Available online at www.sciencedirect.

com

ScienceDirect
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com
Energy Procedia 00 (2017) 000–000
www.elsevier.com/locate/procedia
ScienceDirect
Energy Procedia 134 (2017) 29–39

9th International Conference on Sustainability in Energy and Buildings, SEB-17, 5-7 July 2017,
Chania, Crete, Greece

Preliminary study of the condition of social housing in the city of

Durango, México
Claudia Karelly Romero-Péreza, Norma Alejandra Rodríguez-Muñoza,b *, María 0F0 F0F0F0F0 F0F

Guadalupe Alpuche-Cruzc, Ignacio Ramiro Martín-Domíngueza

a
Centro de Investigación en Materiales Avanzados, Calle CIMAV 110, Durango, Durango, 34147, Mexico.
b
Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología CONACYT, Av. Insurgentes Sur 1582, Mexico, D.F 03940, Mexico.
c
Universidad de Sonora, Blvd. Luis Encinas y Rosales SN, Hermosillo, Sonora 83000, Mexico.

Abstract

Buildings in general, housing and specifically social housing in Mexico, have high demand of energy as a consequence of the use
of heating and cooling systems; mainly due poor design and the use of thermally inefficient construction materials. An analysis of
the thermal behavior and energy consumption was demanded by the local housing development chamber. One of the first steps
towards the accomplishment of this objective is to complete a diagnostic of the condition of social housing in the city of Durango
in México. Diagnostic not only including thermal comfort and thermal behavior of the dwelling, but a complete diagnostic
consisting on: location, urbanization history and a climatic analysis. The study was focused towards housing intended for low
income families, which are candidate to be financed by federal housing organizations, meaning that there is an important limitation
on budget. It is thought that the final cost of such dwellings limit the quality of design and materials. This housing has to comply
with NOM-020-ENER-2011 (Mexican norm of energy efficiency in buildings: residential dwellings) and the calculation of energy
demand through the DEEVi tool (Calculation of energy efficient dwellings). This requirements need to be fulfilled so they can
become candidates to be financed by the federal housing organizations. There are several previous studies analyzing the thermal
behavior of social housing in Mexico that have been focused on hot or warm regions of the country, where the air conditioning
needs are predominant. However, the weather of the city of Durango is ranked as BS in the Köppen classification, where the
minimum and maximum ambient temperatures require the use of cooling and heating systems. The results shown in this preliminary
study include: the identification and delimitation of the historic growth of the urban sprawl from 1775 to 2010 and a preliminary
evaluation of the impact of passive strategies. The comfort hours provided by the passive strategies were calculated and design
guidelines were enunciated. The considered parameters were: housing location, local weather conditions and the characteristics of
the social housing construction (material and building systems).

*
Corresponding author. Tel.: +52-614-439-4898.
E-mail address: norma.rodriguez@cimav.edu.mx

1876-6102 © 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.

Peer-review under responsibility of KES International.

1876-6102 © 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.

Peer-review under responsibility of KES International.
10.1016/j.egypro.2017.09.594
30 Claudia Karelly Romero-Pérez et al. / Energy Procedia 134 (2017) 29–39
2 Author name / Energy Procedia 00 (2017) 000–000

© 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.

Peer-review under responsibility of KES International.

Keywords: social housing; housing regulations; bioclimatic design.

