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Procedia Computer Science 00 (2019) 000–000
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Procedia Computer Science 167 (2020) 1096–1101

International Conference on Computational Intelligence and Data Science (ICCIDS 2019)

International Conference on Computational Intelligence and Data Science (ICCIDS 2019)
CFD Modeling and Study of Additional Medium Jet Impact on the
CFD Modeling and Study of of
Blade Additional Medium Jet Impact on the
the Propeller
Blade ofa, the Propeller
Dmitrii Osovskii , Aleksey Sharatov *, Alexander Gorbenko , Nikolai Klimenko ,
a a a

Natalia
Dmitrii Osovskiia, Aleksey Sharatov a, * a, Sergey Bidenkob a
Sharatova , Alexander Gorbenko , Nikolai Klimenkoa,
Natalia Sharatovaa, Sergey Bidenkob
a
Kerch State Maritime Technological University, Kerch, 298309, Russian Federation
b
Tver State University, Tver,170000, Russian Federation
a
Kerch State Maritime Technological University, Kerch, 298309, Russian Federation
b
Tver State University, Tver,170000, Russian Federation
Abstract

Abstract
The paper analyzes the possibility of improving the efficiency of the propeller as one of the main directions of
improving the main propulsion plant. The requirements of the MARPOL-73 convention, as amended, and the need
The paper
to adapt theanalyzes the possibility
main propulsion plant toofchanging
improving the efficiency
operating of the
conditions propeller
require as one
improving theofdesign
the main
of thedirections of
fixed pitch
improving the main propulsion plant. The requirements of the MARPOL-73 convention,
propeller. The paper presents the results of CFD modeling and studies of the flow around the NACA-2412 blade as amended, and the need
to adapt
with the the mainofpropulsion
supply additional plant
medium to changing
along theoperating conditions
chord, regarding therequire
suctionimproving the work
surface. This designisofanthe fixed pitch
adaptation of
propeller.
the method used in aviation for increasing lift force by blowing the boundary layer. The magnitude of the lift blade
The paper presents the results of CFD modeling and studies of the flow around the NACA-2412 force
with
has a the supply of
significant additional
impact on themedium
dynamicalong the chord, of
characteristics regarding the suction
the propeller. surface. This
CFD modeling of thework is an adaptation
propeller blade profileof
the method used in aviation for increasing lift force by blowing the boundary layer. The
in compressible and incompressible media, and also the calculation of the parameters of the NACA-2412 profilemagnitude of the lift force
has
witha the
significant
supply impact on the medium
of additional dynamic were
characteristics
performed. of The
the propeller.
modelingCFD modeling
results of the propeller
are confirmed blade profile
by comparison with
in compressible and incompressible media, and also the calculation of the parameters of the
known modeling results for compressible media and experimental data. The possibility of increasing the efficiency NACA-2412 profile
with
of thethe supply due
propeller of additional medium
to the jet supply were performed.
of additional water toThe the modeling resultsofare
suction surface theconfirmed
blade alongbythecomparison
chord has beenwith
known modeling results for compressible media and experimental data. The possibility of increasing
proved. The results of the work can be used to control the operating mode of the main engine by changing the thrust the efficiency
of
andthe
thepropeller due to torque
hydrodynamic the jet of
supply of additional
resistance water
to rotation to the
of the suction surface of the blade along the chord has been
propeller.
proved. The results of the work can be used to control the operating mode of the main engine by changing the thrust
and theThe
© 2019 hydrodynamic torqueby
Authors. Published ofElsevier
resistance to This
B.V.. rotation
is an of theaccess
open propeller.
article under the CC BY-NC-ND license
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)
© 2019
2020 The
© The Authors.
Peer-review Authors.
under
Published
Published by
responsibilitybyofElsevier
Elsevier
theCC
B.V.
B.V.. This
scientific is an open
committee access article under the CC BY-NC-ND licenseIntelligence and
of(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)
the International Conference on Computational
This is an open access article under the BY-NC-ND license
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)
Data Scienceunder
(ICCIDS 2019) of the scientific committee of the International Conference on Computational Intelligence and Data
Peer-review responsibility
Peer-review under2019).
Science (ICCIDS responsibility of the scientific committee of the International Conference on Computational Intelligence and
Data Science (ICCIDS 2019)

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +7-978-0018451.

