TO MY FAT H E R AND MOT H ER

AND TO MY T EAC H E R I N C H U R CH H I S T OR Y
A . V . G . AL L E N
AS A TR I B U T E OF G R AT I T UD E

I D ED I C AT E TH I S B OO K
 C O NT E NT S .

CHAP I — T he
.
ge
. o f Ch ar es t h e r eat— T A
h e Ch ur ch - Th e l G
S t Ch r is tiani ty an d Lear n i n g
t
a e —
C H AP I I — ome an d h er egacy to the New Peop es of the
. . R L l
C H AP III .
—The Or ani zati on of Ch ris ti an i t an d th e
.
g y O r igin

of the Papacy — T h e nh eri tan ce of th e Church I

C H AP IV — T h Co qu t of th Empi by th G m e n es e re e er an

T ib — Th Fou d ti o of th F ki h M o hy — Th
. .

r es e n a n e r an s n arc e

I h i t of th G m P opl
n er an ce e er an e e .

C H A P V Th M o i g i M o h
-
y
— E l m t of F ud
e l er v n an n ar c e en s e a

M ayors of the Palace

.
. .

is m —
C H AP VI — Ch i ti ity d th Ch u h mo g th E ly
. . r s an an e rc a n e ar

F k — Co io of C lo i — T h B i hop
ran s n vers n v s e s s

C HA P VII Th S p
. d of Ch i ti ity — M o
.
-
ti i m — Mei rea r s an n as c s s

io i
s I i h S ot h d E gli h
n ar es , r s , c c , an n s

C H A P VIII — Th N w Pow d G t Pu po of th e e er s an r ea r ses e

M yo of th P l — Ch l M t l d th Chu h
. .

a rs e a ace ar es ar e an e rc

Fou d tio of F udali m

n a n e s

C HA P IX — B o i f th Apo tl of G m y — T h Co n ace, e s e er an e n

G
. .

vers i on of th e E a te s rn er man s — Or gan izati on of th e

F r an ki s h C hurch — U n i o wi th Rom
D evelopmen t o
n e

C H AP X . .
— I l
con oc as m an d the Pap acy — Th e f
th e V en er ati on of S ai n ts , R li d Im g e cs , an a es - Th Empe o e r r

Le o III an d the I o o l ti Edi t — Pop G

c n c as c c s e r egor
y II
It ly— Th E of R olt
. .

an d h e S ituati on in
t a e ve ev

C H AP XI I t ly -
a an d the Papacy — T he O r ogo
st th ic Ki n gdom

G
. .

T he
-
Lomb d ar s — L i ut r an d
p an d re o
g ry II .

vi i
v ui Con ten ts .

A
F G .

CH AP XII . .
—G r egory [I L — T h e Lombar ds an d the F ran ks

B on iface an d the O r gan ization of the F ran ki s h Ch urch

E a l y S y ods — Relati o wi th Rome
r n ns .

CH AP XIII.
— K a l mann a d Pippin the S o
. of Charl es
r n , ns

M a tel — Ki g Child i III — R ti remen tto M o as te y of

r n er c . e a n r

Kar l man n , Chil deri c, an d achi s , in g of th e om ar ds R K L b

C oron ation of Pi ppin as in g of the ran ks K F
CH AP .
— XIV R l
e at i on s of th e Papacy wi th the om ar ds an d
. L b
wi th th e mper or, from th e ime of G regor y
E to th e T II .

CH AP XV . .
— Rl e ati on s of th e Pap acy wi th th e om ards an d L b
with he
t F r an k s —O verth r ow of th e x archate by th e L om E
bar d s — T h e Pope C ros s es the p s — T h e o n ati onAl
of D
Pipp in — T he Papa Con s ecrati on of Pippin an d hi s S on s l as
K F
in gs of th e ran ks an d Patr ici an s of the omans R
CH A XVI
P —.Th Vi . of Pipp i n over
e i s tul f— om ard
ctor y A L b
T h y
— Th S
r eac er e ack of ome — T h e Pap al pp eal — St R A .

P t L t S
t —
’
e er s e er econ d i ctory of the r an k s — Pi
ppi n
’
s V F
D on ati on — T h e R epu i c of ome — Th e empor a Power bl R T l
of th e Pope — eath of D Ais tul f— Acces s ion of D es ideri us

R en ewed i fficuti es D l .

CH A XVII
P .
— Th Fi l S t uggl of th Lomb d — Th
. e na r e e ar s e

Fo g d Do tio of Co t ti — Th F ki h Co qu t
r e na n n s an ne e r an s n es

of Aquit i —Th Aquit i C pitul y — E t bli hm tof

an a e an an a ar s a s en

th F k i h Chu h d th D io
e ran d M t opol i t
s rc an e ces an an e r an

Sy t m — Pipp i
s e R l ti o wi th Co t ti opl d wi th
n s
’
e a ns n s an n e an

G II AP X V III
. Wo k of Pippi — H i D th — Di i io of
— The r n s ea v s n

th Ki gdom b tw
e n Ch l d K lm e — R ol tof th
een ar es an ar an n ev e

Aqui t i — F ki h All i
an an s wi th th L om b d — D th
r an s an ce e ar s ea

of K lm — Ch l
ar S ol K i g — Th S ubj ug ti o d
ann ar es e n e a n an
C o i o of
n vers S o y
— E l ynS o M i i o
ax n i ar ax n ss n ar es

CH AP XIX .
— T h L omb .d M i g
— e R p udi ti o of hi ar ar r a es e a n s

Lomb d W i f by Ch l — Pop H d i
ar d th L om a r an an
b d W — Co qu t of th Lomb d — Ch l E t
e ar es e e

ar ar n es e ar s ar es n ers

Rom — Ki g of th Lomb d — Th S o d Do tio to

e n e ar s e ec n na n

th P ope — A dd i i
t o l Po
e w P t i i — P o p L
nao d er s as a r c an e e an

hi A u s Th O th b fo
cc s er s - Ch l — C o o ti o of e a e re ar es r na n

CH AP XX.
— F . ran kis h Accoun ts of the Coron ation — The Act
 Con ten ts .

of th e Pope — hr ee h eor i es — T h e T
i tude of Ch ar es
tt T A l
Rl
e ati on s wi th Con s tan ti n op e — en e wa an d r an s fer l R l T
T wo Em er ors an d T wo m ir es — dea of a
p or d m ir e E p I W l E p
in U n ion wi th th e Ch ur ch
C H AP X X L — Th o i
.
g C o o
e r es
r n a i
t on — U
C os ern der lyi n th e l
R l ti o with th
e a ns e Papacy — The O l d es t amen t dea T I l
A ugus ti n e s Ci ty of G od — T h e en er al
’
dm oni ti on — S ecuar G A l
an d E l
cc es ias ti ca lA
dmin i s tr ati on — Th e S pan i s h Cam pai gn
D own fa of th e ll D
uk e of th e B avarian s — S u m i s s i on of th e b
D uke of B en e ven to— Th e Con ues t of the vars q A
C H AP XXII — I mp er ia l Adm i n is tr ati on — Cen tra an d l Lo l ca

Go
. .

ver n m en t— Th e M is si— T he A s s em bl
i es — The G api tu

CH AP XXIII — Th eological C o tr o e s ies — I m age Worsh ip n v r

Adoptian is m — Th e Fili oq ue Cl aus e

. .

Ve i C eator n r
”
S p i r i tus
C H AP XXIV — Poli ti l I mpo t
. . ca r an ce of E cl c es i as tica l O ffi cers
— T h M t o oli t t — E l
e e r an a e cc es i as tica l R gul ti o a n s an d Re
p e

form — Ch r od egan g an d th e C an o i l Lif — B

n ca e en edi ct of
Anian e an d M on as ti cis m — The S up r emacy of th e R om an

Ch ur ch — T h e
C H AP XXV — Cl o i g Y — Att m pt t Co ol id tio s n ear s e a ns a n

Fo i g R l tio — L t W — D i t ibutio of K i gdom

. .

re n e a ns a er ar s s r n n s
— D th of th O ld
ea S o Pi i d Ch l — L t W i ll ns, n an ar es as
pp e er
-
El ti o d Co o ti o of Loui
ec n an Co m p o — D th r na n s as - e er r ea

of Ch l th G t C
ar es— o i t io — S p i l Coll t fo
e r ea an n za n ec a ec r

hi D y J u y S — Th G
s a , t W o k whi h H
an A om
ar a e r ea r c e cc

p l i s h ed
CH AP XXV I I n tellectual Life an d D l
. .
— D ar k —
eve opm en t T h e

Ages I n fluen ce of on as ti ci s m Learn in g in E n gl an d

— M —
B en edi ct B is cop Ach bis h op Theod
— o e — H ian B ede
ad — r r r

Al cuin — Th e Li brar y at Yo k r

CH A P XXVII — M eeti n g of Ch arl es an d A l cuin — T h e Pal ace

l l
. .

S h oo Acui n s
— M h ods f I u i — Cath edral S ch ools
’
c et o n str ct on
—A lcuin Abbotof
CH A P XXVIII — I ri s h Le arn i g — S t Pat ck — Col umban us
. . n . n
— I r i s h M is s i on s an d M on as ter i es on th e Con ti n en t— I ri s h
S ch ol ars at the Cour t o C ar les O ppos iti on of A
f h — lcuin
CH AP XXIX. .
— Lar ger D e lopmen t u d Loui
ve n er s th e Pi ous
1: Con ten ts .

A
P G E

T h e S ch oars of l
u da— R aban us aurus an d S er vetFl us M
L up us — Th e G r eat eformer s - gob ar d of y ons aR n d A L
l
C audi us of T
ur in — P as chas i us R adber tus an d th e octr ine D
T ub t J oh l
W
of rans i on —
s an tiat n S cotus E ri g en a — G otts cha k
an d t i on Con trover s y ”
h e Pr edes ti n at
C H AP XXX — A i o of Loui th Piou — a
. . cces s k nof th s e s e n es s e

I mp i l U ity R l tio with th P p y R gul tio of

er a n e a ns e a ac e a n

the E mpi — I t odu tio of P i mog itu — H umi li tio

re n r c n r en re a n

of Loui s

C HA P XXXI — B i th of Ch l
. . th B l d — D i o d
r i I t ly ar es e a s r er n a

T h Rom e Co ti tuti o — T h T wo P ti — R b ll i o of
an ns n e ar es e e n

Loth i — T h Fi ld of Li — D po iti o of Loui — R to

ar e e es e s n s es re

tio — R o i l i tio of Lot

n ec n c h i — D th of Loui — B ttl of
a n ar ea s a e

Fo t y — T h S t bu g O th — T ty of V du
n en a e r as s r a s r ea er n

F ll of th E mpi
a e re

C HA P XXXII — Ch i ti
. Mi io. d M i io
r s i —anE bbo ss ns an ss n ar es

an d th D e—A d
an esth S w d — Ol f nsd thar an e es a an e
g e

N o w i —
e M th odi
an s u d t h M o i — S ul i ti o
g
r e s an e r av an s ec ar za n

of th B i h op — Pol i ti l I fl u
e s s d D p d ca n en ce an e en en ce

F ud l R l tio — R fo m M o m t
e a e a ns e r ve en s

CH A P X X XIII — E l i ti l L gi l tio
. . d th Co ti tu
cc es as ca e s a n an e ns

t i o of th
n Ch u h i th
e N i th C tu y — T h Fo g d
rc n e n en r e r e

D ecre tal — O i gi D t Pl — O bj t— Co t t U
s r n a e ace ec n en s se
— L t H i to a er s r
y
CH A P XXX I V T h H i ght of th P p y — N i hol
-
e Ie e a ac c as
II Joh VIII — E d of th C oli gi Li i
. . .

H d i
a r an — n n e ar n an ne n

I taly — I G m y— I F m — D g ad tio of th P p y 45
. .

a er an n ta e e r a n e a ac 2
 PR E F AC E .

H E p revi ous vol umes i n this s eri e s have

foun d th e i r sc en e of acti on i n th e E ast .

It is n e ve r to be forgott e n th at Ch ri s ti an
i ty had i ts origi n i n th e E as t am on g an
,

E aste rn an d S e m i ti c p e opl e an d that th e

,

l anguage of its early t e ach e rs an d d oc um e n t s an d , ,

wi th two or th re e e x c eptions of i ts lit e rat ure for

, ,

th re e or four c e n t uri es the form ulas of its faith i ts

, ,

th e ol ogic al d i s c ussi on s an d th e d e cisi on s of its c oun

cils w e re all i n Gre ek E v e n th e Ch urch of Rom e
,
.

an d m ost of th e ch urch e s of th e W es t w e r e at t he
,

fi rst as M il m an st riki n gly s ays

, , G re ek re ligi ous
c ol on i es. With a c on si d e rati on of th e ag e of Cha rl es
th e Gr e at th e sc e n e cha n ge s to th e W e s t an d we are
,

call ed upon to wi tn ess th e han d i n g ove r of th e t rea

s ure d posse ssio n s of th e R om an e mpire l aw lan guage
, , ,

ci vi liz ati on an d i d eal s to n e w p e opl es th e G e rm an

, , ,

tribes und e r th e l ead e rs hip of th e Fran ks ; th e d e v e l

op me n t o f a Lati n C h r i s tia n ity ; th e b uil d i n g up of
th e great L ati n Ch urch ; an d th e l ayi n g of th e f oun
dations of th e mi d dl e age s an d of m od e rn tim es .

It wo ul d be i m possibl e to t reat ad eq uat e ly of th ese

e xt e nsiv e s ubj e cts i n so bri e f a c ompass as that
afford e d by th e pages of t his vol um e M any of the
.

XI
x ii P r eface .

topics I hav e not att em pt e d to to uch I h ave tri e d .

to bri n g i n t o cl eare r l ight s om e of th e more obsc ure

though m ost i mportant features of th e p eri od and to ,

sh ow th e d e ep e r relati on s which un d e rli e th e chi e f

e v en ts of t h e history of th e ch urch an d of its conn e c
tions with th e politi cal history .

In the introd uction to his Life of Alc uin L or

“
e n z h as said v e ry j ustly : T h e ag e of Ch arl e s th e
G reat is more cel ebrat ed than k n ow n an d th e found e r ,

of th e n e w R om ano G e r m an ic E m pire has foun d m ore

-

”
pan e gy rists tha n historia n s I n th e foll owing page s
.

I h ave tri e d to be th e historian rath e r than th e pan e

gy r i s t,
and to pr e s e nt fa c ts rath e r th an to i n d ulg e i n

rh e t oric .

Whil e c onscio us all th e tim e of writing for many

, ,

who will have n o tim e to p urs ue th e hist ory furth e r ,

I hav e e nd e avo re d by going d e e ply eno ugh into th e

,

s ubj ect s I hav e c onsid e re d to make th e b ook of val ue

,

to thos e who d e sire alread y or to thos e i n who m I

, ,

hop e it may i n spire a d e sire to conti n ue th e st ud y

, ,

and to m ak e i n v estigati on s for th e ms e lv es .

I hav e l et th e so urc e s spe ak for th e mse lv e s as far

as possibl e n ot only i n ord er to be more acc urat e
, ,

but also b ecaus e th e re by a gre at e r vivi d n e ss and

r eality co uld be as s ure d .

I h av e d ealt large ly wi th the political side of th e

s ubj e ct as t, h e titl e re q uir e s and as th e nat ure of the
history d eman ds .

T h e g rt of th e Papacy e sp ecial ly of its tem

,

poral pow e r an d poss e ssi on s form s on e of th e most

,

important t op ics of the p e ri od In this c onne cti on .

th e Ps e udo Isi d orian D e cr e tals hav e b ee n treat ed at

-
 B I B L I O G R AP H Y .

[Wo k r s ar e ci ted by th e fi r s twor d in thi s lis t) .

AB E L S I MPS O N : K ar l
- Go d er r sse (J ahr buch er d es F ran ki s ch en
R ei ch es un ter K ld mG o
ar e r s s en ; 2 vo s . l L ei pzi g , 1 88 8 ;
AD AMS ,
G . B . : l
Ci vi i z ati on dur in g th e M iddl Ag e es ; Ne w Yo k
r ,

1 89 5 .

ALLE N A V , . . G . : Th e Con ti n ui ty of Ch ri s ti an Thought; B os ton ,

1 8 84
ALL E N A V G Ch i s ti an I n s ti tution s ; New Y ork 1 89 7
.

, . . . r , .

AL Z OG J M an ual of U n i ver s al Ch ur ch H is tory T an s l ated f r r om

G
.
, .

th e er m an ; 3 vo s l C in ci n n ati , 1 8 78
AMPERE
. .

,J .
J . : Hi s toi re li tté r ai r e de la F r an ce avan t l e douziem e
s iécl e ; 3 vo s l ; Par i s , 1 840 ater ed i t L
ion , Par i s , 1 8 70
AND R EWS E G
. . .

B B r i ef I nsti tutes of en er a i s tor y ; B os ton , 1 89 2 lH

l l
. .
, .

An glo S ax on-
Ch r on i c e. E
di ted by ar e an d P um m er ; x for d,
E l O
1 89 2
An n al es s ee Mon umen ts
.

: .

An te N i cen e Fath e s ; 9 vol s B uffal o; 1 886 8 7

-
r -

AR NO LD W T Roman S ys tem of P ovi n ci al Adm in is trati on ; L on

. .

, . . r

don , 1 8 79
G l
.

B AU R , C F
es chi ch t
. e der ch r i s ti ch en
. Ki r ch e 5 vo s l Tubi n gen ,

1 863 7 7 -
.

B EA H
U NE , E NR I : nt r od ucti on al Etude
’
I Hi ori q ue
st du D roitCoutu
mi F er r an cai s ; Pari s , 1 880
D E l li h N l
.

BE E: i ca
cc es i as t l Hi stor y of th e E ng s i on
at T r an s ated by
Gidl y Lo do 8 7 Ol d E gl i h
.

e ; n n, 1 0 n s edi ti on wi th tr an s l i on
at ;
Th om M i ll
.

ol Lo do
as er ; 2 v s n n, 1 89 0 —9 8 L ati n edi tion ;
Al f d H old F i bu g 88
. .

re er ; re r 1 2

D H i o i Abb um Op S l E di ted by Cha les Pl um

.
,

BE E: st r a at er a e ecta. r

ol
,

m er O fo d 89 6
; 2 v s .
; x r , 1 .

B O EH M J F R g ER ,I mp m ol i . . : e es ts e v : D ie R eges ten des K ai

Mii hlb
.
, .

s err ei ch s un ter den K oli

ar n gern ; ach er I n ns br uck , 1 8 89 .

xv
xv i

B O R E r w s,
'
Cap itu aria A egum . : r an corum ; 2 v o s ; l
an over , R F l . H
1 88 3 9 0 -
M
on um en ta G er m an i ae H i s tor i ca : egum, s ecti o i i L
G
. .

B R O S 1 E N, H : ar der r os s e ; K l
e i p zi g , 1 88 5 L
C J l R
. .

B R Y E, A MES : T he H o y oman mp i r e ; New or k, 1 8 80 E Y .

B U RY ,J B AH
is tor y of th e ater oman mpire fr om A r cadi us L R E
l L
. .

I
to r en e ; 2 vo s ; on don , 1 8 89 . .

CH A S T E L, ET I E NNE : is toi re du chr i s ti an i s me ; 5 vo s H

Par i s , l
1 88 1 - 83
C R W
.

CH U R H , Th e B egin n in gs of the
. . idd e ges ; New or k, M l A Y
1 8 77
K RF
.

C LAR E, . . Fl D
T he a s e ecr eta s ( on th , vol x li , pp 3 54 3 77 ; l M . . .
-

CO U LANG ES , P US T EL DE : Hi stoi re des I n stituti on s l q

Po i ti ues de
l ’
an ci en n e F r an ce ; 6 v ol s Pari s , 1 888- 9 2
DAR ES TE C LEO PH AS H is toi d F a l
. .

: re e r n ce ;9 vo s . ; Par i s , 1 8 74 8 0 -

DAR R AS J E Ge e al H i to y of th C h oli
.
,

, . . : n r s r e at c Chur ch . T r an s

fr om the F ren ch ; 4 vols New York 1 868

lated .
, .

D I EH L CH AR LES : Etudes s ur l Admi n is tr ation B yzan ti n e dan s

,
’
l Ex
’

atch atdu R aven n e Par i s , 1 88 8

J I G NATI U F bl
.

D OL u Nc E R , OH N S VON :
p ti g h
t a Pop ofes res ec n e es

h M iddl A
te g T l e es r an s a e t d by Alf d Plumm ; Lo do 8 7 re et n n, 1 1
D OLL NG J N I G AT
. .

I ER , OH N I US N H i to i l d L it y Ad
VO : s r ca an er ar

d T l d by M
r es s es . ran s ate ar g t W ar e
; L o d o 894 L u arr e n n, 1 e ct r e

l th G t d h i S u o pp
.

III . T he E mpi re of Char es e rea an s cces s rs , .

73 -
1 80 .

D OR NER , J A H i s tor y of h
t e D e el op men t of th e D oct i ne of th e v r

Per s on of Ch ri st; 5 ol s ; Edi n b ur gh 1 861 —63

. .

Geschichte des Ostfrii n kisch en Reichs ; 2 ol s B er

.
, .

D U EN ML E R E , . v .

lin , 88 7 8 8
W
1 -
.

D U F FI E L D , S : T he atin .
y m n -wr i t
e
. rs an d th ei r y m L
n s ; H H
New ork, 1 889 Y
D P l l
.

U UY : Acui n et eco e de S t artin de l

ours ; ours , 1 8 76 M T T
’

DU
. .

R UY : H
i s toire da oyen A g e ; P a ri s 1 890 M
l
.
,

E l NH AR D or E G l Nl I AR D : ( E uvr es Comp etes r éun ies et tr adui tes en

-

F r an c eis ; AT
eu et; 2 vo s ; Pari s , 1 840 l l
l
. . .

E I NH AR D or E G I NH AR D : i fe of Ch ar emagn e r an s at ed b
y LS . T l . E .

T urn er ; New Y ork , 1 880

I l
.

E ME R rO N,
'
ntro E
d uction to th e
. idd e A g es ; B o sto n , 1 89 2 M .

E MER I O N, E :
‘ ‘

edi aeval M
urope ; B os ton , 1 89 4 E
F K F
. .

RA A
N LI N, L F R ED L es S our ces de l I I is toi re de r an ce Par i s , 1 8 77
’ -

F lG
.

R EE M AN, A : is tori ca eography of urope ; 2 vo s ; L on

E . . H E l .

don , 1 88 2 .
 B zél zo
’ ’

g p y
r a lz . x v ii

P R OB OAR or D
L O D OARD : F
is toi r e d e eg i s e de H l l
’
Rh e im s ( Col
l
ecti ons des m ém oires r e atifs a l hi s toir e de
’
l F r an ce ; Par is ,

FU T
L O N, J OH N : I
Can on um ; New or k , 1 8 7 2
n dex Y
U
.

F U S T E L D E CO L ANG E S : s ee Coul an ges .

G EF F C K E N, H E I NR 1 C H : Ch ur ch an d S tate r an s at ed b
y . T l E F . .

T lay or ; 2 vo s l
on don , 1 8 7 7 L
G E DW D
.

I B B O N, AR : eclin e an d a of th e om an mpir e D di ted F ll R E . E

by J B B ur y ; 7 vo s ; on don , 1 89 7
. . l . L .

G I E S EL E R , J
C L : C h ur ch. . is tor y
. r an s at ed an d ed i t ed b
y H . T l
H B S mi th ; 5 vo s ; New or k, 1 8 76—80 l Y
G
. . . .

LAS S O N, E : i s toi re d u r oit et des n s tituti on s de la ran ce ;

. H D I F
5 v o s l
; Pa r i s 1 8 8 7 — 88
F D D H
.
, .

G R E G OR OV I U S, E R I NA N : is tor y of th e Ci ty of om e i n th e R
M i dd e A l
g es r a n s l ate T
d by. A nn i e a m i t on ; 3 v o s ; L on H l l .

don . 1 89 4—9 5
G R E G ORY or O RS : T U
i s toi r e des r an cs ; 2 v o sH ( C o ection s des F l . ll
m ém oir es r e ati fs al hi s toi r e d e r an ce ; Par i s ,
’
l F
G U I Z O T, F
P G : . H
is toi r e de l a Ci vi i zati on en
. . r an ce ; 4 vo s ; l F l .

Par i s , 1 8 5 3
GU
.

I Z OT, F E
P G : s s ais s ur l H is toi r e de r an ce ; Par i s , 1 8 5 7
’
F
M l
. . . .

H ALLAM, ENR Y : i ew of th e S tate of urope dur in g the

H V idd e E
Ages ; 3 vo s ; on don , 1 848 l L
H DWCK l
. .

AR I , CH A RL E S : A i s t or y of th e Ch ri s tian Ch ur ch : H i dd e M
Ag ; Lo do e n n, 1 877
H ATC E DWN G ow h
.

H , I : The r t of Ch urch I n stituti on s ; New Yo k r ,

88 7
1

l q
.

H A U R EA U , B : D e l a Phil os 0 phi e S co as t
. i ue 2 vo s Pari s , 1 8 50 l . .

H E FE L E , C H AR L ES J: i s tor y of th e Coun cils of th e Ch ur ch H

b
. .

Tr a n s a d
t ; 5
e l v o s ; di n u r gh 1 8 6—
7 9 6l E
G I l l
.
, .

H E G E L, C A RL : es chi ch t e der S t ad tver fas s un g von ta i en ; 2 vo s

Lei pzi g , 1 84 7

H D l H M
.

E N E R S O N, R NE S T E S e ect i s tori cal F

ocumen ts of th e
. id D
dl e A g es ; o n d on 1 8 93 L
U l l
.
,

H I NS C H I U S , PAU L S : ecr et a es Ps eudo I s i dor ian a D

e et Cap it ua n -
A
g i l r am n i e i zi , 1 8 63
p g L
H D K T
.

O G I N, H OM AS : ta y an d h er n vaders ; 6 vo s I l x for d, 1 89 6 I l O
H D K T G
. .

O G I N, H OM AS : Char es th e reat; on don , 1 89 7 l L

H K W l
.

OO , L F : i ves of th e rch i s hops of Can ter ur y ; 1 2 vos

. . A b b
L on don , 1 8 60 - 8 4
PPU bl
.

JA EF E , P H I L I S : B i i oth e ca e r u m G er m an i car um 6 vo s ; R l .

B erlin , 1 864 73 -
.
 ’

x v ii i B zbl zo l
'

m
g p yz .

A
JE F E , PH I LI P PU S : R eges t
s Pon ti fi cum R oman orum ; 3 vo s l B er in , l
1 88 5
KU J M
.

J H
R TZ
C h u h
, H i to y T. l t d b y. oh Ph o ; rc s r . r ans a e n ac ers n

3 ol N w Y o vk 8 9 s. e r , 1 0 .

L A H C
E ,S tudi i Chu h H i to y ; Phi l d l ph i
. . : 88 3 es n rc s r a e a, 1 .

L A H C
E S up ti ti o d Fo ; Ph i l d l phi
: 88 er s n an r ce a e a, 1 0

L K W E H H i to y of E u op M o l ; ol ; Lo do
. . .
,

EC Y , . . . : s r r ean ra s 2 v s. n n,

1 8 75
M
.

L E H U ER O U , J H
. i . : stoir e des i n s ti tuti on s Car o i n gi en n es ; Par is , l
8 43 1 .

Lbi er Pon ti fi cal i s Edi t d by L D u h

e c es n e ; 2 vo s l Pari s , 1 8 86
F D CK Lif of Al ui T l t d by J M y
. . .

L oR E Nz, R E ER I : e c n. r an s a e an e ar

S l ; L o do 83 7
ee n n, 1

F D I NAND L d m i C oli gi
.

L OT , ER P i 89 : es e er s ar n en s ar s , 1 1

L PU S A t Loup ; N i h ol
.

U Etud u l L tt d S
S, ER V T US : e s r es e r es e erva c as

Cl mo t F d er86 n -
er r an 1 1

M AIT LAND S R Th D k Ag ; Lo do 889

.

, . . e ar es n n, 1 .

M A TI N H N H i toi d F
R , ; 7 ol 4th d P i
E R1 : s re e r an ce 1 v s . e .
, ar s .

M AT W S A H E S l t M di l D o um t ; B o to
S, H 89 I L ER : e ec e aeva c en s s n, 1 2 .

M ATT M J H i toi d u C h i i i m ; 4 ol P i 83 8
ER , : s re r s t an s e v s. ar s , 1

M AU F D M o l d M t ph y i l Philo ophy ;
. . .

R I C E, . ol . : ra an e a s ca s 2 v s.

L o d o 8 73 n n, 1

M G N J A QU PAU L P t ologi L ti
.

I E, ol
C ( i )ES : a r a a na 22 1 v s . x cv1 1 .
- cxx x .

Par is , 1 844 5 6 -
.

M I L MAN H , . H : is tor y of
. H L in
at Ch r is ti an ity ; 8 vo s l New Yo k r ,

1 871
MOMB G
.

ER T , J . I . : H i to ys r of Char l es he
t r eat; New Yo k r ,

1 888 .

M O NNI E R Al uin et Cha l m ag ; Pa i 1 864

: c r e ne r s,

Mo um t Ge ma i a H i to i a E dit d by G o g H y P t ;
.

n en s r n : s r c e e r e en r er z

H a o 1 8 26 [Cit d M G S S a d M G
.

n ver , e n

M U LL I NG E R J B AS S T h S hool of C ha l th G at; Lon do

. . . . . .

, . : e c s r es e re n,

1 8 77
N B AND E R A G
.

l H i to y of th Ch i ti R li gio
, . : e n er a s r e r s an e n an d

C hu h T l t d by J To y ; 6 ol ; B o to 8 7 8
rc . r an s a e . r re v s. s n, 1 2- 1 .

Ni d Po t N i
cen e an F th ; 6 ol N w Yo k 886—9 5 s -
cen e a er s 2 v s . e r , 1 .

P WALT C T h F k to th D th of K i g Pippi
ER R Y , ER . : e r an s e ea n n ;
Lo do 8 5 7 n n, 1

U G U T B ibl ioth H i to i M dii zE i W gw i

.

P TT A T A
O H S S : eca s r cs e v : e e s er

du h di G
,

h i ht w k ;
rc ol B li e86 68 es c c s er e 2 v s. er n, 1 2- .

R AMA W M T h Ch u h i th R om E mpi b fo 7
S Y , . . : e rc n e an re e re 1 0

M fi ld Coll g L tu
an s 89 ; N w Y o k
e 89 3 e e ec r es , 1 2 e r , 1 .
 n
'

B zbl zo
'

m
g p y . x x i

RASH D ALL,H A N Th U i i ti of E u op i th M iddl STI G S : e n vers es r e n e e

Ag ; ol i 3 ; O fo d 89 5
es 2 v s. n x r , 1 .

R N W L A
O B E R TS O M H i to y of th E mp o Ch l V 3 ol
, IL I : s r e er r ar es . v s.

Phil d lphi 87 a e a, 1 0.

SC A H P LFF ,H i to y of th Ch i ti Chu h ; 5 ol ; N w
H I IP: s r e r s an rc v s. e
Yo k,r 886 8 9 1 -
.

S ch afl - H
er zog e i gi ous Rl
n cyc opedi a ; 4 vo s New or k, 1 89 1 E l l Y
PP D J F ll
. .

SH E A R , G : T he a of om e an d the is e of th e Ne w Na
. . R R
Li es ; on don , 1 89 2
ti on ali t
CK l V
.

SI EL : A R ct a egu m etI mperator um Kar oli n or um ; 2 vo s i enn a, .

1 867

D J L
.

S I S MO N I , C S D E : H is toir e de l a Ch ute de l Empi re om ai n ;

. . .
’
. R
B r us s e s , 1 83 7l
l
.

S MI T H an d VVACE : i cti onary of Chr i s tian B i ograph y ; 4 vo s D L on .

don , 1 8 77—8 7 .

T EU LE T A:
, d E gi n h ar d ; 2 vols
( E uvres Par i s , 1 843comp let es
’
.

V ET AU L T , A
: Ch ar emagn e ; our s , 1 8 88 l T
G
.

V i tae : B i ographi es ( S S , vol i i M

W G l
. . . . .

AI TZ, E O R G : euts ch e er fas s un gs ges chi ch te ; 8 vos Leip zig,

D V .