1. Introduction

The current main challenges which threaten medium and long term sustainability are climate change and water
scarcity. Inefficient and pollutant practices at daily life place at risk economic, environmental and social stability in
our planet. As humankind we have the opportunity and challenge to deal with the important issues, diminishing
greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and water usage. New and efficient technologies, green energy sources together with
the adjustment of consumption and production habits are some of the actions to be implemented. Strategies to face
climate change have been discussed and countries have proposed themselves through conventions and global events,
to reduce the production of GHG which promote the global warming phenomena. Global warming is mainly due the
use and burning of fuels like oil, gas, carbon and wood. According to the International Energy Agency (IEA), the
economic sector that causes approximately 80% of GHG in the world is the energy sector [1]. Similarly, excessive use
of electricity and inefficient systems and equipment in various activities in our daily lives promote global warming
[2].
According to the population census from INEGI (National Institute of Statistics and Geography) in 2010, Mexico
has 112 million inhabitants in 28 million houses with a mean of 3.9 persons per housing. Also, it is expected that in
2050 there will be 122 million of habitants [3]. From this significant growth in population and dwellings, great
challenges are expected at three key sectors: housing, energy and water. At the national energy balance from 2011,
housing in México was responsible for 16.2% of the final energy consumption; which represents 4.9% of GHG
national emissions [4]. The use of energy in a household mostly accounts for heating and air conditioning systems
operation, according to both SENER (Mexican Secretariat of Energy) and CONUEE (National Commission for Energy
Efficiency), today about 30% of the electric consumption in the residential sector in Mexico is to reach thermal
comfort. Nevertheless, this figure accounts only for the use of cooling equipment [5]. As a consequence, the use of air
conditioning and heating in dwellings also account for large amounts of CO 2 emissions.
In Europe more than 80% of the population lives in cities, meanwhile in Latin America the figure is 70%. However,
the dedication of design and construction specialists it is only addressed to 10% of the world population. Meaning that
the other 90% is without professional advice in regards with the bioclimatic and general construction; therefore
housing has been developed out of control and without habitability. In principle, social housing is destined to satisfy
basic habitability needs of low income population. However, the functionalist thinking reduced the social housing
concept to minimum housing; coming to low-priced housing. With the decrease in quality of space and the use of
inadequate materials lowers the habitability conditions [6].
In México in the 40’s and 50’s with the appearance of the state housing institutions, strategies to improve the
situation and satisfy the amounts of new constructions were created. This first approach incorporated a whole
methodology, where housing, education, commerce and recreation were included. In the last years, development
problems increased, especially the urban sprawl and inefficient planning drove the generation of new housing,
construction and financing programs. In Mexico housing construction programs are currently under modification, the
main goals of this projects is changing from only increasing the number of constructions to promote the sustainable
housing development.
The sustainable housing intends to lower the operation costs and the reduction of GHG emissions. Another key
aspect is that the implementation of such programs have encouraged research, innovation and the development and
use of new technologies [7]. Nevertheless, there are still some locations in Mexico where housing is designed and built
with little to no regard of the weather of the location. Therefore, the extensive use of air conditioning and heating is
required to maintain comfort levels during many hours of the year.
Within Fondo de Sustentabilidad Energética Conacyt-SENER S0019-2009-01 project 118665, a consortium of
researchers were called to study passive systems in different climate zones of Mexico and quantify its percentage of
use in social housing. Unfortunately, the results show a low practice of passive systems. This studies also describe the
 Claudia Karelly Romero-Pérez et al. / Energy Procedia 134 (2017) 29–39 31
Author name / Energy Procedia 00 (2017) 000–000 3

regulations that underestimate thermal comfort ([8], [9], [10], [11], [12], [13] and [14]). Studies performed by [15],
show the electricity consumption of 20 cities in Mexico, where air conditioning and heating energetic requirements
were calculated. In the analysis, the relevance of taking into consideration the climatic or thermal zone of where the
city is located becomes relevant, as it affects directly the annual energy consumption. Infonavit (National Institute for
Housing) gives more than 70% of mortgages nationwide. This institute is meant to provide housing credit to an
approximated number of 17 million active workers [16], which raises concern about the amount of energy required to
preserve satisfying comfort conditions in millions of dwellings. In addition, the institute struggles with providing
enough housing to fight the demand of new constructions, maintain affordable costs and quality of housing. For a
house, in order to be candidate and be financed by this institute, several requirements need to be met. Families earning
less than four minimum salaries (approximately $ 440 US dollars per month) can apply for a federal subsidy, so they
can afford a house. If the family needs a federal subsidy and an Infonavit mortgage, the institute has implemented
programs intended to encourage the construction of sustainable dwellings throughout the country. Two relevant
programs include the “Green Mortgage” (Hipoteca Verde) and an evaluation system called “Sisevive-Ecocasa” which
evaluates the energy and water consumption. In 2011 the regulation NOM-020-ENER-2011 was published, this
normativity aims to restrict heat gains though the envelope of housing. With the purpose to reduce the energy
consumption due the use of air conditioning systems. The analysis performed by the NOM-020 and the before
mentioned DEEVi tool, consist of a series of calculation steps, involving a thorough set of parameters. Nonetheless,
both calculations are implemented in steady state with no regard of hourly climate variations. The dynamic analysis
of a building has proven to be a feasible alternative to quantify the energy requirements of a building. Within such
analysis the construction characteristics of the housing are considered and evaluated transiently, every hour or every
15 minutes during a typical year. This tools set a start in the energetic calculation in dwellings in México; nevertheless,
there is still room for improvement. Hence, the DEEVi and NOM-020 are only used as a reference to recent applied
tools in Mexico.
Dynamic simulation is a mean to quantify heat gains and energy use in buildings. Where location, orientation, and
environmental conditions are taken into account through a typical year. Various studies recommend passive measures
or devices and mechanisms to reduce the energy requirements and thermal comfort in dwellings. Nevertheless some
of this actions represent an important percentage of the final dwelling cost. However, through a rigorous dynamic
simulation analysis, it is possible to create cost-effective guidelines which can be useful for low-priced houses.
In order to assist us in the best way in the selection of design strategies, the environmental characteristics of the
site where evaluated. For this particular case, the location and construction features of social housing built in the city
of Durango, México were considered.
The main objective of the ongoing project is to analyze the thermal behavior of the existing dwellings of the city
of Durango, México; in order to suggest passive measures. This will allow the calculation of the energetic and
economic impacts of such dwellings.
On this paper, the objective was to offer a first glance of the diagnostic of the thermal and habitability conditions
of the social housing already constructed in the city of Durango. In this document, the location, the historic growth of
the urban sprawl, predominant weather conditions and the commonly used building systems and materials are
presented. Finally, with the help of a psychometric table a set of design strategies and their guidelines are
recommended. This design strategies were prioritized based on the comfort hours provided. The objective of such an
extensive analysis is to recreate the surrounding conditions, which affect the building, closely to reality. An evaluation
of the thermal performance of the houses will allow the diagnostic of thermal comfort and energy use so improvements
in the design can be recommended.

