REPRODUCTION + Reproduction is the (BIGISGIGAINBTOGESS by whichgexistingsorganismsygivessrise to new ones. + Reproduction is one of the key survivals of a species — it is a qwaystoscontinue: life. + A male and a female organism will mate and produce an offspring. + Theseparentiorganisms will then pass enetic information to their in time, their offspring will tic information asSEXUAL REPRODUCTION + Sexual reproduction requires @AIS@GAMOUBSIn dividuals known as a heterogamy) of species, + Haploidigametés, sperm (or microspore in other organisms) and an egg (or megaspore in others) unite and fertilization giving rise to zygote which further d into an embryo. + The offspring then is a combination of the parents’ genetic make-up. + Internal vs External Reproduction. SEXUAL REPRODUCTION * Sexual reproduction requires anisogamous individuals (also known as a heterogamy) of different sexes from the same species. + Haploid gametes, sperm (or microspore in other organisms) and an egg (or megaspore in others) unite and undergo fertilization giving rise to zygote which further develops into an embryo, * The offspring then is a combination of the parents' genetic make-up. * Internal vs External Reproduction.Stages of Development: (1) Gametogenesis * Mitosis vs Meiosis cleavage rapid cell division that leads to a multicellular embryo 0=-38-ee@ Zygote Elghtcoll stage Biase, G=-@-— Eotodorm pages Gastrlation OSETAYCOM‘se ‘Stageg ot * A process that establishes all three germ layers. Development: (4) oR: "a Endoderm- . " b, Ectoderm outermost layer, Gastrulation “c. Mesoderm - a Gastrula cama Blastula Ectoderm : -Endoderm Archenteron 0” Blastocoel glastopore = mensesGrevege |G sorwcat cree] Gone ots) Tinoesiowol Ef Trewcteneon |G Tienoah va) Poectie, |(Pstapeurd nove’ | | troathon, || mesensyee coe | serge eeuted |") emote te [ Besaiesstens| | ieactotom'ne | | toconng | | stachioteomtg| | oytecmeectn, | | echonon oS) | Scere cinema ot. | | ens ease. otf ae i ) J femphere \ Newerciee J fata ie Eater tera , : Newnes ‘Vegetal lamocoel Bastopore hemisphere \ {The Bastopore wal frm the ‘anus ofthe mature animal. | Siesta) \ ) Stage of developmentwhere the:Petey and Growth ‘9.weeks, 12 weeks 16 weeks Fetal stage begins ‘Sex organs differentiate Fingers and toes devel 20 weeks 24 weeks 28 weeks Hearing begins ‘Lungs begin to develop Brain grows rapidly Bones ty develop Muses ay devel) FullerMale and Female Reproductive System 41 estes— response forthe producti ans development of perm cal ~ Spex ces become frctional wher en individual eaches puberty = Spermetogeness pei pration ste ech ets 2. tpldaymis: where sperm cells are nourshed and temporaty 5, es deferens — connected tothe eis where sperm toes = Shr poss ough ne cpston ‘As the specs rave trough he ves deere, lands tke seminal ese nie ara Comper nah ne ocr ong +: Urtine bens the seven Male Reproductive System Testes - responsible for the SFSdUetiGiand developmentiGf) eam Sperm cells become functional when an individual reaches puberty. ~ Spermatogenesis: sperm productiontnside each testis) 2. Epididymis: Wwh@F@ispermicells are nourished anditemporarily, ‘stored 3, Vas deferens — GOnnetted io ielepiaiayimis Wiens spenmnnOeS sie Tay ~ As the sperms travel through the vas deferens/iglaiids like seminal forming the 4. Urethra — e@leasesthe'semen)Duct System: It stores the sperm cells for a particular period and transports them at the appropriate time. * Vasa efferentia — tiny tubes that connect seminiferous (tUbUlES t6 the yevas, @pididymis. The vas epididymis is a comma-shaped tube that caps the Superior part ofthe testes + Vas deferens — links the epididymis to the urethra + Urethra ~fuB@ Where both