1 865- 80

W l
.

ASS ER SC H L E B E N : H er zog, ea E n cyk l opadi e, ar tic e Ps eudo R l -

I id o
‘
t
”

WA A W
s r

l G ll M ittelal t
.

T TE NB CH , . D e uts ch an ds es ch i ch ts que en im er ;
2 vols 88 5 8 6
B erlin , 1 -

J
.

W E R NE R : A l cuin un d s ein ah rhun der t; i enn a, 1 88 1 V

AD W Al
.

W ES T, N RE F : cui n ; New or k , 1 89 2 Y
l
. .

W R I G H T, H OM T AS : B iogr aphi a B ri tann i ca i ter aria : An g o S ax on L -

Peri od ; on don , 1 842 L .

Z E LL E R , B L h is toi r e de ée par l es con tempor ai n s ; F

’
. r an ce r acon t

66 vols ; Pari s , 1 883

. .
2 Tlze Ag e o
f C/za r l em ag n e .

Y e t witho utdo ubt e ach p e riod has its on e great

move m e nt with a b e gin n ing a progress a crisis an d
, , , ,

a fall or change into s om e o the r ; and taki n g up a ,

singl e m ove m ent on e m ay mark more or l e ss d e h

, ,

n it ely i t s limits i n ti m e
,
.

In th e sam e way s om e on e great p ersonality d om

i n ates or at l east g ui d e s an d mo ulds th e d e v e l op
m e nt of a long p eri od i n hist ory ; pr ec ed i n g y e ars or
c e n t uri es s eem to have pr epar ed for his co m i n g an d ,

s uccee ding on es are fill ed with his spirit an d with th e

infl ue nce of th e force s which h e has s et in m oti on .

I n a s upre m e d egre e this is tr ue of J e s us Christ an d ,

th e m od e rn wo r ld has re cogniz ed it by d ividi n g his

t ory into two great p e ri od s on e b efore on e afte r his , , ,

bi rth an d still procl ai m s that we live an n o D om i n i

, .

I n a l ess d e gre e we m ay sp e ak of th e age of s om e

gre at man m ea n i n g th e p e ri od of his infl ue nc e or of
, ,

th e mov e m en ts of e v e n ts with which his na m e is

id e ntifi ed tho ug h it b egi n s b efore his birth and d oes
,

n ot e n d until afte r his d e ath .

All this is particularly tr ue of Charl es King of the ,

Fra n ks and lat e r E m pe ror o f the W est of whom

, ,

J os ep h d e M aistr e has so we ll sai d This man is so ,

tr uly great that greatn ess has b ee n incorporate d in

his v y nam
e r e — Ch ar1 es th e G reat or as th e French , ,

lik e to call him ; Charl e magn e ‘

It may be und e r .

st ood th e refore i n wh at se ns e we sp e ak of th e ag e
, ,

of Charl es th e G reat th ough the e mpire in whi ch ,

1Th e s urn ame r eat G

was h i s from the mi ddl e of th e n in th cen
”

l l l F
W
tury Th e n ame Ch ar emagn e i s a ater an d mi s eadi n g r en ch cor
l
.

tu ti on of Car o us agn us
”
MS ee om er t, p p ii i , 50 2 ;
. M ai t
z,b . .

vo iii , 1 0 1 ot I 6 8
p .
, n . e , p 4 . .
 T ne Car ol zng za n
' '

L ine .
3

that gr e atn ess centre d bro k e up soon afte r his hold

up on it was r elax ed This i s re cogniz e d also in what
.

is a m ost un us ual proce d ure th e calli n g h is lin e of

,

anc e stors aft e r his own nam e as th ough th e y w e re

,

hi s chil d re n instead of his f ath e rs T he lin e is k n own .

to all hi s tory as th e C aroli n gi an 1

th ough it ca m e ,

i n to pro m in enc e in th e se ve nth c e n t ury i n th e p e r

s on of Arn ulf Bish op of M e tz
, whos e s on m arri e d
,

th e da ught e r of Pippin of Lan d e n a m ay or of th e ,

palace by who m h e b e ca m e th e fathe r of Pippin of

,

H e ri s tal th e c on q ue ror of T e s try in 68 7 an d fath e r

,

of Charl e s M art e l who was b orn a y e a r or two

,

aft e rw ard s an d was th e grandfath er of Charl es th e

Gr eat .

T h e ag e of Charl e s th e Gre at li e s b e twe e n th e two

d ark c e n t uri e s th e s e v enth an d th e te nth th e re s ults
, ,

of th e e arli e r an d of th e lat e r ba rb arian invas ions .

Wi th th e ele v e nth c entury a n e w life b egi n s an d th e ,

p e ri od e ccl e si asti cal ly is rightly nam ed th e Hild e

bran d i n e e ra .

Th e se d ate s m ark not o n ly e ccl e siastical but p o ,

l itical an d inte ll e ct ual d ivisi on s T h e p e ri od b e gan

.

with th e first app e aran ce i n acti on of th os e i d eas an d

pri n cipl es which reach ed a c risi s i n the life an d work
of Ch arles hi m s elf an d en d e d wh en that mov e m e n t
,

wan ed and c e as ed or pass e d i n t o oth e r han d s an d

,

und e r oth e r form s an d i n fl ue nc e s It is be ca us e th e s e

.

id eas an d pri n cipl e s are s o vari ed an d s o f un dam en tal ,

an d th e ir i n fl ue nce s so far re achi n g that t

-
h e ag e of ,

l l
Car ovi n gi an is a corrupt for m devi s ed i n the m i dd e ages as l
l
an a ogous to M er ovi n gi an ,
”
M
from er ovi us , th e rep uted foun der of
th e pr ecedi n g dyn as ty. S ee M arti n , vol ii , p 2 3 0 , n ot
. . e 1 . .
4 Tbe Ag e of Cita r lentag n e .

Charl es he
t G reat is so long and so important so ,
in
te res ti n g and so instructiv e .

T he ch urch alread y having p ut on m onarchical

,

form s m ould ed an d infl uence d by the cl os e co n n ec

,

tion with th e civil powe r brought abo ut wh en Con

st an tin e d e clared Christia n ity th e e stablish e d re ligion
of th e empire had rapi d ly incr eas ed in pow e r and
,

e xt e nt This powe r in growing had be c om e c entral

.

i ze d first in fo ur or fi ve p atriarchat es th e n in two

, , ,

Rom e and Constantin opl e T h e str uggl e b e twee n

th ese two was al re ady on wh en M
.

ahom e t an i s m aros e

and appe are d to s usp end it butit was M , ah om e t an is m

1
that d e ci d e d it .

O n e by on e th e ch urch e s of th e E as t w e r e l ost and ,

in n o n ew dire ction could th e Patriarch of C on s tan

t i n Op l e re ach out aft e r more T h e growth and vic.

tori e s of the f ut ure we r e with th e Pop e of Rom e .

Ne w p eopl e s w e re c on v e rt e d and own e d his sway his ,

spiritual infl ue nc e reach ed whe rev e r Ch risti anity was

known and a temporal sov e re ignty b egan in and
,

abo ut th e city which h e had many tim es d efe nd ed

by th e inspiration of religi ous awe an d by shrewd
d ipl om acy an d had s o stamped with his spi rit as to
,

mak e it his own H e took the for emost of th ese n ew

.

p eopl es co n ve rted them to Christianity changed th e

, ,

lin e of the ir kings and mad e th em the instrum ents o f

,

th e spirit of a n e w hi e rarchical organization far b e yond

the f ond es t fancy of th e E ast t h e v e ry ho m e of ab ,

s ol ut is m and of pri e stcraft .

Sl owly h e gai n e d his ind ep end enc e of th e Rom an

e mp e ror bro ught ab out t
, h e s eparati on of n early all
1 M att vol u p 69 er, . . .
.
,
 Tlze F r a n k s /z E mp i r e .
5

of what re mai n ed o f th e i m p e ri al poss essions i n th e

West cre ate d a ne w e m pi r e an d c row n ed its e m
, ,

p e ro r s. O n th e b asis of hi s ow n e nl arg e d p o ss e ssi on s

h e establish e d th e Stat e s of th e Ch urch an d th e b egi n

ning of th e t em poral p ow e r of th e Pap acy at on ce ,

th e f ulc r um of its m igh ty i n fl ue n c e and th e st um

bli n g bl ock of its s p irit ual great n ess th e last o f its
-
,

p ow e rs to be f ully attain ed an d th e first to be com

l te l y l ost
p e .

Th e va rio us trib es an d k i n g d o m s w e re brought

un d e r th e r ul e of on e c on trolli n g p e opl e th e F ran k s ;
,

a n ew an d stronge r race of ki n gs ar ose f rom ancestors

w h o had fo ught for uni ty and won it who h ad d riv en
,

back the threate ni n g wav e of M ahom etan i n v asi on

from the South an d th us sav ed E urop e to Chri stian ity
an d to Arya n civili zati on w h o h ad s ub d ue d t
,
h e savag e
barbari s m of th e N orth an d th us m ad e p os s ibl e th e
sp rea d of Christia n ity to th e boun dari es of the n orth
e rn S e a .As trust e es for th e m od e rn worl d th ey had
,

re ce ive d th e treas ur es of R om an civiliz atio n from th e

tr embli n g han d s of th e aged an d d e crepit e m pire ,

w orn out by its labors an d e x c e ss es an d n ow too

,

i m pote n t to us e or e ve n to hold th e m an y l on ge r A .

n e w e m pire was fo un d e d in which t

,
h e p e opl es of th e
West might realiz e th ei r com m on origin an d rel ati on
ship an d th e g reat resp onsibiliti es an d hop es awaiting
th em in th e fut ure .

T h e vision was re aliz e d for l e ss th an h alf a ce nt ury ;

th e c e ntral p ow e r was on e i n n a m e rath e r than in
fact ; and it was l e ftfor fe udalism to prese rv e al l that
was s tong and las ti n g an d t rue to protect it from th e
r
,

disint egrating forces of barbarian invasion an d th e

6 T /ze Ag e f
o C/za r l em a n e
g .

c on se quen t w e ak n e ss an d conf usi on an d fin ally to ,

han d it ove r to th e m on archi e s of th e late r mi dd le

age s an d t h e n e wly form ing nati onaliti es of th e m od
e r n w orl d .

T h e gr e at m issi onary e n t e rp ri s e s w e re b e g un al ,

th oug h th e ir great e st an d m ost lasti n g vict ori e s w e r e

n ot w on un t il a l ate r p e ri od M on aste ri e s we r e
.

f oun d e d n ot as plac es of re fug e for i dl e con te mpl a

,

ti on an d s elfi s h as ce tici s m but as ce n tre s of livi n g , ,

activ e forc e true oas e s in t h e d e s e rts of th e b arbari s m

,

of w este rn an d of n orth e r n E urope lights S hi n i n g i n ,

a d ark place l eave n h id in the m eal sp re ad ing th eir

, ,

i n fl ue nc es far an d wi d e t eachi n g by practical e x , ,

am pl e a high e r lif e
, n obl e r p urp os e s,
an d l ofti er ,

id eals and d ire ctly h elpi n g oth e rs to th eir attain

,

men t .

S eed s of l e arning sav e d fro m the sch ools of G reec e

,

an d R om e by Iri s h an d E n g lis h s ch ol ars w e re sown ,

i n th e n e wly fo un d e d r oyal an d e ccl e si as tical sch ools ;

int elle ct ual life an d l earning we re foste red and e n
courag e d .

Th rough an d ab ove it al l a gr eat far s e eing m ind , ,

-
,

a brave an d wise spirit a n obl e an d ill us tri ous con,

q u e r or th e m
,
ighty e m p e ror Cha r l es th e Gr e at w h o ,

k n e w an d b uil d ed m uch an d y et b uil d e d wi s e r th an

,

h e k n e w ; whos e w ork s e e m e d to be lost in th e d i

vi s i on oi th e inh e ritance an d th e w eakn e ss of th e
inh e ritors but tho ugh his e m pi r e was divi d e d his
, , ,

sch ools cl os ed his m onast e ri e s d evastat ed an d th e

, ,

P apacy w hich h e d id so m uch to strength e n an d to

,

b uil d up pl un ged i n to th e lowe st d epths of corr up

,

ti on y et th e treas ure was not diminish ed tho ug h di

, ,
 P er m a n en t I fl
n uen ce .
7

give n into oth e r h an d s ; was n ot ruin e d

v i d ed an d ,

tho ugh marred an d m util ate d ; was not lost th ough

,

for a time cov ere d and conc eal e d T h e wo rk which

.

h e did an d whi c h his pri n cipl e s wro ught out in his

,

ag e mad e p os sibl e t
, h e R e n aiss anc e th e Re formation
, ,

and the n ations of mod e rn E urop e .

 CH APT E R II .

R OME AND H E R L E G AC Y T O TH E NE W PEO PL E S

O F TH E W E S T .

H EN Cha rl es afte rward s call ed th e Gre at

, ,

s ucc eed ed his fath e r Pippi n in th e l ead e r

ship O i th e G e rm an p e opl e s with th e ti tl e
O f Ki n g of t h e F ran k s n e arly t h ree ce n
,

t uti e s h ad e l ap s e d si n c e th e l ast Rom a n

e mp e ror h ad r ul e d i n It aly an d ab out th e sam e ti m e
,

s i n ce th e F ran ks h ad c om e i n t o prom in en c e an d n o
tic e un d e r th e i r l ead e r Clovis D uri n g th es e thr ee
.

c e nt uri e s e v en ts of m om e n t ous sign ifi can c e had oc

c urre d .

Rom e h ad b een d oing for th e Wes t i n h e r own ,

way an d to th e b e st of h e r ability th at which Gre e c e

,

h ad ori gi n at e d an d c arri e d on wi th s uch ge ni us an d

gl ory T h e e l e m e n ts of l e arn i n g an d of ci v ili zatio n
.
,

alr e a d y e xisti n g i n t h e E ast G r e e c e h ad t ak e n up

, ,

sta m p ed wi th h e r own ge n i us an d grace d e ve l op e d ,

to high co n d i ti on s of b e a uty an d e x c e ll e n c e an d ,

mo ul d e d into f orm s of s urp as s i n g p uri ty an d pow e r .

R om e h ad re c e iv ed thi s art an d l earn i n g thi s won ,

d e rful civili zati on an d al th ough in h e r ha n ds it lost

,

s om e of i t s grac e an d b e a uty s h e gav e it gr e ate r

,

8
1 0 Tbe Ag e of Cna r l em ag n e .

S hip those wh om s h e h ad fi rst conque red th en civi ,

l i zed th e n R om aniz e d Lat e r how e v e r d istant prov

,
.
, ,

inc as w e re ann ex ed an d large n um b e rs ad m itt ed to

citiz e nship with out goi n g thro ugh th is grad ual initia
ti on T h e inhabita n ts of th e s e d i s tan t province s i n the
.

N orth an d We s t th e b arb ari an s as th e y w e re call ed

, , ,

we re fas t b e c om i n g a part of the organis m its elf

i n trod uc ed fi rs t as S lav e s an d captiv es of war th e n ,

in band s of la rge n umb e rs as col on i on th e e stat es of

w e al thy an d infl uen ti al Rom ans Wh ol e t r ibes h ad .

b e en rec e iv ed as s ubj e cts an d fro m the ti me of C e sar ,

an d t he first e m p e rors ban ds an d troops h ad b ee n

,

us e d i n th e arm i e s along with th e l e gions l .

U nfortunat ely h ow e v e r as this m at erial for an d

, , ,

conse q uently th e n ee d of assimilation i n c reas ed , ,

Rom e s p ow e r to p e rform s uch functions di m inish ed

’

wi th startling rapi d ity .

A great d eal h as b een writte n abo ut the mo ral

corrupti on of l at e r Ro m an lif e an d it m ight seem ,

di ffi c ult to exagg e rat e the e vil ; but its i mportan c e as

th e c aus e of th e fall of Ro m e un d o ubted ly h as b e e n
ov e resti m at ed as D r A dam s has so cl e arly point ed
,
.

out by t urni n g th e att e ntio n aw ay from oth e r mo re

2
,

d ire ct an d m ore i m m e d i at e ly e ffe ctiv e c aus e s an d by ,

co n c eali n g th e real iss ue T h e s e cret of Ro m e s fall was

.
’

in h e r fail ure to assi m ilat e h e r contin ued conq ue sts ,

—
d ue to on e thi n g e xh austion This e xha usti on was .

moral but th at was n ot all ; it was soci al politic al

, , ,

an d e conom ical T he soci al an d econ om ic ch ots of

.

1 Fu t l s e l
de Couan ges , vol p . 6
3 5 4 -
0 1 .

3 A
dams , p
p 7 6—8 8 O n e of h
t e ri e fes t yetmos ts ugges ti ve treat
bj
. .

m en ts of this In ter es ti n g s u ect .

 f
I mpor ta nce o S oci a l s h en ces . 1 1

slav e ry we re as disast ro us as its moral e fl ects T h e

'

sam e is true also of th e breaki ng up of family life th e ,

free ga m e s an d fre e fo od th e l ux ury an d artificial life

,

of th e rich M ost s e rio us of al l th e re s ult of all th es e

.
,

vario us caus es as w e ll as of m any oth e rs was the

, ,

d isapp earanc e of th e mi d d l e clas s T h e union of th e .

patrici an s wi th th e pl eb e ians h ad le d to th e stre ngth

e n i n g of t h e un ity an d pow e r of Ro m e i m m e d iate ly ,

foll ow ed by the spread of h e r co n q uests an d i n fl uenc e .

It was the rapi d ly growing g ulf b e tw ee n the w ealthy

a ristocracy an d th e d ep e nd e nt prol e t ari at that w e ak
e n e d h e r an d pr e par e d for h e r d ow n fall .

If the d rea m of th e com m unist w e re realiz ed an d ,

th e s o call e d m i dd l e class constit ute d th e e n ti r e com

-

m unity witho ut th e variati on of rich er an d poo re r

, ,

e d ucat e d an d un e d ucat e d e m ploy e r an d e m pl oy e d

, ,

life wo ul d be a d ea d m onot ono us l ev e l h um anity

, ,

wo ul d stagnat e arts an d inv e n ti ons wo ul d c eas e an d

, ,

v e ry soon a retrogression wo ul d b e gi n which slowly , ,

at first but s urely an d fin ally w oul d carry m an b ack

, ,

to the earli e r c on d itions of barbarism f rom which

civili zation s tart e d an d out of which by sl ow an d
, ,

pai n f ul st eps an d by great s acrific es of in d ivi d uals and

of c om m uniti e s it has attai n ed i ts pre s ent h eight
, .

U nle ss the fe w who can are all owe d to go ah ead an d

l ift th e m s e lv e s abov e th e s ur ro un d i n g l e v e l e v e n if ,

n ec e ssary on the backs and sho ul d e rs of th eir f ellow

m e n th e re can be no h Op e of progre ss no possibility
, ,

of ad va n ce for th e m ass of m ankin d ; an d unl ess rich

re ward s and great inc e ntiv e s are h eld out for s ucc ess ,

few too fe w will att empt th e di ffi c ult and ofte ntim e s

, ,

d ange ro us e nt e rpris e .
1 2 Tbe Ag e o
f Cna r l ema
g ne .

O n th e oth e r han d , som e b ond of c onn e cti on, som e

inti m ate union of sy mpathy an d of m utual h e lpf ul n ess,
m ust be k ept up b e tw een the highe st an d th e l owe st ,

th e most and the l eas t a d vantag e d in s oc i e ty or the ,

vital conn e ction will be l ost the organism m utilate d , ,

h um anity wi ll s ufl er the social fabric an d t oge the r

'

, , ,

with it th e politic al constit utio n will t otte r to the

, ,

fall Th ere will be th e re m ust be grad ations social

.
, , , ,

e c on omical i n t e ll e ct ual an d poli t

, ical b ut th ey m ust
, ,

be s o cl os e ly c on n e cte d an d i n t e rw ov e n that th e r e
shall be no break b etw ee n the l ow e r an d th e n e xt
high e r If by an y m ean s any consi d e rabl e se cti on
.
, ,

of th e se gradati ons is re m ov e d r ui n is i n e vi tabl e , .

This was j ust the e vil i n Rom e s cas e caus e d by '

the dis appe ar an c e of th e m i d d l e cl ass e at e n out by ,

S lav e r y l ux ury p aup e rization loss of i n d e p e n d e nc e

, , , ,

an d by the absorpti on of small propri e t orships into

th e vast e stat e s of w ealthy an d pow e rf ul l an d own e rs .

M any of these evils had b e e n felt already in the clos

ing y ea rs of the rep ublic an d had m ad e n ot on ly ,

possible but n e c essary th e revol ution wro ught by

, ,

C aesar an d realiz e d by A ugust us i n th e establish m e nt

of the empire This m ov em e n t by conc e n t rati n g the
.
,

powe r an d en e rgy still re m aining in th e stat e an d by ,

rest oring in a great m eas ure th e di re ct res ponsibility

, ,

of th e m inor offi c e rs postpon ed th e e vil day though

, ,

it did not p rovi de any rad ic al r em ed y S uch e vils .

are mor e n otic e abl e an d mor e d a n g e ro us in a r ep ublic

than in a mo n archy but th ey are bo und to be c li co

,

tive as lo n g as they contin ue .

Anoth e r an d still greate r re vol uti on i m plying a ,

still d eep er re cognition of the se e vils an d dangers ,

 TIce R evol uti on
’
n n aer Cons tan ti n e .

took plac e und e r D i ocl e tian an d Constantin e This .

was th e d ivisi on of th e e m pire int o E ast an d West ,

its re organiza tion into four prefe ct ure s sixt ee n di o

,

c e s es an d on e h un d re d an d e ight een provinc es th e

, ,

int rod ucti on of O ri e ntal form s an d c usto ms th e e s ,

tabli s h m e n tof a co m pl e t e sys te m of b ur ea ucracy th e ,

re m oval of th e capital to Constantin opl e an d th e ,

ad option of Chri stian i ty as th e establish ed re ligi on o f

th e e m pire .

All this how e v e r whil e re cognizing th e d an ge rs

, , ,

fail ed to av e rt th e m ; an d b efore th e e n d of the fifth

c e n tury th e Roman e m p e ror no longe r h ad an y i n
d e p e n d e n t rul e in th e W e st Ro m e had c eas e d long
.

b e fore to be th e s eat of impe rial pow e r for D iocl e

,

tia n in 2 84 h ad r e m ove d th enc e to M ilan an d b efore

, , ,

th e mi d d l e of th e fifth c ent ury the ba rba ri ans h e ld

th e larg e r part of th e i m p e rial t e rrit ory in th e West .

Thi s has b e en c all ed th e fall of th e Ro m an e m pire ,

butth e t e rm is n ota v e ry appropriat e on e In r e al ity

.

it was the ha n d ing ove r to oth e rs th e p ow e r h e r han d s

w e re too w e ak to h ol d an y lon ge r th e s e i zure by
,

othe rs of th e tre as ures s h e coul d n o lo n ge r d e fend

or us e Th e s e oth e rs w e re the C h ristian ch urch an d
.

the G e rm an p e opl e .
 CH APT E R III .

TH E O R G AN I Z ATI ON O F C HRI S TI AN IT Y AND TH E

O RI G I N O F TH E P APAC Y TH E I N H E RIT AN C E
—
O F TH E C H U R C H .

H E Christian ch urch inhe rited th e organi

zat i on an d th e c en tralizati on of th e i m
p e ri al powe r of Rom e C e nt uri e s e l ap s ed
.
,

h owe v e r b e for e it fo un d its h ead an d

,

c e ntre in th e i m pe ri al city an d cam e into

full poss ession of th e uni ty of organ izati on and th e
d isciplin e of law which i t rec eiv e d with th e imp e rial
i d ea as its l e gacy.

T h e spi rit ual h ead an d c e n t re of th e Ch ristians was

Chri s t H e was at o n c e the no rm an d rev e lati on of
.

the ir fai th th e so urc e and stan d a rd of th eir l ife th e

, ,

obj e ct an d inspiration of th eir worship .

T he firs t th re e c e nt uri e s of th e i r e xiste nc e w e re

pass ed la r ge ly in re tire me n t ob s c urity an d is olati on
, , .

Political life was absol ute ly d e ni e d the m as also was ,

s oc i al life outs i d e of the ir own comm uniti es The y .

w e re th e obj e c t of s uspi c ion ri d i c ul e slan d er an d

, , ,

ab us e as w e ll as of slig h ts ann oy an c e s p e rs e c uti o n s

, , , ,

an d p unish m e n ts by th e ir J e wish and p agan n e igh

,

bo rs an d by the local civil offi cials from which th e ,

1 4
 Ten denci es towa r ds Cen tr al i zatzbn . I 5

i mp e rial law afl ord ed th em n o prot e ction or red re ss

'

Th eir clos e organizati on was the re fore natural as th e

o utgrowth of a c omm on p olitical instinct esp eci ally ,

c onn ecte d with their m arv e ll ous increas e in n umb ers ,

an d as th e formal re alization of th e ir i d e al un ity in

th e on e Lo rd th e on e faith an d th e on e baptis m
, ,
It .

w as also n e c e ssary i n ord e r to maintain this growth

an d inward un ity as w ell as for o utward d e fe nc e
,

an d reg ulatio n .

Th e i r first an d m ost nat ural local c e ntre was J e ru

sal e m ; but the intol e ranc e an d bitt e r attacks of th e
J e ws an d th e early d e struc ti on of th e city by th e
,

Ro m ans p ut an en d to its e fl ecti ven es s as a m ean s

'

of ce ntrali zati on The ir e a rli e st form al organi zation

.

c onsist ed of si n gl e scatt e re d c om m un iti e s each gov ,

e rn e d by a g r ad atio n of offi c e rs at whos e h e ad was

th e bishop wh o r epre s e nt e d th e c om m uni ty an d act e d

,

in i ts nam e Int e rchang e of tho ug ht of sy m pathy

.
, ,

and of ai d was m aintain e d by l e tt e rs trav e ll e rs an d , ,

mo r e form ally appointed m ess e nge rs O wi n g to th e .

rise of nov e lti e s and variati ons of faith an d of practic e ,

syn od s incl ud ing s e ve ral n e ighb ori n g com m uniti es

b e gan to be h e l d all t en d ing to an increas e of ce n
,

tr ali zation . T he bishops of th e ch urch es i n th e chi e f

citi es of th e empire soo n ca me to h old i mportant an d
i n fl uential positi ons e sp ecial ly wh e n the y w e re m e n
,

of great p ersonal e n e r gy an d ability or occupi ed ,

positions in ch urch e s of ap ostoli c or of q uite e arly

foundatio n T he d e cisi ons of syn od s an d th e de clara
.

tion s o f in d ivid ual bish op s an d te ach e rs h ad only a

m or al san ction an d a utho r i ty b ut e v en th e n S how e d
,

s uch gro win g effectiv e ne ss as to brin g up o n th e m th e

’
1 6 TIre Ag e f
o Clza r l ema n e
g .

s uspicion an d finally the active p ers ec ution o f th e

e m pire .

It was not on acco unt of re ligio us di ffe re nces for ,

Rom e tol e r at ed all religi on s ; it was n ot on account

of th e ir e xcl usiv en e s s or p ros elytis m for the J e ws ,

w e re e xcl us iv e an d pros elyting ; it was n oton acco un t

of d isob e d i e n ce to th e laws nor on acco unt of the
slan d ers conc e rning t h em that th e e mpire i n th e thir d
c en t ury e n te re d up on a d e te rm in e d co urs e of a n ni
h i lation ag ainst th e m Rath e r was it b e cause of the
.

inc re ased e ffi ci ency an d un m istakable re ality of th eir

organiz ation which th re at e n e d to form an i mp er i n m
,

i n i mper i o not only rivall i n g th e em pire an d d ivi d i n g

,

all e gia n ce to the e m p e ror b ut te n d i n g to un d e rm in e

,

th e sta te an d to ov e rthrow i ts r ul e r B ut if R om e
.

was too e xh aus ted to con q ue r h e r own cor r upti on

an d to a s si m ilate h e r l at e r c o n q uests s h e was far t
, oo
we ak to c ope s ucc e s s f ully with th e Ch ris ti an ch urch
in the freshn ess of its p urity an d vigor H e r atta ck s .

aim e d at its high e st o ffici als in th e m id d l e of th e thi rd

c e nt ury an d her e fl orts to d es troy n ot only its m em
,
'

b ers but its holy wri tings the so urce of its life and
,

i n spirati on at the be gi n n i n g of th e fourth ce n tury

, ,

w e r e pow e rl e ss an d i n e fl ectual for h arm Th e y cam e

'

too late The y m ight p r un e away som e branch es ;

.

th ey co uld n ot inj ure th e t run k an d on ly stre n gth

,

e ne d t h e roots of th e m ighty tre e .

J ust at this ti m e th e gre atest ch an ge of all cam e

h e m —
to t e pir e an d to th e c h urch th e co n v e rs i on of
th e e m p e ror an d th e p r o cl am atio n of Chri s ti an i ty as
th e establish e d r e ligi on of th e e mpire an d th e ch urch
,

as i t s o ffi ci al form an d r epre s en t ativ e I t is v ery .

1 8 T he Ag e of Char lemag ne .

which m ight be tint ed e stimated and meas ured It

, , .

wo ul d l e ad too far from th e pres ent p urpose to carry

th e se c on si d e ration s furth e r or to cit e any of th e
,

n ume rous ill ustrations in th e th e ol ogy m orals li fe , , ,

d isciplin e an d worship form ing from this p e riod T he

, .

whol e p roce ss e xt e n d s through th e lat e r hist ory and

may be s um m e d up as th e s ubstit uti on of th e exte r
n al S ign for t he th ing signifi e d l
.

This S hows why th e ch urch in the mi ddl e age s

m ust be consi d e re d as an eccle siastical i n stit ution
rath e r than as a religi ous o rganiz ati on Its moral .

i n fl uenc e grad ual ly b ecam e s ubor d inat e to its cc

i cal gove rnm e nt
cl e s ias t It was political rath e r th an
.

re ligio us ; it so ught to save th e wo rld by ruli n g it to ,

s e rv e m en by s ubd uing th e m to its elf an d to t each ,

th e m by exe rcisi n g autho rity ove r the m .

C entralization b e cam e m ore important than eve r .

T he gr e at patriarchat e s w e re e stablish e d as c e nt re s
of infl ue nc e an d control Th e y w e re Antioch Al e x
.
,

an d ri a Ro m e an d late r C onstan tin opl e an d J

, , , ,
er us a

l e m T h e impo rtance of Rom e was e arly re cogniz ed

. .

E v en in th e m i d d l e of the third c e nt ury Cyprian had

shown th e e xp ed i ency of an app e al to Rom e in mat
t e rs of fai th th ough e vi d e ntly with o ut inte n d ing
,

th e re by to ascrib e to h e r an y a uthority not posses sed

by oth e r ch urch e s eq ually anci ent and apostolic .

Th ere we re m any othe r ci rc umstance s which favored

th e S pe e d y ris e of t h e Ro m an Ch urch out of th e
obsc urity in which s h e re m ain ed d uring th e fi rst three
1 l
Th e furth er app ication of th is p r i n ci sl e m ay be r ead in Th e Con
ti n ui ty of Chr i s tian h ough t, by A \
T ”
. } G All
en , D D
. . . See es pe
ci al l y the s econ d an d fourth chapters .
 Th e Ad va n t
ag es o
f R ome . 1 9

ce nt uri e s wh en th e c i ty as th e capi tal o f th e empi re

, , ,

was th e c e ntre o f pagan life an d wors hip Th e Latin .

the olog y and the e cclesiastical l ife of the West h ad

th e ir r is e and re ach e d th e ir h e ight d uri n g th e fi rst
four ce nt uri es not in Ro m e but in N orth Af ri ca in
, , ,

Te rt ull ian Cyp rian and St A ugus tine W hen th e i m

, ,
. .

pe rial capital was re m ov ed to the E ast and the pagan

re ligion was proscri be d the great advantages of th e ,

Ch urch of Rom e b egan to appe ar E v e n h er early .

ob s c urity j oin ed with h e r d istanc e from th e dispute s

,

of th e E ast had work e d to h er ad vantage and m ad e

,

possibl e that S il ent st eady growth which en abled h er

, ,

a littl e later to take a high position in the Christian

,

world .