2. Current applied regulations

2.1. Green mortgage

More than 96% (since 2007, more than 2 million of mortgages have been awarded) of the Infonavit institute
mortgages are within the “Green Mortgage” program. Through this program, the use of eco-technologies is promoted.
The institute provides an additional credit amount, which is intended to buy water, electricity and gas saving devices.
32 Claudia Karelly Romero-Pérez et al. / Energy Procedia 134 (2017) 29–39
4 Author name / Energy Procedia 00 (2017) 000–000

This program has had positive environmental impacts due the use of energy efficient appliances, representing a
monetary saving for workers and their families.

2.2. Sisevive-Ecocasa

Another novel housing assessment program, the Sisevive-Ecocasa, allows for housing planners and developers, the
evaluation of houses from an energetic and environmental point of view. The evaluation takes into account the
architectonic design, construction materials and technologies for water and energy saving. The goals of this assessment
program are to obtain thermal comfort for the occupants and achieve rational use of water. The program gives better
scores to houses demanding less energy and water in comparison with a reference dwelling. The evaluation is
performed by two calculation tools, one for energy and one for water; and through a global performance index the
energetic and environmental impact is stated. The score is a number from 0 to 100, which is translated to a grade from
G to A, similar to the Passivhaus standard.

2.3. NOM-020-ENER-2011

The NOM-020-ENER-2011, has not been entirely enforced to its fulfillment. To the date, this regulation is only a
requirement to obtain access to federal subsidies. In 2014, according to Sociedad Hipotecaria Federal (SHF), Infonavit
gave 155 000 subsidized mortgages for homes [17]. This normativity is not considered in most of the municipal
building codes; situation which promotes the disregard of its application. Municipal building codes are meant to
regulate construction and even though the NOM-020-ENER-2011 is currently active, in most cases it is ignored. This
has been indicated through numerous studies from academics and acknowledged by CONUEE representatives.
CONUEE showed that the NOM-020-ENER-2011 has not been enforced and at 2013 was taken out of the operational
rules of housing subsidies, Infonavit has annulled it from the “Green mortgage” requirements and any municipal
construction has the NOM-020-ENER-2011 incorporated into its requisites [18].
Apart from this eventualities, the NOM-020-ENER-2011 is intended for energy efficiency measures to reduce
cooling loads, giving erroneous results for tempered and mild climates. This regulation is intended for warm climate
locations, because it does not include heat losses, which is of considerable importance in a large part of the country.
A study has demonstrated that differences on the results from calculations from the steady-state and the time-dependent
model can reach up to 80% and 800% for air-conditioned and non-conditioned buildings, respectively[19]. Analyzing
the calculation methodology, it was found that the NOM-020-ENER-2011 employs an equivalent temperature or sol-
air temperature and that it is only valid for a 0.71 solar reflectance or higher [20].
The follow up and monitoring of the eco-technologies impact and use, can be a crucial activity to determine failure
or success of such projects. Experience demonstrates that technologies, even after its development, validation,
dissemination and installation, need to be monitored and evaluated. Meaning that solely a technology implementation
program cannot guarantee the correct use of such technologies. Most of the governmental initiatives end when the
eco-technology devices are delivered to the end users, therefore there are almost minimal to no data on long term
energy saving and water usage impacts [21].
 Claudia Karelly Romero-Pérez et al. / Energy Procedia 134 (2017) 29–39 33
Author name / Energy Procedia 00 (2017) 000–000 5