semenvand! ‘urine pass through, 9 but not simultaneously because of the control Ampulla brought about by the bladder sphincter. © " e Seminal vesicle Ejaculatory duct Bulbourethral gland Bulb of penis Crus of penis Urinary bladder+ Seminal vesicle — opens into each vas deferens, aac in return, is needed in ae, aeaetaant Prostate gland — small e structure gpleedderonrl animate / + Cowper's (bulbourethral) gland —a pair of gland located below the meat ItSupporting Structures: used for the delivery and union of gametes (+ Scrotum — (pouch-like ‘sac of ‘skin It houses the testes and contains nerves and blood vessels. There are special muscles on its walls to bring the testes either towards or away from the body to regulate temperature. + Penis — transfers'sperms int the vagifia. It consists of three parts: root, body and the head (g penis).= Female Reproductive System 1. Ovaries ~produces theova through the process of oogenesis: = Contained within the abdominal cavity located above the fallopian tubes. :< - Ovulati f puberty until menopause - Secrete hormones called estrogen and progesterone Vagina: Uterine tube Uterus Ovary Cervix: - Each ovary touches fimbriae, the fingerlike extensions of the fallopian tube. Labium minus Clitoris. Labium majus. snithe Female Reproductive SystemPudendal fissure Skene’s gland counterpart of male’s prostate. Located below the urinary bladder and is about the size of a kiwi. It secretes fluid during orgasm.— pair of gland found a littl and left of the of g of the \ i The mucus they secrete lubricates the vagina that rr homologous to the Cowper’s glands ia fueleoe infundibulum FUNGUS — Uterine tube Us . Myometriu . . Endometriym Fimbriae Cervix VaginaFemale Reproductive I System: Supporting Structures 1. Uterus — hollow, Pearshapedorgan Teac Funds commonly known ast’ WOmbey Infundibulum U . Cervix ¢. — Fundus - upper part lying above the uterine tubes: - It has numerous vessels and a specializechiiningp the endometrium + Endometrium -dischargediduring® - Itis the site for implantatiomofithezygoteand houses during its development during pregnancy.2. Vagina is commonly known as the ". It is di «membrane. It is the passageway of menstrual flow, receives the semen Ak rom the penis*during copulation 7 3. Vulva - external genital structure. KK 4 ° . \ A a. ekabiasmajora \ Sy b. Labia minora ae “| 4. Vestibule — serves as the opening» into thesvagina. In the vi is Cente Vagina Labia minora uae 75, Female Reproductive Organs-—Sagital SectionProcess of Human DevelopmentOvulation This 3 when an egg Is released trom the biggest fothcle and travels through the fallopian tube. vehere it can be fersized. if it is. ot ferbiy ed, M GSsolveES IM AbOUL 24-48 Hours. CST) od QZ cam Luteal Phase Follicular Phase ‘Tis is when the This when sevesa! “endometrium (ibe } e993 maauceis-3 sono ol the wens) ‘small cysts oF ‘sickand {olices reparedto support a pregnaney OF be eeased ina paed ‘This is the “period” bred Dares 0 Bo ‘le tienes sheds ove 37 Gays reno freonancyThe Menstrual Cycle the lining of a + MGM. Folicular phase; Ovulation; Luteal Phase + AUBBHIRG EVIE: Menstrual phase; Proliferative phase; Secretory phase UNGContraception and Its Types + Contraception is used to prevent pregnancy. | Birth control methods |. Ovulation-suppressing methods- Oral contraceptives i if | O ll, (Barrierimethods- Physical (Condom, | Diaphragm, Cervical cap) Condom Female Mormorel UD Tnjecion NL @heeieae Spermicidal jelly and foam {y IV. Surgical methods= Vasectomy and Tubal ligation IoD V. _ Implantation-suppressing methods- IUD Surgical Implant Coius Calendar rythm Patch Diaphragm and Morning-after pill VI sterlasion iterapus method VI. Others: Abstinence