T he importanc e and dignity of th e city with all th e ,

pre stige that cam e to h e r as the centre and s eat of the

e mpire and mistr e ss o f t he worl d w e re fe lt also by th e ,

ch urch which had b een fo un d ed th e re in th e e arli est

apo s tolic tim es an d which clai m ed two of the chi e f
,

est o f t h e apos tl es as he r foun d e rs and upb uil d e rs .

I nd e ed s he was the only apostolic s e e in th e West

, ,

an d wh e n so m uch d epe nd ed upon an apostolic foun

datio n an d autho rity for proving ge n uin e n ess of tra

dition an d int e gr ity of faith this was o f the gr eat est ,

worth an d importanc e Rom e k ept the advantage s .

th us gain ed T he r egular s ucce ssion and the pe rso n al

.

prestige of h er bishops the ir gene ral and with on e , ,

or two exce ptions undisp ut ed orthod oxy espe cially

, ,

d uring th e long struggl e of th e fo urth c e nt ury wh e n ,

for a tim e th e empire and th e ch urch at large we re

avow e dly A rian prov ed her ability to s ustai n h e r
,

r espo n s i bl e po s iti on T h e Roman Ch urch was also

.
20 T he Ag e o
f Ch a r l ema
g n e.

we al thy and at the sam e ti m e gen ero us H er mis .

s i on ary z e al carri e d h e r e m issari e s into vario us parts

of the West an d man y ch urch es we re fo und ed s up

, ,

port ed an d prot e ct ed by her an d they acknowl ed ge d

, ,

an d r epai d th e ir oblig ation by s e rvic e an d d e v oti on .

T h e c onv e rsi on of th e E n glish th e attit ud e of B e d e

,

toward s Ro m e an d th e l ate r l abors of Bo n ifac e and

,

oth e r E n glish missi on a ri e s i n compl e te d e votion to

the Roman s e e s erv e a d m irably as ill ustrati ons of th e
fe e li n g Rom e ev oke d an d the position of m oral s u
p r e m a cy s h e cam e to hol d among t h e ch urch e s of th e

West .

O the r in fl uen c e s al so we r e at work T he n eed of

.

a c e nt re of uni ty an d d e fe n c e ma d e its e lf incre as ingly

fe lt as th e ch urch organ iz ati on gre w m ore d e finite
an d Ch risti anity sp re ad in to n e w an d hith e rto i n ac

c essible regions gai n i n g a foothold amo n g half savage

,
-

p rinc es an d se m ibarbaro us pe opl e s whil e anarchy an d

,

con fusion inci d e nt to the fall of R om e s political powe r

’

to ok poss ession of th e West ern worl d In many .

ways th e Ch urch of Ro m e met th ese n e eds an d sat

is fi ed the m .

T h e position o f the pri e sthood ge n e rally b e c am e

m ore an d m ore s ubord i n at e to th e high e r ran ks of
th e eccl e siastic al hi e ra r chy. Chose n m ore freq ue ntly
from th e s e rfs of th e ch urch who alon e h ad the
,

e d ucational t raining fitti n g th e m for th e posi t i on or ,

from the fre e m en am on g the still une d uc at ed pe opl es

wh e re the ch urch was spreading m os t rapi d ly th e ir ,

infe rio rity co uld n ot fail to be appare nt T he ti m e .

of th e gr eat p re sbyte rs had pas s e d away ; th e bishops

alon e w ere i mportant B ut th e bishops as s uch
. , ,
 T h e P ower o
f R om e . 21

fo un d th e ir powe r diminishi n g T h e m onaste ri es .

,

on e aft e r an oth e r in vari ous way s gai n e d e x e mp

,

ti ons and b ecam e in dep en d en t of episc opal cont rol .

T h e right of lay patron ag e an d th e syst e m of pri

vate chaplai n s took away from th e bi s hops an oth e r
so urc e of th e ir powe r T h e rural d e ane ri es an d
.

cath ed ral chapt e rs still furth e r weak e n ed an d d ivi d e d

it E v e n the m etropo litanat e esse n tially a Ro m an
.
,

instit ution bas ed upon th e political i m portanc e of

ce rtain chi ef citi es in the e mpire was grad ually dying ,

out Red ivisions cons eque nt upon th e se ttl em en ts

.
,

of n ew p e opl e s th e d isapp e aranc e of ol d cen tr e s an d

, ,

th e risi n g into importanc e of n e w on e s l e d to a c om ,

p l e te r e ad j ustm e nt of old re lations N e w s ee s by

.
,

re aso n of th e great e r w e alth ren ow n or sanc tity , ,

which th e y acq uired an d th e large r p owe rs whi ch

they c ould ex e rcise thro ugh th e rapi d ly d e ve l opi n g
fe ud al syst e m which c om pre he n d ed th e Ch urch as
,

w e ll as the stat e s oo n gai n ed a cred it an d an i n fl uen c e

,

far gre at e r than th e old m e t ropolita n at e which in ,

most cas e s was attach e d to som e old d e caying an d , ,

insign ifica n t Roma n tow n .

In all this cha n ge Rom e ste ad ily gained in pow e r

an d p restig e .T h e sp r i n ging up of n e w ch urch cen
tr es taki ng th e plac e of th e old on e s had th e ad d itional
e e ct of b r e aking up t h e ol d trad iti ons of i n d ep e n
d e nc e an d oblit e rate d th e re coll e ctions of anci e nt
e q uality .T h e d ays of th e O pposi tio n of Ire na ms an d -

th e bishops of so uth e rn G aul of Te r t ullia n Cypri an

, , ,

an d the ch urch of N orth Africa of R av e n n a Aq uil e i a

, , ,

an d M ilan ,
w e re passing aw ay T he n ew ch urch e s .

ofl e re d no re sistance in d eed w ere e age r in th ei r

'

,
22 T he Ag e f
o Char l emag n e .

maint enanc e and d efenc e of the increas ing pow e r and

i nfl ue nc e o f the Bishop of R om e 1
.

T he bish ops o f R om e b e gan abo ut th e fi fth or ,

sixth c ent ury to ex e rcis e th e right of conferring the

,

palli um a lin e n rob e embroid e re d with p urp l e whi ch

, ,

all bishops in th e E ast rece iv e d at th eir conse cration .

By th e Bishop of Rom e how ev e r it was sent as a , ,

sp ecial mark of honor and privile ge only to the most

disting uish ed bishops of th e West symboli zing and ,

strength e ning th eir co n n e ction with th e Ch urch of

Rom e T he man y app eals to Rom e for the e stablish
.

me nt of th e faith for aid and co uns el for the s e ttl e

, ,

m e nt of disp ut e s for th e ex e rcis e of n ew pow e rs for

, ,

gaining rights p rivile ge s an d e x emptions not only

, , ,

re c ogni ze d h er auth ority b ut increas ed it an d som e , ,

tim e s e ven creat e d it .

Finally the re was a whol e s e ri es o f imp e rial ed icts

an d acts of co uncils which we r e us ed rightly or ,

wrongly to giv e a l e gal fo un d ation to Rome s grow

,
’

i n g claim to s upr e macy Foremost of all howev e r .

, ,

was th e d e cl ara ti on of Ch rist to St P e t er as re cord e d .

in St M atthe w xvi 1 8 firs t appli ed to th e p erson of

. .
,

St Pet e r an d the n to his s ucc ess o rs in Rom e in the

.
‘

fi fth c e nt ury 2
.

A canon of S e rd ica in 3 4 3 gave to J uli us Bishop ,

of Rom e at that tim e th e right of rec eiving app eals ,

from bishops cond e mn ed for Ariani s m Att empts .

1 l
Chas te , vol iii , pp 1 63 1 78 -

F
. . . .

3 irs t in th e ti me of Coe es ti n e an attemptwas m ad e torefer i tto

l
h e per s on of Peter T he egates of l l
in e at th e Coun ci of l
W
t . es t
E ph es us i n 43 1 h ad s aid : h o, un ti n ow an d ever , oth i ves an d l b l
teach es i n hi s s ucces s or s
’
T
h us th ey cl ai m ed un iver s al pr i macy as of
I
.

immedi ate di vi n e auth or i ty L eo adopt ed t hi s vi ew wi th all h i s

l
. .

s ou
”
(
. K u r tz, vol i , p . . .
 T h e P apacy . 23

w e re ma de to gi ve to this canon a gen e ral inst ead of

a sp eci fi c applicati on an d to us e it as a N icen e can on , .

An edict of th e E mpe ror Gratian in 3 78 con fe rred

upon D am as us th e right of giving a fin al d ecision
against s om e schis m atic cl e rgy An e d ict of Val e n .

tini an in 44 5 d e clare d th e un ive rsal pri m acy of th e

Rom an s ee T he lat e r for ge ri e s c ulminating in th e
.
,

Fals e D e cr e tals of the ninth c ent ury s uppli ed all that ,

was lac k ing in th e way of pr e ce d e nt and doc um e ntary

e vi d e nc e .

B utall thes e ad vantages opport uniti e s pre c ed e nts , , ,

d e clarati on s canons and ed icts w oul d have accom

, ,

p l i s h e d littl e of e n d ur i n g w o rth h ad i t n ot b e e n for

th e li n e of good an d gr eat m e n — gr eat in inte ll ect in ,

,
—
ability in tact and in i n fl ue n ce who fi ll ed the chair
,

of th e Bishop of Rom e In d e ed we may fairly say .

,

l
that th e Papacy as th e sp e cial position an d infl uenc e
,

1 R b
Th e oman i s h o s wer e n otdis ti n guis hed atfi r s t by an y ex c u
p
l
s i ve t l
i tes T h e ter m p at r iar ch ”
w hi e tec h n i c a y b e on g gi n l tot h e m ll l
b
.
,

l
a on e i n t he es t, was W q
ui te comm on y ap p i ed to all th e l
es t ern is hl W
op s Even t h e n am es a os t
p o i c P o p e
”
i cal
r o f C h r i s t
”
ch i e f V
b
.
, ,

p o n ti fi ,
”
an d ap o s to i c s e e w e r e nlo t c o n fi n ed to om e a n d i t
s i s h R
ops , in as m uch as , or i gi n all al l b
is h ops wer e r egar ded as vi cars of
Ch r i s t an d s ucces s ors of t e apos tes , wh i e n o di s ti n cti on l l
b
m ade as yet etween S t Peter an d th e oth er ap os t es T he term l
G
. .

POp e, from th e atin papa an d

”
L r eek mi n rm;
-
a fat h er was
l
app i ed at fi r s t t o th e h i gh er c er gy en er al l y l E n n odi us , B i s h op of .

l
Pavi a, us ed i t wi th s pe cia em phas i s or th e B i s hop of om e at the be R
n n in g of t h e s ix th cen tur y, an d fr om th e n ex t cen tur y i t ecam e a b
'

x ed t it e l r egor y
. G in 1 0 7 5 en for ced it by l aw, an d for ade i ts
VII . b
app i cat l ion to an y oth er i s ho b
T hus i t i s s een th at th e ater ti tes l l
b R
of the is h o s of ome wer e 1 os e in gen e ra us e atfir s t, butgr ad ua y l ll
mon 0 poli z b them
y
.

”
T h e p h ras e s er van t of t h e s er van ts of G od , adopted by G r egor
th e G r eat i n h i s we ll
kn own O pos i tion to th e c ai m of the Patr i ar
p
l
l
-

of Con s tan ti n op e to th e ti t e l un i vers a p atri ate l l

r em ai n ed a m os t
l
ex c us i ve y t l
he r er ogati ve of th e B i s h op of om e
p R
A G l
.

fter th eir trI umph at th e S ix th en er a Coun ci th e oman i s h l R b

24 T he Ag e f
o Char lem ag ne .

of th e Bishop of Rom e is call ed owes i ts re al origin ,

to the th ree gre at pop es of th e fo urth ce nt ury I n —

noc nt l
e ,
e s tin e an d L eo — and to the gre at e r on e at
,

th e clos e of th e S ixth c e nt ury — Gre go ry the G reat .

T h e li fe o f Gr ego ry 1 shows how far the Ch urch of

Rom e had inh e rited th e powe r an d infl uence and real
positi on of the old Rom an e mpire T he Lati n lan .

guage had b e com e the l an g uage of i ts Script ures its ,

lit urgy its th e ology and its laws whil e with the lan
, , ,

g uage it had re ce ive d m uch of th e spirit and i d eal s

of R om e Th us the e mpire of R om e h ad passed on
.

a part of its great h e ritage to th e Church of Rom e ,

an d th us t h e Ch urch o f R om e had b e com e abl e to re

‘

ce iv e an d to administ e r t h e inhe ritan c e .

ops b g to t k th titl u i
e an a e l bi hop wh i h G go y had
e e n vers a s ,
”
c re r
re
p udi t d a e
Vi of P t w f qu tl y u d g du lly g owi g i i i fi
.

car e er as re en se , ra a r n n s

can eo wi th th l t tio of P t to th po iti o of P i

e exa a n th e er e s n r n ce 0 e
Apo tl upo wh om th h u h w fou d d d to whom had b
s es , n e c rc as n e an een

gi
ven th k yeof th k iegd o
sm of h e n eaven .
ITh ou t gi
e acc b M i lm i hi L ti Ch i tia ity bk
n ven an n s a n r s n ,
”
.

o of t b t b i f bi og p hi
ne e es r e ra es .
26 T he Ag e o
f Ch a r l ema
g ne .

So uth an d driv e n by oth er tribe s still farth e r east

, ,

b e gan to approach th e bo un d arie s of th e e mpire .

M any of th em in sm all band s had be e n admitted to

th e e mpire as ser vants an d lab or e r s an d as soldi e rs
i n th e impe ri al arm i e s so th at Rom e b e gan to conq ue r
,

th em by h e r civili zation be for e they conq ue re d h er

by force of arms .

It was not h owe ve r until th e battl e of Adrianopl e

, , ,

in 3 7 8 wh e n th e Visigoths driv e n on by th e H un s
, , ,

crossed th e D an ub e an d d e feate d the E mp eror Val ens

in on e of th e g re at d ecisive battles of th e worl d that ,

th e e ntran c e i n to th e e mpir e by f orc e and in any larg e

n umb e rs re ally began Not long afte r th e Vandals
.

c ros s e d the Rh i n e an d the othe r trib es sp ee d ily fol

,

lowe d Th ey w e re forc e d to go on O n e trib e was

. .

d riv e n by an othe r B ack of th em we re th e H uns a

.
,

fi e rc e T uranian hord e from ce ntral Asia T h e G oths .

i n vad ed Ital y an d ravaged Ga ul Rom e recall ed h e r

.

l egions at th e be ginning of the fi fth c e nt ury and l eft

the fronti e r un d e fe n d e d and th e first d e cad e of that
,

c e nt ury saw th e re al occ upation of the empire by th e

barbari an t r ib e s .

T he V an dal s pas sing thro ugh G aul foun d ed a

, ,

kingd om in N orth Africa i n 42 9 from which th e y ,

attacked an d d esp oil e d Ro m e in 45 5 on e of four at ,

tacks sinc e th e b eginning oi th e c en t ury ; but th ey

we re ov e rthrown by B elisari us J usti nian s famous ,
’

ge n e ral in 5 3 4 B efore the e nd of th e s eventh ce n

, .

t ury the whol e co untry was ov e rr un by th e Sarace ns ,

who in 7 1 I ent ered Spain an d s ubd ue d the ki ngdom

which had b ee n establish ed th e re by the Visigoth s j ust
aft er th eir famous sack of Rom e in 4 1 0 und er A l ari c .
 Or ig i n o
f th e F r an hs . 27

T he k ingdo m of O doace r H e rulian who in 4 76

th e ,

bro ught an en d to the separat e lin e o f R oman em

pe ro ts in Italy was s ucce ed ed in 49 3 by th e O st ro
,

goth ic k ingdom of Th e od oric wh ich was ov erthrown,

in 5 5 3 by N ars e s anothe r famo us ge n e ral of J ustin

,

i an T h e Lombards gain ed a foothold in Italy in 5 68

.
,

aft e r th e d eath of J ustinian an d the r e call o f N ars e s ,

an d th e ir k ingdo m laste d until ov e rthrown by Charl es

th e G re at in 7 7 4 and forms an importan t ch apt e r i n

,

th is hi sto ry.

T h e oth er kingdoms we re conq ue red by th e Fran k s ,

and ann ex ed to or absorb e d i n to th e Frank ish king

d om d uring th e fifth and sixth c ent uri e s .

T h e Fran k s first app ear in histo ry as a powe rf ul

confe de ration o f se ve ral G e rman trib e s who in the ,

ti me of Tacit us inhabit ed th e Rh in e districts U nli k e .

the oth e r gr eat c on fe d e rations of G e rm an t ri b es th e y ,

did not leave the ir old lands whil e conq uering n ew

on es T h ey fo rm ed howe v e r two distinct gro ups :
.
, ,

th e Sal i ans n ear th e mo uth o f the R hin e e xt e ndi n g

, ,

we st and so uth to and p erhaps b eyond th e r iv e r M aas ,

th us n eare r an d more expos e d to th e i nfl uenc e s of

R oman civilization ; an d th e R ip uarians on the right ,

b an k o f the R hin e .

D uri ng the mi ddl e an d last h al f of th e third cen

t ury th e S al i an Franks had freq uent struggl es with
th e R omans but tho ugh ofte n d e fe at e d th e y w e re
, , ,

able sp ee dily to re cov e r In th e middl e of th e fo urth

.

c ent ury they e xtend e d into T ox and ri a b e tw ee n th e ,

M aas an d the Sche ldt an d we re acknowledged by

,

J ulian as s ubj ects of th e empire From tim e to tim e .

th ey were granted lands by candi dates for the i m

28 T he Ag e o
f Ch a r l emag ne
.

p e rial p urp l e anxio us to s ec ur e their aid Th us th ey .

grad ually incre as ed in powe r and in e xte n t of te r

ri tory .

I n th e co urs e of the wand e rings of th es e G e rman

trib e s l eaving th e ir old hom e s an d comi n g into n e w
,

lands the old heathe n c ust om s and reli gion los t th e ir

,

hold As th ey e stablish ed th e ms elve s in th e rich e r

.

an d mor e f er til e l ands o f the So uth h unting an d s em i ,

pastoral p urs uits gave plac e to the agric ult ural a ,

mor e s ettl ed form of life so that landown e rship an d

,

a m ore advanced political life an d organi zati on d e

ve l op e d Wars b e in g more re gular an d prolon ge d
.
,

the t e mpora ry war chi e ftainship b eca m e a p e rman e nt

k ingship T h e ki ng who was chos e n by acclam ati on
.
,

of th e warriors from the chi ef or royal fam ily m ain ,

tai n ed ord e r in ti m e of p eac e an d c omm an d e d th e

army in ti me of war bei n g s upp orte d by the vol un
,

tary gi fts of the trib e sm e n who in p eace form ed the

,

gr eat co uncil or ass e mbly an d in war th e ar m y As

, .

th e king s a uth ority an d impo rtanc e gre w h e cam e to

’

be th e only on e to hav e a comi tatus or p e rs onal fol ,

l owing Oi warriors a p rivilege in th e tim e of Tacit us

, , ,

b elon gi ng to e ve ry chi ef of ability .

I n all this d e v el opm e nt th e Salians sp ee d ily took

the l ead among th e Fra n k s Whe n in the first d ec.
,

ad e of th e fi fth c e nt ury Stilicho call ed th e l e gi on s

,

bac k from G aul an d th e fronti e r stati ons for th e d e

fe nc e of Rom e nothing stood in the way of th e ir
,

ad van c e ment and th e y e xt ende d th eir s ettl em ent to

,

both S id es of the Sch eld t Th ey app ear als o at this

.

tim e to hav e had a ki n g with his re sid enc e at To ur

nay whil e th e Rip uarians co n tin ued longer in th eir
,
 29

ol d or ganiz ati on , b eing se ttle d i n and ab out Col ogn e

as th e ir chi ef city Th e y s till fought in unio n with
.

th e R omans against th e Visigoth s th us e xt e n d i n g,

the ir i n fl ue nc e towards the south In th e great battl e

.

of Ch élons agai n st the H uns in 45 1 th e y s e r ve d with

oth e r trib es un d e r the R om an le ad e r fE ti us .

Th eir first ki n g was nam e d Clogi o or Clo d i o A .

ge n e rati on l ate r cam e Ch ild e rich who b e longed to

,

th e fam ily call ed M e rovingian tho ugh th e origin of

,

this nam e is n ot known With his s on Clovis who

.
,

s uccee d e d to th e r ul e in 4 8 1 the real hi storical i m

,

p or tance of the p e opl e b e gi ns .

Alre ad y the last E m p eror of th e We st had given

pl ac e to th e G e rman king O doace r an d in all the ,

provinc es G erman kingd oms had b ee n fo und ed .

Whatev e r the d e epe r insight of Clovis may have

ta ught him wh e th e r h e b e hel d as in a vision th e
, , ,

f ut ure glory of the Frank ish kingdom uniting al l th e

G e rman trib e s in on e wid e r ul e and e xt e n d i n g its
,

sway ov er th e whol e o f w este rn E urop e it is c ertain ,

that h e d id un d e rtak e an d s uccessf ully c arry out a

policy which not o n ly gav e to his r ul e a wi de ext en
si on but also paved the way for th e union of all the
,

G e rm an p eopl es und e r th e Fra n kish sway T h e .

fo un dati on of th e n ew ki n gdom was l aid whe n in ,

4 8 6
,
Clovis g ai n e d th e r e st of th e R oman t e rrito ry
from th e S omm e an d th e M aas to th e S e in e and the
Loire by his vict ory ov er S y agri us whom G re gory ,

of Tours calls Ki n g of th e Rom ans In this conq ues t

.

h e was abl e to unit e th e scat ter ed bands o f e ast e rn

Fran ks in a union now for th e fi rst tim e e ffe cte d .

Th us the kingdom of Clovis ext end ed so uthwar d n ew ,

3 0 T he Ag e f
o Cha r l emag ne .

t e r ri tory was ann exed an d th e p eopl e were tak e n ,

un d e r his r ul e T h e old north e rn l ands w e r e n ot

.

given up ; th e conq uest did not res ult in a migrati on

and th e divisi on of th e n ew lands T he Roma n s .

kept th e ir freed om and th eir p e rsonal righ ts U nlik e .

Th eod oric Clovis d i d n ot try to f use the Ro m ans an d

,

the G e rmans into on e p e opl e This S hows th e gre at .

s ignificanc e of his conv e rsion t o Christi an ity With a .

Christian wife a B urgund i an princ e ss ruling a Chris

, ,

ti an p eopl e in th e midst of a Christi an land an d

, ,

having already maintain e d fri en d ly relati ons with the

Cath olic cl ergy h e was not li k e ly to re main long a
l
,

h eath en Wh e th e r or not we acc ept th e story of his

.

conve rsion on th e fi e l d of battle wit h th e Al e m an ni

in 49 6 wh e n his old gods havi n g apparently forsak e n
, ,

him h e agreed in cas e of victory to accept th e Chris

,

tian s Christ the imp ortant fact is th at h e b ecame

’

a Roman Chri stian whil e the othe r G erman trib es , ,

conv e rt e d thro ugh t h e work of U l fi las and the G oths ,

w e re Ari ans Thi s fact gav e to the R o m an e l e m e nt

.

great S i g ni fi canc e It is said that three tho usan d of

.

his followers w e re bapti z ed at the sam e time th us ,

showing th e w eak e n i n g of t h e ir old heathenism .

Clovis mad e his re si d ence on Roman te rritory n e ar

Paris Th us from b eing th e k i n g of a s m all G e rm an
.

t rib e h e b e cam e the lord of an extend ed largely ,

Roman k i n gdom an d by his Christian i ty e nt e red ,

into relati on s with al l th e gre at pow e rs of E urope ,

the e mp e ro r at Constantinopl e and the Bishop of

R om e and be gan that remarkabl e caree r fro m Whose
,

G of Tou l. Fr odoard, vol. i c f.

Wi
1 r egor y r s , vo u, p. . 27 ; .
, p . 1 3;
z, vol .
at ii .
, p 42 , . note 3 .
 or i es
T he Vi ct o
f Cl ovi s .
3 1

res ults arose the gre at mod e rn s tat es of w est e rn

E urop e Conn e c tion wi th th e ol d worl d was en
.

te red into at th e v e ry mo m e nt tha ta n e w worl d b e gan

— —
to be form e d al most was fo rm e d by Clovis hi m
1”
s elf
.

T he ch urch by h er in d o rs e m e nt mad e his position

more sec ure among th e old se mi Roma n pop ulatio n -
,

whi l e he be cam e the s ol e military s uppo r t of the

ch urch in the West agai nst both A ri ans and heath en .

H is victori e s foll ow e d on e anothe r i n q uic k s ucc e ssion .

T h e Al e m anni w e re c onq ue re d in 49 6 ; the A

—

m orican s ,

on the s ea coast b etw een the S e i n e an d th e Loire

-
,

s ubmi tt e d in 49 7 In 5 0 0 n ear D i j on h e c onq ue re d

.
, ,

th e B urg un di ans an d mad e the m trib uta ry ; and

agai n as champion of th e orthodox faith against th e
,

Ari ans h e ove rcam e th e pow erf ul Visigoths at

,

Poiti e rs in 5 0 7 In th e following y ear h e was mad e

.

Cons ul and Pat rici an of the Roman s by the E mp e ror

Anas tas i us Tho ugh th ese w er e empty titl e s as far
.
,

as de fin e d powe rs an d p os ition in th e e mpire we re

conce rn ed the y un d o ubt edly incre as ed his i n fl uenc e
,

among th e Ro m an pop ulation i n his k i n gdom an d ,

e mphas i ze d h i s re latio n s with Rom e and wi t h th e

ch urch .

In e xt endi n g his p oss essi ons to th e so uth an d eas t

he cam e in co n tact with Th e odoric who was at the ,

he ight o f his pow er as r ul e r of th e great O strogothi c

k ingdom in north e rn Italy and h e re his progress was,

che c k e d .

T he re maining y ea rs b efore his d eath in 5 1 I w e re , ,

sp ent in co ns piraci es an d m urd e rs by which h e g ot ,

1 Wiz, vol
at . 1 1 .
p.
48 .
3 2 T he Ag e f
o Char lemag ne .

ri d of Frank ish ki ngs who had not y et s ub

th e oth e r
mi tte d In this way a vac ancy was mad e on the
.

thron e of the Rip ua rians an d h e was procl aim e d ,

the ir k ing “
An d th us says Gre gory of To urs
.
”
, ,

God d aily s ub d ue d h is e ne mi es b e n eath his hand ,

an d in cr eas e d h i s ki n g d om for th at h e walk e d b e for e ,

him with a tr ue h eart an d d id th at which was pl eas

”
ing i n his e y es 1
By h is victori es an d m urd e rs h e
.

had e xt e nd e d his rul e until it c omp ris ed practically

th e wh ol e t e rrit ory b e tw ee n th e Rhin e an d th e Rhon e
on th e e as t an d th e oc ean on th e w e st an d th e Pyre
n e es on th e so uth .

At his d eath in acco rd anc e with G e rm an law an d

,

c ust om wh os e b re ac h wo uld have c aus ed m uch

,

greate r e vils than i ts obs e rv ance the k i n gd om was ,

d ivi d ed am on g h i s four s on s who b e gan th e i r re ign ,

as fo ur s eparate an d i n de pe n d ent tho ugh related , ,

kings O ut of this parti tion cam e th e two main di

.

visions oi N eust ria the w este rn k ingdom an d Aus , ,

tras la th e ea s t e rn c orrespon di n g roughly to th e old er

, ,

S alian an d Rip uarian se ttl em ents It is to be not ed .

,

how ev e r that the old G e rm an principl e of division

, ,

which threate n e d to d est r oy a unity b uilt up with

s uch e ffort an d appare n tly s o n e c ess ary to th e in
,

te g ri ty an d c on tin uity of the roy al pow e r d id n ot ,

hav e the effe ct of p e rm an e n t disinte grati on ; for on ,

th e d e ath of on e of th e broth e rs his ki n g d om ve ry ,

rar e ly w e nt to his s on s but was S ha re d by t h e re ,

m aini n g broth e rs so th at in this way un ity woul d be

,

restore d an d th us wo ul d te n d to re app ear from tim e

to tim e B esi d es this pri n ci pl e was s upposed to
.
,

1 G r egory of Tou r s , vol . u , p 40

. . .
 CH AP T E R V .

TH E ME R O VI N G I AN M O N AR C H Y —
E L EMEN T S O F
F EUD ALI S M M AYO R S O F TH E PAL AC E
— .

H E ki n gd om th us form e d an d co n s oli
dat ed c ompris e d th re e pri n cipal par ts ,

A us tras i a B urg un d y an d N e ustri a ; but

, , ,

tho ug h rare ly un it e d un d e r a s i n gle ki n g ,

the re was a practical un d erlying unity

which manifeste d itse lf in vario us ways .

For a ti m e the n omin al po wer of th e k i n gs i n

creas ed with th e e xtension oi te rrito ry th e increas e ,

of w e alth an d th e growing infl ue n c e of Roman i d e as

,

of gove rnm e nt At the sam e tim e th e royal powe r

.

h ad grad ual ly change d f r om a S impl e m ilit ary chi e f

tai n s h ip to an abs ol ut e d o m inion— a ch an g e d ue v e ry
l arge ly to the infl ue nc e of Rom an an d e ccle si astic al
i d e as B ut oth e r pow e rs w ere growi n g at a g reate r
.

rat e T he rac e of th e M e rovi n gia n s was fas t l osi n g

.

its moral an d physical strength an d co urage T reach .

e ry an d fraud m ur d e rs an d c r ue lti e s n ot l ess th an

, ,

d ebauch e ry an d lic entio usne ss aggravated by th e

,

r emoval to a m ore e n e rvating clima te an d s urro und

ings had grad ually sapp ed th e s tre n gth and un
,

dermin e d th e valor of th e ki n g s Whil e th e roy al

.

34
 T h e P eo
pl e T he Ch i ef s T he K i ng .
35

powe r was gro wing by great accessions of wealth an d

t e rritory that of th e chi efs an d l e ad ers grew too
, ,

until from b e i n g gr e at by r e ason o f th e ir in d ivid ual

,

ch aracte ristics of s upe rior force an d co urage th ey ,

b e cam e a t e rrito rial and h e r editary aristocracy and ,

s e c ure d the p osse ssion o f sp e cial j urisdicti on an d the

e x e rci s e of pow e rf ul privil e g e s which t e n d e d to i n
,

c r e as e sti ll f urth e r th e ir pow e r an d to m ak e th e m

,

l e ss and l es s d ep end e nt upo n th e ki n gs .

Th us in th e e v ol uti on of th e gove rnm en t of th e

middl e ag e s in the d e v e l op m en t out of th e old tribal
,

re lations an d in the chan ge of c on d iti ons from th e

,

e arli e r S impl e wand e ri n g lif e t

,
o the late r m or e s e ttl e d
an d compl e x forms th e r e w e r e three e l e m e nts or t e n d
,

e n c i es t
, h e p op ular th e aris tocratic and th e roy al
, ,
.

First as to the p e opl e in ge n eral It is not n eces

,
.

sary to e nt e r into th e v ex ed que s tion as to th e ori

g i n al e xist e nc e of th e m ark or fr e,
e villag e comm u nity ,

am ong th e early Ge rm an s th ough Tacit us afford s

,

littl e if an y s upp ort for s uch a th eory whil e th e ,

n umb e rs and importance of a re ally free pop ulati on

in early tim e s hav e b een v ery m uch ov ere stimat e d .

