fs ulinog t` jifltifl hgrsgob ibtgr thg pgrf`c `b fccit,
shg fs gltftogc t` jifltglilkg ulcgr sgktf`l 9>7 `b thg K`cg `b Krfjflio ]r`kgcurg. Shfs
ogc t` k`ltr`vgrsy is t` thg `nofaitf`ls `b thg Jusofj husnilc t` piy jifltglilkg t` thg
cfv`rkgc wfbg.
Shg Jusofj Q`jgl (]r`tgktf`l `b ^fahts `l Cfv`rkg) Ikt wis pissgc t` cfoutg thg
eucajglt afvgl fl thfs cgkfsf`l thg [hihnil`
[hihnil` Kisg.
[WN[SILSFRG
[WN[SILSFRG OIQ ^GAI^CFLA JIFLSGLILKG5
JIFLSGLILKG5 K@J]I^ISFRG KHI^S ‛
N^@IC @WSOFLG
@WSOFLG
Jusofj
Jusofj Q`rl
Q`rlgl
gl (]
(]r`
r`tg
tgkt
ktf`
f`l
l `b [gktf`l 9>7 K`cg `b Krfjflio
^fahts `l Cfv`rkg) Ikt 9682 ]r`kgcurg
Eurfscfktf`l Ippofkitf`l fs
fs bf
bfogc Fl
Fl th
thg ir
irgi Ippofkitf`l whgrg thg
whgrg cfv`rkgc w`jil rgsfcgs hus nilc Fs, `r r gsfcgs `r
whgrg hg oist rgsfcgc wfth hfs
wfbg
]ulfshjglt `l
`l bifourg t` Fjprfs
Fjprfs`ljgl
`ljgltt whfkh jiy gxtglc Fjprfs
Fjpr fs`l
`ljg
jglt
lt whfk
whfkhh jiy
jiy
piy t` @lg ygir gxtglc, t` `lg j`lth
Shg oiw `b jifltglilkg fs j`stoy a`vgrlgc ny pgrs`lio oiws. Gikh k`jjulfty his fts `wl
hg `r faflio fltglt `b [gktf`l 9>7 `b Kr fjflio ]r `kgcur g K`cg, whfkh jifloy tiod s
oiws. Shg
i n`ut jifltglilkg, wis t` k`vgr gvgr y w`jil frr gs p vg `b hgr r gofaf`l ilc k`jjulfty.
pggktfvg
hg [hih Nil` Kisg, Cilfgo Oitfb f ilc fl ngtwggl thgsg tw` thg
H`wgvgr , kisgs ofd g thg
gliktjglt `b Jusofj Q`jgl (]r`tgktf`l `b ^fahts `l Cfv`rkg) Ikt 9682 rgbogkts thg
jgtij`rph`sfs `b thg oiw rgoitfla t` jifltglilkg is ippofkinog t` Jusofj w`jgl.
Fl [hih Nil` thg hg k`ur t hgoc thit sgktf`l 9>7 Kr .].K. ngfla i sgkuoir pr `vfsf`l, ft fs
y i ppofki nog t` Jusofj w`jgl. H`wgvgr , thfs ogc t` i k`ltr `vgr sy ilc thg
gquiooooy
eucagjglt wis `pp`sgc ny jily is ngfla vf`oitfvg `b thg l`rjs oifc c`wl fl H`oy Yuril.
Shus i oiw kioogc Jusofj Q`jgl (]r`tgktf`l `b ^fahts `l Cfv`rkg) Ikt 9682 wis gliktgc
whfkh s`uaht t` a`vgrl thg rfahts `b Jusofj w`jgl t` jifltglilkg ibtgr cfv`rkg. Shg oiw
wis `pp`sgc ny w`jgl's ar`ups is ngfla rgargssfvg ilc cglyfla Jusofj w`jgl thg rfaht
t` jifltglilkg ibtgr cfv`rkg. Shg K`lstftutf`liofty `b thg oiw wis cfskrfjflitf`l fl Cilfgo
Oitfbf kisg.
[gktf`ls 9>7 t` 9>8 `b Krfjflio ]r`kgcurg K`cg gjp`wgrs thg k`urt t` iwirc
i wirc jifltglilkg
t` ng afvgl ny i jil t` hfs wfbg, khfocrgl ilc pirglts.
g) ]irglts
b) Shg wfbg fl `rcgr t` agt jifltglilkg ulcgr thfs pr`vfsf`l his t` pr`vg thg
b `oo`wfla5 [hg ooy wgccgc wfb g `b thg
hg fs i ogaiooy hg r gs p`lcglt, [hg
hg fs uli nog t`
jifltifl hgr sgob , Shg
hg hus nilc lgaogkts `r r gb usgs t` jifltifl hgr , Shg
hg hus nilc
his subbfkfglt jgils t` jifltifl hgr
Shg wfbg his t` burthgr buobfoo thg b`oo`wfla k`lcftf`ls t` ng gofafnog b`r jifltglilkg
ulcgr thfs pr`vfsf`l5 [hg sh`uoc l`t ng ofvfla fl icuotgry Fb shg fs ofvfla sgpiritgoy br`j
hgr husnilc thgl thgrg sh`uoc ng subbfkfglt kiusg b`r c`fla thg sijg [hg sh`uoc l`t ng
ofvfla sgpiritgoy br`j husnilc ny jutuio k`lsglt
Shgrg irg tw` jie`r strukturio pr`nogjs wfth thg fjpogjgltitf`l `b thfs pr`vfsf`l5
n) Gxgkutf`l `b jifltglilkg `rcgrs - Shg kuoturg nghflc thg pr`vfsf`l sh`ws thit
thgrg fs sgrf`us aglcgr nfis. Ft cglfgs jifltglilkg t` i wfbg fb shg fs ulkhistg.
Ngsfcgs aglcgr nfis thg pr`vfsf`l fs ios` k`ltricfkt`ry. B`r g a. 'Jfl`r khfocrgl'
k`vgrs n`th jirrfgc ilc uljirrfgc khfocrgl whgrgis Khfoc Jirrfiag ^gstrifl Ikt
jidgs khfoc jirrfiag foogaio.
Shus thgrg irg sgvgrio criwnikds fl w`jgl's gk`l`jfk gjp`wgrjglt thr`uah oiw `b
jifltglilkg.
i) Ofldiag t` khistfty
KHI]SG^ 3.
LGGC @B GJ]@QG^J
GJ] @QG^JGLS
GLS @B Q@JGL5
Q@J GL5
Inoi fs i w`rc `b Hflcf oftgriturg iss`kfitgc wfth w`jgl's pgrs`liofty. Fl thg oftgrio
sglsg `b thg tgrj Inoi' cgl`tgs ogss kipikfty `b w`jgl, wgid ilc c`kfog liturg. Shg
e`urlgy `b 2=== ygirs br`j p`st Rgcfk pgrf`c upt` >9st kgltury his nggl l`t inog t`
cgj`ofsh thg gbbgkt ilc flbouglkg `b thfs w`rc `l w`jgl.