E-mail address: esiap@mail.ru
* Corresponding author. Tel.: +7-978-0018451.
E-mail address:
1877-0509 esiap@mail.ru
© 2019 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)
1877-0509
Peer-review©under
2019responsibility
The Authors. of
Published by Elsevier
the scientific B.V..ofThis
committee is an open access
the International article under
Conference the CC BY-NC-ND
on Computational license
Intelligence and Data Science
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)
(ICCIDS 2019)
Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the International Conference on Computational Intelligence and Data Science
(ICCIDS 2019)

1877-0509 © 2020 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.

This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)
Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the International Conference on Computational Intelligence and Data
Science (ICCIDS 2019).
10.1016/j.procs.2020.03.411
 Dmitrii Osovskii et al. / Procedia Computer Science 167 (2020) 1096–1101 1097
2 Author name / Procedia Computer Science 00 (2019) 000–000

Keywords: Fixed pitch propeller; computational fluid dynamics; main propulsion plant; NACA-2412; blade profile; jet supply;

1. Introduction

If analyze the process of energy conversion in the main propulsion plant of the ship, then it is possible to
distinguish two main components that affect the efficiency - the engine and the propeller [1]. When the main engine
is operating on a fixed pitch propeller, the parameters of the engine directly depend on the hydrodynamic efficiency
of the propeller. By improving the propeller [2], the most qualitative increase in the operating efficiency of the main
propulsion plant is achieved, the optimum operating mode of the main engine in terms of thermal and mechanical
tension is ensured.
The cast fixed pitch propellers are the most widely used (Fig. 1, a). The blades of the propeller have a
corresponding profiling. The efficiency of the propellers, due to the design features and principle of operation,
depends on four types of losses. There are losses due to the creation of induced axial and rotational speeds, inductive
and profile losses. In studies of the work of propellers, various methods for increasing their efficiency are proposed,
aimed at reducing one or several types of losses. The main directions implemented in practice are the selection of the
optimal blade profile and the passive flow control [1, 3].

2. The concept of additional jet impacts of fluid supplied

All these methods are passive (irreversible) during operation. At the same time, insufficient attention is paid in
the literature to active (regulated) methods for reducing losses accompanying the work of the propeller, which
became widespread in the adjacent field - aerodynamics. An example of such a method is the jet impact of additional
fluid supplied to the suction surface (shown in Fig. 1, c) of the propeller blade near the leading edge [4]. Implying
the possibility of a targeted impact on various types of losses inherent in the propeller, the objective of the work is
formed [20-22].
The objective of the work is a computational study of the additional jet impact of water supplied to the suction
surface along the chord of the propeller blade by CFD modeling of the interaction of the blade profile with the
flowing stream.
The additional supply of water to the suction surface of the propeller blade near the leading edge is analogous to
the method used in aviation for increasing lift force — jet mechanization. According to the results of research, jet
mechanization is used to improve the aerodynamic characteristics of the wing, the parameters of stability and
controllability, the control of aerodynamic forces and moments acting on the wing. However, it should be noted that
insufficient attention is paid to the possibility of jet impact in the adjacent area - hydrodynamics of propellers. This
is evidenced by the lack of publications on possible areas of research and the use of their results. There is no
information about the possibility of increasing the efficiency of hydrodynamic parameters of profiles surrounded by
a fluid flow.
The use of jet impact of water additionally supplied to the propeller blades of the ship allows purposefully acting
on the fluid flowing around the propeller [5]. This provides a reduction in losses associated with the characteristics
of the interaction of the blade and the inflow. The decrease in the ratio of the induced axial velocity to the velocity of
the inflow occurs due to the creation of an additional lift force (thrust) on the profile, caused by a change in the
“circulation” of the flow velocity.
The reduction of losses due to the creation of induced rotational velocities is achieved by reducing the
inhomogeneity of the velocity field when the direction of the velocity vector of the inflow changes.
The reduction of profile losses depending on the surface roughness of the profile is achieved by blowing the
boundary layer.
The reduction of inductive losses occurs due to the reduction of the flow of fluid through the blade tips.
The supply of additional water through the slotted nozzle of the propeller (Fig. 1, a) allows affecting all types of
losses reducing the efficiency of the propellers, thereby realizing almost all ways to increase the efficiency of the
propeller.
1098 Dmitrii Osovskii et al. / Procedia Computer Science 167 (2020) 1096–1101
Author name / Procedia Computer Science 00 (2019) 000–000 3