3. Methodology

The parameters to be considered in this study are described in Table 1, this criteria was incorporated to make the
diagnostic of the energy use and comfort evaluation [22]. Parameters like geographical location, geographic urban
sprawl, climate and characteristics of construction are briefly presented.

Table 1. Considered analysis parameters.

Categories Value
Geographical location 24°01′22″N
104°39′16″O
Durango, Durango
Climate Bs1 kw (e)
Dwelling characteristics:
• Size 38.77 m2
• Materials See Table 2
Other parameters
• Infiltration 0.98 ac/h
• Thermal comfort model Auliciems, 1984 [23]
• Occupation schedule 18:00 to 8:00 h
• Period of analysis one year
• Metabolic rate 1 Met (sedentary)
• Insulation of clothes 1 Clo

3.1. Geographical location

The dwelling analyzed in this work, is located in the city of Durango, Mexico at a latitude of 24°, longitude of
104.6° and altitude of 1875 m. The location can be observed at Fig. 1. This city is located inside the Mexican plateau
and geographically it is limited by the Sierra Madre Occidental. This location favors the region endowing it with a
semi extreme weather and with seasonal vegetation.

Fig. 1. Geographical location of the case of study

34 Claudia Karelly Romero-Pérez et al. / Energy Procedia 134 (2017) 29–39
6 Author name / Energy Procedia 00 (2017) 000–000

3.2. Historic urban sprawl

The historic urban sprawl image, was created with the mapping software ArcGIS. The information was collected
from the city cartography collection. In Fig. 2, the urbanization growth can be observed. This growth occurred slowly
during the first decades, mainly related to the lack of road communication and infrastructure. From 1930
industrialization starts, favoring the development of social housing. In addition, two historic events impacted in the
development of this city, in 1931 the scorpion sting antidote was developed favoring population increase. The second
event was in 1985, when an 8.7 (Richter scale) earthquake occurred in Mexico City, promoting population
mobilization to provincial cities, including Durango. From 1986 to 2000 substantial legal modifications in term of
housing and urban development were implemented: land use statutes were modified and new housing developers are
incorporated, this last event due a raise in governmental financing of social housing [6]. The growth accompanied
both positive and negative impacts, some positive impacts happened, such as, the improvement of communication
roads and the creation of housing policies. And some negative impacts for example, the urban growth was mainly
peripheral.

Time period

Fig. 2. Urbanization growth periods

3.3. Climate

The official climate classification in México is the Köppen climate classification modified by García. Through the
climatic classifications the annual behavior of the atmospheric conditions is described. The City of Durango is located
in a Mid-Latitude Desert and Steppe (BSk), with the following characteristics: low relative humidity, low frequency
and amount of precipitation, moderate to high annual and monthly temperatures.
A bioclimatic analysis was performed taking into account the climatic elements, such as: climate typology, latitude,
longitude, and altitude. The weather data was taken from the Meteonorm 7 software and the main variables considered
were: air and ground temperature, relative humidity, wind, and radiation. Meteonorm is a Meteotest commercial
program that offers meteorological databases and climate generation for every location in the world. Global climate
data can be obtained in 35 data formats. Based on data from 8325 weather stations, 5 geo satellite stations and 30
years of experience. One of its main products is the typical year TMY (Typical Meteorological Year) of a specific
 Claudia Karelly Romero-Pérez et al. / Energy Procedia 134 (2017) 29–39 35
Author name / Energy Procedia 00 (2017) 000–000 7

site. A TMY is a reference file that summarizes historical multi-year climatic information in a single year; uses data
from meteorological stations and interpolation, this with a calculation method based on databases and algorithms to
obtain continuous data and monthly values.