What e v e r th e n umbe rs may have b ee n th e strifes ,

an d str uggl es th e conf usion an d chaos of th e sixth

, ,

an d t h e s e ve nth c ent uri e s m at e rially r ed uc ed an d

we ak e n e d th e m E ve n tho ugh th e y m ight h av e h ad
.

a fair s har e in th e divisi on of lan d s c on s eq ue nt up on

the c onq ue st o f n e w t e rrit ory it w ould be m ost d if
,

fi c ul t an d d an ge rous for the sm all er propri e to rs to

att e mpt to hold th em al on e H en ce aros e th e c ustom
.

of h olding th e lan d s as a ben e fi ce or i n ben efi ci o , ,

from th e ki n g or from som e oth er great and powe r

3 6 T he Ag e o
f Ch a r l em ag n e .

ful lord whos e prote cti on would se c ure the us e o f

,

the lan d e ve n if the titl e had to be re no unc e d

, This .

condition of landhol d ing was bro ught abo ut in two

ways : O n e who had no land or had l ost it might
, ,

re c eiv e fro m som e l arge landhold er at fi rst us ual ly

, , ,

in s uch a cas e from the ch urch land which he might

, ,

us e and c ulti vat e tho ug h witho ut holding the titl e

,

to it but guaranteed an d prot ecte d in his us e of i t

,

by the re al owne r O n th e oth e r han d on e wh o

.
,

h ad l an d which h e d i d not fe el himse lf abl e to h ol d

an y lo n g e r might giv e up t h e ti tl e to som e p ow e r f ul
l ord un d e r whose prot e ction h e might re tain th e us e
, .

This is th e way in which the f eudal h ol d ing of l an d

gre w up In on e oth e r way th e position o f th e free
.

m an was w eake n ed an d made d ep en de nt th e re by ,

i n creasi n g th e powe r of th e king and great ch i e fs .

P e rs on al s e c urity was unc e rtain an d a man un abl e

,

to d efend himself comm end ed himse lf to som e pow e r

ful chi e f an d b ecam e his m an or vassal re c e ivi n g
, ,

prot ecti on and rend ering fai thful s e rvice Thi s is th e .

way in w hich th e feudal p e rsonal re lation gr ew up .

There was m uch in th e earli er history of th e Roma n ,

Ga ul and G e rman to s uggest an d prepare for th ese

,

re lations of lands and persons ; but th e act ual reali

zat ion of th e s e con d i tions was d ue to th e lac k of
s ec urity b oth o f land and of pe rsons and to the
, ,

weak n ess and unse ttl ed stat e of a c entral pow e r ,

cons e q ue nt upon the s trife and confusion which hav e

b een d escrib ed It was som e tim e be fore th ese two
.

e l em e nts t he lan d hol d ing and th e p e rsonal re latio n

, ,

we re unite d r es ulti n g in the sys te m by which lan d

,

was h eld on con diti on o f p ers onal s erv i ce the ess en ti al

,
 T he K i ng an d the A r i s tocr acy .
37

c haracte ristic o f fe ud alism At this tim e h ow e v e r

.
, ,

l an d was h e ld in ben e fi ce with out an y tho ught of

pe rs on al re lation s an d c omm e n d ati on or vassal age
,

e xist e d b e t w e e n a man an d his lor d witho ut any

con n e ction with lan d .

The s e move m en ts w e re goi n g on spontan e ous ly

an d in d e p e n d e ntly all th r o ugh th e sixth an d s eve n th
c ent uri es incre asing all th e tim e in exte nt an d fre
,

q ue n ey at fi rst more partic ularly in c on n ection wi th

,

th e ch urch an d ch urch l ands that th e ch urch s e s t at e s

’
,

might be c ul tivat ed and the protecti on an d i m m u

n it i es affor d ed by h e r s e c ur e d .

All this ten d ed to i n cre ase th e pow er of th e ki n g

an d th at of th e g r e at l or d s ; an d t h e st rug g l e which
e ns ue d h ad this i m p ortan c e —to S how wh e th e r a
h

strong central pow e r coul d be established at onc e i n

th e n e wly f orm i n g Fran kish k i n g d om and a m on ,

archy d ev el op dir ectly out of th e earli e r tribal p on

d i tion s ; or wh e th e r som e oth e r c on stit uti onal for m
wo ul d furnish a stage of transitio n to th e lat e r m on
archy As an act ual fact th e l atte r con d itio n was
.

r e aliz e d and fe ud alism form e d t

, h e transitional phas e .

T h e cont e st b etw e e n th e king an d th e aristocracy

was alread y evid e nt at th e clos e of th e S ixth cent ury ,

an d altho ugh t h e rise o f th e may ors of th e palac e to ,

which we m ust now v e ry b ri e fly r e fe r ch an g e d th e ,

form o f th at st ruggl e and p ostp oned th e res ult i t did ,

n ot mak e it l e ss c e rtai n .

With the i n creas ing importance of th e kings all ,

wh o w e r e in an y way co n n e ct ed with th em also i n

cre as e d i n infl ue nc e Th eir c ourt took on m ore an d
.

more th e characte r of th e royal co urts of ol d e r mon

3 8 T he Ag e f
o Cha r l emag n e .

a rchi e s and p ersonal s e rvic e b e cam e of high h on or

, ,

and those wh o ren d e re d it w e re cor res p on di n gly e x

alt e d. Foremost of th es e was th e chi e f offi c e r of the
p a la c e
,
m aj or d o m n s a s h e,
was ca ll e d This was at .

fi rst only anoth e r nam e for s e n esch al that is th e , ,

ol d e st or firs t of th e s e rvants 1
T h e position was a
.

p u r e ly p e rs on al on e c a r ry i
,
n g with it m e r e ly a g e n

e r al ov e rsigh tof h ous e h ol d aff airs as is show n by t he ,

fact that th e n am e app ears ori gi nally i n an y c ourt

am on g t h e offi c e rs of th e q uee n s ho us e h ol d or of that
’

of a pri n c e or princ ess F urth e rm ore th e re w e re

.
,

s e v e r al at first s e rv ing t
, , he ki n g an d th e r efore prob ,

ably on e in each palac e or royal resi d enc e As th e .

i m porta n c e an d d ign ity of th e offi ce ro s e wi th th at of

th e ki n g its d uti e s ca m e to be h e l d by a s i n gl e offi ce r
,

i n th e ki n gd om A g r e at d e al of c on f usi on has ari s e n

.

from a fail ure to ob s e rv e th e grad ual ch an ge whi ch

t ook pl ace i n this offi ce un lik e that of th e oth e r roy al
,

offi ce s an d i ts h um bl e b egi n n ing whi c h will acc oun t

, ,

al s o for t h e m any an d co n tra d ict ory d escriptio n s

giv e n of it .

With th e d e ve l op m e n t of th e roy al c ourt th e ,

m ay or of th e p alace be ca m e the chi e f co urt ofli cer ,

d ire cti n g all affairs of c ourt trai n i n g the y ouths s en t ,

up for the ki n g s s e rvic e m ai n taining l aw an d disci

’

p li n e am on g t h e chi e fs a n d hol,d i n g th e chi e f pl ac e

a m on g th e s e c ular m emb e rs of th e ass embli es h e l d

by th e ki ng for counse l or j ud ici al b usine ss Late r .

h e appe ared as th e a d m inistrator of j usti ce D uri n g .

th e minority or incapacity o f th e ki ng the con d uct of

th e r ealm was in his ha n d s N e cessarily also c e rtai n
.

3 Wi atz, vol .
p ar t pp 7 1 .
, 86 .
 T he May or o
f h
t e P a l a ce .
39

financial d uti e s w oul d b e gi n to d e v olve upo n him

the care of th e r oyal p rop e rty rai s i n g an d d isb ursi n g ,

th e r oyal r e v e n ue at first m e rel y i n h ous e h ol d affai rs

,

d ir ectl y con n e ct ed with the palac e an d th e c ourt b ut ,

fi n ally al l r ev e n ue sinc e th e re was n o r eal d istincti on

,
‘
.

This control of th e royal financ e s gran ts of la n d an d , ,

ge n e ral a d mi n ist rati on of th e pal ac e an d c ourt in

creas ed his pow e r greatly an d gave him a stro n g
infl ue nc e ov e r th e c hi e fs wh om h e coul d reward or ,

n e gl e c t at will H i s i n fl ue n ce s oon c am e to be felt

.

through out th e kingd om at fi rst i n cl ose d ep e n d ence ,

up on th e ki n g but s oon witho ut an d e v e n almost in

, ,

spite of h i m i n c onse q ue n ce of th e growi n g d egen

, ,

c racy an d m an y mi n o riti e s of t h e lat e r M e rovin gi an

d ynasty It was h e re p e rhaps th at th e powe r an d
.

final vi ctory of th e arist ocracy w ere m ost plainly

show n O riginally like all th e othe r ofli ce rs appoi n t e d
.
,

by th e ki n g th e chi e fs had brought it abo ut that n ot

,

o n ly was be c h ose n from th em but th ey we re abl e ,

to e x e rci s e a p ot e n t i n fl ue n c e in h is e l e cti on th us ,

m aki n g hi m i n s om e s ort th e i r r epre s e ntati v e an d

l ead e r His positi on cam e to be as s ure d for lif e an d
.
,

in this way more an d more i n d ep e n d e n t of th e king .

T h e iss ue was d e cid e d i n the re igns of C lotai re I I .

and his son D agob e rt Clotai re h ad b e e n call e d by .

th e chi e fs of A ustrasia an d B urgundy to th e r ul e of

th eir ki ngd om afte r th e fall of the p re c e ding a dmin
is tration which th ey th e m s e lv e s h ad accompli s h e d by
,

1 G r ego Tou
ry of ( bk
rs i x , p .
43 ) m
. en ti
. on s th at C h i l d eb er t s en t
he
t m yo of th p l
a r e a ace an d t l
h e coun t of th e p a ace to Poi ti er s to tak e
a ce n s u of th p op l e e, r ecti fyi n g th e l i s t accor di n g to r ecen t ch an ges ,
M
s e
in or der to as s es s the tax whi ch h ad been pai d fr om th e ti me of s

father .
40 T he Ag e f
o Cha r l emag n e .

th e ov e rthrow o f B r unhilda in 61 3 As P e rry ve ry .

forcibly s ays : Th us aft e r a l on g se ri es of r eb e lli ons

, ,

th e ri s i n g aristo c racy g ai n e d th e i r first gre at vict ory

ove r th e m o n archy ; we s ay the m onarchy for in th e ,

b attl e which m a d e him king of t h e wh ol e Fra n ki s h

e mpire n o on e w as m ore tr uly d e fe at e d th an t he
n om inal victor Cl otai re II hi m s elf H e was in fact
,
.
,
.
, ,

an i n st rum e nt i n t he ha n ds of the se ig n iors for th e

h um iliati on of th e royal pow e r It was not be ca use .

N e ustria was stronge r th an A ustras i a and B urg undy

that the N e ustrian ki n g obtain ed a triple crown b ut ,

b e ca use th e p ow e r of th e s eig n i ors was greate r than

"
that of th e i n fant kings and th eir fe m al e g uard ian 1 .

T he e d ict of which iss ued i n a som e what

m od i fi e d form th e d e cisi ons of th e C ouncil of Paris
i n 6 1 4 se al e d th e d oom of th e M e rovi n gia n ki n gs
,
3

by d i v i d i n g an d weak en ing th e ir powe r F urthe r .

c on c ess i on s w ere mad e ; th e imm uniti es and privi

l eges of th e s eigni ors w ere confirm ed By m ea n s o f .

th es e imm un i ti es t hat is ri ghts of sp ecial j uris d ic

-
,

tion an d th e ex e rcis e of privil eged pow ers which ,

w e re give n to b oth e ccl esiastical an d lay lord s —a

r eal grant of p ublic authority was m ad e This was .

an oth e r el em e n t which e nt e red into and b uilt up th e

f eudal syste m .

T h e l e ad e rs of th e victorio us party th e mayors o f ,

th e pal ac e w e r e th e chi e f gain e rs

, From this ti m e .

on th e p ow e r of th e m ay or of th e p alace gre w un til

it co m pl et ely ov e rsha d owed th at of th e ki ng All .

i mportant b usin ess pas sed thro ugh his han d s ; al l of

1 Perry, p 1 9 6
. .
3 B oreti us , vol. i .
, pp . 20 -
23 .
3 L eh uer ou, p 2 5 7
. .
4 2 T he Ag e
f
o Cha r lemag n e .

of the m ayors of th e palac e contin ue d i n the li n e of

Pippi n though an att empt to se iz e th e crown by
,

Pippin s s on G r im oal d res ulte d in his d eath B ut

’
.

anoth e r Pippi n aros e Th is was Pippin of H e ri s tal

.
,

th e s on of B e gga d a ug h t e r of Pippi n of Lan d e n an d

,

of An s egi s th e s on of Arn ulf Bishop of M e tz T h e

, , .

s eparati on had bee n growi n g wi d e r and th e st rife

m ore bitt e r b e twe e n th e N e ustria n an d A ustrasia n
parts of th e ki n gd om an d at las t th e re had c om e op e n
,

war . At th e battl e of T e s try i n 68 7 on e of th e great

, ,

d e cisiv e battl e s of th e worl d s hi s tory Pippi n h ad l ed

’

th e A ustrasia n h ost s to vict ory This victory not .

on ly signal iz ed th e tri umph of th e A us trasi an th e ,

e ast e r n or G e r m an e l e m e n ts ove r th e m ore R om an

,

i ze d un iti n g all un d e r th e G e rman sw ay b utit e n d ed

, ,

th e pow e r th ough n ot th e r oyal n a m e of th e M e ro

, ,

v i n g ian ki n gs an d e s t
,
ablish ed Pippin an d his ho use
in s upre m e co n trol From his tim e th e titl e of th e
.

mayors of th e palac e was a etP r i n cep s Fr a n com m ,

and the y ears of his o ffi c e w e re re cko n ed on all p ublic

d oc um e nts an d his son Charl e s M arte l was al so call e d
,

s ubr eg ul us .
 CH APT E R VI .

C HR I S T I AN IT Y AND TH E C H U R C H AMON G TH E
E ARL Y FR AN K S C ON V E R S I ON O F C L O V I S
—

T H E B I S H O PS .

E m ust n owconsi de r th e infl uenc e of this

i m porta n t history upo n th e e x t e nsion an d
d e v e lopm ent of th e Fra n ki s h ch urch .

Th e migratio n s an d conq ue sts by th e

Ge rm an tribe s of the N orth an d the ir s et
tl em en ts in th e t e rritory of th e Ro m a n e m pire h ad two
res ults In many cas e s th ey h ad pa rtly in s om e cas es
.
,

wholl y d e str oy ed th e m issi on ary w ork an d e ccl esias

,

tical establish m e nts of th e e ar li e r p e ri od e sp e cially ,

al on g th e Rhi n e an d the D an ub e or c orrupt ed th em

,

by ad m ixt ure s of he ath en i s m B ut in th e cas e of th e

.

G e rm ans th emse lv e s th e res ult h ad b e en q uit e ge n e r

ally t h e uprooti n g an d uns ettli n g of th eir old h eath e n
i s m w eake n i n g its h ol d upo n th e m
, As th ey ca m e
.

i n co n tact with th e n e wly Christianiz ed e m pire many ,

c onve rsio n s w e re mad e by s ol d i e rs capti ves an d , ,

slave s .

T he gr e at w ork of U l fi las among th e G oths in th e

l atte r half of th e fo urth c e nt ury was th e fi rst orga n
i zed e ffort a m ong th e m how e v e r and his lab ors e x
, , ,

t e ndi n g to his d eath i n 3 8 1 re s ulted in th eir ge n e ral

,

43
44 T he Ag e o
f Ch a r l em a
g ne .

c onv ersio n Th e form of Chri s ti an ity was the A ri an

.

i s m pr e vaili n g i n th e e mpire at that tim e an d still ,

f urth e r sp read by th e i n fl uen ce of th e E mp e ror Val e n s .

From this b e gi n n i n g Arian Chris ti an ity S p re ad am on g

th e oth e r re lat e d trib e s ext e ndi n g with th e Visigoth s
,

thro ugh Gaul an d Spai n an d with th e O s trogoth s i n

north e rn Italy T h e Van dal s in Afri ca an d th e B ur
.

g u n d i ans on t h e ba n ks of th e Rh on e an d S aOn e w e r e

won ov e r to th e sam e fai th as w e re al s o th e S ue v i i n

,

Spai n the R ug ian s an d oth e rs along th e D an ub e an d

, ,

th e still l arge r trib e of th e Langobard s ab out to f or m ,

th e gr eat Lo m bard ki n g d om in It aly D own to th e .

e n d of t he fifth c e nt ury Ari an i s m was p rof e s s e d by

th e large r p ortio n of th e G e rm a n w orl d i t h ad m ore
an d more ass um e d t h e ch aract e r of a n atton al G e rm an
Christianity an d it al m os t s e em e d as if th e wh ol e
,

G e rm an worl d and wi th it the un iv e rs al history of th e

,
”
f ut ure we re its s e c ure pre y
,
1
.

This explai n s th e i mm ens e S ign ifican c e an d far

reachi n g i m portanc e of th e conv e rsion of Cl ovis an d
the grow ing pow e r o f th e Fran k s to Cath olic Ch ris
tian ity at the close o f th e fif th c e n t ury That conv e r .

si on was th e t urning point for th e d ow n fall of Ari an

-

i s m and th e establishm e nt of th e N ic e n e fai th .

To th e oppresse d an d pe rse c ut ed Cath oli cs Clovi s

appe ared as a savior and av e nge r whil e th e h op e of ,

th e f ut ur e spr ead an d ulti mat e tri um ph of orth od oxy

c e ntre d i n h im T h e l ong s ucc essi o n of cruel tres ch
.
,

e rous an d aggr e ssiv e wa rfar e wag e d avow e d ly for

, ,

the ch urch as w e ll as for th e k i n g d om was h ail ed as ,

th e work o f a mo de rn D avi d a s e cond Constantin e , ,

1 K urtz
, vol . i .
, pp 443 , 444
. .
 K i ng s A i dea by the B i s ho
’
ps .
45

a t rue ch ampi on of Christian ity agai nst h e re tics and

h e ath e n s T he allian ce was n at ural and b oth sid es
.
,

f ully realiz ed th e advantages Avi tus Bishop of .

,

Vi e n n e wrot e to Clo vi s : As oft en as y ou fight we

, ,

c on q ue r .
1
”
An d Clovis expresse d hi m self in a si m i
lar m a n n e r : If we acq uire th e fri e ndship of th e s er
van ts of G od an d exalt th em with h onors and S h ow
our v en e r ati on for th e m by O b e d i e nc e w e tr ust that ,

w e sh all c ontin ually improv e th e conditi on of our

k i n gd om an d obtain bo th temp oral glory an d a co un
,
”
try i n th e kingd om of h e ave n 2
.

T h e ch urch d i d n ot st op with m e r e word s of bl e ss

i n g an d e nc ourage m e n t AS the Frank ish ki n gs
.

carri ed th eir victorio us arm s so uth int o t h e G allic

provin ce s an d east to th e M os elle and Rhin e d istri cts ,

th ey foun d the re th e old episcopal s e es m any still i m ,

p ort an t s om e rich an d infl uen ti al whos e bish ops had

, ,

b e e n abl e to attai n gre at p ow e r i n th e ir citi e s as th e

R oman e m pire l os t its bold Th ese re ad ily j oi n e d .

wi th th e Fran ki s h ki n gs an d ai d ed th em in e stablish
i n g th e ir co n q ue st of th e c o untry Th e y w e r e th e re .

fore n ot m e re ly acknowled ge d in th eir positi ons but ,

we re also e n d ow e d with n e w h onors and d ign iti es .

M an y of th em lik e G r egory o f To urs w ere from old

, ,

s en atori al famili es an d r et ained th e c ult ure and id eals

,

of th e ol d e mpire often taking the part of int e rc essors

,

an d pr ot e ct ors for th e R oman inhabitants of t h e citi es

with th e ir n ew G e rma n rul e rs Freq ue ntly they p ro .

vi d e d for t h e d e fen c e of th e ir citi e s d uri ng th e c on t e sts

1 Ep i stoa l Avi ti , Ep Y icun

. .
, ad q
B ou uet, vol . iv
.
,

P 49
3 Precep ti o B ouquet, vol . iv .
p.61 5 ; Perr y, p 449 . .
4 6 T he Ag e o
f Ch a r l emag n e.

b e tween the Fran kish k ings T h e k ings also m ad e .

us e of th e m in s e c uring a firm e r r e c og n iti on of th e

royal pow e r an d this co n f e rred upon th e m a c e rtai n
,

po litical i n fl ue n ce 1 Th us th e ir pow e r grew in c o us e

.

q ue nc oof the ir cl os e conn e cti on with the state Th e ir .

spirit ual p ow e r en f orced by th e right of e x com m u

,

n icat ion an d oth e r e c cl e si astical p en alti e s was n ow ,

s upp ort ed by th e s tron g arm of th e growi n g s e c ul ar

pow e r Large s ums of m on ey we re b es t owed up on
.

th e ch urch th e ad mi n istration of w hich cam e i n to

,

th e ir han ds Lan d ed estat e s w e re made ov e r to th e m

.
,

an d as sp e cial imm un iti es an d p rivil e ges w e re gra n te d

,

on al l ch urch l an d s th e y as s um e d a great e r i n d e p e n
,

denc e . S up e rsti ti on ca m e to th e ai d of the n at ural

feeli n gs of grati tud e an d d e v oti on till it b ecam e a ,

com m o n sayi n g th at as w ate r q uench ed fi re s o a gi ft

to a ch urch p ut away s i n 2 .

Th e re may be not ed th e refore a gr eat i n cr eas e i n, ,

th e pow e r of th e bishops ov e r that of th e earli e r

pe riod No longe r do we he ar of great pr e sbyt e rs
.
,

but w ith th e growing in s tit utio n al is m of th e ch urch

its high er offi c e rs ca m e i n to gr eat pro m ine nc e an d
e x e rcis e d a s oc i al an d p olitical as w e ll as e ccl e siasti ,

cal an d spirit ual pow e r Bish ops to ok th e ir pl ac e i n

,
.

the n ati onal ass e m bli e s an d co un cils of th e k ings an d ,

we re abl e to e x e rci s e an i n fl ue nc e in the app oint m en t

and installati on of th e c ounts 3
In this way th e y e n .

te re d into and b e cam e a part of th e gro wi n g f e ud al

l W ita z, vol . u, .

p art pp 5 7 5 9
.
-
.

3 S icut n a e xtm guiti gn em , i ts i n guitpeccatum .

el ce mos yn a ex t
M 6 8 Perr y, p 467,
Wi
( u a
rto i r , vo
p
v. , 2 . . n ote
1 at vol ii , ar t ii , pp 3 9 » 60
z, .
p . . . .
 P ower o
f h
t e B i s hops .
47

régim e wi elding a greate r p ow e r than the lay lord s

, ,

by reas on of their ad d iti onal e ccl esias tical and S pirit

ual positi on Ch ilp e ri c th e N e ustrian k ing in th e las t
.
,

q uart e r of th e S ixth cent ury who m G re gory of To urs ,

cal ls a mod e rn N e ro is re port ed to h av e said : N on e

,

tr uly reign butth e bish ops our dign ity has d e parted
”
and is transfe rred to th e m 1
.

Th es e great spirit ual l ords strong in pop ular s up ,

port rich in gold an d lan d s posse ss e d of what int e l

, ,

l e ct ual powe r th e re was s urrounde d by vas sal s r ulin g

, ,

th eir cl ergy riv alling oft en s uccessf ully th e c oun ts

, , ,

an d gr e at l ay l or d s the ce ns ors of k ings f reed by i m

, ,

m uni ti es fro m many b urd e n s an d obli gatio n s attai n e d ,

a h e ight of powe r se emingly almost un assailabl e Y e t .

in th eir v e ry greatn ess lay the so urc e of dange r an d

w eak n ess .

T h e ch urc h had transfe rre d to th e Fran k ish m on

archy the old script ural i d ea of royal a uth ority an d
pow er and eve n acknowl ed ge d the king as its l ord
,

an d mast e r This pow e r he was not slow to acc ep t

.

and e xe rcise T he sam e d espotism which h e acquire d

.

towar ds his s ubj e cts h e show ed towards the ch urch .

If h e fo ught for the ch urch li k e a C onstantin e he ,

rul e d it in t he sa m e d e sp otic way H e m ight ord e r .

ch urche s to be re stored J e ws to be b aptiz e d and , ,

h ea th e n c ustoms to be ab olish e d ; he c ould als o as ,

d id C hil p e ri c command that th e d istinction o f p e rs ons

,

in th e Tri n ity sho ul d be no l onger re cogniz ed butthe ,

nam e G od o n ly be us ed an d forc e this ord e r on all ,

th e doctors of th e ch urch ; ad d by his own a utho rit y

2
, .

1 Perry, P 4 73
T
° °

1 G regor y of ours , bk . v.
pp . 2 88 , 289 .
4 8 T he Ag e of Char lemag ne .

fo ur l e tt e rs to the alphab e t and introd uc e th e m into

book s an d i n st ruction 1
.

E sp e cially d id th e a utho rity of th e k ing S how its e lf

in the m att e r of app oi n t m ent to th e chi ef eccl e sias tical
ofl i ces partic ul arly to th e important bish oprics
‘
, T he .

can onical law as it had b ee n e stablish e d be fore th e

,

Fra n kish c onq uest gav e to th e cl e rgy and pe opl e of

,

th e city th e right to el ect th eir bish op r eq uiring at ,

th e sa m e tim e th e ass e nt of th e m e trop olitan an d of

th e oth e r bish ops of th e p rovi n c e Late r synods had .

e n d e av ore d r e p e ate d ly to e n forc e this r ul e B ut th e .

kings pe rhaps as early as Cl ovis c l ai m ed th e right of

, ,

app ointm ent an d th e ch urch was forc ed to ack now

,

l ed ge i t re sisti n g on ly a m ost unr easo n abl e choice as

, ,

”
of a noto ri ous e vil li v e r or of a m e re l ayman .

E ccl esias ti cal p ositi on s cam e more and more un d e r

the dir e ct pat r on age of th e ki n g an d thos e who live d ,

ab out th e p alac e high i n th e k i n g s confid e nc e and

,
’

fav or rec eive d appointme nts to s uch as the ir re ward

, .

In this way G e rman s w e re s ubstit ut ed for Romans in

th e e piscop at e and th e ch urch was bo und still clos er
,

to the ruling pow e r Prom is es of aid act ual se rvi c es

.
, ,

and ev e n m on e y paym e nts t ook the place o f spirit ual

charact e r as th e req uirem ents for a s ucc essful can d i
dat e till one saw in many of the bishops littl e els e but
,

mighty lord s hol d e rs of vast estat es ; an d e v e n co unts

,

1 G T
of our s , bk v , p 2 9 0
regor y T
h es e four etters s eem tohave l
G
. . . .

b een deri ved fr om t h e r eek 0 , h

(p ) 0 ( i h ) an d
G
, ,

3 r egor y of T
our s , bk viii , p 45 1
. a an , B i s h op of
. . auze, Lb E
di ed th i s year , an d had as h is s ucces s or idi er , a aym an D
The ki n g l .

h ad promi s ed wi th an oath th ath e wou d n ever ch oos e a bts h Op fr oml

l
th e ai ty B ut wh at can avai again s t that detes t
. l a e t hir stfor go d bl l
whi ch r ages in the heartof morta s " l
5 0 T he Ag e o
f Ch a r l em a
g n e.

d uty in that s pirit ual Oflice to which it had pl eas ed

‘

G od to call th em little or n othing fo un d its way into

,

th e annals of th e ir co unt r y ; and we hav e go od re as on

to b e li e v e th at a m id th e too ge n e ral corruption of
,

th es e ti m es th e re w e re always s om e i n wh ose h earts

,

th e lif e bl oo d of t
-
h e c h urch was tre as ure d and p re
”
se rved.
1

1 Perry, p 463
. .
 C H APT E R V I I .

TH E SP R E D OF C HR I S T I AN IT Y MON AS T I CI S M
A —
M I S S I ON AR I E S IRI S H S C O T C H AND EN G LI S H
, , , .

HIS con d iti on of the ch urch and these te n

d ouci e s on th e p art of its chi e f offi ci als
h ad th e ir e ffe ct on th e S pr ead of Chri s
ti an ity T rue th e arms of Clovis an d of his
.
,

s ons had carri e d orth odoxy wh ere v er th e y

h ad g on e until at last on ly two t rib es r e main ed out
,

s i d e of th e Frankish king d om an d un con ve rt ed to th e

C atholic faith T h e Visig oths i n Spain b e yon d th e
.
,

reach of th e Fran kish a rm s re m ain ed fi e rce Ari an s

,

until th e conv e rsion of th e ir ki n g R eccare d i n 5 8 7

, , ,

on which occasion it will be re m e m b e re d th e d octrin e

, ,

of th e proc e ssion o f th e H oly Spiri t from th e Son as

w e ll as from the Fath e r was add ed to the N ic e n e
Cre ed probably in ord e r to ass ert m ost emphatically
,

an d e v e n on this point th e abs ol ut e co e q uality of t he

S on with the Fath e r . T h e i m portanc e of this c on
ve rsio n was slight h ow e v e r as th ey w ere c ompl e t e ly
, ,

ove rthrown by th e S arac e n s i h 7 1 1 T he O strogoths

.

i n north e rn Italy un d e r Th e od oric w e re A ri an un d e r ,

th e Byza n tin e r ul e th e y w e r e n om inally ortho d ox b ut ,

th e con ques tand settl e m en t by th e L o mb ards in 5 68

S
I
5 2 T he Ag e f
o Cha r l emag n e .

re established Ari an i s m T he Catholi c infl uenc e b egan

.

to be felt howe ve r in th e ti m e of G re gory th e G reat

, , ,

an d aft e r 663 t he L ombard kings w e re orthodox .

T h e conv e rsions from h e ath e n ism by the Fran k ish

powe r we re at first n ominal tho ugh ev en thi s a fford e d ,

a f oothold for t h e m issi on ari es an d an opport unity for

f ur th e r trai n i n g F e ar an d brib e ry we re imp ortant
.

ag e n t s ; p e r s e c uti on an d p unishm e n t of h eath en i s m

s e rv e d to m ak e it un pop ular B aptism was regard ed .

as i n its e lf a ccomplishi n g conv e rsion an d t he obs or ,

van ce of Le nt and payi n g tith e s as the charact eri s tic

m arks o f Christian ity 1
F urth e rmore the ch urch had
.
,

take n up a policy o f ad aptatio n which m ad e th e first ,

ste ps e asy butthr eate n ed se rio us d an ge rs in its aft e r

,

e ffe cts It is on e thi n g to e mphasiz e p oints of agre e

.

m e nt h e l d i n com m o n ; it is q uit e a n oth e r to oblit e rat e

real d istinctio n s an d to ad opt de lib erately that which
has al ways b e e n asso ciate d with dir ectly opposing
vi e ws T he latt e r was th e d angero us co urs e upon
.

which th e ch urch en t e red H e athe n c ustoms w ere .

adopted feas ts an d festivals intro d uc ed tho ugh with

, ,

Christian nam es E v e n the existen ce of th e old

.

diviniti es was in many cas es ackn owl edged tho ugh ,

th eir nam es w ere cha n ged to d evils an d e vil spirits .

H eathe n t e mpl es we r e recons e crat ed as Ch ristian

ch urch es T h e whol e i d ea of G od was pe rve rt ed and
.

a panth eon of saints e r e cted T h e ord eal a p ure ly .

,

h eath e n i n stit ution re c eive d a Ch ristia n form v e rs es

, ,

of th e Bibl e w e r e us ed i n the ch urch to t ell fo rt un e s

an d d e ci d e l ot s t h e relics an d i m ag es of sai n ts w e re
,

e ndow e d with s up e rnat ural pow e r and us ed as charms ,

1 B oreti us , pp . 68, 69 ; K ar oi l M agn i l

Capi tuar ia, x xvi ,
.
4.
1 6, 1 7 .
 Dem or a l i za ti on .
53

an d re ve ren c e d if n ot worshipp ed as s uch Th us a

, ,
.

h eath e ni s h mat e rialistic spi rit was allow e d to en te r

i n to and tak e p oss ession of Christian ity m e rely in
ord e r that its o utward form might be m ore readily
accept e d an d m ore q uickly ad opted .

Christian ity mad e little progre ss am ong th e hea

th e n at fi rst how e ve r I n th e M osell e an d Rhin e
, .

d istricts th e re w e re th e bishop ri cs of C ol ogn e Tre v e s , ,

M etz To ul an d L iég e also ch urch es in M ay e nc e

, , , ,

Worms Spi res and Stras b urg an d on the Lowe r

, , ,

D an ub e So m e of th ese we re d estroy ed in th e first

1
.

shoc k of conq uest but man y k ept the ir c on ti n uity

,

unbrok e n and mad e c onv e rts among the G e rm an

tribes Th e re was no S pe ci al mis sio n ary w ork by
.

th e Fra n ks among t h e G e rm ans b e yond th e Rhin e .

