Martin Botros

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Chapter 14 Terms
Term Definition/Three C’s

1) 13th Amendment Definition: The 13th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution,

ratified in 1865 in the aftermath of the Civil War,
abolished slavery in the United States.
Three C’s: The cause was the Emancipation Proclamation
and the realization by Abraham Lincoln that it had to be
followed by being turned into an amendment. The effect
were the abolishment of slavery and multiple amendments
about ex-slaves and African Americans to come like the
14th and 15th amendments. (Causation)

2) 14th Amendment Definition: The 14th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution,

ratified in 1868, granted citizenship to all persons born or
naturalized in the United States—including former enslaved
people—and guaranteed all citizens “equal protection of the
laws.”
Three C’s: The cause of the amendment was a response by
Congress against the Black codes established by the
southern states. The effect was the former slaves being
granted their citizenship and protection by the government
of former slaves like military districts set up in the
southern states. (Causation)

3) 15th Amendment Definition: The 15th Amendment, which sought to protect

the voting rights of African American men after the Civil
War, was adopted into the U.S. Constitution in 1870.
Three C’s: The amendment is similar to the 19th
amendment in 120 because both promote the right to vote
to different groups, in this case African Americans and
Women, both give full citizenship to both groups, both
promote equality and both will continue to be seen as
inferior to white men.They are different because the 13th
amendment came in 1865 while the 19th amendment came
in 1920, the African Americans face the Klu Klux Klan,
etc. while the women face white men in both the North
and South because they are so called “ more virtuous than
men.” (Comparison)

4) “Ten Percent Plan” Definition: The Ten Percent Plan was the first official
Reconstruction policy unveiled by President Abraham
Lincoln during the Civil War.
Three C’s: This was caused by Lincoln wanting to end the

5) Wade-Davis Bill
6) Radical Reconstruction
7) Civil Rights Act of 1866
8) Tenure of Office Act
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war quickly so he created the plan to reunify the North
and South again by enticing the South to surrender. The
effects of the plan was a pardon to the South except high
officials from the Confederacy as well as the 13th
amendment. (Causation)
Definition: The Wade-Davis Bill was an unsuccessful bill by
Radical Republicans and others in the U.S. congress to set
Reconstruction policy.
Three C’s: The cause of the bill was the disagreement over
the ten-percent plan because radical Republicans think it
is not too harsh enough on these so-called
“rebellious/conquered” territory/states. The effect was a
pocket veto by President Abraham Lincoln although
Congress went ahead and passed the bill which decreased
the power of the president as well as helping radmitt the
states more quickly back into the Union. (Causation)
Definition: Radical Reconstruction was the process and
period of Reconstruction during which the Radical
Republicans in the U.S. Congress seized control of
Reconstruction from President Johnson.
Three C’s: The cause of radical construction was when
Radical Republicans did not agree with Lincoln’s
ten-percent plan as well as when President Andrew
Johnson vetoed everything Congress pases which caused
the rise of this period. The effect was Congress and the
Radical Republicans being able to carry on all their bills
into amendments like the 13th, 14th, and 15th
amendments and the Civil Rights Act, Tenure of Office Act,
etc. (Causation)
Definition: The Civil Rights Act of 1866 was the first
United States federal law to define citizenship and affirm
that all citizens are equally protected by the law.
Three C’s: The cause was the Black codes and
discrimination against the free and former slaves. The
effect was the first federal law that all citizens are
protected equally but it was vetoed very quickly by president
Johnson. (Causation)
Definition: The Tenure of Office Act (1867-1887) was a
controversial federal law meant to restrict the ability of the
U.S. president to remove certain officials that Congress had
already approved.
Three C’s: The cause was President Johnson vetoing all bills
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and laws promoted by Congress. The effect was the
president nearly being impeached and being the first
president to have his trial sent to the Senate and the
Supreme Court. (Causation)

9) Freedmen's Bureau Definition: The Freedmen's Bureau was an agency

established in 1865 by Congress to help millions of former
black slaves and poor whites in the South in the aftermath
of the Civil War.
Three C’s: The cause was former slaves and poor whites
being discriminated against and not being able to find any
economic opportunity blocked by the Southern states. The
effect was military districts being formed to help these
millions and to regulate the power that the South has over
the former slaves and poor whites. (Causation)

10) Sharecropping Definition: Sharecropping is a type of farming in which

ex-slaves rent small plots of land from a landowner in
return for a portion of their crop, to be given to the
landowner at the end of each year.
Three C’s: The cause of sharecropping was the absence of
slavery and the reduced ability of the cultivation of cotton
due to the 13th amendment and Emancipation
Proclamation as well as former slaves not being able to
really do anything major in the South even after the war
like very little economic opportunity. The effect was better
working conditions for former slaves although debt
increases more and more by the year for former slaves as
well as a creation of more strict and regimented schedules
for the former slaves (Causation)