3.4. Characteristics of construction system

Economic housing in Mexico, generally is composed by a set of traditional construction systems and materials.
This construction systems vary slightly from builder to builder within the same region. The materials used in this
region are: red brick on walls, concrete roof slabs, concrete or ceramic flooring and aluminum framed single glazed
windows. In Table 2, a typical set of materials for the region’s social housing are presented. The architectonic design
frequently consists of houses that are joined by shared walls, the façade is exposed to the exterior and the patio is
located at the back of the house joint to the rear-neighboring house. At Fig. 3, the architectural plans of the
representative dwellings in Durango are shown.

Table 2. Typical construction materials at social housing.

Material Thickness Density Thermal Conductivity

(m) (kg/m )
3
(kJ/h m K)
Walls Red brick 0.130 1920 3.1392
Roof Concrete 0.002 2300 6.264
Window Single glazing 0.003 2000 3.24
a)

b)

Fig. 3. Representative social housing. a) Façade architectural design, b) Floor plan of the house.

4. Results

4.1. Temperatures, humidity and solar radiation.

In Fig. 4a, the mean, minimum and maximum monthly temperatures can be observed. From March to October, the
maximum temperature goes out of the established comfort range. The site comfort range is from 21.17 to 26.17°C,
obtained with the Auliciems equation [23]. Also, the night and dawn minimum temperatures cross below the comfort
temperature all year long. The daily temperature oscillation is around 13 to 17°C. At Fig. 4b, the mean, maximum and
minimum monthly relative humidity are shown.
The relative humidity is directly affected by rainfall, which is present mainly during summer, during the months
of July and August. Low rainfall occurs during the winter months and the dry months are from February to April. The
36 Claudia Karelly Romero-Pérez et al. / Energy Procedia 134 (2017) 29–39
8 Author name / Energy Procedia 00 (2017) 000–000

monthly mean precipitation reaches up to 542.2 mm [24]. Solar radiation, is the quantity of solar energy received by
a horizontal surface.
The solar radiation input varies through the day, and it is affected by atmospheric conditions and latitude. The
months with more solar radiation are from March to June, corresponding to the spring period, the low radiation period
is during the winter. In Fig. 4c, the solar radiation of the location is shown, where the maximum solar radiation reaches
up to 1096.89 kJ/h·m2 in April, and the minimum 620.87 kJ/h·m2 during January.
a) b)

c)

Fig. 4. Climatic characteristics of Durango City. a) Mean, minimum and maximum monthly temperatures, b) Mean, minimum and maximum
monthly relative humidity and c) Solar radiation

4.2. Psychometric chart

The psychometric chart helps the understanding and visualization of the local weather conditions. This chart
organizes and represents the 8760 hours of a typical year. It uses the ASHRAE Standard 55 and Current Handbook of
Fundamentals model. Thermal comfort is based on dry bulb, clothing level (clo), metabolic (met), air velocity,
humidity and mean radiant temperature. At an indoor location it assumes that the mean radiant temperature is close
to the dry temperature. The zone in which most people would be comfortable is calculated using the PMV (Predicted
Mean Vote) model. In residential setting people adapt clothing to match the season and feel comfortable in higher air
velocities, therefore the comfort range for buildings with centralized HVAC systems (Heating, ventilation and air
conditioning) is wider.
In Fig. 5a, the psychometric chart for Durango City is shown. This chart was obtained with the help of Climate
Consultant 5.5 software and the weather data was generated by Meteonorm 7. At the chart, the green dots represent
hours during the day with no air conditioning system (heating or cooling). Meanwhile, the green dots outside the blue
rectangle would mean that 69.3% of the year hours will be at discomfort. However, the area delimited by color lines
describes the percentage of comfort hours that could be reach if design strategies are applied.
In Figure 5b, a series of strategies calculated with the psychometric table are listed. The strategies are enumerated
in order of the impact in comfort hours that they will accomplish. The hours shown, are added to the baseline comfort
 Claudia Karelly Romero-Pérez et al. / Energy Procedia 134 (2017) 29–39 37
Author name / Energy Procedia 00 (2017) 000–000 9

hours. The baseline comfort hours for the studied house were 2689 h, representing 30.7% of the year. Each suggested
strategy will increase the number of comfort hours at the indoor conditions through the year.

a) b)

Fig. 5. Psychrometric chart ASHRAE Standard 55, in hours b) Comfort added hours by strategy.