T h e Frank ish cl e rgy w e re too m uch occ upi e d with

oth e r inte rests n eare r hom e and wh e n in the sixth , ,

and sev enth ce n t uri es th e y did show any activity it

,

was alm ost wholly confi n ed to th e old Salian and

B e lgi an districts D uring th e fifth an d sixth ce nt uri e s
.

th e gloom of chaos an d of barba rism fe ll up on e v e ry

thing I n th e contact with civilization barba rism at
.
,

fi rst ex e rcis e d th e stro n g e st i n fl uenc e T h e d i sor .

d ere d and t urb ul e nt life brutal p as sions mate rializ e d

, ,

conc epti o n s co uld not fail to hav e a d em oralizi n g

,

effe ct upon t h e cl e rgy T h e res ults upon th e bishops

.

we hav e already consid e re d and as Cha uc e r wrot e , , ,

und er s imil ar c onditions in E n gland

I f gold rust, what shall ir on do?

In th e midst of all this e vil an d con fus ron dark ,

n ess and d emoralization th e B e n ed ictin e ord e r was ,

1 W z, vol
ai t . ii .
, p ar t i .
, p 76. .
54 T he Ag e of Cha r l em ag n e .

introd uc ed into E urop e from th e fo un dation mad e

by B en e d i ct of N ursia at M onte Cas sino in 5 2 8 To .

th e s cat te re d monast e ri es e stablish e d alread y he gav e

a unity and gen e ral rul e an d i n creas ed th e ir n um b e r,

an d e ffi ci e n cy T h e r ul e was p ractical as w e ll as

.

r eligi ous d e ma n d e d phy s ical as we ll as i n t ell e ct ual

,

l ab or st ud y as w e ll as pray e r an d m ore of the s e than

, ,

of fasts an d vigil s an d fl e s h ly asc e ti cis m 1

.

M ulti tud es flocke d to th em fro m all clas ses of s o

c ie t y Ki
. n gs lai d d ow n th e ir cro w n s a n d sol d i e rs
th e ir arms ; som e e nt ered th ro ugh co war d ic e an d s u
p e r s ti ti on ; som e th r o ugh d e vo ti on to high hop e s a n d
nobl e p urpos e s ; so m e thro ugh d esp ai r an d w ret ch ed
n es s . B ut a g re at work l ay b e for e th e m al l an d ,

m an fully th ey s e t out to p erform it Th e y b e cam e .

th e p i on ee rs of E urop e c ultivati n g b oth m i n d an d ,

soi l C en tres of d eep r e li gi ous life th ey w e re at th e

.
,

sam e ti m e th e so urce s of a gre at an d be n e fi ce n tactiv

ity As far as th e y coul d the y fo s t e r e d l earni n g
.
,

pres erv ed book s an d k ept aliv e a s e n s e of th e reali ty

,

of that high e r life whi ch is n ot d isc e r n ed by th e

s e n s e s but is real an d is e te rnal
,
.

T he r e al in ce n tiv e to this an d to th e re st of th e ,

missio n a ry activity cam e how e v e r from across th e

, , ,

s e as I rela n d h ad light e d on h e r sho re s a l amp of

.

l earni n g an d of r el i gi o us life d e sti n ed not to go out ,

until th e wh ol e We st e r n w orld h ad b e e n ill umin e d

by its bright n ess an d h ad c aught th e fi re from i ts
flam e I re lan d h ad b e e n c onv erte d by th e labors
.
,

th e holy life an d th e b eautif ul ch aract e r of St Patric k

,
.

in th e fifth c e n t ury an d Scotl an d i n th e s ixth cen

,

1 T he r ul e in ful l is tran s l ated in H en ders on, pp . 2 74- 3 4

1 .
 I r i s h Mi s s i on a r i es .
55

t ury by St Col umba w ho had gon e ove r from I re

.
,

l and T he fruits of th e ir lab ors S how e d th e m s e lv es

.

in z eal for l earn ing an d a ferv ent d evoti on whi ch ,

gav e to Ire land the n am e of Isl e of th e Saints ; they

als o aro us ed an int en se missionary activity which , ,

n ot cont e nt with t h e conv e rsion of a large part of

E n glan d ext e n d ed to the Con tin e nt whe re I rish mis
, ,

s i on ari e s e n t e re d th e wilds an d fore sts and i n th e ,

sixth and s e v e n th c ent uri es carri ed on th eir wor k

a mon g th e Visigoth s Al e man ni B urgundians and
, , ,

Lo mbards Frid olin see m s to have b e e n th e firs t

.
,

an d b e gan his work am ong t h e Visigoths n e ar Poi

ti e rs about the y ear 5 0 0 an d l at e r und e r th e p rot eo
, ,

ti on of Clovis afte r the c on q uest in 5 0 7 h e found e d

, ,

s eve ral ch urche s and mo n aste ri es afte rwards going ,

am o n g th e Al eman n i farthe r east Col umban us s uc .

ce ed e d him and lai d t h e real fo undati on s of th e lat e r

Ch ri s tian life and l earn i n g H e l eft I re lan d in 5 9 0
.

an d cros s e d t h e F ra n k ish k ingdom until he ca m e to

a wild an d s avage distri ct am on g th e Vosges M oun
“

tai n s i n no rth eas te rn B urgun d y whe re h e establish e d

, ,

his m onas t e ri es An eg rey (An ag rate s ) L ux e uil (L ux

, ,

ovi um ) an d Font enay (F on tan a

, e) O f th ese L ux .

c uil was t h e chi e f and b e ca m e on e of th e greatest

,

c entres of l earn ing an d religi o us life I n th e first .

half of the s ev e n th ce nt ury G e rman nam es b e cam e

more freq ue n t am on g th e re form i n g bishops an d
fo un d e rs of religio us com m un iti es but all re ce ived ,

the ir i n spirati on d ire ctly or indi re c tly from L ux e uil ”

1 .

D riv e n from B urg un d y by th e evil Br un hil d a h e ,

withdrew to th e N e ust rian ki n gd om wh e re h e was ,

1 M art
in m l 1 2 8
p , . . .
 5 6 T he Ag o
f Ch a e r l em a
g ne .

w e lcom ed by Cl otai re wh os e s upre m acy ov e r th e ,

whol e Fran k ish ki n gd om he predicted wo uld be os

tablis he d b e fore th re e y e ars Ref using to re m ain in .

ord e r to re c eiv e the re wards of hi s pl e asi n g proph ecy ,

he wen t to Al e m a n n ia whe re his discipl e Gall us ,

foun d ed the fa m o us m onaste ry of St G all H e . .

we nt on across the Alps i n to the Lom bard ki n gd o m ,

wh e re h e foun d e d still an oth e r monas te ry Bobbi o , .

F ro m tim e to tim e h e e ngage d in correspond en ce

wi th th e bishops of Rom e an d tho ugh free fro m the ,

se rvil e spi ri t of a l at e r ag e it breathes thro ugho ut ,

the d ee p e st re sp e ct an d r e v e re nc e for th e chair of

”
St Pe t e r an d the s ucc essors of Pe ter and Pa ul
.
,

wh om h e gree ts as th e h ead of th e church es of th e

West occ up yi n g the chi e f s e at of th e ortho dox faith l
, .

T o th e e xa m pl e an d i n fl ue n c e of th es e Sc otch Irish -

m issi on ari es an d th e ir d i s cipl e s was d ue v e ry large ly , ,

th e work of th e F rankish m issiona ri e s F urthe rmore .

,

afte r th e C ouncil of Whitby i n 664 whe n th ei r work , ,

in E ngl and cam e to an en d large n umb e rs of th e m ,

cross ed ove r to the Contin ent and carri ed on a vast

missio n ary work along th e Rhin e and among the
H e ssians Th uringi ans B ava rians an d Al eman n i
, , , .

Th eir work how eve r whi l e sinc e re earn e st an d

, , , ,

tr ue lack e d un ity and efl ective org anization an d

'

, ,

se em e d unabl e to resist the e ncroachm en t of h ea th en

reacti on and the corrupting in fl uenc e s of worl d ly
mind ed and immoral k ings an d princ e s T h e sam e .

d efe at that th ey s ustai n e d in E n glan d the y w e re

forc ed to und e rgo on th e Conti n e nt at th e hands of
1 N eand er , vol. iii pp 29 -35 ; Ku t r z, vol. i , p 45 7 ; M artin vol .
l
.
, . . .
,
11 -
1 PP 1 1 -
4 1 1 7
, 1 2 7- 1 3 1 , es peci al y p . 1 2 7, n ote 2 .
 CH APT E R VI I I .

TH E NE W PO W E R S AND G R E AT P U R P O S E S O F TH E
M AYO R S O F T H E PAL AC E C H ARL E S M ART E L
—
AND T H E C H U R C H F OUND AT I ON O F F EU
—

D AL I S M
.

H E Fran kish k i n gdo m which had b e e n

,

e stablish e d by t h e great c on q ue sts of th e

e arly M e rovi n gi an king s Cl ovi s an d his
,

s ucc esso rs form ed a wi d e e mbraci n g

,
-

unio n of R omans and of G e rmans of

many di ffe rent t rib es It was in this r esp e ct far
.

more compl ex an d vari ed than any of th e oth e r G er

m an ki n gdoms which aros e out of th e s e ttl em ents
aft e r th e V ii lk e rwan d e r un g .B utth e task of holdi n g
all togethe r an d solidifying th e union al re ady b egun
was too great for the ki n gs of th e s e v e n th c ent ury .

The ir own we ak n ess and inability to con ti n ue to h old

th e position th e y had gain e d toge th e r with th e rising
,

pow e r of th e gr eat chi e fs whos e infl ue nc e app eared

,

not o n ly in the palac e but es pe cially in the o utlying

,

provinc es threatened a compl ete ove rthrow and d is

,

s ol ution of t h e kinn m .

New pow e rs w e re n ee d ed to re aliz e th e gr eat possi

bil iti es of a new an d strong d e v elop m e n t which w e re
,

5 8
 P r edom i n an ce o
f th e Ger m a n E l em en t .
59

promise d by this cl ose c ontact of s o ma n y d i ffe re n t

G e rman trib e s wi th Ro m an civilizati on an d Chri s
ti an ity in on e un it e d k i n gd om Th es e n e w p owe rs
.

w e re fo und in th e mayors of th e palac e or rath e r in ,

that one gr eat fam ily which had th e origi n of its

gr eatn e ss i n that position but which finally realiz ed
,

al l th e s e possibiliti e s by t h e cr e ati on of an empir e .

It was of the greatest significan c e that the p ow e r

pas si n g from th e e nfee ble d M e rovi n gi an s who re ,

tai n ed only th e r oyal ti tl e sho ul d g o to th e A

,
us tra
sian s that part of th e Fran kish rac e whi ch re m ain ed
,

most thoroughly Ge rm an s o that th e G erm an ele

,

m en t gai n e d a n ew i n fl ue n c e ; an d th at at th e sam e
ti me th e uni on with the R oman civilizati on and wi th
th e ch urch was not b rok e n but re c e iv e d n ew life an d
,

was s till furth e r d ev el op e d .

T h e foun d ati on of thi s large r w ork was laid as we ,

have s ee n by Pippi n of H e ri s tal the grandso n of

, ,

Arn ulf of M e tz and of Pippin of Lan d e n Aft e r .

uniti n g A ustrasia an d th e Wes t h e proc e ed e d to ,

unit e th e othe r G erman t rib e s A m ong th e s e w e re

.

th e F ri e sia n s whos e ki n g R ath bod s ee m e d to be

, , ,

threate ning the north e rn b ord e rs of the F ra n kish

t e rri tory Pippin con q ue red h im an d gav e s upport
W
.

to th e E nglish missi on ary illibrod who was tryi n g ,

to i n tro d uc e Chri s tianity th e r e T he acco un t of this

.

mission as B ed e giv es it is v e ry interesting

, ,
An d .

whe n th ey had com e thithe r b e i n g more ove r twelve

, , ,

in n umb e r th ey t urn e d asi d e to Pippi n l ead e r of th e

, ,

1
Fran ks and we re graci ously rec eived by h i m ; an d
,

1 l
I n th e as tpartof the s ame chapter h e is cal ed l th e mos tg ori ous l
ru F
l er of th e ran ks ”
.
60 T he Ag o
f Ch a
e r l em a
g n e .

b e ca use h e h ad lat ely c onque re d Hi the r Fri eslan d ,

havi n g d riv e n th en c e Ki n g R ath bod h e s ent th em ,

thith e r to preach also assisting th em with his imp e rial

a utho rity l e st any on e S ho uld o ffe r an y hind ranc e
,

to th e ir pre aching an d e xalting with man y b e n e fits

,

thos e wh o we re willi n g to re c e ive th e faith B ut .

aft e r th e y who had go n e thith e r had taught in F ri es

l an d for s om e y ears Pippi n sent illibrod to R om e
, W ,

wh ere S e rgi us still h el d the p on tifi cate with th e ,

d emand th at h e might be conse crate d arch bish op for

th e F ri esian s This was don e in the y e ar 69 6
. .

M oreover Pippin gave hi m a plac e for his episcopal

,

s e e in his famo us fo rtifi e d town which is call e d Vilta

” 1
b urg that is th e town of th e V il ti
, ,
.

Pippin di e d in th e y e ar 7 1 4 an d d e sired to l e ave

,

his p owe r to his infant gr andson both his sons hav ,

ing di e d ; but an i ll egi timat e 5 0 1 1 Charl es afte rwards , ,

call ed M art e l th e Hamm e r r ec eived th e s upp ort of

, ,

th e A ustras ian s and to ok up th e work o f his fath e r .

By a great victory in 7 1 7 h e gaine d N e ust ria and

was soon ack nowl e dge d by the oth e r parts of th e
k ingdom th us s e c uring to hi m s elf th e re s ults gain e d
,

by his fath er at th e v ictory of T e s try By concon .

trati n g al l th e pow e r in his own h ands and not con ,

fini n g hims elf to any s ingl e part of th e realm h e w as ,

abl e to bring abo ut a more compl et e un ity which ,

was st ill f urth e r strength e n ed by th e great warfare

in which h e unit ed all th e G e rman p eopl es against
th e M ahom e tans .

His relations with the ch urch are o f the utmost

1 B ede, bk . v. , ch ap s . x . , xi .
 R ehel l i ons B i s ho
ps ren der Cha r l es el
Ma r t . 61

importanc e an d int e r est T he bishops as we hav e

.
,

s een had com e to h ol d posi tions of gr eat infl ue nce

, ,

e spe cially in t h e c iti e s of th e ir re sid enc e not only ,

ov e r the Roma n p op ulation but ove r othe rs in con

, ,

s eq uenc e of th eir n e w p owe rs as lords of great os

tate s with d ep end e nt tenan ts and possessing alm ost
, ,

sov erei gn rights thro ugh the imm uniti es grant ed

to th e m Th es e bishoprics w e re co m i n g into th e
.

p osse ssi on of p owe rful fam ili es an d th us b e cam e

,

a great m e nac e to th e civil p ow e r S om e of th e .

bishops ope nly re sist ed the a uth ority of Charl e s an d

e v e n d e ni e d h i m e ntranc e to th e ir citi e s Charl es .

proceed e d q uite s ummarily against the m H e re .

mov ed th e refractory bishops from th eir s e e s an d

gave th e ir places as we ll as som e of the rich abbey s
, ,

to his foll ow e rs and kinsm en Th es e n e gl e cted the

.

spirit ual i n t erests and mad e n o pret enc e to an e ccl e

s ias tical ord e r g ivi n g th e ms e l ve s wh oll y up to the
,

se c ular rights and poss essio n s b elonging to th eir

ofli ces . As Boniface s ai d in a lette r to the Pop e ,

F or th e mo s t part in the citi es th e e piscop al s ee s

, ,

are giv e n ov e r to t h e poss essi on of avari ci ous laym e n

or to wic ke d and worldly cl erg y to en j oy in a m e rely
”
s ec ular way .

It was not m e rely top unish reb ellio us bishops how ,

e ve r that Charl e s b e stow e d ri ch ch ur ch e stat e s upon his

,

followe rs I thad b een th e practice in e arli e r ti me s for

.

th e k ings and great chi e fs to b estow lands as re war ds

upon th e ir follow e rs and this practic e h ad grown i n
,

freq uency an d e xt e nt T h e gr eat e ccl esias tics h ad

.

b e en ind uced to foll ow th e same method exc ept th at ,

62 T he Ag o
f Ch a e r l ema
g ne .

h y had not be stowed th eir lands outright but as

t e ,

r ecar i a or b i for a finit or

1
p p er e n efi c n m d e e i n d e fi ,

n it e p e ri od us ually for lif e

, Th us whil e the ch urch .
,

lands w e re in ali e nabl e th e crown lands h ad b ee n ,

larg ely disposed of be fore th e A ustras ian princ e s

cam e into pow er an d th e y h ad littl e with which to
,

re ward th e ir foll ow e rs th e ir own p os s essi on s b e i n g ,

q uit e i n ad e q uat e Charl es th e r efore fo und hi m s e lf

.

t urni ng to the imm ense prop e rty of th e ch urch with ,

its large tracts of inali e nable l an d The se be p ro .

ce e d ed to b e stow i n ben e fi ci o up on his follow e rs not ,

th e refor e ma ki ng a c om pl et e co n fis cation for state

p urpose s as a form al se c ul arizati on but by irre g ul ar ,

an d forcibl e m ea n s b e st owing th e pr op e rty for oc e n

pati ou or for us uf ruct H e nc e from thi s ti m e th e .

form of grant i n ben efi ci o alread y i n us e by th e ,

ch urch was us e d al s o by t
,
h e p r i n c e th us S howing a ,

S i m ilar charact e r i n t h e gra n t s 2

.

T h e r e ign of Charl es M art e l has b e e n call e d a r ud e

epoch for t he c le rgy an d ch urch e s of th e Franki s h
kingd om but by him an d by his s ucc es s ors Pippi n
, ,

an d Ch arl e s th e G r eat t h e We st was sav e d to civ il i ,

1 l
P r eca n n m , a gr an tof an d i n an s wer to a r eq ues t, h en ce r e voca e
’

bl
at t l
he wi l of th e gran tor ; cf our wor d p r ec ar i o u s
”
B en e ci n m , a
fi
b
. . .

a t o f a th i n a a en efi t or favor ; t ech n i ca y , i n ben t /fa b o r ll

g r n n y g , s

p er b en efi ci n m ; a s o , olr i gi n a y , at th ellp e a s ure o f th e lgr an to r , b ut

us ua y for i fe
ll l T
h es e two te r m s ar e p r actica y s yn on ym ous , an d
. ll
l l
wh en us ed of an ds wer e app i e d at fi r s t a m os t ex c us i ve y to ch ur ch l l l
lan ds . B en ej fci n m , i f us ed at all by th e ki n gs , w as us ed to r em u
n erat e t h ei r fun cti on ar i es , tak in g the p ace of a m on ey p aym en t, th us
l
at tac h ed t o th e om ce r at h er th an th e m an I t was n ot a ways
. l
g i ven b
y th e r i ch to t h e p o or T h e b en
.
fi
e c i a m h a s een th e r oun d b
b
a outway b ll
wh i ch th e s ma er pr opri etors h i has een os t in th e b l
lar ger
”
. l
us tel de Cou an ges , vol v , pp 1 5 , . . .

3 W
ai t z, vol ii i , pp 3 2 1 F us tel de Cou an ges , vol v , es p ecia y
-
l . . ll
A
. . .

8 — d m 6 E m to o l i 6 2 55
2 a 1 94 2 2 er
pp 3 2 -
v
p p 1 1 9 ;
2 s , pp
n
-
. . .
. .
, , .
 M hom t a e an is m . 63

zation an d to Ch ristian ity T h e ch urch s two great

.
’

victori es of faith and of organizatio n w ere won

thro ugh th e victori es of the sword of the Frank s and
of th e politi cal ord e r establish e d by th e three gre at
Carolingi ans .

J ust on the e ve of apparent t ri umph A riani sm had

b e en conq ue re d by th e conv e rsion of th e Fran k s but ,

it had again thr eat en ed E urop e in th e mor e t e rribl e

form of M ah omet ani s m T h e d e vil cast out had
.
, ,

return e d with seve n other s pi rits w ors e than him s elf

to tak e poss e ssion of th e s wept and garni s h ed ho use .

T h e almost e ndl es s th e ological disp ute s o f th e

great co uncils had l eft a dry th eol o gical dogma i n
place of the li ving G od and Christian asceticism had
,

tak en th e place of a living h umanity M ahom e t .

aros e with all t he z eal of a re ligio us reform e r and

gain e d a host of fol lowe rs in spired with the e n th u
s ias m of fanatical c onv e r t s Th eir watchword was
.

n ot a th e ological form ula b utt h e living G od ; n ot an

,

abstract th eory buta pe rsonal B eing who r ul ed and

, ,

gove rn ed al l things and al l me n with an absol ute

sway and guid e d all afl ai rs and ev e ry e v ent in
'

acc ordanc e with a fi xe d unalte rabl e p urpose S ub

,
.

miss ion to that will inspired stre ngthen ed an d e n

n obled th ese fi ery sons of the d es e rt M
, ,

an th ey .
,

k n e w was both body and s oul and the full enj oy

, ,

m e nt of all his pow e rs and fac ulti es physical int e l , ,

l e ct ual and spirit ual i n this world an d in th e n ext

, , ,

was the fi n al goal the e te rn al re ward of all his efforts

,
.

All nat ural pleas ure s w e re al l owe d i f nothi n g was

don e to the inj ury of an oth er but no false sti m ula ,
”
t i on was p ermitted . M ahomet it has bee n said, ,
64 T he Ag e o
f Cha r l ema
g ne .

IS a proph et of glory and powe r ; h is k i n gdom is of

this world ; the e arth an d all i ts good thing s belong
to the true b e li e ve r With th is prophe cy his fol
.

low e rs w e n t forth th e sw ord th eir miss iona ry an d

, ,

d e ath on th e battl e fi e l d th e s ure st way to parad i s e

-
.

S wiftly th e y spr ead th e ir fai th ov e r land and s e a .

Arabia was won from h er ol d id olatri e s ev e n b efore

th e d eath of M ahom e t i n 63 2 ; by th e mid d l e of
th e c e nt ury S y ri a P al e sti n e E gypt and P e rsia had
, , ,

y i e l d e d to th e ir r e sistl e s s ons e t T h e b an k s of th e .

I nd us the limits of th e e mpire of Al exande r w e re

, ,

re ach e d in 70 7 whil e in t , h e We st th ey sw ept acros s

N orth Africa and in 7 1 1 th e ir l ead e r Tarik pas s ed
, , ,

th e pilla r s of H e rc ul es h en c e forth nam e d afte r h i m

,

Dj ebe l Tarik Gibral tar mo un tain of Tari k Twic e

-
, ,
.

th e y attack ed C onstan tinopl e but th e n ew inve ntion ,

of the G ree k fi re k ept th e m at bay un til a d eci s iv e ,

victory by th e E m p e ror L eo I II i n 7 1 7 force d them .

to halt at th e foot of th e Taurus M oun tains Th us .

all th e old seats o f Ch ristian ity in th e E as t and S outh

—
had b ee n sw ept away Carthage Al exan d ria J e ru
, , ,

—
sal e m and Antioch and this di sappe aranc e of her
,
,

rivals l eft Rom e s upre m e .

In th e We st th e alre ady w eak en ed V isigoths of

Spain fe ll an eas y pre y b e fore th eir onward march .

I n 7 20 th ey cros s ed the Pyre n ee s and E urop e lay at ,

th e ir feet B ut a v oice had cri ed Hith erto shalt

.
,

thou com e but no furth er ; and h ere shall thy pro ud

,

wav es be stay e d In 7 3 2 ca m e that great battl e

.

wh e n the force s of th e E ast and of th e We s t m e tfor

th e fi nal iss ue on th e v e ry spot wh e re tw o h un d re d ,

an d tw enty fi ve y ea rs b e for e had b ee n fo ught the

-
,
66 T he Ag e o
f Ch a r l em a
g ne .

F or th e A rabs re li e d la rgely on th e ir fl e e t hors e s

an d strong c av al ry forc e ; h e nc e it was n e c e ssary t o
introd uc e a si m ilar e quipment into th e Frankish army .

In th e d e nse fore sts an d wild morass es of th e N orth ,

foot soldi e rs had b e en use d almost e xcl usiv ely an d

-
,

m o un t ed wa r ri ors had bee n of littl e adva n tage e x

c e pt for pred ato r y rai d s T h e chan ge th e re fore en
.
, ,

taile d gre at e xp e nse an d Cha rl e s was oblige d to aid

,

h i s f ollow e rs by granti n g to th e m la n ds which th ey

could hold on c on diti on of re n d e ri n g m ilitary se rvic e .

This also e x pl ai n s his s e i z ur e of ch urch l an d s as h e ,

co uld not g et e n o ugh for th e p urpos e e lsewh e r e 1

.

Ind eed h e was in gr eat n eed Plac e d b e tw e e n

, .

two hydra h e ad e d monst e rs th e pagan is m of th e still

-

un c on v e rt e d trib es in th e N orth an d th e M
,

ah om e

tan is m of th e fi e rc e Ar abs in th e So uth h e was ,

obliged to m ain tain t h e great e st e n e rgy and c e as e l e ss

warfare T h e Saxons i n th e N orth still h e l d out
. .

Christianity m ad e no h e adway th e re and th e ir con ,

ti n ual uprisings haras se d the Fran ks T h e M e ro .

v i n g i an k ing d i e d in 7 3 7 b ut no ch r on icl er re c ord e d

,

his d eath an d Charl es t ook no pains to provid e a

,

s ucc e ssor .

M e antim e the Arabs had fortifi e d th ems elve s in

Avign on an d we re spre ad ing eas tward Charl e s .

again t urn ed his ar m s agai n st th em an d ai d ed by , ,

L i utp ran d an d th e L ombard s finally drov e th e m to

,

th e far So uth . At last in 740 al l th e en e m i es of

, ,

th e Fran k s w e r e s ubd ued an d p eac e re i g n ed s upre m e

,
.

B ut it was a p e ac e which h ad c ost m uch an d w as

maintain ed by oppre ss i on It rest ed with e sp e cial
.

1 A
dams , pp . 20 6- 20 8 .
 Char l es Mar tel and he
t Ch ur ch . 67

h eavin e ss upon th e Frankish ch urch S h e was force d

.

to sit by an d s ee h e r w ealth confi s cated and d istrib ute d

am ong t h e Fra n kish l e ad e rs an d th e ir warlike fol
l ow e rs an d h e r lan d s assign e d to th e m as fe ud al
,

hold ings to be us ed for th e s upp ort of warri ors an d

th e f urnishi n g of h ors e s an d of arm s .

Although Charl e s th us m ad e hi m s e lf a t e rror an d

a ty rant t o th e bishops an d abb ots of th e Frankis h
c h urc h
,
h e was re cogn iz e d as the only h ope of th e
Christianity of th e We st an d his n am e was h e l d i n
,

th e highe st h on or at R om e O n e of th e F r anki s h
.

bishops saw i n a visi on Ch arl e s M arte l d e liv e re d

, ,

ov e r to th e torm e n ts of th e d amn e d i n th e n e th e r
m ost h e ll for h aving robb e d th e ch urc h es of G od of
the i r p oss essio n s ; whil e B onifac e write s th at without
1

his aid the ch ur ch c oul d n ot hav e b een prese rv ed an d

d ef en d e d n or pagan is m an d id olatry d estroy e d
, .

1 M ombert, pp . 28, 29 .
 CH APT E R IX .

B ON IF AC E TH E APO S TL E O F G E R M ANY
,
—TH E
C ON V E R S I ON O F TH E E A S TE RN GE R MA NS
O R G AN I Z ATI ON O F TH E FR AN K I S H C H U R C H
U N I ON WITH R OME .

O T only is th e conv e rsion of th e p e opl e

living al on g th e bord e rs of th e Fran ki s h
ki n gd om c l os e ly co n n e ct e d with th e
n am e and w or k of Bo n ifac e b ut also ,

th e e st ablish m e nt an d unifi c ati on of th e

wh ol e e ccl esiastical organization of th e F ra n k s So .

i m p ortant an d ex t e nsive w e r e the re s ults which h e

ac c o m p lishe d i n this gre at work that h e has b een call e d
“
the Apostl e of G e rm an y ”
His baptism al n am e
.

was Winfrid of which B onifac e is the Latin form

, ,

t ak e n wh en h e ent e red th e monas te ry or p e rhaps ,

giv e n hi m by the Pop e to signify his conne cti on wi th

an d c o mm issi on by t h e Ro m an Ch urc h .

H e was born abo ut 68 0 at Cr e diton n e ar E x e t e r

, , ,

i n th at p art of We s s e x n ow k n own as D e vonshir e .

H is fath e r int e n d e d him to foll ow s ec ular p urs uits an d

to be th e h e ir an d a d m inist rat or of his large prop e rty .

B ut the boy v e ry e arly sh ow e d sig n s of a st udio us

an d re ligio us dispositio n an d was accordi n gly plac e d
,

68
 Wh ar a mong h e F r i es i a n s
t . 69

in a m onas t ery at E x et e r wh en ce h e re m ov ed to ,

Nuts al l (N e tl ey P) n e ar Wi n ch e st e r ,
H e re h e so on .

gai n e d a rep utati on for schol ars hip and teachi n g abil
ity and gain e d the f ri e ndship of D ani el Bishop of
, ,

Win ch este r to who m man y o f his most val uabl e

,

l e tt e rs w e re wri tt e n .

Like so many othe r E n glish yo uths h e was fond ,

of trav e l an d was attract ed by gre at opport un iti es for

,

mis sio n ary work on th e Conti n e n t S oon aft e r his .

ordi n ation to the pri e sthood the refore he l eft E n g , ,

land with a few co m panions and directed his way to ,

th e F ri e si ans int e ndi n g to work am ong th e m H e re

W
.
,

h e fo und ill ibrod an E nglish missio n a ry fro m York

, ,

who had arriv e d i n F ries ia s oon afte r th e battl e of

T es try wh e n the powe r of th e Fra n ks at th e b e gin
W
,

n ing of Pippin s care e r was v e ry at

’
i i
’

gr e l l b r od s .

nam e al so h ad b ee n chan ged and h e h ad re c e ive d th e ,

name of Cle m ent wh e n in th e y e ar 69 6 POp e S e r , ,

gi us I had consecrat ed h i m Bish op of U tre cht B ut

. .

R athbod th e King of th e F ri e sia n s havi n g t ak e n

, ,

advantage of the d eath of Pippi n an d th e con s eq ue nt

d isord e r b e fore th e pow e r was s e ttl ed i n the hands of
Charl es M arte l had b egun to d e vast at e th e ch urch e s
,

and to stop the work of th e Christian m issi on ari es .

Bonifac e accordingly re t urn ed to E n gland an d in ,

7 1 8 m ad e a f r e sh start This ti m e h e w e nt . d ire ctly

to Rom e wh ere h e re ce ive d th e aid and advic e of the
,

POp e G re gory I I an d a ge n e ral c ommissi on for m i s

,
.
,

s i on ary work i n c e ntr al E urop e Th e re is a gre at .

sign ifi c anc e in this earl y p e ri od of p repa r atio n for h is

great life work H e was bo rn in th e time of Th e o
-
.

d ore who had been conse crat e d and s ent to E ngland

,
70 T he Ag e of Cha r lemag ne .

as Archbishop of C ant e rb ury by Pop e Vitalian in ,

668 four y e ars aft e r th e E n glish at the C ouncil of

, ,

Whitby had proclaim e d th e ir ad h er e nce to th e

,

e ccl e si astical rite s and c ust oms h e ld by t h e ch urch

at Rom e By th e work of The od ore this acti on had
.

b ee n confirm ed and its res ults crystalliz ed ; school s

w e re e stablish ed which d i d away with the n ee d of
,

d e p e nd e nc e upo n Ire land for int e ll e ct ual light ; th e

E n glish ch urch was bro ught int o final un ity with
itse l f and with Ro m e ; and th e ele m e nts of th e E ast
e rn syst e m of dioc e s an organization d ev e lop ed un d e r

i mpe rial in fl uen ce an d laid d own I n th e c ano n s of

Chalc edon w ere introd uced into E ngl an d T h e
, .