3. Jet flow modeling in the FlowVision software

Calculation of the profile characteristics can be performed by experimental study in a hydrodynamic pipe. At the
same time, an experimental study requires the manufacture of a significant number of models and is characterized by
sufficient labor capacity. An alternative experiment is the use of numerical modeling methods. There are a large
number of confirmed and well-proven numerical modeling methods [6–9] that give results that are comparable with
experimental studies. It is possible to replace part of the experimental studies in hydrodynamic pipes with a
numerical method for modeling in the computational fluid dynamics complex (CFD) [10]. For numerical modeling
of the profile in fluid, the FlowVision software package developed in Russia is used. At the same time, the reliability
of the results is ensured by comparing the results obtained with the theoretical data. The efficiency of the program is
proved by the repeatability of experiments and the reproducibility of the results of studies of profiles [10] and
propellers conducted by reputable authors.

Fig. 1. Profiling blades of the fixed pitch propeller (a) and slotted nozzle for supplying a jet of water (b) with the geometric dimensions (c) of the
equivalent “filter” (d) relative to the computational grid: 1 – leading edge, 2 – slotted nozzle, 3 – profile thickness, 4 – suction edge, 5 – inlet
edge, 6 – chord length, 7 – trailing edge.

The modeling of the flow around the propeller blade was carried out in the FlowVision 2.56 software package
[11]. The modeling and numerical solution is performed in a flat statement of the problem for the blade element -
profile. In order to keep the identity of the results, the nozzle assembly was modeled without changing the profile
geometry, using the modeling tools built into the software product.
To model the jet impact, an additional filter was introduced into the computational model, which made it possible
to set the speed of the additional supplied water Vj (shown in Fig. 1, d). Due to this, the intensity of the jet impact on
the flow flowing around the profile under study was regulated. The impact zone simulating a slotted nozzle had the
following parameters: the distance along the chord from the toe of the profile is 0.2b (b - the size of the profile
chord), the distance from the profile surface is one step of the computational grid (h).
The velocity vector of the additional flow Vj is directed parallel to the profile chord, has a value twice the
 Dmitrii Osovskii et al. / Procedia Computer Science 167 (2020) 1096–1101 1099
4 Author name / Procedia Computer Science 00 (2019) 000–000

velocity of the inflow V. The thickness of the nozzle is commensurable with the dimensions of the computational
grid (shown in Fig. 1, b). A change in the flow parameters, which is equivalent to the supply of additional fluid,
made it possible to model the process of jet impact on the hydrodynamic profile parameters and calculate their
numerical values. The use of a filter (Fig. 1, b) imitating a slotted nozzle allows retaining the original shape of the
profile.