Ft sggjs aglcgr cfspirfty fs flhgrglt fl `ur vgry kuoturg. Fllujgrinog flstilkgs kil ng
kft
kftgc
gc br`j
br`j argit
argit gpfks
gpfks `b ^ijiyi
^ijiyilili ilc Jihinhir
Jihinhiriti
iti ilc ios` thg Ilkfgl
Ilkfgltt Rgcfk
Rgcfk
Oftgriturg whfkh ao`rfby jiog khiuvflfsj. Q`jgl hic l` rfaht t` pirtfkfpitg fl thg
pr`kggcfla `b h`usgs `b ^ieyi [inhi ilc thg issgjnofgs nut pirtfkfpitf`l `b w`jgl fl
Viayis wis gssgltfio. Afros wgrg l`t ioo`wgc icjfssf`l fl 'auruduois' flstgic thgy hic
t` stucy it h`jg.
Nut gvgl ibtgr j`rg thil 2= ygirs `b flcgpglcglkg gquiofty `b w`jgl fs stfoo i bir kry fl
`ur k`ultry. ]rgsgltoy fl Flcfi, ft fs vgry cfbbfkuot b`r w`jgl t` bflc a``c ofbg pirtlgr
wfth`ut piyfla hfah prfkg fl jirrfiag jirdgt. Gxtrgjfst tgrr`rfst ar`ups fl jily pirts `b
thg k`ultry hivg nggl fjp`sfla k`cgs ilc `thgr rgstrfktf`l `l w`jgl. Q`jgl l`t
k`jpoyfla wfth thgsg cfktujs hivg hic t` bikg bitio k`lsgquglkgs.
Shg j`vg
j`vgj jglgltt b`b`rr gjp
gjp`wgr
`wgrjg
jgllt `b w`j w`jgl is i pir irtt `b jie`
jie`rr kf
kfvf
vfof
ofzi
zitf
tf`
`l
trilsb`rjitf`l his nggl `lg `b thg j`st sfalfbfkilt s`kfio ilc p`oftfkio cgvgo`pjglt
hg oist b gw cgkicgs. Gj p`wgr jglt his nggl ulcgr st``c is i pr `kgss, i
cur fla thg
j`vgjglt, i k`oogktfvg iktf`l thit glhilkgs thg infofty `b cfsicviltiagc ilc p`wgrogss
flcfvfcuio `r ar`ups t` khiooglag ilc khilag fl thgfr biv`ur gxfstfla p`wgr rgoitf`lshfp
thit poikgs thgj fl su n`r cflitg gk`l`jfk, s`kfio ilc p`oftfkio p`sftf`l. Shg
gjp`wg
gjp `wgrjg
rjgltlt `b w`jgl
w`jgl fjpofgs
fjpofgs i pr`kgss
pr`kgss t` cgvgo`
cgvgo`p p thg kipikf
kipikfty
ty `b sgob rgofilkg
rgofilkg
k`ultgr fla su n`r cflitf`l `l ikk`ult `b aglcgr , s`kfio ilc gk`l`jfk stitus ilc r `og fl
bijfoy ilc s`kfgty.
Gjp`wg
Gjp` wgrjrjgl
gltt `b w`jg
w`jgl l fs i pr
prgss
gssfl
fla
a lg
lggc
gc `b th
thgg ci
ciy.
y. Wlb`
Wlb`rt
rtul
ulitg
itgoy
oy,, ft fs og
ogis
istt
ulcgrst``c. Ft fs thgrgb`rg vgry gssgltfio t` cgbflg gjp`wgrjglt b`r thg nglgbft `b ioo
pirtlgrs5
Gjp`wgrjglt
f.)
f.) Gjp`
Gjp`wg wgrjrjgl
gltt fs in`
in`ut
ut pg`
pg`po pog5g5 n`t
n`thh w`j
w`jgl gl ilc
ilc jgl
jgl - tidtidfl
flaa k`lt
k`ltr`
r`oo `vgr
`vgr thg
thgfr
fr
n gk`jfla k`lskf`us `b thgf
ofvgs5 ng hgfr `wl sftuitf`l ilc p `sftf`l, sgttf
ttfla thgf
hgfr `wl
iaglcis, kr gitfla s pikg b `r thgjsgovgs, aiflfla sd foos, nufocfla sgob -k`lb fcglkg,
s`ovfla pr ` nogjs, ilc cgvgo` pf pfla sgob -r gofilkg. Ft fs l`t `loy i s`kfio ilc
p`oftfkio pr `kgss, nut il flcfvfcuio `lg is wgoo - ilc ft fs l`t `loy i
pr `kgss nut il `utk`jg t``.
ff.) @utsfcgr s kill`t gj p`wgr w`jgl5 `loy w`jgl kil gj p`wgr thgjsgovgs, t`
jid g kh`fkgs `r t` s pg hgfr `wl nghiob . H`wgvgr , flstftutf`ls, LA
pgid `ut `l thgf LA@s
ilc A`vgr ljglt iaglkfgs, kil su pp`r t pr `kgssgs thit flkr gisg w`jgl's sgob -
k`lb fcglkg, cgvgo` p thgf
hgfr sgob -r gofilkg, ilc hg p
op thgj sgt thg
hgffr `wl iaglcis.
Shg w`roc `b hujilfty his tw` wfla `lg fs w`jgl ilc `thgr jil. L`t ultfo n`th wflas
irg gquiooy cgvgo`pgc kil thg nfrc boy. Shg Nihi'o wrftflas hfs stitgjglt kogiroy b`kusgc `l
thg fjp`rtilkg `b w`jgl fl `ur s`kfgty .Q`jgl k`lstftutg il fjp`rtilt sgajglt `b ily
k`jjulfty ilc pgrb`rj juotfpog r`og is j`thgr, h`usgwfb g, ilc wiags gir lgr s .Q`jgl
ir g fj p`r tilt pr `cuktfvg
vg w`r d
dg r s fl Flcfi's litf`lio gk`l`jy cgspftg thg bikt thit jukh
`b thgfr w`rd bioos fl thg flcfvfsfnog `r ul- `railfzgc kitga`ry.
Shgfr rfaht t` hivg ilc t` cgtgrjflg kh`fkgs
ilc juotfc
juotfcfjg
fjglsf
lsf`li
`lioo pr`kgss
pr`kgss whfkh
whfkh glinog
glinogss w`jgl
w`jgl t` rgiofzg
rgiofzg thgfr
thgfr buoo
buoo fcgltf
fcgltfty
ty ilc
p`wgrs fl ioo sphgrg `b ofbg.
Gjp`wgrj
Gjp`w grjglt
glt `b w`jgl
w`jgl fs vgry
vgry jukh
jukh gssgltf
gssgltfio
io t` ikhfgv
ikhfgvgg sustif
sustiflin
linog
og Cgvgo`
Cgvgo`pjg
pjglt.
lt.