Co uncil of H e rtford wh er e this great wo rk of d io

,

c esan syste m atizati on was formally ad opt e d an d

es t ablish e d had b e e n h e ld in
, only a fe w y e ars
b e fore th e birth of Bonifac e ; co n seq ue n tly his e arly
life and e d ucati on coincid e d with th e first fre shn ess
of the n e w syst em It was th e re fore wi th the out
.

lin es and early practical work ing of this plan stro n gly
fixe d in his m ind and with that gr eat re sp ec t an d
,

d eep gratit ud e an d d evotion to the Roman s e e which

was so since rely felt at that ti m e in th e E n glish
c h urch e x pre ss e d in t h e page s of B e d e s history an d
’

in th e work s of E n glish m issionari e s th at B oniface ,

pres ente d hi ms elf b efore th e Bishop of Rom e in 7 1 8 ,

an d re c e iv e d his commission from G re gory I I .

His first e nd eavors afte r l e avi n g Rom e w ere, ,

am ong t he Bavarians and Th uringi ans re sto ring dis ,

ci l i n e and i n trod uci n g ord e r in th e fi e ld of th e un

p
1 H atch , 30 Th e auth or
. con fus es th e Coun cil of H f
ertord wi th
l
th ath e d at atfi el d in 680 .
 T he Oa th to S t P eter
. . 1

organiz e d labors of th e I rish an d e arly Fran k ish

mission ari es B ut his w ork h e r e d id n ot m e e t with
.

ve ry m uch s ucc e ss an d R ath bod of F ri es ia b ei n g

,

d e ad h e m ad e his way to U tre cht th e sc en e of his

, ,

first att e mpts H e r e m ain ed h e re for thre e y ears

W
,
.

as sisting illi brod and l e arn i n g m uch i n th e way of

m e th od s an d practical e xpe ri e nc e I n 72 2 i ll ibr od . W
off e r e d h i m a bi s h opric but his restl ess z eal wo ul d
,

not pe rmit him to s e ttl e p erm an en tly anywh e re .

H e acc ord i n gly l e ft th e Fri esi an s an d took up ,

w ork a m on g th e H essi ans an d S axons with s uch s uc ,

c e s s that in t h e foll owi n g y e ar h e w as s um m on ed to

Ro me by th e Pop e H e re h e was e xamin ed in h is
.

faith was ordain ed bi s h op witho ut an y S pe cial s e e

,
1
,

an d to ok t h e fa m o us oath which b ound hi m and his

work to p e r m an e n t un ity with Ro m e prod ucing ,

r es ults fra ught with s uch vital and far r eaching i m -

p ort to the Ch ristia n ity of the West T h e e ss e n tial .

part of this oath reads as follows 2

I n th e n am e
of G od th e Lord an d our S avi our J e s us Christ I , ,

B onifac e by th e grac e of G od bi s hop d o p ro m is e

, , ,

to th ee O bl ess e d P e t e r Pri n c e of th e Ap ostl e s an d

, , ,

to thy vicar th e bl es se d Gre gory Pop e and to his s uc

, , ,

ce s s ors, that I will m ai n tai n th e whol e faith an d

p urity of th e h oly C atholic faith an d by th e h elp of ,

G od will c on tin ue i n th e unity of th at faith an d ,

that i n no way will I agr e e with any thi n g contrary

to th e un ity of the gen e ral an d un iv e rsal ch ur ch
un d e r any p e rs uas io n what e v e r ; b ut as I h av e s ai d , ,

I will in ev e ry way m ai n tai n my f aith p ure an d m y ,

c oii e rat
p i on c onstantly for th ee and for, th e b e n e fit
1 G i es el er, vol . u, p. . 2 6. n ot
e 3
7 2 T he Ag e o
f Ch a r l emag n e.

of thy ch urch upon which was b es towed by G od th e

,

powe r to bind an d to loos e and for th y vi car afore ,

s ai d and for his s ucce ssors

,
And whe n e ve r I find .

that th e cond uct of the pre siding ofli cers of th e

church es contradicts th e anci en t d ecre es of the holy
fathe rs I will have no fellowship or conn ec tio n with
,

th em but on the contrary I will pr even t the m if I

, , ,

c an and if not I wi ll rep ort faith f ully at on ce to my

,

apostolic lord M o re ove r this d e claration of my

.
,

oath I Bonifac e a h umbl e bishop have w ri tt e n with

, , , ,

my own hand an d upon th e most holy body of th e

,

bl e sse d Pet e r I have tak en th e oath as abov e writt en ,

which also I promise to keep G od b e ing my witness ,

and j udge .

Th e sign i fi canc e of this oath is not m e r e ly that it

bo un d Bonifac e and his w ork to th e Roman s e e but ,

that it was th e oath tak e n by th e bishop s of the

s ub urba n and d e p e nd ent ch urch es of Rom e with s uch ,

changes as t h e di ffe rent c on d itions re q uire d and with ,

the s ubstit ution of th e clause promising to oppos e

anything against th e Pop e for the similar clause re
garding t e mp ror and e state
h e e th 1 .

That the work of Bonifac e was not only to Chris

ti an i ze but to e stablish and to e xt end th e eccl e siasti
,

cal syst e m which Th e o d ore h ad bro ught t o E nglan d

from Rom e and the E as t an d to unite this whol e ,

s y s t e m und er t he Bish op of Rom e is s ho wn i n an old ,

report of t h e obj e ct of his m ission That h e sho uld go

b eyond th e Alps and i n tho s e parts wh e re h e re sy was
,
” 1
rif e sho uld s ubstit ut e th e r e for h is s aving t e achi ng .

1 Nean der , vol ii i , pp 8

4 , 49
M
. . . .

1 1 vol. iii ot
, .
, p.
49 , n e.1
74 T he Ag e of Cha r l em a
g ne .

w i th th e nforced rel ations with the Fran ki s h an d

e

C eltic m i s sio n ari e s who d i ffe red wid ely fro m him on
,

i mportan t s ubj ects His s ev e re d e n un ciati on of th e m

.

m ay be ex pl ai n e d by th e fact that to h i m th e ir mar

r i ag es w e re n othing b utf ornication an d ad ult e ry th e ir ,

s ocial life an d lack of asc e ticism m e rely d eba uch e ry

an d drun k e n n e ss Witho ut q ue stion s ome of the m
.

s e rved in war an d th eir lack of disciplin e an d ob e d i

,

en ce t o s om e strong c e n tral pow e r call e d forth his

bitt e re st opp ositi on His fi n al and p e rm an ent s ucc e ss
.

m ust be his j ustificatio n It is do ubtful wh eth e r in

.
,

th e barb aro us c onditi on of thos e tim e s an d ami d the ,

c om motion of al most constant civil wa rs th e i n d ep en ,

d e nt an d scatt e re d labors of th e anti R om an missi on -

ari e s co uld hav e s urvi v e d as w e ll an d mad e as st rong

an im p r e ssion upon t h e G e rm an n ati on as a c on soli
d at e d Christian ity with a c om m o n c e ntre of un ity and
”
a uthori ty 1
T h e opinion of Ran k e i n this conn e c
W
.

ti on is als o s uggestiv e e o ught n ot to consid e r

th e Ch ristianization of G e rm an y o n ly from the point

of vi e w of religio us b e li e f an d t e aching Howeve r .

i mportant these m ay be it was of world historical ,

-

i m p ortance that som e c ount e racti n g i n fl ue nc e sho uld

be pre pare d against Islamis m which was pr essing ,

e v e r d e ep e r i n to the contin e nt of E urop e Boniface .

k n e w right w ell what had happ e n e d in Spain ; th e

work of conve rsion which h e was carr yi n g on was the
chi ef ca use why th e sam e e ve nts di d n otre pe at the m
s e lv es in Ga ul an d G e rm a n y 2
.
”

1 S chaff, vol i v , p 99
. . . .

1 R
an ke, e t gWl
e s ch i ch te ,
”
vol . i .
pp . 2 86, 2 8 7 .
Quoted by
H odgk in, vol vi , p 42 3 , n ote 1
. . . .
 A r ch hi s hop B on iface .
75

It was th e work of con solidati on how e v e r an d th e , ,

e s tablish m e n t of th e di oc e san syst e m on th e Con tin ent

which B on ifac e acc om pli s h ed i n his uni on with th e
s t at e on on e s i d e an d with t h e Ch ur ch of Ro m e on
th e oth e r which wo uld hav e b ee n i m p os s ibl e oth e r
,

wis e and which l aid th e n e ce s s ary foun d ation s for the

,

pre s ervation an d fut ure spread of Ch ristiani ty a mon g

the Franks an d th e ir d ep en d e nts M onast e ri e s an d .

bishoprics as c e ntre s of l earning an d of authority

, ,

w e re e stablishe d i n s uitabl e pl ac es t estifying to his ,

p ractical wisd om and fo r e sight M onks a n d n uns .

cam e ov e r from E nglan d as t each e rs an d e x e m plars

of right living a m ong th e p eopl e who m th e y wish ed
to e l e v at e .

T h e acc e ssion of G re gory I I I i n 7 3 1 m ad e n o .

bre ak i n th e fri e n d ly r el atio n s with the Papacy an d ,

in 7 3 2 th e Pop e s e nt th e p alli um to Bo n ifac e an d

m ad e h i m an archbish op th ough h e was not by thi s
,

act mad e Pri m ate of all G e r m any as so m e hav e s up ,

p os e d His positi on was rathe r that of a m et rop olitan

.
,

i n who s e charg e w e re p lac ed th e m ore n orth e rn d i s

tri cts wh e r e h e h ad sp e cially l ab ore d partic ularly th e ,

bishopric s of Tongres Cologne U tr echt Wo rms and

, , , ,

Spire s 1
.

I n th e y ear 7 3 8 he mad e his third and last visit to

R om e wh en he was inv e st ed with the pow e rs an d
,

auth ority of a papal l e gat e with a sp e ci al c omm is s ion

,

to vi s it th e Bavari an ch urch H e re h e e fl e cted a

'

c om pl e t e organizati on an d es tablish ed th e four

,

bi s h oprics of Salzb urg F reisi n g Passau an d R ege n s

, , ,

b urg or Ratisbon H e h eld a sy n o d of the B avari an

.

1 W ait
z, vol . iii .
, pp 4.1 , 42 .
7 6 T he Ag e o
f Ch a r l emag n e .

h urch in 740 an d soon afte r establish e d s e v e ral

W
c ,

oth e r bish opric s farth e r north : E ichs tfi d t ii rzburg , ,

B uraburg and E rf urt

, .

T h e d e ath of Charl e s M art e l in 74 1 op e n e d a n e w

fi e l d of opport unity mad e possibl e still cl os e r rela
,

tio n s with th e stat e an d l e d th e way to a m ore

,

ti m ate union with Rom e Karl m an n and Pippin wh o .

,

s uc ce e d e d th e ir fath e r as m ayors of the p al ac e w e re ,

m ore favorably d ispose d to the ch urch and m ore

i n cli n e d to e nt e r into clos e r relations with Ro m e .

Charl e s M art el had not be en ve ry discri m in ati n g be

tw ee n the R oman an d th e ind ep e nd e nt cl e rgy h e ,

h ad b e e n q uit e willing to allow th e cl e rgy to tak e

part i n his battl es an d h e had n otshown m uc h re s p e c t
,

for church prope rty whe n it was n eed e d to s upp ort

th e a rm y in the w ars against th e Sarac e ns .

T h e work of organizatio n which Bonifac e had so

w e ll carri e d on am on g th e F ri esians H e ssia n s T h u , ,

ri n g i an s an d Bavarians of t
, h e N orth and E ast h e was
now e nabl ed to compl e te by th e e stablishm e nt of th e
d ioc e san and syno d al syste m in th e gr eat ce ntre s of
th e Fran k ish k ingdom .

T h e fi rst s o call e d G e rman synod was h e ld i n 74 2

-
,

at th e re quest of K arl man n to e stablish ord e r i n th e ,

ch urch i n his domi n i on wh e re e ccl e siastical affai rs ,

h ad b e e n in great c on fusio n for the past sixty or

s ev e nty y ears Bo n ifac e n ext to Karl man n in wh os e
1
.
, ,

nam e th e acts o f the synod we re p ubli s h ed h e ld th e ,

2
chi e f plac e as archbishop and pap al l e gat e From .

thi s time the movem ent we nt on : n ew bishoprics

1
J
afi é, iii , B ouif E p 42
01

M
. . . . .

1 ”
is s us S an cti Petri , B oreti us , vol . i .
, p . 2 5 , art
. 1 .
7 8 T he Ag e of Cha r l emag n e .

and d ange rous te achings m ay hav e b ee n w e ll fo und e d ,

b utm os tof th em s e e m to have b ee n d ue toprej ud ic e ,

ign oran c e an d m is und e rstan d i n g

,
1
.

Bo n ifac e e n d e avored to d ev elop th e m etropoli tan

syste m also wh e r eby as h e says in a l e tter to C uth
, ,

b e rt Archbishop of Cant erb ury th e bishops sh oul d

, ,

h old th e s am e r elation to th e m e tropoli tans as th e

m e tropolitan s in th e ir t urn sho uld h ol d to the POp e,
2
, .

This sch em e was not f ully carri ed out how ev e r as , ,

but on e or p e rhaps thre e m etropolit ans w e re ap

, ,

p oi n te d for only a part of th e Frankish ki ngdom 3

.

With th e ne xt Pope Z acharias Bonifac e do es n ot , ,

s e e m to hav e had s uch i n timate an d fri endly re lati on s;

on e or two of his l e tt e rs gi v e e vid e nc e of a fi rm op
p osition to m uch that h e und e rs tood was pe rm i tte d
‘
at Ro m e .

It is now pretty cl early e stablish ed and q uit e g en ,

orally acc ept e d that Bonifac e had littl e or nothing to ,

d o with th e political i n trig ue s of th e Pop e an d th e

atte mpts o f Pippi n to gai n th e Fran k ish thron e H e .

m ight hav e k nown of Pippi n s coronation at Soisson s

’

in 7 5 1 but it is quite improbable that h e had any

,

part i n it as his nam e is n ot m enti one d in the ao

,

c o un ts by th e e arly ch r onic l e rs and his own l e t te rs ,

S how that t h e disfavor in which h e stood at th at ti m e

at th e co urt of Pippin wo uld precl ud e his participatio n 1 1 .

1 N ean der, vol. iii , pp 5 6 63 ;

. .
- Ku t r z, vol . i .
, pp .
470 -
472 .

1
Jafl é, vol. iii .
, Bo ui f Ep 7 3 . . .

1 B or eti us , vol . i , p 29 , art 3 ;

. . .
J afi é, vol . iii .
, B ouif Ep 48 , 49
. .

of
. N ean der , vol . iii , pp 64, 65
. . .

1
Jafl é, vol. ii i .
, Bo ui f E p 5 1 , . . Ad Zach .

1 Ku t r z, vol i . .
, pp .
470 , 474 ; W ai t z, vol. iii .
, 6 6
pp 3 7 ;
.
- Al zog ,

vol . ii .
, p . 1 1 9 , n ot
e 1 .
 Ma r t r dom
y .
79

In 7 5 3 Bonifac e re sign ed h i s archbishop ric an d ,

s ec ured th e app oi n t m ent of L ull on e of his m ost di s

,

ti n g ui s h ed disci p l e s as his s ucc e ss or whil e h e him

, ,

self with ab out fifty co m pani ons again start e d on a

, ,

mi ssi onary e xp e d iti on am on g th e Fri e sian s H e re .

,

on th e sth of J un e 7 5 4 or 7 5 5 h e was m ur d e re d by
, ,

a band of h eath e n s and th us s ec ure d a m artyr s

,
’

crown His bon e s w e re d epos ited first at U t re cht ,

the n at M ainz and at las t i n F uld a

,
So on aft e r his .

d eath an E n glish syno d c h os e him tog e th e r with ,

P op e G re gory and A ug usti n e patron of th e E nglish

,

c h ur c h
. In 1 8 7 5 Pop e Pi us I X d ire ct e d th e Cath o
.

l i os of G erm any an d E n gla n d to inv ok e e s p e cially th e

1 ”
aid of St Boniface i n th e d istre ss of mod e rn ti mes
. .

1 S ohafl , vol. iv
.
, p 9 6
. .
 C H AP T E R X .

I C ONO C L AS M AND TH E PAPACY — D EV E L O P

TH E
MEN T O F TH E V ENE R ATI ON O F S AI N T S R E LI C S , ,

—
AND I M AG E S TH E EM PE R O R L EO III AND .

TH E I C ONO C L AS TI C ED I CT S PO PE G R E G O R Y II
— .

AND TH E S IT U ATI ON I N IT AL Y TH E E V E O F
—
R E V O LT .

SLA M th e re ligion of M ahom et had

, ,

s p re a d with rap i d strid e s thr ough co un

tri e s whi ch h ad b ee n i n dee d the v e ry

c ra d l e of Chri s ti an ity or am o n g t h e first
to w e lco m e an d re c e iv e it b ut i n which
, ,

alas "th at Christi an ity had b e co m e we ak en e d and

c or r up te d by e n d l ess th e ol ogical disp ut e s and by a
,

fal s e as ce ti cism which h ad d ri e d up th e s o urc es of its

vigor h ad l e ft its faith p e trifi e d i n the m e chan ical
,

t e ch n i cali ti e s of a life l ess m e taphysic and h ad ren

,

d ere d its w orship an e l abo rate but b arre n c e re moni al ,

c haract e ri z e d mor e by s u e rs ti t i on a d i d ol atry th an

p n

by spirit an d truth .

N ot on ly we re n e w obj ects of w orship brought in

as i n t e r m e d iar i e s b etw e e n th e s oul of th e w or shipp e r
an d G od th us t en d i n g t
, o fix th e m i n d on low e r f orm s
of th e d ivi n e ma n ifestati on rath e r th an on th e divine
80
82 T he Ag e f
o Cha r lemag ne .

fore which sp e cial acts of re v e re n c e s uch as prostra ,

ti on s w e re p e rf orm e d an d by the b e ginning of th e

, ,

e igh t h c e n t ury th e use of i m age s as h e lps to an d

obj e cts of d e v oti on h ad b e c om e un iv e r sal .

B ut th e ir us e at first at any rat e s e em s to h av e

, ,

bee n far m ore g e n e ral i n th e E ast than i n the West .

S ere n us Bi s h op of M assilia (M ars e ill e s ) h ad throw n

, ,

out an d d e s troy e d i m age s i n his ch urch e s ; an d al

th ough Gre go ry th e G reat on a pre vio us occasio n , ,

s e n d i n g a pict ure of Ch r ist an d oth e r pict ures to a

h ermit who h ad aske d for th em sai d th at th ey w e re ,

not int e n d e d to s e rv e as obj e cts of ad oration but ,

m e re ly as m e m or i als h e wrot e to S ere n us as follow s

W
, .

“
e hav e prais e d t h e z e al which y ou h av e S how n
l es t anythi n g m ad e by h an d s S ho ul d be ad ored b ut ,

w e d e e m it wron g th at y ou S h oul d d e str oy thos e p i c

t ur es for pai n ting is m ad e us e of in th e c h urch e s i n
,

ord e r that thos e who are un abl e to re ad m ay at l e ast

und e rstan d i n lo oki n g on the wall s wh at th e y ca n n ot
, ,
” 1
read in th e man uscri pts .

R efe re nc e has b een mad e v e ry ofte n to this d e cla

ratio n mad e by Gre gory L an d it was quot ed fre ,

q uently i n d e fe n c e of the us e of i m age s ; butso m uc h

s up e rstiti on an d pr actical idolat ry had com e to be
ass ociated with th em that th e E mp e ror L eo I I I .

d e cl are d hims e lf re sol ut e ly oppos e d to th e ir v e ry

e xist e n c e. In t aki n g this positio n it is v e ry prob a
bl e that h e had b e e n infl uenc e d by th e s e ct of th e
Paulicians which r os e d uring the se v e nth c ent ury in
,

th e n orth e rn part of Syri a n e ar th e birth p lac e of L e o

,

hims elf .

1 Epis tles of S t G ego y bk i Ep 9

. r r ,
”
. x. , . .
 T h e P a ul i ci ans . 83

T he Pa ulici ans w e re a Christian s e ct profe s si n g a

form of d ualis m an d havi n g p erhaps so m e e arly re
,

lation with M anich ean d octrin es Th ey l ooke d upon .

creation as th e work of the evil p rincipl e an d re ,

gard ed as e vil all mate ri al forms i n cl ud i n g the h um an

,

b ody Th e ir O pposition to the pre val e n t Chri stian ity

.

was d irect e d m ost stro n gly agai n st th e c ult which was

gro wi n g up aro und th e Virgin M ary an d the cross .

It is w e ll k n own that Le o s Oppos ition to M ari olatry

’

was a promin e nt feature i n his att e mpt at reform an d ,

that he gave to th e Pa ulici an s l e tt e rs of prote ction .

It is still mor e probabl e howe v e r tha t h e was

, ,

more strongly infl ue n ce d by th e ta un ts of J e ws an d

M ah om e tans who d eclare d ope n ly that the Ch risti ans
,

w e re no b e tte r than pagan s an d id ol at e rs in the ir m ul

tip l ic ati on of th e ob j e cts of worshi p an d in th e ir r e p ,

r es e n tat i on of thos e obj e cts i n mat e r ial form s an d

i mage s It m ight s eem also that i m age w orship was
.
, ,
-

on e g re at hi n d ranc e to th e i r conve rsi on which at , ,

l e ast i n the cas e of th e J e ws L eo t ri e d s o har d to

,

acc omplish .

T h e p osition of th e Christi an ch urch was i n d e e d , ,

i n m ark e d cont ras t with thos e s ubli m e w ord s in th e

O ctavi us of Mi n uci us F elix so that the co n ditions
,

of th e third c ent ury an d thos e of the e i ghth s ee m to

be e xac tly re v e rs ed .

Cae cili us the oppon e nt of Christianity in th e third

,

cent ury th us taunts th e Christia n s : F or why d o

,

th ey e nd e av or with s uch pai n s to c on c eal an d to

, ,

clo ak what th e y worship since honorabl e thi n gs al

,

ways rej oic e i n p ublicity whil e cri m e s are k ept s e c re t i

,
t

Why have th e y no altars no t empl es no con s ecrate d

, ,
84 f
T he Ag e
f
o Cha r l em ag ne .

im q es ? O ctavi uspol ogist of Christiani ty

, th e a ,

gi ve s a most el oq uent paraphrase of th e forty fo urth -

Ch apt e r of Isaiah an d th us answ e rs th e sl urs of

,

Cmcilius : B ut d o y ou think w e c onc eal what we

w orship if we hav e n ottem pl es an d altar s
, An d y et
what i m age of G od shall I m ake si n c e if y ou thi n k , ,

rightly m an hi m s elf is th e image of G od ?

, We r e
it n otb e tt e r th at h e shoul d be d e dic at ed i n our mind ,

cons ecrated i n our h eart ? Th er efore h e wh o ,

c ultivat es inn ocen ce s upplic ate s G od ; h e wh o c ulti

vat e s j us tice mak e s o fferings to G od ; h e who abst ai n s
from f ra ud ul e nt practic e s propiti at e s G od ; h e who
snatch e s man from d an ge r sla ughte rs th e m ost ac
ce t ab l v ictim Th s are our s ac rific e s t h es e ar e
p e e e .
,

our r it e s of G od s w or ship ; th us a m on g us h e w h o
’

, ,

is m ost j ust i s h e wh o is m ost religio us B utc e rtai n ly .

th e G od wh om w e wo r ship w e n e it h e r S h ow n or s ee .

Ve rily for this re as on we b elie ve him to be G od : that

w e can be c on scio us of him b utcan n ot s ee h i m ; ,

for fro m wh e re is G od afar off wh e n all thi n gs h ea ,

v e n l y and e art hly an d which are b e y on d the p rovi n ce

,

of th e univ e rs e are kn own to G od are full of G od ?

, ,

E v e rywh ere h e is n ot only v e ry n ear us but he is ,

i n f us ed i n t o us Noto n ly do we act in him but

.
,
”
also I had al m ost sai d w e liv e i n h im
,
1
, .

L e o s e e m s to h av e b ee n i n fl ue n c e d e s p e ci ally by a
Phrygi an b ishop nam e d Co n stantin e an d by a c e rtai n
B es er a ren e gad e an d co n v e rt from Mah om etan is m
,

, ,

who stood high in th e i m p e rial favo r His positi on .

h ad a th eol ogical si d e as w e ll an d th us conn e ct e d ,

itse lf with th e d isp ute s re gard ing M onophysitis m

1 A te N i en Father Am cd ol i v pp 1 78 1 8 7 1 9 3
n -
c e s,
”
er . .
, v . .
, .
, .
86 T he Ag e o
f Ch a r l emag ne .

only re m ot ely if at all T h e earli e r repre se ntation s

,
.

w e re c r ud e an d ugly — i n d e ed th e ugli e st h aving ,

prov e d in all r eligio n s th e obj ect of th e gre ate s t d e

vot i on as is shown by th e i m age of D i an a in th e
,

te mpl e of E phes us T h e e arly pict ure s of th e Virgin

.

and th e Ch rist r epre se nt ed ne ithe r the g rac io us mo

the rh ood of th e on e n or th e t e nd e r h um ility of th e
oth e r It was only by th e o utward symb ols of dr ess
.
,

conv e n tional forms an d signs th e a ureola th e halo , , ,

and th e nimb us th at the d i ffe re n t p e rs on age s of

,

Ch ristian v en eration an d wo rship co uld be re cogniz ed .

In th e early pict ures of th e holy family any fem al e

fig ure wo ul d do for the Vi r gin an d an y child for the
Christ if th e conv en ti on al sy m bols of d ivi n ity we re
,

p re s e nt It was only whe n high e r co n c ep ti on s arose

.

an d re al art b egan that re ligio us painti n g b e cam e

tr uly i n spiri n g an d p ai n t e r s lik e Raphae l an d M ichae l

,

A n ge lo so ught to d epict th e d ivine by the n obl est an d

highest h uman b eauty In th e e arli e r tim es how .
,

e v e r i twas in t
, h e E ast wh e re th e old art instinct had
,

not compl e tely di e d out that pict ure s and stat ue s ,

w e r e most n um e r o us whil e th e We st wh e re the

, ,

artistic s e ns e re mai n e d y e tun d ev e lope d was d e vot e d ,

to re lics 1
.

T h e famo us e dict of L e o I I I iss ue d i n 7 2 6 b egan .

, ,

th e co n trove rsy which shook th e v e ry f oun d ations o f

th e ch urch an d of th e e m pi re an d last e d for ov e r a ,

c entury and a quart e r That e dict som e tim e s m is

.
,

tak en ly s uppos e d to hav e b ee n m e rely an ord e r to

1 T o day th e
-
as t E
ern C h ur ch a ows on y pai n t ll
i n gs an d mos ai cs , l
l
e x c udin g s t
at l
ues an d s cu ptur es , whi ch ar e more in us e in the R oman
Church, though she al ows oth l b .
 T h e E d i cto
f 7 z 6 .
7

rais e th e pict ure s out of th e reach of th e kisses an d

othe r acts of worship of th e p e opl e d e c ree d th e com ,

p l e te r e m oval o f all pict ur e s from th e ch urch e s

througho ut th e e mpire 1
.

Y e t this was th e s am e L e o whos e glorio us vict ory

ov er th e M aho m etan s i n 7 1 8 had save d e aste rn E u
rop e from th e Sarac e n y ok e re sc ue d Christian ity from
the dan g e r of compl e t e an n th i lati on an d by stoppi n g , ,

the wav e s of M ahom etan invasi on at th e fo ot of the

Ta urus h ad accom plished for th e E ast what Charl e s
,

M artel d id for th e West a few y ears afte rward s on the

fi el d of Poiti e rs wh e n h e stopp ed th e M aho m et an s
,

from ad vanc e be y on d the Pyre n e es T h e fi rs t act .

un d e r th e e dict of th e em p e ro r was th e d e str ucti on

of a m ost pop ular an d d e e ply r e v e re d i m age of Christ
ov e r th e gat e of th e imp e rial palac e This aro us e d a .

storm of opposition an d c all e d f orth the angry p r o ,

t ests of th e Pop e In 7 3 0 L e o d epos ed G e rm an us

.
,

the Patria rch of Constanti n op l e an d p ut i n h i s pl ac e ,

th e p atriarch s s e c re tary Anastasi us w h o fav or e d th e

’

, ,

impe rial policy an d so on afte r iss ued a m an ife s t o

,

agai n st i m ages th us g ivi n g e ccl e siastic al a uthority to

,

th e e d ict of th e e mp e ror .

This attack on the v e n e rat ed symb ols an d obj e cts

of adoration ro us e d POpe Gr e gory to acti on an d al ,

tho ugh th e two le tte rs which h ave com e d own to us

1 L ib Pon t
. vol
. i p 40 4, c 1 7 ; Pau us
. . .i acon us , bk vi
. l D . .

c 49
. T h eophan es , ”
Ch ron ogr ap hia, p 3 3 8 en t ion ed b y G rego . . M
r ovi us , v o l i i p 22 5
. . . S ee a s o B ury, vol 1 1
.
p 43 2 l
an d n o te 4 . . .

. 6
p 43 , n ote 1 .

H efel e, vol v , p 2 60 - 40 0
p
ll
. . . .

T he edid rcts on i m e wors h ip ar e co ected I n G ol das tus , m pe I

D
r i al i a ecr eta de Ca tu magi n um , cdl
’
rancof 1 60 8 ( ar dw i ck ,F H
l A
. .

M ”
i dd e ge, p 73 , n ote 1 . .
88 T he Ag e f
o Cha r lemag n e .

as writt en by the Pop e to L e o m ust be re gard ed as

the fabri catio n of a lat e r ag e h e sto utly opp os ed the ,

1
e nforc e m e nt of t he d ecree s in I taly .

Alre ady how eve r the relations on all si d es had h e

, ,

com e se ve rely st rai n ed T he we ak n es s of th e ex archs

.
,

the i mp e ri al o ffi c e rs at Rav enna th ei r gre e d an d ,

tyranny h ad t end ed more an d more s ure ly to d rive

,

th e Italian peopl e to th e ca re and protec tion of th e

P ope l ead in g th e m to s e e in him n ot o nl y a b ulwark
,

agai n st h e resy an d schism in th e ch urch but also a ,

d e fen d e r of th eir ci vil libe rti es an d the true prese rve r

of the ir political unity .

T h e imm ed iate occas ion o f th e ir re vol t s eem s to

hav e b ee n an imp e ri al orde r to the e xarc h who pro ,

c e ed e d to l e vy a n e w t ax on th e province s of I taly
an d to confiscat e som e ch urch pr ope rty Thi s was .

O ppose d by t h e Pope an d his O pposition was s up

,

ported q uite ge n e rally thro ugho ut Italy Plots w ere .

s e t on foot ag ainst t he life of th e Pope and bitt e r ,

strife ens ued .

T h e Lomb ards thi n k ing do ub tl e ss to fom en t d is

,

cord an d i n creas e th e w eak n ess of resistanc e too k ,

advantage of th e occas io n to invad e th e P entapolis .

J ust at this j unct ure 7 2 7 the iconoclas tic e di cts of

, ,

th e e mpe ror appe are d in Italy Gregory at onc e d e .

n oun ce d t he imp e rial h e re sy and urge d all to be on ,

th eir g uard an d n ot to d estroy th e i m ages This ln .

creas ed th e pop ular res istanc e to th e imp e rial pow e r

1 l
Th e gen uin en es s of thes e etters is dou ted by H odgk in , b
5 0
ppL i b
1 5 0 5 ; D hll i n ger a es
”
F bl
e t c p p 2 5 3 -
2 61 an d uches n e D
l
-
.
, , , . . ,

. vol i , p 4 1 8, n ot
. . . e 43 H efel e s ti l ho ds to th e n
. l
gen u i n en es s H i st ory of Coun ci s ,
”
vo l l
v , pp 2 89 . . .
 T he Ag e f
o Cha r l em ag ne
.

remain e d th e re fore at pre s en t for th e Pop e but to

, ,

us e al l his i n fl ue nc e on th e S i d e of th e e m p e r or agai n st
th e L ombard for s ub m issi on to a d istant e mp e ror was
,

far b e tt e r than s ubj e cti on to a strong an d ev e r pre s -

e n t Lombar d k in g .
 CH APT E R XI .