11) Ku Klux Klan (KKK) Definition: The Ku Klux Klan (KKK) is an American white
supremacist terrorist hate group founded in 1865 whose
primary targets are African Americans as well as the
Republican Party and its ideas during reconstruction.
Three C’s: The cause of the clan was Radical
Reconstruction due to the federal government expanding
more political and economic opportunity like voting rights,
The effect was more and more violence and southern
resistance against the former slaves and African
Americans. (Causation)

12) Crop-Lien System Definition: The crop-lien system was a credit system in
which farmers get credit before the planting season by
borrowing against the value for anticipated harvests.
Three C’s: The cause was less economic opportunity in the

13) Panic of 1873
14) Credit Mobilier Scandal
15) Ex Parte Milligan
16) Slaughterhouse Cases
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South due to abolishment of slavery and Southern state
resistance against farmers, poor whites, and former slaves.
The effect was reducing farmers rights into a use of
economic slavery which demonstrates similaraties to
slavery with blacks and slavery with lowly classes like
farmers. (Causation)
Definition: The Panic of 1873 was a financial crisis that
triggered an economic depression in the US that began in
1873.
Three C’s: The cause was the Credit Mobilier Scandal and
the building of the first transcontinental railroad in the
US. The effect was lesser opportunities for the US as a
whole like decrease in jobs, decrease in the price of goods,
foreclosure of banks and businesses as well as the
shutdown of hundreds of railroads throughout the US
(Causation)
Definition: The Credit Mobilier Scandal was a two-part
fraud conducted from 1864 to 1867 by the Union Pacific
Railroad and the Crédit Mobilier of America construction
company in the building of the eastern portion of the First
Transcontinental Railroad.
Three C’s: The cause of the scandal was a desire for a
railroad that connects most of the US together which
caused the Union Pacific Railroad company to also build
another company Called Credit Mobilier of America in
order to build the railroad. The effects were a huge
corruption in the government and the damage of many of
political officials' careers as well as the Panic of 1873
(Causation)
Definition: Ex-Parte Milligan was a case in which the U.S.
Supreme Court ruled that the federal government could not
establish military courts to try civilians except where civil
courts were no longer functioning in an actual theatre of
war.
Three C’s: The cause was the suspension of habeas corpus
during the Civil war which was considered unconstitutional
by the US Supreme court, The effect was the reduction of
the president’s power and established the idea that
military and presidential action based on war also had its
limits due to it being constitution or not (Causation)
Definition: Slaughterhouse Cases are legal disputes that
resulted in a landmark U.S. Supreme Court decision in 1873
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limiting the protection of the privileges and immunities
clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to the U.S.
Constitution.
Three C’s: The cause of the start of these cases were the
14th amendment established earlier in reconstruction by
Congress. The effect was more strict interpretations of the
14th amendment and the reduction of black civil rights
(Causation)

17) Amnesty Act of 1872 Definition: The Amnesty Act of 1872 was a United States
federal law passed on May 22, 1872, which reversed most
of the penalties imposed on former Confederates by the
Fourteenth Amendment
Three C’s: The cause was also the 14th amendment. The
effect was the end of all bias, stereotypes, and
disqualifications of Confederate officials being able to run
for office again. (Causation)

18) Election of 1876 Definition: Election of 1876 was the disputed American
presidential election held on November 7, 1876, in which
Republican Rutherford B. Hayes defeated Democrat Samuel
J. Tilden.
Three C’s: The cause of the election was a need for a new
president after Ulysses S. Grant. The effects were ideas of
the election being an act of fraud, intimidation, and
violence. (Causation)

19) Compromise of 1877 Definition: The Compromise of 1877 was an agreement

that resolved the disputed 1876 presidential election
between Democratic candidate Samuel Tilden and
Republican candidate Rutherford B. Hayes.
Three C’s: The cause of the compromise was the election of
1876 and a need to settle this disputed election once and
for all. The effect was the end of the Reconstruction period
and the US federal government removing the last military
troops from the South. (Causation)

20) Exodusters Definition: Exodusters was a name given to African

Americans who migrated from states along the Mississippi
River to Kansas in the late nineteenth century, as part of
the Exoduster Movement or Exodus of 1879.
Three C’s: The cause of the name was racial violence
against former slaves as well as the limited economic
opportunity in the South, The effect was many African
Americans migrating to Kansas and settling there as well
as better opportunity for African Americans. c
Martin Botros
Per: 3
10/29/2021