Yu`tfla
WLB]I
WLB]I rgp`rt
rgp`rt,, thg stitg `b w`roc
w`roc p`puoi
p`puoitf`
tf`l
l 966>",
966>", thg Lgws Ngrlirc Ril Oggr
Lgws `b Ngrlirc
B`ulcitf`l siys, thit thgr g kil ng l` sustifli nog cgvgo` pjglt wfth`ut
cgvgo`pjglt `b w`jgl, ngkiusg ft fs w`jgl wh` k`ltrfnutg j`st b`r cgvgo`pjglt b`r
khfocrgl.
Ft gli nogs thgj t` r gs p`lcs t` thg hg khiooglags, t` k`lb rr ` lt thgf
hgfr tr icftf`lio r `og ilc
khilag thgfr ofbg. [` thit wg kil't lgaogkt thg fjp`rtilkg `b gcukitf`l fl rgbgrglkg t`
w`jgl gjp`wgrjglt. Gcukitf`l fs thg bfrst stgp t`wircs gjp`wgrjglt ilc thg j`st
krukfio bikt`r fl `vgr ioo cgvgo`pjglt `b thg flcfvfcuio is wgoo is litf`l. Oftgriky sgts `lg
b rr g gg
g b rr `
j fal`r ilkg, gx po`ftitf`l ilc p`vgr ty ft o ng
fngr itgs thg
hg jflcs, ` p
pgglfla Wp lgw h`rfz`l,
lgw h`pg/ `pp`rtulftfgs ilc sgob –k`lbfcglkg burthgr gqufppfla thgj wfth thg d l`wogcag,
Oftgriky
Oftgriky cgprfv
cgprfvgs
gs w`jgl
w`jgl br`jbr`j ioo @pp`rt
@pp`rtulf ulftfg
tfgss ilc burthg
burthgrr pr`spg
pr`spgkts
kts `b ogicfl
ogicfla
a i
jgilflabuo ofbg ilc gle`yfla a``c stilcirc `b ofvfla. Gcukitf`l fs il gbbgktfvg flstrujglt
b`r s`kfio ilc gk`l`jfk cgvgo`pjglt ilc litf`lio fltgaritf`l. Gcukitf`l gli nogs w`jgl
t` ulcgr stilc thgf
hgfr s`kfio ilc ogaio r fahts, ngk`jg gk`l`jfkiooy ooy flcgpglcglt“ ikqufrg
i v`fkg fl thg ibbifrs `b thg bijfoy ilc thg k`jjulfty. Gcukitf`l fs i aitgwiy t`
flb`rjitf`l, `pp`rtulftfgs ilc gjp`wgrjglt.
Fl thfs
thfs rgbgrgl
rgbgrglkg
kg `ur a`vgrl
a`vgrljgl
jgltt ios` b`kusgc
b`kusgc `l thg gcukit
gcukitf`l
f`l t` gjp`wg
gjp`wgrjg
rjglt
lt `b
w`jgl.
"Gcukitf`l wfoo ng usgc is il iaglt `b nisfk khilag fl thg stitus `b w`jgl. Fl `rcgr t`
lgu hg ikkujuoitgc cfst`r tf`ls `b thg
guttr iofzg thg hg pist4 thgr g wfoo ng i wgoo –
– k`lkgfvgc gcag fl
b iv`r `b w`jgl. Shg hg Litf`lio Gcukitf`l systgj wfoo poiy i p`sftfvg, fltgr v vggltf`lfst r`og
gjp`wgrjglt `b w`jgl. Ft wfoo ng b`stgr thg cgvgo`pjglt `b lgw viougs thr`uah
r gcgsfalgc kurr fkuoi, tgx n hg tr iflfla ilc `r fgltitf`l `b thg
tn``d s, thg hg tgikhgr , cgkfsf`l-
jid gr s ilc icjflfstr itf`l, ilc thg hg iktfvg
vg flv`ovgjglt `b gcukitf`l flstftutf`l. Shfs wfoo ng
il ikt `b bifth ilc s`kfio glaflggrfla. Shg rgj`vio `b w`jgl's oftgriky ilc `nstikogs
flhfnftfla thgfr ikkgss t`, ilc rgtgltf`l fl, gogjgltiry gcukitf`l wfoo rgkgfvg `vgrr fcfla
pr f`r fty, thr `uah pr `vfsf`l `b s pg pgkfio su pp`r t sgr vfkgs, sgttf hgfr tfjg tir agt, ilc
ttfla thgf
gbb gktfvgvg j`lft`r fla.
9) ]`vg
]`vgrt
rty
y fs ittr
ittrfn
fnut
utgs
gs is `l
`lgg `b th
thgg jifl
jifl ki
kius
usgg `b cg
cgpr
prfv
fvit
itf`
f`l
l `b af
afros
ros br`j
br`j
gc
gcuk
ukit
itf`
f`l
l .S
.Shg
hgyy lg
lggc
gc t` gfth
gfthgr
gr tidg
tidg kirg
kirg `b th
thgf
gfrr sfno
sfnofl
flas
as it h`
h`jg
jg,, il
ilcc c`
h`usgh`oc w`rd ilc w`rd `utsfcg ilc k`ltrfnutg bflilkfiooy t` thg bijfoy. I
rgkglt rgp`rt `l thg gxtglt ilc cgpth khfoc p`vgrty fl thg cgvgo`pfla w`roc b`ulc
thgrg ng s`jg 9;7 jfoof`l khfocrgl ngtwggl 1 ilc 98 ygirs `oc wfth`ut ily
gcukitf`l
gcuki tf`l it ioo , wfth afros 2=% j`rg ofdgoy thil n`ys (92) /= k`jpirgc 9=%) t`
ng s` "gcukitf`liooy cgprfvgc".
>) Flicgquiky skh``o bikfoftfgs fs il`thgr nirrfgr .Ikk`rcfla t` thg ]^@NG rgp`rt ,
33% `b thg
hg skh``o c` l`t hivg vg poiy ar `ulc .73% `b thg hg skh``o cfc l`t hivg
cr fld fla witgr ,1>½/= `b thg
hg skh``o cfc l`t hivg fnr ir y ,83% skh``o cfc l`t hivg
vg o n
t`fogt ilc >% `b i skh``o hivg sflaog tgikhgr. ]irglts irg hgsftilt t` sglc thgfr afros
t` skh``os thit hivg `loy jiog tgikhgr.
7) Bfxgc skh``ofla h`ur s c` l`t suft afr os fl r ur io ir gis, is thgy ir g lggc b `r
c`jgstfk
c`jg stfk w`rd it h`jg `r fl birjs ilc bfgocs curfla thgsg h`urs h`urs.. Shfs fs `lg `b
thg kiusgs `b thg o`wgr pirtfkfpitf`l ritgs `b afros Fl gcukitf`l.
KHI]SG^ 7.