I TAL Y AND T H E PA TH E O S TR O G O TH I C
PACY —

KI N G DOM T H E L OM B AR D S L I U T PR AND AND

— —

GR EGO RY I I .

H E d i visi on of th e e m pi re into east an d

w e st afte r th e d e ath of Th e od osi us i n ,

39 5 w a
,s th e b e gi n n i n g of th e e n d of an y
real i m pe ri al p owe r i n th e W est Prov .

ince afte r provi n c e fe ll a prey to th e in

c ur s i on s of th e north e rn trib es an d Italy itself, ,

d e vas tat ed an d d ep op ul at ed by war an d fam in e was ,

ove rrun by foreign inv ad e rs .

In 4 76 th e farc e of a s eparat e e mpe ror who h ad ,

b e com e a m e re fi gureh ead th e creat ure of s om e s uc

,

ce s s ful barbari a n co mm an d e r was d iscontin ue d an d

, ,

th e n a m e of e mp e ror c e as e d among th e p e opl e of th e

West while th e R ugi an O d oace r rul ed at Raven na
,

as patrician an d r ec e iv ed i n s ubmissi on to the on e

, ,

e mp e ror at Constantinopl e the gov e rnm e nt of th e

,

Ital ians .

M is und e rstandings soon sprang up h owe ve r an d , , ,

e ith e r at his own r e q ue st or by i m p e ri al c omman d ,

The odo ric th e l ead er of th e O strogoth s wh o still

, ,

l inge re d n e ar th e E aste rn capital march e d with his

,

9 1
9 2 T he Ag e o
f Ch a r l em ag n e .

Goth s against Italy an d ove rthre w O doac e r I n 49 3 .

th e struggl e e nd ed an d Th e od oric procl ai m e d him

,

s elf King of th e Romans an d G oths altho ugh h e still ,

acknowl edged th e s uprem acy of the emp eror As the .

r ul er of I taly in spit e of th e viol e nc e an d treach ery

,
.

which stain ed th e b e g i n n i n g and th e en d of his reign ,

h e re st ore d says Gibbo n an ag e of p eac e and

, ,

prosp e rity 1
and says M achiav elli
,
”
,
“
broug ht the ,

c ount ry to s uch a state of g re atn ess that he r s uffe rings

" 1
we re no longe r r e cogniz abl e .

Wh e th e r this be an ov ere stimat e or not of the

great work of Th eod oric th e O strogothic k ingd om ,

was not d es tined to last lon g b eyond th e life ti m e of

its foun d e r .

Th e od oric was an ali e n un abl e to win the sy m pathy

,

an d s upp ort of t h e p e opl e ; an Arian e xpos ed to the ,

bitte r opposition of th e ch urch an d witho ut an y re ,

l ig i ous organizati on or c e n trali ze d syst e m to uphold

hi m ; the obj e ct b e fore long of the fear an d j e alo usy
, ,

of t h e e —
mp eror thre e i n s urm o untabl e obstacle s to
a p e rm an e nt s ucc e ss an d pre se nting a mos t instr uo
,

tiv e c on trast with his cont e mporary Clovi s Ki n g o f , ,

the Fra n k s .

Th eodoric di e d i n 5 2 6 and his kingdom was ,

d rown e d i n th e s e as of its own bloo d U n d er the .

gre at J us tinia n th e fa m o us gen erals B eli sari us and

,

N arse s end eavore d to win bac k the te rrito ry which

was slippi ng from th e im p e ri al grasp an d by a se ri es ,

of str uggle s lasti n g from 5 3 6 until 5 5 2 re stor e d Italy

, ,

to th e empire T he i m pe ri al rul e was n ow e stablis h ed

.

1 bbon chap
G i xxx v
Machia lli
.
, .

1 ve , H is tor y of Flo ren ce,

”
bk i
. .
, chap. 1 1 .
94 T he Ag e f
o Ch a r l em ag n e .

h e e xige nci e s
to t of ev ents In oth e r w ord s we h av e
.
,

to n ot e the b egi n nings of its te m p oral p ow e r an d

p osse ssions which b rought it i n t o n e w relatio n s an d
,

h e l d outb efore it n e w p ossibiliti e s an d ambitions .

T h e p oli tical life of R om e cl os ed with th e ov e rthro w

of th e G oths who for a whil e up h e l d th e instit uti ons
,

an d s e e m e d ab out t o re st ore th e an ci e nt gl ori e s of th e

state Wi th th e fall of Th e od oric an d th e re conq ue st
.

of I taly by th e e m p e ror th e last shad ow of in dep en

,

d ent p oliti cal life p as s ed away an d th e nati onal spirit

,

an d conscio us n e ss s e e m e d to h av e l ost its c e ntr e an d

rallyi n g p oin t B utas the civil an d p olitical gl ory of

-
.

R ome gre w di m an d fad ed a way th e e ccle s iastic al ,

p rc é m i n e n c e o f th e P a p a cy e m e r g e d s t r ong an d vig

or ous p r ep are d to h ol d t og e th e r th e re m na n t of th e
,

West e rn E m p i re i n a m or al un i on cap abl e of s urvivi n g

th e s hock of p oliti cal d is s ol uti on an d to p re s e rv e th e
,

t reas ure of th e trad iti on s l aw ord er lang uage and

, , , ,

c ult ure an d i n d ee d th e v e ry s pirit of anci e nt R om e

, , , ,
.

T h e e m pi re was t orn to pi ec es an d Ro m e h e rs e lf h ad
,

fall e n b efore th e h ord e s of barbari ans which po ure d

lik e t e m p e st uous fl oods ov e r her t ott e ring w alls ; b ut
th e Ch ur ch of R om e ov e r aw e d an d conq ue red th e
con q ue rors of R om e Ch r i s ti an i zed civiliz ed an d d is
, , ,

ar m e d th e m t r an sformi n g th e m f r om d e s tr oyi n g foe s

,

i n t o s ub m i s s i ve c hil d ren M ore than all this th e

.
,

ch urch th e P ap acy t ook th e p l ac e of th e anci e n t

, ,

state an d s e n at e of R om e an d b ecam e th e c e ntr e of

,

th e e n e rgy an d n ati on al s p irit of th e p e opl e F urthe r .

attacks an d th re at e n i n g d an ge rs only i n t ensifi ed th i s

fe eli n g an d i n c re as ed th e vigor of th e papal activity .

A m id th e i n ce ssant chan ge an d conf usion the Papacy ,

 Tlee L om ba r d I n vas i on .
95

al on e was p e rman en t and en d uring at onc e a cen tr e ,

of un ity and a ref ug e fr o m anarchy to th e e vi d e n t ,

advan tage of its t e m poral as we ll as its e ccl esiastical

auth ority T h e mann e r and m e thod of th e e l ecti on
.

of th e P op e t e n d e d to s e c ure p op ular s uppo rt an d to

prese rve confi d e nc e Th e cl e rgy th e army an d th e
.
, ,

p e opl e th e thr ee ord e rs in Rom e took part i n th e

, ,

papal e l e ction as three d istin c t b od i es altho ugh th e ,

n e c e ssi ty of confirmati o n by t h e e mpe ror or by his ,

repre se ntativ e the e xarch at Rav e nna gave op p or

, ,

tun ity for th e e x e rcis e of a stron g i m p e ri al infl ue nc e .

Thi s infl ue nce m ad e its elf felt also in the fac t firs t ,

app e ari n g in th e y ear 5 3 5 that th e Pop e was re q uired

,

to be repre s en t ed by an ap oer zs zar i as or p e rm an e n t

' '

ambassad or n ot only at R av enna with th e exarch

, ,

b ut al s o at Co n stantinopl e with th e e mp e ror th e sig ,

n i fi can ce of which is s e e n in t h e fact that th e positi on

at C onstan tinopl e was us ually a st epping ston e to th e -

Papacy its e lf .

It h as be en well said that the prese rvation of Rom e

see m s a law of histo ry ; an d th e last great dan ge r of
all which we are n ow to consid e r the Lomba rd i n
, ,

v as i on furnish e s only an oth er confi rmation of its

,

tr uth As s om e gre at stor m d e sc e nding from th e

.

north wrapping all in mi s t an d dark n ess outof which

, ,

th e crashi n g of th un d e r an d th e fall of rain are h e ard ,

an d t h e flashing of lightning an d th e r ush of storm

cl oud s are s ee n till fin ally cl eari n g away the strong
, , ,

an d d ee ply f ound ed ho us e s appe ar still stan ding whil e ,

b ar n s an d s h ed s are ov e rthrown an d swept away s o ,

d id th e Lom bard hosts re v eal th e str ong an d swe e p

aw ay th e w eak an d wh en th e ir pow e r pas s e d away
,
9 6 Tire Ag e qf Cl a e r l em a
g n e .

it l e ft Papacy s trong in d e pen de n t and free fr om

the , ,

th e E as t fore v e r .

T h e Langobards as t he y w e re c al l ed had th e ir
, ,

original h om e on th e bank s of th e E lb e an d w e r e a ,

strong an d cruel p e opl e M ovi n g so uthward th e y .

,

e stablishe d th e ir first ki n gdom d uring t he e arly part ,

of the sixth c en t ury on the banks of th e U ppe r ,

D an ub e So far as th e y we re Christians they li k e

.
, ,

th e oth e r conve rt e d G e rm an t ribe s h e l d t h e Arian ,

faith which had b een spr ead a m ong th em by U l fi las

,

an d t h e oth e r G othic mission ari es As the y dre w .

toward th e s o uth th e ir nam e was s ofte ne d into L om

ba rds butthis was not att e nd ed with an y correspond
,

ing softening of charact e r an d dispositi on Th ey had .

b ee n k ept bac k from I taly by th e stre ngth of th e 0 5

tr og oth i c ki ngdom b ut aft e r its ov e rthrow an d th e
,

d eath of J us ti ni an the re was n o fur the r ch e ck to

th eir advance Invit ed it i s sai d to the in vasion
.
, ,

of Italy by th e ge n e ra] N arse s in r ev enge for wh at ,

s ee m ed to him hi s dis grac e f ul re call to Consta n ti

n op l e th e y mad e th e mse lv e s mas t e rs of Italy und e r
,

th e ir l ead e r Alboin O n e af t e r anoth e r th e citi e s

.

fe ll und e r th e sword of the barbarian and th e old ,

civilizat ion was s pe edily displaced Whil e th e G oth s .

had prot ecte d Latin civilization the Lo m bards d e ,

stroy e d it I n 5 7 2 t h ey fix e d the s e at of the i r

.

powe r in Th eodoric s old capital of Pavia an d soon

’

th e ir domi n ion spread ove r all Italy with th e e x ,

ce p ti on of th e e xarc h at e of Rave n n a th e d istrict o f ,

th e P e ntapolis and th e d uchi es of R om e and N apl e s

, .

T h e val l e y of the Po sinc e call ed Lombardy form e d

, ,

th e c entre of th ei r p ow e r the w h ol e t e rri to ry b ei ng

,
9 8 Tlee Ag e qf Clea r l emag n e .

an d in far s ee ing stat e s m anship

-
To his pree min e n t .

powe r an d skill w e re d ue un d o ubt ed ly th e fre e i n g

of Ro m e fro m th e Lombard s an d the rapi d growth
of the Roman s e e to th e s upre macy of th e We st .

His fi rst s e rmon at Ro m e r ead s al m ost li ke h e r fu

ne ral orati on so w eigh e d d o wn we re m e n s m i n d s with
,
’

th e r uin of th e e m pir e I n hi m h ow e v e r s he was

.
, ,

d e sti n ed to b e hol d in a great d e g ree h e r re store r .

M il m an has ably pres e n t ed him to us first as a , ,

Christian bish op organizing an d c ompl e ti n g th e rit

,

ual an d ofli ce s of th e ch urch an d as a d m i n istrator of ,

th e patrim on y of th e R oman s e e an d its d istrib utor

to its vari ous pio us us e s ; s e c on d ly as th e Patri arch ,

of th e Wes t e xe rcisi n g a uth ority ov e r th e cl e r gy an d

,

ch urch es i n I taly i n Ga ul an d i n oth e r p arts of

, ,

E urop e as the c onver t e r of th e Lomba rds from

,

Ari an is m an d of th e Saxons of Britai n f rom h e ath e n

i s m an d in his co n d uct to pagans J e ws an d h e r etics
, , , ,

as m ai n t ai n i n g th e i n d ep e n d e nc e of th e West e rn
e ccl e s ias ti cal pow e r agai n st t h e E ast ; third ly as th e ,

virt ual sov e reign of Rom e a p ositi on which h e was ,

almost compell e d to ass um e as g uard ian of th e city

an d prot e ctor of th e Ro m an p eopl e against t h e Lom
bard s owi n g to th e n egl e ct or pow e rl essn ess of th eir
,

n at ural d e fe nd e rs
1
As s uch the re is littl e to be
.

add e d to th e pre se ntation th e re giv e n .

S uch p op es as In n oc e nt I L e o I and Gregory 1 .

, .
, .

s how t h e tr ue f oun dati on of th e Papacy an d wh e n ,

and how th e Ch urch of R om e gai n e d h er e ccl e sias

tical s upre macy In d eed Gre gory s infl uenc e far

.
,
’

outw eigh ed th e powe r of th e imp e rial ofli ce rs for ,

l M ilman , bk iii
. .
, ch ap. vu.
 E x tens i on o
f i
tre P ap a l P ower .
99

th e Roman s re ve renc ed as the ir maste r an d pres e rve r

a bishop who unit e d in h i s p e rson t h e e piscopal di g
n ity a n d th e r e nown of ill ustrio us d e sc e nt .

Already the prop erty of th e Ch urch o f Rom e had

re ach e d a wid e e xt e nt both within t
, h e city an d on
th e banks of the Tib e r in e ach d ire ction T he ch urch .

had b ecom e the poss e ssor also of th e Roman Cam

pagna th us r uli ng ove r wid e spread districts in Lati
,
-

um S abi n um and T uscany as also in th e most distant

, , ,

provi n c e s of Italy 1
.

Slowly but s ure ly th e d ev e lopm e nt proc e ed e d .

Pope af t e r pop e e nriched th e city with the choic est

prod ucts of architect ure painting an d sc ulpt ure an d
, , ,

strength en e d the papal infl uen ce within an d b eyon d

th e city . Th e strife b e twe e n the L ombard k ing an d
th e i m p e rial e xarch still contin ue d b utt h e emp e rors , ,

m ore an d mor e occ upi e d with the d e f enc e of th e

empire in t he E ast w e re forc ed to l eav e to the pop e s
,

th e d e fe nc e of th e R o m an poss essions .

Ste ad ily the papal powe r g r ew until it e xt e n d e d ,

far d own into so uthe rn Italy an d e mb raced s e v e ral

d uk ed o m s o f the p enins ul a In th e e ighth c ent ury
.

th e m is sionary labors of Bo n i fac e carri e d the i n fl u

e nc e of th e P op e int o t h e wil d s of G e rmany an d es
tabli s h ed th e papal syst em and control ov e r th e n e w
ch urche s o f th e N orth an d lai d the foundatio n s of
,

that great int e rnational fe d e ratio n of th e We st whi c h

was d esti n ed to tak e th e plac e an d con tin ue the wo rk
of the old R oman e mpire .

T h e attac ks of the M ah om e ta n s an d th e p r ot e st s ,

of th e e mp e ror s ag ai n st th e us e of image s whil e ,

1 G regor ovi us , vol. ii .

, pp 5
.
9 61 - .
1 00 Tlee Ag e o
f Clea r l em ag ne .

thre ate ni n g c ompl e t e d isruption re s ulted only in es ,

tabl i s h i n g th e military pre stige an d great e r unity of

th e Fran ks on th e on e h and an d on th e oth e r
, , , ,

sh owe d that th e R om an Ch urch had al re ady d e ve l

op e d as an in d e p e n d e n t p ow e r in which was con ee n
,

trate d th e spirit of th e We st .

J ust at this tim e as w e hav e alread y s een L i ut

, ,

pran d th e great e st of th e Lombard ki n gs att em pt ed

, ,

to tak e ad vantag e of th e c onfus e d st at e of affairs i n

ord e r to f orward th e sch e m e of L om b ard aggran d iz e
m e n tan d to realiz e his d re am of a un ite d Italy und e r
Lo m bard dominati on O nc e m ore the Bishop of
.

R om e pre ve nte d s uch a re s ult I n the m idst of h is .

victo r i e s th e king was i n d uc ed to re treat an d to give

up S ut r i to th e P op e th e fi rst insta n c e of th e be
,

st owal of a city up on th e ch urch 1

This was in 7 2 8 . .

T h e s truggl e was n ow app roaching its las t stag e an d ,

on e alm ost br eath e s a s igh at th e vol un tarily re l in

u i h e d h op e s and pl ans of t h mighty L i ut ran d
q s e p .

R e n e w ed attac ks up on Rom e itse lf w e r e ave rte d

onc e again by th e re én actm en tof th e re ligio us drama
of which the pop e s w e re so fond and i n which fr eq ue n t,

r e h earsals had giv e n th e m s uch gre at profici e ncy .

”
T h e p ri e stly magici an says G reg orovi us
,
led th e ,

di s ar m e d e n e my to the apostle s grav e an d the p io us ’

,

mo n arch l ai d as i d e his re gal mantl e his sword his , ,

v e ry c r own t oge th e r with his ambiti ous hop es at

, ,
”
th e grav e of th e d e ad .

1 G r egorovi us , vol . u , pp
. . 23 6, 3 3 7 an d n ot
e.
1 0 2 Tlee Ag e f
o Clea r l enzag n e .

break with L i utp ran d who had ai d e d him agai n st ,

th e M ah om e tans h ad d e cl are d him s e lf th e ad opt e d

,

fath e r of th e youn g F ran kish pri n c e an d h ad r e ,

ce i v e d i n to his c ourt Charl e s s s e co n d s on Pippi n in

’

, ,

ack n owl e dgm e n t of t h e allianc e Three ti m e s in .

739 a n d 74 0 Gre gory m a d e t h e m o st fra n tic app e als

for h e lp : D o n ot d e spi s e m y pray e r n or sh ut y our ,

e ars t o m y pl e ad i n g an d th e n th e chi e f of th e apos

,

tl es will n otsh ut th e ki n gd om of heaven agai n st y ou .

I adj ur e y ou by th e livin g an d true G od an d th e ,

m ost holy k eys of the s ep ulchre of th e bl ess ed Pe te r ,

which we hav e s e n t to y ou that y ou d o n ot pre fe r ,

th e fri e nd s hip of the k ings of th e Lombard s to th e

l ov e of th e chi ef of th e ap ostl e s but that q ui ckly an d ,

witho ut d e l ay we m ay r e c eiv e y our aid aft e r God , ,

for our d e fe n ce ; that am ong all nati on s yo ur fai th

an d g oo d nam e may be d e c lar e d that we als o ,

m ay say with th e proph e t T h e Lord h e ar th e e in ,

th e day of troubl e ; an d the n am e of th e G od of

”
Jac ob d e fe nd th e e ( P ) l tt r
’
s xx l 1
T h e e e s o
. . .
,

th e ch ro n icl e r re cor d s was s e nt by t h e d e cre e of th e

,

Roma n princ e s for that th e R oman p e opl e wish e d

,

to l eav e th e r ul e of th e em p e ror an d to c omm e nd

” 2
th e m s e lv es to his aid an d un exc ell ed cl em ency .

B ut th e re is no trac e of this last id ea in any o f th e

e xt an t l e t te rs .

What th e res ult might hav e b ee n cannot n ow be

know n for that sam e y ear
,
d i e d Charl e s M ar

tel P op e G re gory I II
, an d t h e E mpe ror L e o I II
.
,
.
,

whil e L i utp ran d di ed in 744 .

1
Jafl é, vol iv pp 17 x8“, Ep a
A MG
. . . .
, ,
“ ”
3 nn .
74 t; . . SS vol. i .
, p 326
. .
 K ar l m an n an a
'
P ipp i n . 1 0 3

T h e i m p e rial policy was contin ue d by L e o s son ’

Co n st an tin e V who s umm on e d in 7 5 4 what h e

.
, , ,

call ed th e S e v e nth G e n e ral C ouncil at Constantin o

p l e
, at which s e v e r e d e cr e e s w e r e pass e d against
images an d i m ag e worship -
.

T h e M e rovi n gi an ki n g Th e od ori c I V d i e d in 7 3 7
, .
, ,

an d n o s ucc e ssor h ad b e e n appoint e d so that for t he ,

last four y e ars of his life Charl e s had gov e rn e d in his

own nam e By th e c ons en t of his chi e f men j ust
.
,

b efore his d e ath h e d i v i d e d his d om i n ion b etwe e n

,

his two so n s T o K arl m an n his el d est s on h e gave

.
, ,

Aus tras ia Th uri n gia an d Swabia (or Al e m an n ia) an d

, , ,

to his y oun g e r s on Pippi n h e gave N e us t r i a B ur

, , ,

gun dy an d Prov e nc e H e is sai d to hav e give n

,
.

parts out of b oth th es e d ivisi ons to a third son ,

Grifo a half broth e r to K arl m an n an d Pippin but

,
-
,

th e two ol d e r broth e rs re f us e d to acknowl e d g e h i s

clai m s an d un it ed th eir forc es against an y an d all
attacks This union e nabl ed th e m to avoid the d an
.

ge rs which th e d ivisi on of th e ki n g d om by Charl e s

M arte l h ad thre aten ed Th ey w e re h owe v e r force d
.
, ,

to re viv e th e ficti on of a ki n g an d to place a M e ro ,

v i n g i an on th e thron e wh o p l ay e d th e part of a m e re
,

fi g ure h ead und e r th e nam e of C h il d eric I I I whil e

, .
,

they k e pt all the real pow e r in th e i r own hand s .

Bonifac e an d th e ch urch ex ercis e d a stro n ge r i n

fl uen ce ov e r th e two broth e rs tha n had b ee n possibl e
in th e cas e of th eir re sol ut e an d warlik e fath e r At .

th e v e ry b e gi n n i n g of his acc e ssi on to pow e r K arl ,

m a n n s umm on e d B onifac e an d r e q uest ed him to as

se mbl e a syno d for the re form of th e co n d i tion of
th e Christi an religion and th e r e g ulation of e ccle sias
1 0 4 T he Ag e o
f Ch a r l em ag n e .

ti c al afl ai rs T h e s y n od m e t in Ap ril 742 an d was

'

.
, ,

th e first B oniface w rot e to P op e Z a ch ar ias th at h ad

, ,

b ee n h e l d i n th at p art of th e F ran ki s h ki n gd om for

sixty or se ve n ty y e ars 1
I n d ee d t h e y h ad b e e n .
,

gr owi n g l e s s fre q ue n t in th e re s t of th e F ran ki s h

ch urc h Fifty f our h ad b e e n h el d i n G aul in th e
.
-

six th c e n t ury tw en ty in th e s ev e n th an d o n ly s e v e n
, ,

i n th e fi rs t p ar t of th e e igh th T h e pl ace of m e e ti n g .

of this s y n od is un k n ow n b ut W ai tz sp e aks of i t as ,

th e fi rs t to be h e l d on G e r m an s oi l an d it is d e ,

s crib ed i n th e c oll ecti on s as th e fi rs t G e rm an sy n od .

K arl m an n h ims e lf s um m o n e d it an d appa re n tly d i ,

s acti on s B on ifac e an d s i x oth e r bishops

2
r e ct ed it

W
.
,

— of ii r zburg i n Fran c on i a of B urab urg i n H e s s e , ,

of U tre cht i n F rie s ia of E i ch s tii d t i n B avari a an d of , ,

C ol ogn e an d S trasb ur g i n A us trasi a — wi th th e ir ,

p res byte rs w e r e pr es e n t t og e th er wi th the s e c ul ar

, ,

n obl e s T h e acts of th e s y n od are of g r eat i n te r e st

.

an d i m p or t an c e Bi s h ops w e r e e stablish e d in th e
.

citi es un d e r B on iface as ar c hbi s h op an d l e gat e

,

( m i s s us ) of St P e t e r A n n ua l sy n od s.w e r e or d e re d
.

to be h el d Ch urch p rop e rty was to be re st ore d an d

.
,

d isci p li n e ad m i n i s t e re d to p r e s byt e rs d e ac on s an d , ,

all cl e rics T h e cl e rgy w e re f orbi d d e n to fight to

.
,

b e ar ar m s or to be p re se n t i n th e a r m y e x c e pt for
,

d ivi n e s e rvi ce E ach p re sbyt e r was to be s ubj e ct to

.

1 J ffe
a , vol
i i i , B oui f Ep 4 2 ;
. . . .

2 I K ar l m an n , e ad er an d ch ief [d ux oi pn n eeps ] of th e r an k s ,
l F
’

l
wi th th e coun s e of th e s er van ts of G od an d of m y n ob es , h ave l
s um m on ed t b
h e i s h op s w h o ar e i n m y k i n gd om , wi th the p r es yters , b
to a coun ci an d a s yn od , i n th e fear of C h r i s t, th at th ey m i gh t gi ve
l
l
m e couns e i n wh at way th e l aw of G od an d th e ecc es ias ti ca r e i gi on
”
l l l
m ay be r e vi ved ( B or eti us , vol i , p 2 4 ;
. K ar l m an n i Pri n ci p is . . .

Cap itular e .
 T he Ag e o
f Ch a r l emag ne .

en tire p oss ession sh ould be r e store d to it Pope .

Z acharias writing to Boniface than ks G od that h e

, ,

was abl e to get as m uch as this T h e ch urch s .

’

own e rship was ac knowl edged an d a y e arly re mit ,

tance from e ach indivi d ual hold ing wo ul d be a so urc e

of incom e and a con tin ual acknowl edgm ent of e ccl e
s ias tical right and titl e Following this co uncil
.
,

Bo n iface as archbishop an d l egate of th e P op e con

, ,

s e c rate d three n e w bish ops in Ro ue n Rh e i m s an d

, , ,

S e ns T h e latt e r was vacant but the oth e r two

.
,

w e re h e l d nominally by m e n of th e ve ry class th e
rece nt co uncils an d th e re form movem e nt of B oniface
had tri ed to e radicat e ; for th e Bishop of R ouen was
a sol d i e r and t h e Bishop o f Rh ei m s a us urp e r at
, ,

t empti n g to h old Rh e i m s togeth e r with th e bish

op ri c of Tr e v es T h e l att e r mad e a st ubborn
.

re sistanc e which laste d for ten y ears an d was ,

bro ugh t to a concl usi on o n ly in conse quenc e of the

d eath of th e bishop who was kill e d by a wild boar
,

while h unting E ccl e siastical r e form fo un d m uch

.

Opposition in both state an d ch urch .

Pippin h eld his co un cil in his own t e rritory at

S oisso n s in M arch 744 th e y ear followi n g th e synods
, , ,

h eld by his broth e r Tw e nty three bishops w ere

.
-

pres ent T h e d ecre es we re drawn up as capit ula ri es

.

of Prin c e Pippin with the cons ent of th e bishops ,

pri e sts an d se rvan ts of G od and with co unse l of the

, ,

co unts and chi efs of th e Fran k s T h e cr ee d of the .

C o unci l of N ic e a was afli rme d Syno d s w e re ord e r e d .

to be h e ld each y ear Cond emnati on was pro .

n oun ced upon a h er e tic A d e lb e rt by na m e who had

, ,

b een drawing the p eopl e away f rom th e e stablish ed

 T wo A r eh bi s ho
'

p m es . 1 0 7

worship forb iddi n g pilgrimage s to Rom e an d recei v

, ,

ing for hi m se lf th e ho n or and v e n e rati on d ue to St .

Pet e r and his s uc ce ss ors Bonifac e regard e d h im as

.

th e dan g e ro us fo un d e r of a n ew s e ct but N e and e r ,

sees in him an early Prote stan t l .

Having th us es tablished its orthodoxy afli rm ative ly ,

an d n e gativ e ly t ,
h e syno d proc e e d e d to d e cree th e
“ ”
e stablishm e nt of l egiti m at e bishops in th e chi e f
citi es un de r two archbi s hops on e at S e ns and th e
, ,

oth e r at Rh e ims Pre sbyt e rs we re to ob e y and s up

.

p ort the ir bishops who we re to s ee th at th e peopl e

,

d id not laps e into pagani sm nor i n d ulg e in h e ath e n

practice s E v e n the morals of th e laity w e re mad e
.

th e s ubj e ct of l e gisl ation e vil livi n g an d p e rj ury w e re

,

e xpr e ssly prohibit e d an d t he s upport of th e ch urch

,

was co mm and e d Fi n ally it was ord e re d that an y

.

one tra n sgre ssing th e d e crees of th e synod sho uld be

t ri e d by th e princ e th e bishops an d th e co unts an d
, , ,

fin ed accord ing to his rank .

Th es e synod s we re he ld fro m ti m e to tim e with ,

th e activ e coii p e rati on of Bon ifac e for th e whol e ,

F rankish k i n gd om and h ad a v e ry m arked i n fl uence

,

on th e orga n ization of th e ch urch an d its re lati on s to

th e stat e Th e y d ealt far m or e la rg ely with th e
.

practical m att e rs of ord e r an d d isciplin e than with

th e ol og i cal q ues ti on s an d controv e rsi e s w e re att e n d ed ,

by both lay an d cl e rical nobl es w e re s um m one d and ,

presi d ed ov e r by the k ing or rul e r and l e gislate d on ,

matt e rs of ge n e ral morals as well as on s e c ular afl ai rs

'

Th us th e y s e rv ed to maintain a clos e an d r eal inti

macy b etwee n ch urch an d stat e and to m ak e mo re ,

1 N a d ol i ii p p 5 6 60
e n er , v .
-
.
, . .
1 0 8 The Ag e f
o Cha r l em ag n e .

e ffe ctive th e infl uen c e of reli gio us i d e als upon th e

rul e r and his co urt an d nobl e s .

S oon aft e r th e hol d i n g of th es e e arly syn od s reviv

ing an d establishing the ord e r an d d iscipli n e of th e
ch urch Bonifac e e stablish ed hi m s e lf at M ai n z as
,

a rchbish op wi th ge n e ral sup e rvisi on ov er th e wh ol e

,

of G e rman y e as t of th e Rhi n e Th us grad ually was .

b uil t up an d e s t abli s h e d the eccl esiastical hi erarchy

of p ri es ts bish op s archbish ops an d m e trop olitan s
, , , ,

which by th e l abors of B on ifac e was brought i n t o

, ,

cl os e r relati on s of d ep e n d e n c e up on R o m e I n a .
’

famo us l e tte r to C uthb e rt Archbish op of Can t e rb ury ,

from 74 1 to 7 5 9 urgi n g upo n him the h ol di n g of a

,

sy n o d in E n g lan d as th ey h ad j ust d on e i n G e rm a n y ,

Bo n ifac e wrote M ore ove r we have d e creed i n our ,

s y n od an d h av e pr ofe s s e d our d e sire t

,
o p re s e r v e th e ,

Cath olic faith an d un i ty with an d ob e d i e n c e to th e

R om an C h urch to be s ubj e ct to St P e t e r an d hi s
,
.

vi car to ass e m bl e a s yn od eve ry y e ar to s e e k th e

, ,

pall for our m e tropolitan s f rom th at s ee an d to fol ,

” 1
low strictly all th e req ui re m e n t s of St Pe t er . .

N at urally the authority which Bon ifac e wi el de d

and the infl ue n ce h e ex e rted as archbi s h op an d
m etrop olitan d i fl e red so m e what from the ord i n ary
'

archi e pi s c opal pow e rs but it is m isl ead i n g to giv e

,

h im th e ti tl e of Primat e of all G e rm an y or to con ,

cl ud e that h e e x e r cis e d a rchi e pi s c opal f uncti on s i n

all parts of G e rman y I n d e e d he h ad d e si red on

.
, ,

th e d eath of th e Bishop of Cologn e i n 744 that th e ,

bishopric sho uld be raised to an archbish opri c an d

confe rre d upon h ims elf i n ord e r that h e m ight hav e
,

1
J afl e, vol . iii .
, B on if Ep 63
. . .
 CH AP T E R XI I I .

KARL MANN AND PI PPI N TH E S ON S O F C H ARL E S

,

M ART E L K I N G C H I L D E R I C III R E TIR EMEN T

— — .