4. CFD modeling of the NACA-2412 profile with an additional jet impact of a fluid

Among the variety of profiles [12], it is possible to distinguish the symmetric profile of NACA-2412, whose
characteristics are well studied, and the research results have a wide coverage in the sources [6].
At the first stage, a computational study of the NACA-2412 profile in a compressible medium flow (air) was
performed for various inflow angles α with constant initial parameters. A series of parameters obtained as a result of
computational research was used as initial data in the numerical modeling of jet impact.
At the next stage, for each angle of the inflow, with the help of a “filter” (Fig. 1, b), a computational study of the
quantities characterizing the flow around the profile was carried out, the values of the profile lift force Cy and the
profile resistance Cx were determined. The convergence criteria were the values of the residual errors derived by the
program, as well as the values of the blade-disc force and the profile lift force in time (achievement of the steady
state).
Figure 2 shows the results of the computational study in comparison with the known characteristics and results
obtained in an experimental study of the NACA-2412 profile.
Observed in Fig. 2 similarity of pressure distribution profiles of computational study and known characteristics
proves the reliability of the obtained results.
At the third stage, a transition from a model of a compressible medium to an incompressible fluid was made. In
theoretical studies, such a transition is performed to simplify the model and de facto implies the retention of the
effect. To qualitatively confirm the obtained results, an additional computational study of the profile in an
incompressible flow was carried out at different angles of the inflow.
A parallelepiped (box) is created in the package of solid modeling, simulating the fluid surrounding profile. The
dimensions of the box 10×4×1 chords of the profile are chosen in such a way as to exclude the influence of the
limited volume on the flow pattern.
Based on the created box, a project was created in the FlowVision package, and a numerical modeling of the
profile in an incompressible fluid was performed. The main parameters of the method are: anisotropic wall for the
profile surface and “k-ε model” of turbulence for fluid [15-21].
The model of the blade profile is placed in the computational area (box) with the given initial parameters and
angle of attack. In the computational study, the following boundary conditions were introduced: “input” with a given
normal speed of 5 m/s on the face of the box in front of the profile; “free exit” - from above, below and behind the
profile; “symmetry” on the side faces perpendicular to the plane of the blade; “anisotropic wall” - for the profile
surface. During the calculation, two assumptions were made: 1 - the calculation can be considered completed if the
change in the logarithmic relative error does not exceed 10–5; 2 - checking the accuracy of calculations is performed
by halving the computational grid. The calculation was performed for different angles of the inflow α.

Fig. 2. Pressure profiles p along a profile with a jet impact along chord b: a - for the angle of the inflow of 2 degrees; b - for the angle of the
inflow of 10 degrees; 1 - injection surface; 2 - suction surface without a jet (open data); 2’ - suction surface with a jet (experimental study); 3 -
suction surface with a jet (FlowVision).
1100 Dmitrii Osovskii et al. / Procedia Computer Science 167 (2020) 1096–1101
Author name / Procedia Computer Science 00 (2019) 000–000 5

Figure 3 shows the magnitude of the lift force of the profile Cy, obtained as a result of a computational study.
Observed in Fig. 3 coincidence of the computational study with the known data of theoretical and experimental
studies of the NACA-2412 profile in a fluid confirms the reliability of the obtained data [12-15,20-22].

Fig. 3. The drag-lift ratio of the blade profile (Cx/Cy ratio): dash-point line - computational results without the supply of fluid; solid line -
computational results with the supply of fluid.

In reference books, a specific profile indicator characterizing its hydrodynamic efficiency is the drag-lift ratio.
This parameter characterizes the ratio of the magnitude of the profile resistance Cx to the magnitude of the lift force
of the profile Cy.
At the final stage, a computational study of the water supply to the suction surface of the NACA-2412 profile
was carried out under conditions of not parallel to the chord flow (impingement flow). The results of the calculation
with an additional jet supply of fluid with characteristics similar to the original profile are shown in Fig. 3.

5. Conclusion

As a result of CFD modeling and computational study, the parameters of a profile equipped with a slotted nozzle
for additional water supply to the suction surface of the blade near the leading edge were calculated. The supply of
additional water allows purposefully changing the parameters of the flow of fluid flowing around the surface. Due to
this, the drag-lift ratio of the profile is improved, which is confirmed by the results of computational study in the
FlowVision software package at various inflow angles.
CFD modeling showed the possibility of increasing the efficiency of the blade profile by jetting additional water
to the blades, which is confirmed by a decrease in the drag-lift ratio (Fig. 3).
Depending on the operating conditions, the jet impact of additional water can be directed to control such
hydrodynamic parameters of the propeller as the thrust and the hydrodynamic moment of resistance to rotation.
A promising direction is the use of the obtained result to influence the parameters of thermal load and the
efficiency of the main engine working on the propeller.

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