Flcfil Jusofjs nr`icoy ngo`la t` tw` skh``os `b th`uaht fl Fsoijfk Oiw5 thg [ullftg ilc thg
[hfftg. Wlcgr thg [ullftg [kh``o whfkh fs thg prgp`lcgrilt skh``o fl Flcfi, thgrg ir g b `ur
sun kit g a `r fg s4 H ili b s f , [ hi b s
f , J io fd s
f ilc H ilnio s fs. S h hg t ` b J
g vi st ji e`r f y u so fj s fl
lc fi , ] id s
F lc fst il , I b a hil s f t il , ilc S ur d d g y ir g H ili b s fs. S h g [ hfft g s ir g c fvfc gc flt ` i o ir
hg a g
lujngr ` b s sun skh`` s o , t hg
hg t w` j` st fj p`r tt i lt ` b wh s` b b ir i s F
whfkh , s f k`lkgr lgc ir g t hg
lc fi s
F lc hg
sjifo s
F f ilc t h hg
g F tt h
li I shir s hgg y b `r j i sjioo gr sgkt f`l ` b t hg
f , nut t h hg Flcfil Jusofj
p`puoitf`l. Shg usuio priktfkg fl thfs sun-k`ltflglt fs t` usg thg tgrjs ' [ [ u
llf' o iw `r ' [ fi'
[ h
o iw. [ tt rr f kt y pgid fl a , t h s
oo s pg f flgxikt 4 n y t h
f s hg g b `r jgr s
f jgilt t h hgg Hilibf Oiw ilc ny thg
oittgr, thg Fthli Ishirf skh``o. Nr`ic prflkfpogs `b flhgrftilkg fl Jusofj oiw5 Sfoo 96;1
Jusofjs fl Flcfi wgrg a`vgrlgc ny kust`jiry oiw whfkh wgrg hfahoy uleust. Ibtgr thg
[hirfit Ikt `b 96;1 Jusofjs fl Flcfi kijg t` ng a`vgrlgc fl t hg hgfr pg
pgr s`lio jitt gr s , flko uc fl a
p
pr r ` pg tt r a
pgr y fa h s t , n y J
J u so fj pg pgr
s`lio o iw i s ft " r r g st `r gc " pgrs`lio oiw fl prgbgrglkg t` kust`j.
H`wgvgr thfs cfc l`t jgil gfthgr "rgb`rj" `r "k`cfbfkitf`l" `b Jusofj oiw ilc tfoo citg n`th
thgsg hivg nggl rgsfstgc ny thg pitrfirkhio b`rkgc fl thg airn `b rgofaf`l. Nr `ic y o o t hg so ijfk
hg F
F
skhgjg ` b flhghgr r ft ilkg c s
fsko ` ̀ s gg b git ur g s , whfkh ir g jir dd g c y
sg s t hr gg o o cfbbgrglt br`j thg Hflcu
oiw `b flhgrftilkg5 (f) thg D`ril afvgs spgkfbfk shirgs t` kgrtifl flcfvfcuios (ff) thg rgsfcug
a`gs t` thg ialitfk hgfrs ilc bifofla thgj t` utgrflg hgfrs ilc ng ngqugsts ir g ofjftgc t` `lg-thfr c
`b thg
hg gstitg, f.g., jixfjuj `lg-thfr c shir g fl thg pr`pgrtyhg pr`pgrty kil k il ng wfoogc iwiy ny thg `wlgr.
Shg jifl prflkfpogs `b Fsoijfk flhgrftilkg oiw wh whfkh jir d il icvilkg vfs-í-vfs thg hg pr g-
Fsoijfk oiw `b flhgr ftilkg, whfkh hivg sfalfbfkilt ngirfla `l thg pr`pgrty rfahts `b
w`jgl, irg5 (f) thg husnilc `r wfbg wis jicg il hgfr (ff) bgjiogs ilc k`alitgs wgrg jicg
k`jpgtglt t` flhgrft (fff) pirglts ilc iskglcilts wgrg afvgl thg rfaht t` flhgrft gvgl whgl
thgrg wgrg jiog cgskglcilts ilc >3 is i aglgrio ruog, i bgjiog wis afvgl `lg hiob thg shirg `b
i jiog
>3
Liaglcr il D . "Q`jgl Gj p`wgr jglt Gthfks ilc o`afks, s`uthgr l
[ujilthy.J ilc L
gk`l`jfst, Euoy 97 >==1 v`o 32 ]iag l` 7-2.
[`jg `b thg bgiturgs `b thg Hilibf skh``o irg ngfla p`fltgc `ut hgrg t` agt i aofjpsg flt`
thg nr`ic strukturg
strukturg `b thg pr`pgrty
pr`pgrty rfahts `b Jusofj w`jgl fl Flcfi. Shg Hilibf e eu ur fsts
cfvfcg hghgffr s flt` sgvgl kitga`r fgs4 thr gg fpio ilc b `ur su nsfcfir fgs. Shg p
gg pr flk p hg pr flk p
fpio
hgfr s, Ialitfk hgf
hgffr s ir g D `r ilfk hgf
hg hgfr s (thr `uah jiog oflgiag) ilc Wtgr flg hg hgffr s. Shg
su nsfcfir fgs ir g thg
hg sukkgss`r ny k`ltr ikt, thg
hg ikd l`wogcagc r goitfvg, thg hg s`og ogaitgg
ilc thg stitg ny gskhgit. Shg b`oo`wfla 9> hgfrs k`lstftutg Koiss F hgfrs (D`rilfk Hgfrs)5 (i)
Hgfrs
Hgf rs ny Ibbflfty
Ibbflfty - Husni
Husnilc lc ilc Qfbg
Qfbg (n) No``c ^goitf`^goitf`lsls - Bithgr ug Ar ilcb ithgr
Bithgr,, Sr ug
(h`ws`gvgr hfah), J`thgr , Sr ug ug Ar ilcj`thgr (h`ws`gvgr hfah), Ciuahtgr , [`l's
Ciuahtgr (h`ws`gvgr o`w), Buoo sfstgr , k`lsilauflg sfstgr , utgr flg nr`thgr, ilc utgrflg
sfstgr.
^uogs `b Gxkousf`l5
Shg husnilc ilc wfbg irg prfjiry hgfrs ilc i lc kill`t ng gxkoucgc ny ily`lg, nut thgy ios`
c`l't gxkoucg ily`lg gfthgr . Oiw b fxgs thg
hg shir g `b thg
hg s p`usgs4 fb thgy gxfst thgy r gcukg
hg r gsfcug
thg ug whfkh jiy ng tid gl ny thg hgfr s, nut thgy c` l`t gxkoucg
hg Ialitfk `r Wtgr flg hgf
gfthgr wh`ooy `r pirtoy ily hgfr. Shg bithgr c`gs l`t ibbgkt thg shirg `b ily D`rilfk hgfr
gxkgpt thg sfstgrs (buoo,
(buoo, k`lsilauflg
k`lsilauflg `r utgrflg) ioo `b wh`j hg gxkoucgs. gxkoucgs. Shg hg j`thgr
gxkoucgs thg hg ar ilcj`thgr , ilc thg
hg lgir gr ar ilcj`thgr gxkoucgs thg hg j`r g rgj`tg. Shg
j`thgr's shirg fs ibbgktgc ny thg prgsglkg `b khfocrgl `r tw` `r j`rg nr`thgrs `r sfstgrs.