Twelve strategies were found to be suitable for this particular climate; however, for this analysis four strategies
were selected due the amount of comfort hours that could add annually. Two strategies can be applied for each of the
cold and hot season; the recommended strategies and design guidelines are briefly described in Table 3.These
strategies are designed specifically for the climate and location of the study site. In Figure 5b, is also noted that the
improvement in comfort during the cold season could be higher than the one accomplished for the warm months. It
has to be pointed out, that the implementation of the strategies, still have to be dynamically simulated, isolated and as
a group, in order to quantify the real impact over the house’s behavior.

Table 3. Selected strategies and recommended design guidelines.

Season Strategies Design guidelines

• Promote heat gain from appliances, equipment, lights and people to reduce heating needs.
Internal heat gain
• Keep home well insulated.
Cold • Face most of the glazing area south to maximize winter sun exposure.
Passive solar direct
• Use of high mass interior surfaces to reduce day to night temperature swings.
gain high mass
• Organize floorplan so winter sun can penetrate into daytime use spaces.
Sun shading of the
• Use of overhangs to promote shade and prevent overheating
window
Hot
High thermal mass • Use of a whole house fan or natural ventilation during nighttime to promote expulsion of
night flush heat and reduce or eliminate the need of air conditioning systems.

5. Discussion

Studies found in literature review, reflect that several the projects have discussed and addressed the issues of the
implementation of passive strategies. There have been many academic analysis that suggest strategies optimal for hot
climates, nevertheless, not many of them have addressed the problematic of weathers which have hot and cold seasons.
38 Claudia Karelly Romero-Pérez et al. / Energy Procedia 134 (2017) 29–39
10 Author name / Energy Procedia 00 (2017) 000–000

Regarding the current normativity in Mexico, there have been some programs that attempt to improve the thermal
comfort and energetic performance of the households. Programs like “Green Mortgage” and “Sisevive-Ecocasa”,
together with the NOM-020 regulation are some of the first and most notable efforts of improvement. However, as
many ongoing projects, there are still opportunities for further enhancements.
The authors believe that is necessary that future studies on passive strategies are not only enunciated as qualitative
design measures. With the current availability of computational tools, quantitative design suggestions can be made,
this is, the quantification of the improvement in comfort and energetic savings is key in the social housing sector.
Especially due budget restrictions, where the optimization of resources and materials can relieve from extra costs.
In the next stage of the study, the suggested strategies will be implemented in representative city dwellings, then
the thermal comfort and energy use will be quantified. The comfort and energetic results together with the
implementation costs will be a key fact in the selection of approaches.

6. Conclusions

The thermal behavior of social housing in Durango, México was analyzed due the lack of studies in BS climate,
which needs the use of cooling and heating systems. The DEEVi tool and the NOM-020 regulation, both relatively of
recent creation and application in Mexico are pointed out, due the identified calculation limitations.
The main goal of this project is to analyze the thermal behavior of the existing dwellings of the city of Durango, in
order to suggest passive measures. In this paper, a first glance of the conditions of the existing conditions surrounding
the housing is presented. Location, historic urban sprawl development and predominant weather conditions were also
investigated, as they carry important evidence that provide significant information to begin the study of thermal
comfort and energy performance of a such dwellings.
According to the evaluation, when the climate was analyzed, only 30.7% of the hours of the year are within the
comfort range. This percentage can be increased by applying the passive design strategies previously suggested.
Among the passive design strategies, the ones that would have the most impact on increasing comfort are: shading
windows and high thermal mass night flush during the warm season. And the allowance of internal heat gain and
direct solar gains with high thermal mass materials during the cold season. From this results, it is also clear that the
improvement in comfort and potential energy savings are going to be higher for the cold season. Even though the
climatic analysis design guidelines were appointed, the real impacts of them need to be quantified.

Acknowledgements

The authors would like to thank the CONACYT PDCPN-2015:1099 Project and the CeMIE-Sol P13 Project
(2013:02 CONACYT-SENER Sustentabilidad Energética).