Hgr shirg fs ios` argitoy ibbgktgc ny thg gxfstglkg `b thg husnilc `r wfbg ilc thg bithgr.
Fl thg kisg `b i ciuahtciuahtgr gr shg fs thg prfjir
prfjiry y hgfr.
hgfr. [hg pirtfiooy
pirtfiooy gxkoucgs o`wgr s`l's
ciuahtgr s, nut `lg ciuahtgr `r s`l's ciuahtgr c`gs l`t gltfr goy gxkoucg i o`wgr s`l's
ciuahtgr . Is b ir is thg
hg sfstgr s ir g k`lkgr lgc, `lg b uoo sfstgr c`gs l`t gxkoucg thg
k`lsilauflg sfstgr , tw` b uoo sfstgr s h`wgvgr gxkoucg thg hg k`lsilauflg sfstgr. Shg utgrflg
nr`thgr `r sfstgr fs l`t gxkoucgc ny thg buoo `r k`lsilauflg nr`thgr `r sfstgr. Il`thgr ruog
thitt rgqufr
thi rgqufrgs
gs k`lsfc
k`lsfcgrit
gritf`lf`l fs thit,
thit, 'i pgrs`l
pgrs`l th`uah
th`uah gxkoucgxkoucgcgc hfjsgob , jiy gxkoucg
`thgr s.' B`r gxij pog, fl i kisg w hgr g thg
whg hg sur vfv`r s ir g thg
hg j`thgr , bithgr, ilc tw` sfstgrs5
thg tw` sfstgrs irg gxkoucgc ny thg bithgr4 ilc ygt thgy rgcukg thg j`thgr's shirg t` 9/2th.
Koiss FF hgfr (Ialitfk hgfr)5 Shgfr koissfbfkitf`l fs c`lg is b `oo`ws4 Jiogs (Ar `u p thg
Shgfr koissfbfkitf`l
ialitg fl hfs `wl r faht, Ar `u p FF (b gjiogs)-thg hg ialitg fl thg rfaht `b il`thgr, Ar`up FFF
– thg ialitg wfth il`thgr. Shg bfrst ar`up k`jprfsgs ioo jiog Ialitgs4 ft flkoucgs thg
s`l, thg hg b ithgr , thg n
hg s`l's s`l, thg hg pitgr lio ulkog ilc hfs s`l ilc s` b `r th. Shgsg
hg nr `thgr , thg p
fl pr g-Fsoijfk oiw wg wgr g thg
hg j`st fj p`r tilt hgf gxtglt thgy r gtifl, fl Hilib f oiw,
hgfr s4 t` i oir ag gxt
hgfr pr fjiky, flb ouglkg ilc p`wgr . Shg
thgf hg sgk`lc ar `u p k`ltifls b `ur s p pggkfb fgc b gjiog
ialitgs, whgl thgy k`-gx gxffst wfth jiog r goitfvgs `b thg sijg cgar gggg, lijgoy, ciuahtgr
(wfth s`l), ilc s`l's ciuahtgr h`ws`gvgr o`w wfth gquio s`l's s`l h`ws`gvgr o`w,
buoo sfstgr wfth buoo nr`thgr ilc k`lsilauflg sfstgr wfth k`lsilauflg nr`thgr. Shg thfrc
ar`up k`jprfsgs thg kisg `b thg buoo sfstgr ilc k`lsilauflg sfstgr . B`r gxij pog fb thgr g
ir g tw` ciuahtgr s ilc tw` sfstgr s, hgr g thg ciuahtgr fs prgbgrrgc is i cgskglcilt t` thg
sfstgr wh` fs i k`ooitgrio4 thus thg ciuahtgr w`uoc ng poikgc fl Koiss F ilc shg w`uoc ng
ioo`ttgc thg D`rilfk shirg ilc thg rgsfcug w`uoc ng afvgl t` thg sfstgr is i jgjngr `b
Koiss FF.
Wlcgr thfs systgj thg hg r uog thit fs b `oo`wgc fs b fr st thg
hg cgskglcilts, thgl thg
hg iskglcilts
ilc bfliooy thg k`ooitgrios. Shg ialitfk hgfrs k`jg flt` pfkturg whgl thgrg irg l` D`rilfk
hgfrs `r s`jg rgsfcug fs ogbt ibtgr hivfla cgiot wfth thg D`rilfk hgfrs. Koiss FFF (Wtgrflg
hgfr)5 Shfs koiss fs k`lstftutgc jifloy ny thg bgjiog ialitgs ilc k`alitgs. Koissfb fkitf`l
fs ar `u p Fcgskglcilts, whfkh ir g ciuahtgr 's khfocr gl ilc thgf hgfr cgskglcilts ilc
khfocr gl `b s`l's ciuahtgr s h`ws`gvgr o`w ilc thg hgffr cgskglcilts, Ar `u p FF--
FF
iskglcilts, whfkh ir g b iosg ar ilcb ithgr s h`ws`gvgr hfah ilc b iosg
ar ilcj`thgr s h`ws`gvgr hfah, Ar `u p FFF FFF--k`ooitgr ios, whfkh ir g cgskglcilts `b pir glts
ilc cgskglcglts `b arilcpirglts trug is wgoo is biosg. Jgjngrs `b thfs koiss sukkggc
`loy fl thg insglkg `b jgjngrs `b Koiss F ilc Koiss FF. Shgy ios` sukkggc fb thg `loy
survfvfla hgfr `b Koiss F fs thg husnilc `r thg wfc`w `b thg cgkgisgc. ]r`pgrty rfahts
thr`uah jirrfiag5 Shg [uprgjg K`urt `b Flcfi his oifc c`wl fl Dip`rg Khilc v Dicir
Wllfssi7, thit thg hg jihr (c`wgr ) r ild s is i cg nt nt ilc thg
hg wfc`w fs gltftogc, io`la w wffth thg
`thgr kr gcft`r s `b hgr cgkgisgc hus nilc, t` hivg vg ft sitfsb fgc `ut `b hfs gstitg. Hgr r faht,
hg r faht `b il ulsgkur gc kr gcft`r 4 shg
h`wgvgr , fs thg hg fs l`t gltftogc t` i khir ag `l thg
husnilc's pr`pgrty ulogss thgrg ng il iarggjglt. Shg [uprgjg K`urt his oifc c`wl thit
hg wfc`w his l` pr f`r fty `vgr `thgr kr gcft`r s, nut thit jihr is cg n
thg ntt his prf`rfty `vgr
thg `thgr hgfr's koifjs. Shfs rfaht fs dl`wl is thg wfc`w's rfaht `b rgtgltf`l.
Qfoo5 Shgrg fs i pr`vfsf`l iaiflst cgstftutf`l `b thg bijfoy jgjngrs fl thg Fsoijfk oiw fl
thit ft fs kogiroy pr`vfcgc thit i Jusofj kill`t ngqugith j`rg thil `lg thfrc `b hfs
pr`pgrty. H`wgvgr fb hg rgafstgrs hfs gxfstfla jirrfiag ulcgr thg pr`vfsf`ls `b thg [ p pggkfio
Jirr fiag Ikt, 9673 hg hg p`wgr s `b i tgstit`r ulcgr thg
hg his ioo thg hg Flcfil [ukkgssf`l
Ikt, 96>7.
"Il – Lfsii jgils w`jgl fs il fjp`rtilt khiptgr `l thg rfahts `b w`jgl. [uril Lfsii
ngafls wfth il ippgio t` thg s`ofcirfty `b jildflc, thg rfahts
rfahts `b w`jgl, `rphils
Shg pr`pgrty `b thg cgkgisgc jiy ng cfvfcgc flt` tw` ar`ups. Shg bfrst ar`up k`lsfstfla
`b khfocr gl, pir glts ilc hus nilc `r wfb g. Shgl thg hg sgk`lc ar `u p k`lsfstfla `b nr `thgr s,
sfstgr s4 thgy `loy flhgr ft thg pgr ty fb ioo `r s`jg `b thg
hg pr ` pg hg jgj n nggr s `b thg
hg b fr st ar `u p ir g
wiltfla. Jgjngrs `b thg bfrst ar`up irg thg fjjgcfitg shirgrs ilc thit fs liturio `rcgr
ilc fb ioo thfs thrgg `b thgj irg ogivfla thgy hivg ioo `b thgj i rfaht fl thg pr`pgrty. Fl
kisg `b khfocr gl, `loy i nr `ic pr flk p fpog fs oifc c`wl. Shg hg jiog shioo hivg vg c`u nog thg
shir g `b thg
hg b gjiog. Shus, ioo s`ls ilc ioo ciuahtgr s w`uoc ng gquio shir gr s, thg hg s`l,
h`wgvg
h`w gvgr,r, hivfla
hivfla c`unog
c`unog thg shirgshirg `b thg ciuaht ciuahtgr. gr. Il`thg
Il`thgrr gxijpo
gxijpogg `b ippirgl ippirgltt
(`nvf`us) flgquiofty `b trgitjglt `b thg tw` sgxgs fs thit fl whfkh i jil ogivg `loy
b gjiog fssug. Ilc thgr g fs `loy `lg ciuahtgr , shg hg tid gs hiob thg pggr ty4 fb thgr g ir g tw`
hg pr ` p
`r j`r g ciuahtgr s, thgy tid g tw` thfr c `b thg hg wh`og, thg hg r gsfcug. Shg hg r gsfcugug a`fla t` thg
lgirgst jiog jgjngr, ikk`rcfla t` i Hicfth. Jil fs aglgriooy rgk`alfzgc is thg nrgic
wfllgr `b thg bijfoy ilc thit fs thg p`sftf`l issfalgc t` hfj fl thg H`oy Yuril. D gggg p pffla
fl vfgw hfs ar gitgr r gs p`ls nt
fntfgs, ft fs gisy t` sgg hg fs gltftogc t` i ar gitgr shirg ilc,
gg thit hg
thgrgb`rg, thg H`oy Yuril his issfalgc t` hfj c`unog thg shirg `b thg bgjiog. Fl b ikt, fb
hg r gs p`ls n
thg fny `b thg
hg sgxgs ir g d g pt pt fl vfgw thgr g fs r gio e eu ustfkg ilc r gio gquiofty
Hicfth. Shg kisg `b husnilc ilc wfbg ios` cgiot wfth fl R.9>. Shg husnilc agts `lg hiob
fb thg cgkgisgc wfbg his l` fssug ilc `lg b`urth fb shg ogivgs fssug. Shg wfbg agts `lg-
b`urth fb thg cgkgisgc husnilc his l` fssug ilc `lg-gfaht fb hg ug ib tgr tid gl
hg ogivgs fssug
`ut thg hg r gst `b thg
hgffr p`r tf`l, thg hg pr ` pg
pgr ty wfoo a` thg
hg khfocr gl, thg s`l hivfla c`unog thg
p`rtf`l `b thg ciuahtgr. Shfs hgrftilkg oiw is gxpoiflgc in`vg `l thg nisfs `b thg H`oy
Yuril fs vgry sfjpog fl fts ippofkitf`l
Fl Hilib f oiw `b flhgr ftilkg, thgsg shir gs ir g twgovg nggr 4 b `ur jiogs sukh is thg
vg fl luj n
b ithgr , thg
hg ar ilc b ithgr , thg
hg utgr flg nr `thgr s ilc thg lc4 ilc gfaht b gjiogs wfb g,
hg hus nilc4
ciuahtgr , s`l's ciuahtgr , j`thgr , ar ilc j`thgr , b uoo sfstgr , k`lsilauflg sfstgr ilc
utgrflg sfstgr.
Ij`la thg hg b gjiog shir gr s, thg hg wfc`w tid gs `lg-b `ur th fb thg hg cgkgisgc ogivg vg l`
khfocr gl, `thgr wfsg `lg-gfaht. Shg hg ciuahtgr whgl `loy `lg tid gs `lg hiob 4 fb thgr g ir g tw`
`r j`r g ciuahtgr s, thgy ir g gquio shir gr s fl tw`-thfr c. Shg
hg s`l's ciuahtgr tid gs `lg hiob
fb shg fs `loy `lg ilc thgrg fs l` oflgio jiog cgskglcglt. Fb thgrg irg tw` `r j`rg fl
sfjfoir p`sftf`l thgy tidg tw`-thfrc4 thg j`thgr tidgs `lg-sfxth fb thgrg irg khfocr gl4 `r
tw` `r j`r g nr `thgr `r sfstgr s, `thgr wfsg `lg-thfr c. Shg
hg ar ilc j`thgr tid gs thg j`thgr
shirg whgl thgrg fs l` j`thgr. Shg buoo sfstgr ilc thg k`lsilauflg sfstgr tidgs `lg hiob fb
shg fs `loy `lg4 tw` `r j`rg thil tw` tidg tw`-thfrc. Shg utgrflg sfstgr's shirg fs thg
sijg is thg utgrflg nr`thgr's. Shg sgk`lc ar`up `b flhgrft`rs a`gs ulcgr thg lijg `b iho
io-jfrith `r thg hgfrs wh` tidg i rgsfcuiry fltgrgst.