References

[1] International Energy Agency IEA. Energy and Climate Change: World Energy Outlook Special Report 2015.
[2] Embajada Britanica en México. Eficiencia Energetica y Ambiental en el Sector Vivienda 2011:9.
[3] INEGI. Demografía Dinámica de México. Rev Int Estad Y Geogr 2015:122–32.
[4] SENER. Balance Nacional de Energía. Mexico City: 2011.
[5] SENER, CONUEE. Estudio de caracterizacion del uso de aire acondicionado en vivienda de interes social. Mexico: CONUEE/GIZ;
2016.
[6] Sánchez-Corral J. La Vivienda “Social“ en México. México, DF.: 2012.
[7] Fundación IDEA. Estrategia Nacional para la Vivienda Sustentable. 2013.
[8] Marincic I, Ochoa JM, Alpuche MG, Duarte A, Vargas L, González I, et al. La construcción actual de viviendas en Hermosillo y su
adecuación al clima por medios pasivos. Memorias del XXXV SNES 2011 2011:3–8.
[9] Castillo JA, Lira-Oliver A, Muñoz JJ, Ramírez CÁ, Juárez SN, Rojas J, et al. Uso de sistemas pasivos de climatización en la zona de
Temixco Morelos con clima cálido semi-húmedo. Memorias del XXXV SNES 2011, p. 183–8.
[10] Huelsz G, Ochoa JM, López PE, Gómez A, Figueroa A. Uso de sistemas pasivos de climatización en cinco zonas de la república
mexicana. Memorias del XXXV SNES, 2011, p. 177–82.
 Claudia Karelly Romero-Pérez et al. / Energy Procedia 134 (2017) 29–39 39
Author name / Energy Procedia 00 (2017) 000–000 11

[11] Elias-López P, Roux R, Espuma A, García V. Caracterización y uso de sistemas pasivos de climatización en viviendas de la zona
metropolitana de Tampico-Madero-Altamira, Tamaulipas. Memorias del XXXV SNES 2011:166–70.
[12] Barrios G, Huelz G, Rojas J, Ochoa JM, Marincic I. Parámetros para medir el desempeño térmico de muros/techos de la envolvente de
una edificación que no usa aire acondicionado. Memorias XXXVI SNES, 2012, p. 231–5.
[13] Barrios G, Huelsz G, Rojas J. Evaluación de sistemas constructivos de la envolvente en edificaciones con de aire acondicionado
intermitente. Memorias del XXXV SNES, 2011, p. 47–50.
[14] Figueroa A, Freixanet VF, María G, Espinosa C, García-chávez R, Madrigal HV, et al. Uso De Sistemas Pasivos De Climatización En
El Área Norte De La Zona Metropolitana De La Ciudad De México. Memorias del XXXV SNES 2011 2011:171–6.
[15] Lucero J. The effect of solar reflectance , infrared emissivity , and thermal insulation of roofs on the annual thermal load of single-
family households in México. ISES Int Sol Energy Soc 2014:p.5. doi:10.18086/eurosun.2014.13.03.
[16] Infonavit. Plan Financiero 2016-2020 Instituto del Fondo Nacional de la Vivienda para los Trabajadores 2016:12.
[17] Fundación CIDOC y Sociedad Hipotecaria Federal. Estado Actual de la Vivienda en México. Mexico City: 2015.
[18] Palabras para el arranque del 9 ° Foro Permanente de Eficiencia Energética en la Edificación : “ Cumplimiento con la NOM -020-
ENER-2011 utilizando diferentes tecnologías en la envolvente sin inversión adicional ” . 2015.
[19] Huelsz G, Barrios G, Rojas J. Differences on results from steady-state and time-dependent wall/roof heat transfer models in mexican
climates. Energy Procedia 2014;57:1825–33. doi:10.1016/j.egypro.2014.10.046.
[20] Martín-Domínguez IR. Cool Roofs In México 2012.
[21] Adrián J, Moreno O, Raúl O, Cerutti M, Fernando A, Gutiérrez F. La Ecotecnología en México. México: 2014.
[22] Martin-Dominguez I, Alarcón-Herrera MT. Evolución De Las Metodologías Para El Cálculo De Cargas Térmicas En Edificaciones,
Desarrolladas por la ASHRAE. SNES 2004:(1).
[23] Auliciems A, Szokolay S V. Thermal comfort PLEA Notes. Passiv Low Energy Archit Int Notes 1997.
[24] CONAGUA Normales climáticas 1951-2010 (SMN 2014). Programa de medidas preventivas y de mitigación de la sequía 2014 para la
ciudad de Durango 2014:1–91.