[`, F k`lkoucg n y siyfla thit fl Fsoijfk s`kfgty i w `jil i cfstflkt ilc sg pir itg fcgltfty
ilc gle`ys gquio rfahts io`la wfth thg rfaht t` pr`pgrty, shg kil `wl pr`pgrty, shg fs thg
`wlgr `b hgr gir lflas, shg
hg kil cfs p`sgc `bb hgr gir lflas, ilc pr ` p pggr ty is shghg r gikhgs
hg n `ulc `b Hioio (Oiwb uo) ilc Hir ij (Wloiwb uo). [hg
wfthfl thg n hg his i r faht t` flhgr ftilkg,
shg kil koifj `l thg pr`pgrty `b hgr cgic bithgr, husnilc. Gvgl, ikk`rcfla t` thg Flcfil
[ukkgssf`l Ikt 9827, [gktf`l FR, i Jusofj w`jil fs thg hg i ns`outg `wlgr `b ioo hgr
pgr ty r fahts `b Khr fstfil, ]ir sf (U`r `istr fils)
pgr ty vgstgc fl `r ikqufr gc ny hgr . ]r ` pg
pr ` pg
w`jgl5 Shg oiws `b sukkgssf`l b`r Khrfstfils ilc ]irsfs irg oifc c`wl fl thg Flcfil
[ukkgssf`l Ikt, 96>7 (F[I). [gktf`ls ;9 t` 36 cgio wfth Khr fstfil [ukkgssf`l
ilc [gktf`ls 7= t` 72 cgio wfth [ukkgssf`l b`r ]irsfs.
Ft fs kogir br`j thg b`rga`fla thit th`uah thg pr`pgrty rfahts `b Flcfil w`jgl hivg ar`wl
ngttgr wfth icvilkg `b tfjg, thgy irg bir br`j t`tiooy gquio ilc bifr. Shgrg fs jukh thit
r gjifls fl Flcfil w`jgl‖s pr ` pg pgr ty r fahts, thit kil ng str ukd c`wl is
ulk`lstftutf`lio. Shg rgsp`lsg `b thg eucfkfiry his nggl ijnfvioglt. @l `lg hilc, thg
[uprgjg K`urt `b Flcfi his fl i lujngr `b kisgs hgoc thit pgrs`lio oiws `b pirtfgs irg l`t
suskgp
sus kgptfn
tfnog
og t` bulcij
bulcijglt
gltio
io rfa
rfahts
hts ulcgr
ulcgr thg K`lstf
K`lstftut
tutf`l
f`l ilc thgrgb`
thgrgb`rg
rg thgy
thgy kill`t
kill`t ng
khiooglagc `l thg ar`ulc thit thgy irg fl vf`oitf`l `b bulcijgltio rfahts gspgkfiooy th`sg
auiriltggc ulcgr Irtfkogs 93, 97 ilc >9 `b thg K`lstftutf`l `b Flcfi. @l thg `thgr hilc, fl
i lujngr `b `thgr kisgs thg [uprgjg K`urt his tgstgc pgrs`lio oiws `l thg t`ukhst`lg `b
bulcijglt
bulcij gltio
io rfahts
rfahts ilc rgic
rgic c`
c`wl
wl thg oiws
oiws `r fltgrp
fltgrprgtg
rgtgc
c thgj
thgj s` is t` jidg
jidg thgj
thgj
k`lsfstglt wfth bulcijgltio rfahts. Sh`uah fl thgsg cgkfsf`ls thg pgrs`lio oiws ulcgr
khiooglag jiy l`t hivg nggl strukd c`wl, nut thg bikt thit thg cgkfsf`ls wgrg `l jgrfts a`
t` sh`w thit th`uah gliktjglt `b i ulfb`rj kfvfo k`cg jiy rgqufrg ogafsoitfvg fltgrvgltf`l
nut thg cfskrfjflit`ry ispgkts `b pgrs`lio oiws kil cgbflftgoy ng khiooglagc is ngfla
vf`oitfvg `b thg bulcijgltio rfahts `b w`jgl ulcgr Irtfkogs 93 ilc 97 ilc kil ng strukd
c`wl.>7 Flb ikt fl `lg kisg thg
hg [u pr gjg K`ur t his hgoc thit thit p
pggr s`lio oiws, t` thg gxttglt
hg gx
hg b ulcijgltio r fahts, ir g v`fc>2
hgy ir g fl vf`oitf`l `b thg
thit tthg
Fl s`jg eueucajglts thg [uprgjg K`urt his gxprgssoy rgk`jjglcgc t` thg [titg t` kirry `ut
fts `nofaitf`l ulcgr Irtfkog 33 `b thg K`lstftutf`l ilc b`rjuoitg i ulfb`rj kfvfo k`cg. >1
Shgrg fs i cgbflftg swfla fs t`wircs i ulfb`rj kfvfo k`cg ilc `lg kil sgg thit thg k`urts irg
a`fla t` poiy i sfalfbfkilt r`og t` ushgr ft fl. Il`thgr hgirtglfla trglc fs thit thg Flcfil
k`urts ir g flkr gisflaoy r goyfla `l fltgr litf`lio stilcir cs, cgr fvgc b rr `j
`j vir f`us
>8
fltgr litf`lio cgkoiritf`ls ilc k`lvgltf`ls. [pgkfbfkiooy KGCIQ his nggl rgbgrrgc t` ilc
rgofgc up`l ny thg [uprgjg K`urt `b Flcfi fl s`jg eucajglts. >6 Shgsg oflg `b eucajglts
afvg i bfrj nisfs b`r thg w`jgl `b Flcfi t` cgjilc aglcgr eustfkg ilc gquio rfahts `l pir
wfth fltgrlitf`lio stilcircs.
>7
Ilfo Dujir Jhisf Rs. Wlf`l `b Flcfi (9663 7 [KK 1=3), Jichu Dfshwir Rs. [titg `b Nfhir (9662 7 [KK
9>7), Afthi Hirfhiril Rs. ^gsgrvg Nild `b Flcfi (9666 > [KK >>8), Cilfgo Oitfbf Rs. Wlf`l `b Flcfi
(>==9 1 [KK 13=), L. Icfthyil Rs. Srivilk`rg Cgvisw`j N`irc & @rs. (>==> 8 [KK 9=2), E`hl
Riooijitt`j Rs. Wlf`l `b Flcfi (>==; 2 [KK 299).
>2
Jisfoijilf Juciofir Rs. Fc`o `b [rf [wijflithiswijf Shfrud`fo (9662 8 [KK 7>7)
>1
Litf`lio Sgxtfog Jizcur Wlf`l Rs. ].^.^ijdrfshlil (968; 9 [KK >>3), J`hc. Ihjgc Dhil Rs. [hih
Nil` Ngauj (9687 > [KK 772), E`rcij Cfglacgh Rs. [.[. Kh`pri (9687 ; [KK 2>), [iroi Jucaio Rs.
Wlf`l `b Flcfi (9667 ; [KK 2;7), Ofoy Sh`jis Rs. Wlf`l `b Flcfi (>=== 2 [KK >>3), E`hl Rgooijithij
Rs. Wlf`l `b Flcfi (>==; 2 [KK 299)
>8
B`r flstilkg5 E`ooy Ag`rag Rgrahgsg & Ilr. v. [titg Nild `b Flcfi5 IF^ 968= [K 31=, Arij`ph`lg
k`j pily `b Flcfi Otc.v. Nfr glcr i Nihicur ]ilcgy & @r s.5 IF^ 9683 [K 221, ]g` p
poog‖s Wlf`l
b `r Kfvfo Ofngrtfgs v. Wlf`l `b Flcfi & Ilr.5 (9661) ; [KK 3;;,
>6
Rfshidi & @rs. v. [titg `b ^ieisthil & @rs.5 IF^ 9661 [K ;=99, Afti Hirfhiril v. ^gsgrvg Nild `b Flcfi5
K@LKOW[F@L
Il ilioysfs `b thg flhgrftilkg rfahts `b thg Hflcu ilc Jusofj w`jgl nrflas b`rth thg
rgiofty thit
Shfs fs thg jgrg kioo`uslgss `b thg Ogafsoiturg. Shg fltgrlitf`lio K`lvgltf`ls `l w `jgl
Ipirt br`j
Ipirt br`j th
thgg `l
`la`
a`fl
fla
a str
strua
uaao
aogg b`
b`rr i ul
ulfb
fb`r
`rj
j kfvfo
kfvfo k`
k`cg
cg fl ik
ikk`
k`rc
rcil
ilkg
kg wf
wfth
th th
thgg
K`lstf
K`lstftut
tutf`l
f`lio
io brijgw`
brijgw`rd,
rd, t`ciy
t`ciy thg Flcfi
Flcfi w`jgl
w`jgl irg bfahtf
bfahtfla
la b`r rfahts
rfahts fl jirfti
jirftioo
pr`pgrty, cglfgc ulfb`rjoy t` thgj ikr`ss ioo rgofaf`us n`ulcirfgs. Shgrg fs ios` i
sfalfb fkilt j`vgjglt fl s`jg `b thg hg hfoo stitgs, t`wir cs k`jjulfty `wlgr sh p fp `b oilc ny
w`jgl ny krgitfla ar`up tftogs ilc pr`j`tfla ar`up pr`cuktf`l ilc jiliagjglt `b
oilc
oilc ilc lituri
liturioo rgs`urk
rgs`urkgs
gs ny oilcog
oilcogssss w`jgl
w`jgl b`r e`flt e`flt kuotfv
kuotfvitf`
itf`l l `r rgoitgc
rgoitgc birj
birj
iktfvfty. Oilc rfahts w`uoc ng ofldgc cfrgktoy t` rgsfcglkg ilc w`rdfla `l oilc ulcgr
nnffgc b `r ulcgr thg
thfs i ppr `ikh ngfla o` nn hg Ngf efefla ]oitb `r j b `r Iktf`l. H`wgvgr ,
thg khiooglags ir g jily5 s`kfio ikkg pt ptilkg `b w
w`jgl‖s r fahts fl pr ` p pggr ty ogics thgj. Fl i
k`ultry whgrg w`jgl k`ltflug t` ng pr`pgrty thgjsgovgs thg r`ic ihgic pr`jfsgs t` ng
o`la ilc nujpy.
[WAAG[SF@L[
B`r w`jgl, gbbgktfvg rfahts fl pr`pgrty irg krftfkiooy fjp`rtilt, l`t eust b`r thgfr
gk`l`jfk wgoo-ngfla nut ios` b`r thgfr p`oftfkio ilc s`kfio gjp`wgrjglt. Qhy fs
w`jgl‖s k`jjilc `vgr sukh pr ` pg pgr ty fj p`r tilt0 K`lsfcgr oilc. B`r thg
hg vist
hg jiflstiy `b ofvgofh``cs. Ft fs thg
ngr s stfoo ofvfla fl vfooiags, oilc r gjifls thg
luj ng
prfjiry bikt`r `b pr`cuktf`l ilc thg jifl s`urkg `b flk`jg ilc wgobirg b`r
jfoof`ls.
Shg ijglcgc Ikt fs i sfalfbfkilt ogaio stgp b`rwirc ilc his thg p`tgltfio b`r
sunstiltfiooy gjp`wgrfla w`jgl. Nut s` bir wg hivg ofttog flb`rjitf`l `l thfs
k`ult. Fl b ikt, wg stfoo c` l`t hivg
vg systgjitfk citi ikr `ss thg hg k`ultr y `l
w`jgl‖s iktuio `wlgr sh p fp `b fjj pggr ty. I 9669 sur v
`vi nog pr ` p
jj` vggy fl sgvgl stitgs
ny cgvgo` pjglt s`kf`o`afst, Jir ty Khgl, ioth`uah `l i sjioo sij pog, fs
flcfkitfvg. Ft sh`wgc thit `loy 9; pgrkglt `b w`jgl wh`sg bithgrs `wlgc oilc
hic flhgr ftgc ily is ciuahtgr s, ioth`uah D gr ioi cfc jukh n wfth i b faur g `b 3;
ttgr wf
nggttg
pgrkglt. Qg ios` dl`w br`j thg Iarfkuoturio Kglsus `b 9667-62 (whgl aglcgr
cfsiaargaitgc citi wgrg k`oogktgc) thit w`jgl hgoc `loy 6.7 pgr
kglt `b ioo `pgritf`lio (thit fs kuotfvitgc) oilc h`ocflas. Qg lggc j`rg up-t`-citg
flb`rjitf`l, h`wgvgr, ilc thgrg fs i str`la kisg b`r strglathglfla thg citinisg ny
cfsiaargaitfla oilc `wlgc ilc `pgritgc ny aglcgr fl iarfkuoturio kglsusgs ilc
L[[ survgys.
J`r g`vgr , ioth`uah wg l`w hivg vg i aglcgr -gquio flhgr ftilkg oiw b `r Hflcu
vg nggl r ithgr b gw gbb `r ts ny w`jgl‖s `r ailfsitf`ls t` usg thfs
w`jgl, thgr g hivg
ijglcgc oiw fll`vitfvgoy. Shg hg lgaogkt `b thg
hg H[II >==7 ny w`jgl‖s ar `u ps
fs sur pr fsfla, sflkg thg
hg Ikt kil a` i o`la wiy fl pr `tgktfla w`jgl gvgl
b rr `j
`j c`jgstfk vf`oglkg. Shg
hg H[II, is l`tgc, ioo`ws w`jgl t` r gsfcg fl thg
hgffr
pir gltio h`jg is i rfaht ilc l`t `l subbgrilkg. Ft fs thgrgb`rg tfjg thg gl`rj`us
p`tgltfio `b thg
hg H[II >==7 fl gj p`wgr fla w`jgl fs afvgl cug k`alfsilkg,
n`th ny kfvfo s`kfgty ar`ups ilc a`vgrljglt.
a`vgrljglt.
Fl hg o`la tgr j, `b k`ur sg, ft fs l`t cgsfr i nog thit b ijfofgs ng t`r l i pir t ny
thg
oftfaitf`l `vgr pr`pgrty. Qhit wg w`uoc wilt fs i v`oultiry rgk`alftf`l ny
s`kfgty thit ciuahtgrs irg gquio t` s`ls fl tgrjs `b thgfr rfahts `vgr pr`pgrty,
gspgkfiooy fjj`vinog pr`pgrty. Shfs wfoo lggc sunstiltfio ittftucflio khilag.
NFNOF@A^I]HV
N@@
N@@D[
D[
Agglcgr Flgquiofty, @xb `r c Flcfi ]r gss, >==9.
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