T O AMON AS T E R Y O F K AR L MANN C H I L D E R I C , ,

AND R AC HI S KI N G O F TH E L OM B AR D S C O R
,
—

O NAT I O N O F PI PPI N A S KI N G O F TH E FR A NKS .

HE na t ural t e n de ncy of th i s spreading of

Ch ris ti an ity an d of this d e vel opm e nt an d
un ifyi n g of organiz ation wo ul d be th e
un ifi catio n of th e stat e ; but for th e ac
com p l i s h m e n t of this en d a stronge r
p owe r tha n that of Boniface an d a longer p e ri od than
that cove r ed by his life wo ul d be require d .

T he work of B oniface un d oubt ed ly as s isted greatly ,

b utit foll ow e d rath e r than pre c e d ed th e Frankish arm s .

In d e e d e ve n ts at this v e ry ti m e w e re showing h ow
,

we ak an d eas ily thrown off w e re the ti es which b oun d

tog e th e r th e vario us parts of th e F ra n kish ki n gd om .

All had b ee n at p eace i n 740 ; b ut on th e d e ath of

Charl e s M art e l i n 74 1 re b elli on s sprang up am on g
, ,

th e Sax ons and th e Al e m annians whil e H un ol d d uk e

, ,

of th e Aq uitani ans an d O ttil o d uk e of th e B ava ri ans

, , ,

d e cl are d th ei r ind ep end e nc e It was no longe r a war

.

I IO
 R ebel l i on a f ter h
t e Dea th f
o Cha r l es . 1 1 1

of Christians against pagan s butan attempt to bre ak ,

up th e unity o f the Fra n k ish k ing d om and to limit

th e conq uests of th e Frankish l ea d e rs Christians .

w e re on on e si d e as well as on the oth e r Ind ee d .

,

on on e occasion a c e rtai n pri est nam e d S ergi us th e ,

papal l egat e in Bavaria m et th e Frankish army and , ,

in th e nam e of St Pe t e r an d th e apostolic l ord for

.

bad e th e war and call e d up on th e Franks to wi th

,

draw fro m B avaria Pippin howe v e r de clare d that .

, ,

n ei th e r St P et e r nor th e apostolic lor d had se nt S er

.

gi us on that m issio n O n th e followi n g d ay aft e r a .

,

gre at victory th e pri est toge th e r with on e of th e

, ,

bish ops was capt ured an d brought to Pippi n who

, ,

rem i n d e d h i m of his false commi s si on from th e Pop e ,

an d d e clare d that now h e h ad prov e d that it was fals e ,

b e caus e if St P et e r h ad fe lt that th e ca use of th e

.

F r anks was not j ust h e wo ul d n ot hav e aid e d th e m ,

”
in gai n ing th e vict ory B e ass ure d n ow how e v e r .
, ,

he concl ud e d that by the inte rcession of th e bl ess ed

,

Pe ter Princ e of th e Apostl es an d by th e j ud g m e nt of

, ,

God to which we do not h es itate to s ubmit Bavaria

, ,

and th e Bavarians b e long to th e e mpire of th e

” 1
F ran k s .

I n th e midst of th e s ucc e ss in Bavaria cam e th e

n e ws that H unol d h ad cross ed th e L oire tak en ,

C hartre s an d b urn e d it toge th e r with its cath ed ral

,

ch urch Pippin imm ed iat ely has t e n e d to the d efe nce

.

of N eustria and K arlman n proc ee d ed agai n st th e

,

Saxons who h ad b ee n forem ost in aid to the B ava

,

rians War raged in all d ire ctio n s d uri n g th e s ucc e ed

.

in g y e ars mark ed by treach e ry an d d e ce it on al l

,

- 1 Ann . M m
c .
”
an . 743 ; MG . vol . i p .
1 1 2 T he Ag e f
o Char lem agn e .

sid es In 744 H un ol d having d e c eiv ed his broth e r

.
,

by fal s e oaths t ore out his e y e s an d thre w him i n t o

,

prison A fe w days aft e rwar d s he laid as i d e his

.

d ucal cr ow n t oo k th e v ows of a m on k an d e n t e red a

, ,

m o n ast e ry but wh e th e r from re m ors e or b e c aus e i n

,

th e sam e y e ar h e h ad b e e n f orc e d to yi e l d to th e
F ranks an d t ak e th e oath of fe al ty to Pippi n an d
K arl m an n th e c hro n i cl e rs d o n ot te ll us H e l e ft
W
, .

th e r ul e to hi s s on ai far K ar l m an n tir e d of th e .
,

t re ache ry an d con ti n ual uprisings of th e Al em an nians ,

e n t e r e d th e ir t e rritory an d s um m on e d th eir chi e fs to

a con fe renc e atCann s tatt whe r e th ey we re all se iz ed ,

an d p ut to d e ath Thi s w as in 746 ; in the followi n g

.

y ear h e als o re sig n ed his powe r i n to th e han d s of his

broth e r Pipp i n an d w e n t to R om e H e b uilt a m on
,
.

as te ry on M ount S oract e b ut af t e rwa rd s re tir ed t o ,

M onte C assi n o wh e re h e di e d i n 7 5 4 Th ere has

, .

always be e n a m yst e ry s urro un d i n g his re tire m e nt ,

an d t h e ch ron icl e rs do li ttl e to e x pl ain it O n e says .

that he gav e up th e t e m poral ki n gdom for th e s ak e

of th e h e av e nly 1
E i n h art s ays that h e h ad b e en
.

m e ditating th e actfor a lon g ti m e ; whil e we are told

2

rath e r s uspici ously in an oth e r plac e that urge d by , , ,

divin e lov e an d d e si re for the h e ave nly co untry h e , ,

of his own fre e will (sp on te) re sign ed his pow e r an d ,

c om m end ed his s on s to his broth e r Pi ppi n 11

T he .

spon tane ous c h aracte r of h is abdicati on m ay be true

in his own cas e but few think i n g p eopl e will b eli e ve
,

1 “
Ann Lau Min” a 747 ; M G
r. n. SS vol . i p 1 1 5
G
. .
. .
, . .
,

An n Ein hardi an 74 5 ( r or fo
.

3 .
, . e r r M . . vol .

1 3”S
p
3 Chron . M
oiss .
, an . 74 1 -
75 2 M . G . vol. p . 29 2.
1 1 4 T he Ag e of Cha r l em ag n e .

he disposs ess e d his n eph e w Tassilo the s on an d he ir ,

of th e form e r d uk e O ttil o an d got hims elf p ro, ,

cl aim ed d uk e of th e Bavari ans Again th e a rmy of .

Pippi n ent ered Bav aria an d forc ed s ubmissi on Tas .

sil o was re inst at ed an d Grifo again re st ored to

, ,

favor was giv en the d uchy of M ain e with tw elv e

, ,

c oun ti e s in N e ustria H e soon l e ft his d uchy how

W
.
,

e v e r an d j oin e d
,
aifar th e d uk e of the Aq uitan ian s,

an d the av ow e d e n e m y of t h e Franks Th e re Pippin .

was c ont e nt to l e ave him for a tim e 1

.

M ore i m portant afl airs we re to be s e ttl ed Hav '

i n g p ut d own all op en reb ellion unit ed the kingd om ,

un d e r a singl e r ul e an d by th e ai d of B onifac e e s
, , ,

tablis h ed ord e r in th e ch urch s e ttl ed its r elations ,

with th e s e c ul ar pow e r p ut i ts prop erty an d posses ,

si on s on a satisfactory basis reorganiz ed its gov e rn ,

m e n t on a s yst e m of bishops an d m e trop olitan s an d ,

co n firm ed its uni on with the Ch urch of Ro m e he ,

so ught to re ap th e r e ward an d to e n joy the honor of

his lab ors an d to s e c ure th eir b e n e fits to his d es een
,

d ants For ove r a c e nt ury th e positi on of th e M e ro

.

v i n g ian kings h ad b ee n th at of a m e r e ly no minal

h ead ship Whil e th eir pow er h ad bee n growi n g l ess

.

an d l e ss th at of t ,h e m ayors of th e palac e had b ee n

as s te a d ily i n cre asi n g Charl es M art el by his vigor
.
,

ous ad m inistration an d brilliant victori es had bro ught ,

it to s uch a h ei ght that wh en in 7 3 7 th e k ing , , ,

The od oric IV d i ed n o att em pt was m ad e to pl ac e

.
, ,

anoth e r on th e thr on e Altho ugh th e s ons of C h arl es

.

1 T w o year s after war ds , tryi n g to m ak e his way to th e om L b ar d

k i n g, he was attack ed by T heod wi n , a r an k i sh coun t, who h ad F b een
st ati on ed toguar d th e pas s es of th e p s , an d oth were s ai n Al b l . An n .

an .
 T he P uppetK i ng . 1 1 5

h ad b e e n forced by th e j ealo usy of som e of th e

l eading nobl es to s et up Ch ild e ri c II I Pippin had .
,

now rais ed th e pow e r of th e mayors of th e palac e to

a s upr em e h e ight and th e p ositi on of th e ki n g was
,
“
piti abl e . N othing was l e ft for th e king say s ”
,

E inhard in his life of Charl es the G re at e xc ept to ,

sit on his th ron e c ont e n t with the m e re n am e of

,

king his fl owing hair long waving b e ard ; an d to

, , ,

pre s ent th e m e re st sh ow of p owe r to list en to th e ,

ambassadors fro m d i ffe re n t co un tri es an d to giv e ,

th e m at th e ir d epart ure th e repli es whi ch h e h ad b e e n

taught or e v e n ord e red to s ay as if th e y w e re the ,

e xpre ssion of his own will ; whil e i n r e ality b e s id e s , ,

th e us e l e ss n am e of king an d the p r e c ari ous s upp ort

,

which th e mayor of th e pal ace f urni s h e d as h e tho ught

fit h e poss esse d n othi n g e lse of hi s own exc ept a
, ,

si n gle est at e an d thatyi e l d i n g a v e ry s m all re v e n ue

, ,

having a h ouse an d a s m all n um b e r of s e rvants who ,

ob ey ed his o rd e rs and ministe red to his n ec essiti e s .

Wh e rev er h e w ent h e was carri e d in a cart d rawn

by a y ok e of ox e n driv e n by a pl ough m an in co untry
,

fashion ; th us he use d to g o to th e p al ace an d th us ,

to th e ass embly of hi s p eopl e at its ann ual m ee ti n g

for promoti n g the w elfare of th e k i n gd o m an d th us ,

h e we nt h om e again T h e a d ministrati on of th e
.

k ingdom and th e trans action an d disp osition of all

b usin e ss conn e ct ed wi th foreign or d om e stic affai rs
”
d evolv ed upon th e m ayor of th e p alac e 1
This .

was no n ew arrangem e nt O n e of the chronicl ers

.
-
,

i n th e y ear 69 2 d escrib e s a si m ilar sc e n e und er

,

Pippi n o f H e ri s tal th e fath e r of Charl es M a rtel

,

1 Ei nhard, Vi K oli
ta ar ,
”
c. 1 .
1 1 6 T he Ag e of Char l em ag n e .

E ach y ear ,
on th ecal e n d s of M arch a ge n eral ,

co uncil of all th e Franks was h e ld ac cording to the

c ust om of th e anci e n ts At this co uncil out of rev
.
,

e re nc e for th e na m e of King an d on a cco unt of his ,

own h um ility an d cl em e ncy Pippin ord ered th e ,

king who m h e had s et up to presid e until th e ofl e r

'

ings w e re re c e iv e d from al l the nobl e s of th e Franks ,

th e s p ee c h e s m ad e i n b e half of the p e ac e an d d e
fe n c e of th e ch urch e s of G od and of th e orphans an d
wi d ows a firm d ec r ee m ad e agai n st rap e an d arso n
, ,

th e co mm an d g iv e n to th e a r m y th at on what e v e r d ay
th ey re c e iv ed n otic e to m arch th ey sh oul d be ready to
go wh erev e r he app oi n ted aft e r which h e sent th e king
,
” 1
to a p ublic e stat e to be k e pt with ho n or an d respe ct
,
.

At th e ti m e of which w e sp eak how ev e r ev en this , ,

h ad p ass ed away an d th e na m e as w ell as th e p e rson

,

of th e ki n g s eem e d w e ll n igh forgott en O nly c c

-
.

c as i on all y do e s t he y e ar of his r e ig n s e rv e to fix a
d at e ; his pr es e n c e in th e ass e m bli es is not n ot e d n or ,

do es his a uthority app ear i n th e c apit ulari es In all the .

com m unications b etwe en th e p ope s an d the Fran ks ,

not a z s i n g l e l e tt e r is ad d r e ss e d t o th e ki n g b ut to ,

th e V ic e roy or s ubr eg ul us as th e m ay or of the p al

, ,

ace w as call e d Charl e s M art el an d his sons had

.

alr ea d y sp ok e n of the ki n g d om as th ei rs (meum r eg

nnm no
,
st r um r eg mem
) i n t h e ir l aws and ofli c i al
d oc um e nts .

S uch a c on d iti on of affai rs c ould n ot long en d ure .

T h e on e w ho had th e pow e r sh oul d hav e the na me

of ki n g B ut h ow c oul d the chan ge be e ffe cte d ?
.

T h e forc e of c ustom an d a long lin e of s ucce ssion in

1 A nn . a 69 2 ;
n. M G SS . ol i p 3 20
. .
, v . .
, . .
1 1 8 T he Ag e f
o Char l emag n e .

to th e k i n g and p eopl e of
Franks that Pippin th e ,

who was e x e rcising th e royal pow e r sh oul d be call e d ,

king an d plac ed up on the thron e This was th e .

autho rization which h ad b e e n d e sire d Acc or d ingly .

,

i n th e n e xt y e ar 7 5 1 by th e e l e ction of th e p e opl e
, , ,

having re c e iv ed th e s ubmission of th e c hi e fs i n ac
cord an ce wi th the an ci e nt c ust om of th e Fran ks Pip ,

pin was rai s e d to th e th ro n e i n th e ci ty of S oiss ons ,

an d that h e m igh t be re n d e r e d m or e w orthy of this

hon or h e wi th his q ueen B ertrad a re c eiv ed the holy

, , , ,

a n oi n ti n g ; b utChild e ric w ho was fals e ly call e d ki n g , ,

h ad his h ead shave n an d w as s e nt to a m onast e ry .

T he l on g fl owi n g locks symbol of royal dignity

, , ,

w ere cutaway an d th e tons ure sign of th e re n uncia

, ,

tion of w orl d ly am biti ons took th e ir place 1

,
.

Th us took p l ac e th at act of m ost sol e m n an d mo

m e n tous signifi canc e to w e s te rn E ur ope an d to th e
Christian ch urch as w ell as to the Fran kish kingd o m
,

an d t o th e R om an Papacy Th e re is n on e ed of t rying .

to j ustify the act ; i ts hi s torical e xplanati on li es in th e

fact t hat it t ook place ord erly an d p eaceably as an ,

e vi d en t p oli tical n e c e ssity Its m anifest ad vantag e .

to all p e rs ons co n ce rn e d e xc e pt th e p oor last re m

nan t of th e roy al li n e and abov e all th e ab s ol ut e , , ,

n e cessity which th e Pop e h ad al re ady fe lt an d re c og

,

n i ze d of h avi n g so m e st ro n g arm n ea r at hand if

,

R om e was to be s av ed to the Papacy an d th e Papacy

to th e W e s t e rn Ch ur ch are plai n ly s ee n ,
.

It was s om e thi n g m ore than a change of dynasty

1 “
Ann E i n h ar di , ”
an 749 7 50 ; An n Laur an 749 75 0
M An n
. .
, .
,

Ann
. .
,

. L aur i s s in ,. . an .
750 ; F r edegar . c. 1 1 7; .

an . 75 1 , 75 2 .
 P ipp i n K i ng by the G
’
r ace f
o G oa . 1 1 9

or a political re vol ution or e v e n us urpation It

,
.

e ffe ct e d a co m pl e t e change i n t h e v e ry con c eptio n of

th e kingship op e n ed a n e w e poch i n th e re l atio n s
,

b etwe e n th e e ccl esiastic al an d th e s e c ular p ow e r an d ,

b e gan a m ark ed ep och in th e history of the ch urch

its e lf
.

T h e P0 p e h ad wait ed for th e i m pe ri al con fi rm a

ti on of th e rul e r of the E ast be fore e n t e ring upo n
his d uti e s ; h e now fo un d hi m se lf cons e c rati n g the
n e w r ul e r of t h e We s t that h e m ight a uth oritativ e ly
,

pe r form his d uti es T h e PO p e h ad b ee n s e e ki n g th e

.

as sistanc e of this n e w pow e r whi ch h ad ari s e n i n the

We st ; h e now foun d it s e ek ing him T h e kings of .

th e F rank s h ad rul e d b e fore by r i g ht of royal birth

an d nati on al c ust om an d s upport ; th e y w e r e now

ki n g s by th e grac e of G od e x pre ss ed by th e part

,

w h ich th e bish ops of th e ch urc h to ok i n the e l e ction ,

by th e an oi n ting i n th e n am e of the h e ad of the

c h urch at Rom e . By this act th e ki n g was i n v est ed
with a divin e sign ificance h e was m ad e a part of th e
,

e ccl e sia s tical ord e r an d th e un i on of th e F r a n ki s h

,

m on arch with th e e ccl e siastical h ea d of th e W e st e rn

C h urch was c om pl e t e .

T h e P op e h ad now re c eiv e d th e s ub m ission an d

re sig n ation of two k ings ; for Rachis L i utp ran d s ,
’

s ucc e ssor as ki n g of th e Lom bards havi n g onc e more

,

r e n e we d t h e cont e st an d b e si e g e d P e r ugia h ad m e t
,

th e P op e an d had co m e withi n th e m agic circl e of

,

that i n fl ue n ce s o m a jestic an d awe fi ll i n g that it-

s e e m e d almost divi n e an d h e h ad not only give n up

,

th e c ont e st an d re stored th e plac e s alre ady t ak en b ut ,

had laid his crown at th e fee t of th e s ucc essor of the

1 20 T he Ag e f
o Cha r lem ag n e .

Pri n c e of the Ap ostl es and had r e tire d h umbly and ,

d evoutl y to the m onas te ry of M ont e Cassi n o .

And n ow th e Pop e had be en ask e d to e x e rcis e

again that mighty spi rit ual a uthority which h e h e l d
as h e ad of the Ch urch of Rom e and as th e chi ef re
li gi ous auth ority of his ti m e wh os e s ourc e no m an ,

q ues tio n e d an d wh os e li m i t n o man kn e w to sanc ,

ti on th e ov e r th row of a roy al ho us e whi ch had h e l d

i ts sw ay for n e arly thre e c e nt uri es an d to e s tablish ,

an oth e r li n e by a n e w ce r e m ony an d with a n ew

“
m e an i n g Al ready h e re i n th e e igh th c ent ury is
.

th e whol e f ut ure of th e m iddl e ag e s pict ur ed forth in

”
miniat ure 1
It is to be n ot ed that it was n ot by his
.

own s e e ki n g t h at th e re cam e to th e Pop e th at m ighty

po we r of d ep osi n g an d s e tting up k ings It was .

give n y es al m ost for ce d upo n hi m and the foun da

, , ,

ti on s l ai d for th at l ofty h eight on which Innoc e nt

I I I st ood wi th kings an d k i n gdom s and the empire
.
,

at his fe e t when it was s aid to him

,

NotG od th ou ar t, n or m an , h er an d
n ei t t btw
Whom G od him l f h
ye e een ,

m ade h i s p ar tn er an d a y,
se as ll
S har i n g wi th th ee th e un i ver s al s way,
D l
es i r i n g n ot a on e to govern all ,

B ut gi vin g ear th to th ee, r es er vin g h eaven to hi ms e f l .

”1

T heoin ti n g was n otan absol ute ly n e w ce re mon y

an

in th e We st It had b e e n us e d for th e first tim e in

.

th e lat e r m o n archy of th e Vi s igoths af te r th e c on ,

v ersi on of R ecarre d wh e n th e ch urch b eca m e q uite

,

1 H ege l , i , p 20 8
v ol . . . .

3 T
r an s at l
ed fr om a poem of t he th i rteen th cen tur y, wr itten b
y
Geoffr e y V i n s auf Quote d by L ea .
, S tudi es i n Chur ch is tor y, H
8
p 3 7
.
1 22 T he Ag e
f
o Char lemag ne .

th e ch urch and on th e cons ecration at her han d s .

Th us th e ch urch by h er a uthority rel eas ed the Franks

from th e ir oath of all egianc e to the royal fam ily of
th ei r anci ent k ings an d confe rre d upon Pippi n t h at
,

which was lac k ing in th e h e re d itary right of birth i n

th e royal f amil y This consid e ration o ught to g o far
.

towards s ettling that ve x e d q ue stion on which so

—
many vol um es have b ee n w ritt en wh eth e r th e Pop e ,

—
mad e Pippin king an d it shows j ust what was
,

e ffe ct ed by papal a uth ority .

Th us Pippin was crown e d king and the all e gianc e ,

of the Fran ks by the authority of th e Pop e was

, ,

t ransfe rred to hi m The ir chi e f was we ll chosen

. .

Pippin was brav e re sol ut e an d alm ost always vi eto

, ,

ri ous This is w ell ill ustrat e d by a story that on on e

.

oc casion a f urio us enc ount e r was tak ing place b e tw ee n

a b ull and a lion Pippin sp rang into th e aren a cut
.
,

off the h eads of both with his massiv e sword an d , ,

t urni n g to his co urti e rs s ai d Am I not w orthy of, ,

b e ing your k ing ? An d y e t as has be en truly s ai d , ,

b e tw een the towe ri n g proportions of his fathe r an d

of his s on the on e th e victor of To urs an d th e othe r
, ,

th e fi rs t E mp e ror of th e We st th e historic stat ure of ,

Pippin himself is d warf e d b e n eath its d ue prop ortions .

To his pow e r as chi e f was a d d e d th e auth ority of

ki ng T h e tim e was we ll chos e n T he k i n gd om as
. .
,

it w ere had b een foun d ed an ew All oppositi on of

, .

th e p rinc e s had b e e n p ut d own N e ustria an d .

A ustras ia we re firmly un it ed as is shown by the fact ,

that the sam e e ccl e siastical synods were h e l d for b oth

districts in com m on T he w e apon s o f war we re at
.

res t . Peac e rul ed at hom e an d ab road .

 CH APT E R XIV .

R E L AT I ON S O F T H E PAPAC Y WIT H T H E L OM B AR D S
AND W I T H T H E EM P E R O R FR OM TH E TI ME O F ,

G R E G O R Y II T O TH E DE ATH O F Z AC H ARI AS
. .

T has b een show n already that G re gory

I I h ad oppos e d any bre ak with th e em
.

e or k n owi n g f ull w e ll that s uch a st e p

p r ,

w oul d l eave th e Papacy h elpl ess b efore

th e pow e r an d a m biti ons of th e L o m bard
king l U nd e r G regory I I I how e v e r the opp osition
. .
, ,

e ng e nd e re d by t he icon oclastic z e al of the e mp e ror

becam e more appare nt S oon aft e r his conse crati on .

i n 7 3 1 h e he l d a syno d of th e cl e rgy n obl es an d

, , ,

pe opl e of Ro m e at which a s ent e n ce of ex com m un i

,

cation was d ecreed agai n st th e iconoclasts th us re ,

“ ”
n e wing th e co n trov e rsy which as G reg orovi us ,

says h ad n ow b e com e littl e else tha n th e symbol

,

of divisi on b etw een th e ch urch an d th e absol utism of

” 2
th e s tat e .T h e pre se nc e of th e lay e l em ent at this
s ynod i s significant and it i s al so to be n ot e d that
,

th e e n um e ration of th e att e n d ants incl ud es th e thre e

8
clas se s whi ch mad e up Rom e .

1 S ee above, p . G r egor ovi us , vol. p . 242 .

1 “ "
L ib Pon tif
. .
, vol . i .
, p.
4 1 6, c 3 . .

1 23
1 24 T he Ag e of Char lemag ne .

It was re cog n iz ed b eyon d a d o ubt that if the i m

p e ri al pow e r was too we ak to p rot e ct th e Pop e
against the Lombar d s it was too w eak to k eep h im ,

in a strict d ep en d e n ce an d h e b ecam e m ore and m ore ,

in d ep e n d e nt and b e tt e r abl e to tak e advantage of

th e positi on which as h ea d of th e Ro m an Ch urch , ,

he h ad c om e to h ol d i n all Italy This po we r as we .

,

hav e s ee n was greatly ad v anc ed by Gre gory L an d

, ,

was e stablish e d on th e d e e p an d fi rm f oun d atio n of

th e act ual positi on of th e Pop e as d e f e n d e r of th e
p e opl e against t emporal i n j ustic e an d w ron g as w e ll ,

as ack n owl e dge d h ead of th e We s te rn Ch urch l B ut .

it was th e i n vasio n of th e Lom bard s an d th e struggl es

against th e m in whi ch th e p op e s w e re t
,
h e m ost e ffe c
tive l ead e rs as w e ll as th e w eak n e ss of th e e mp e ror
, ,

b e co m ing e v e r m ore an d m ore appar ent that h u , ,

m anly sp e aki n g e st ablish e d th e pap al p ow e r in the

,

e ighth c e nt ury S o that it has b e en w e ll said : T h e

.

in d ep en d e nc e of th e p op e s was struck like a spark

b e tween th e rival t em poral pow e rs that divid ed
” 1
Italy .

T h e iconoclastic c ontr ov e rsy h e lp e d on th e m ov e

m e nt of s eparation In 7 3 3 th e e mpe ror d espatch e d
.

a fl e e t to p unish th e Pop e for th e thre ate n ing acts of

hi s c oun c il ; but th e fl e et having b e e n shipwre cke d in
the A d ria tic th e e m p e ror t ook his re v e nge by trans
,

f e rring th e e ccl e si as tical j urisd icti on of Sicily of ,

C al abria an d of Illy ric um f rom th e Bi sh op of Rom e

,

to th e Pat ri arch of C on s tantin opl e This act h ad a .

d e cisive infl uence on th e history of so uth e rn It aly

thro ugh out th e mi d d l e ag es an d ma d e the e ccl e sias ,

1 S ee bo
a ve, pp 9 7 99
.
-
.
1 B ur y, vol . ii .
, p . 1 5 6 .
1 26 T he Ag e of Char lemag ne .

e stablish ed an d to which at first it had b een d e

, , ,

vote d M o re an d m ore as it to ok a p olitical positi on

.
, ,

it b eca me s ubj e ct to political co n si d e rati ons an d in

fl ue n ce s an d i ts high e r m is s i on w as lost or s ubord i
,

n ated t o i ts n e w obligations an d am bitions .

T h e allian c e of th e P op e with th e So uth e rn d uk es

was re n e wed L i utp ran d attack e d Spol e to b ut its
.
,

d uk e fl e d to Rom e an d th e Lo m bard king fo un d ,

hi m s elf fac e to fac e wi th th e Rom an ar m y un d e r the

D uk e of Rom e th e i m p e ri al ofli ce r of th e Ro m an
,

d uchy T he D uk e of Spol e to was e nabl e d to re t urn

.

to his d ominio n s b ut L i utp ran d s e iz e d an d occ upi e d

,

th e fo ur citi e s of Am e lia O rt e Bo m arzo an d Bl e ra , , ,

.

T h e D uk e of Sp ol e to having obtain e d his obj e ct , ,

s uffer e d his zeal i n s upp ort of th e Papacy to fl ag an d ,

G re gory rec og n i zi n g the inad eq ua cy of e ith e r Ital ian

,

or i m p e rial allia n c e s i n his str uggl e with th e L om

ba rd s appe al e d to C h arl e s M artel
,
1
In a s e con d let .

te r th e P op e so ught to j us tify th e ai d giv e n to th e

d uk e s of Spol e to and of B e n e v e nt o in th e ir r e v olt
against L i utp ran d b uth e sai d n othi n g ab out the tak ,

in g of th e four citi e s in 7 3 9 Charl es m ad e n o d e fi .

2
nit e an s we r as we hav e s e e n b ut c on fi n ed hi m s e lf
, ,

to ge n e ral e xpre ssio n s of r e sp e ct and int e r e st ; th e

p ersons h e s en t i n t o It aly probably told h i m that th e
Pop e h ad brought upo n hi m s elf th e d i fli c ul ties of
which h e c om p l ai n e d by i n te rf e ring un n e c essarily in ,

11
th e affairs of th e L om bard ki n g .

G regory I II d i ed soon aft e r and within fo ur days

.
,

J
afl é, vol iv 8, E p
’
1 . .
, pp . 1 4
-
1 . 1 , 2, 73 9 , 740 .

1 b
S ee a ove, p . 1 02 .

1 L ib vol. i 4 5
2 n ot 34
. .
, p
.
, e .
 Po
p e Z acha r i as . 1 27

of his d e ath Z acharias s ucceed e d to th e Papacy ,

fully prepared an d well able to carry on the policy

of re sistanc e to th e Lo m bards Th e right of imp e rial .

confir m ation of th e Pop e had b ee n transfe rre d to the

e xarch in 68 5 or p e rhaps as e arly as
, th us
avoi d i n g long d e lays tho ugh g re atly incr e as in g t
, he
infl ue nc e of th e exarch The re is no record howeve r .
, ,

that Z acharias d id more th an anno unc e his e l e ction

an d cons e cration to t h e e m p e ror .

It is a signi fi cant fact that h e was the las t of an

al m ost un brok e n s e ri e s of Gree ks and Syrians in t he
papal lin e for n early a c e nt ury D uri n g his p on ti fi .

cat e h e gav e e vi d ence of gre at co urage and s elf re li -

anc e as w e ll as of mark e d diplomacy and skill

,
T he .

papal bi ograph e r d e scrib e s h i m as a v e ry m ild an d

genial m an slow to ange r and q uick to pity n eve r
, ,

re nd e ri n g e vil for evil nor taking e v e n de s e rv ed ,

rev en ge but pi ous an d m e rciful d oi n g good to

, ,

his e vil p e rs e c utors and promoti n g th em to hon or

,
2
.

L i utp ran d and his n obl e s b ei n g pre s e n t on on e oc

casi on wh e n th e Pope was conse crati n g a bish op it ,

i s r e p orte d th at man y of th e Lombards w e r e

mov ed to t ears by th e v e ry m an n e r of his saying
”
pray e rs .
3

At th e tim e of his acce ssio n th e d eath of Charl e s

M art el had le ft the Fran kish gove rnm ent in a con
f us e d co n d iti on with out a king an d with thre e
,
‘
,

broth e rs K arl m an n Pi p pi n and Grifo at variance

, , , ,

1 H odgki n , vol . vi .
, 5 3 0 , n ote 3 .

1 L ib . v0 i , p 42 6, c 1 . . . .

1 L ib. vol i ,
p 4 2 8 ,
. c 1 0
. . . .

1 Th e k i n
g h ad di ed fou r year s e for e , an d Ch ar es h adb l h ough t
n ott
l
i t worth whi e to s etup an other S ee a ove, p 1 0 3 . b . .
1 28 T he Ag e f
o Cha r l emag n e .

with on e anoth er Cons eq ue ntly unti l afl ai rs w e re

'

.
,

s e ttl e d th e re n o allianc e co uld be form ed

, .

T h e Pop e th e re for e m ad e a tre aty with L i utp ran d ,

i n which th e D uk e of Spol e t o was l e ft to his fat e th e ,

ki n g prom ising to re store to the Pope the four citi es ,

A m e lia O rt e B om arz o an d Bl e ra which he had

, , , ,

s e iz e d t w o y e ar s b e for e fr om th e e m p e ror Thi s was .

th e third d on ation to th e P op e f rom th e Lom b ard

con q ue sts H e also b e stow e d upon th e Pop e th e
.

S abi n e d istrict an d re stor e d s e ve r al e ccl e s i astical

,

e stat e s . In c on cl usio n h e mad e a treaty of p eac e

with the d uchy of Rom e to last for twe n ty y ears .

B e ing n ow at th e h e ight of his powe r h e proc eed e d ,

to att ack Rav e nna which h e had capt ured on c e be ,

fore but which th e V e n e tians h ad re c ove red T h e

,
.

e x arch now app e al e d t o th e P op e who haste n e d to ,

th e c our t of L i ut p ran d a ft e r all m e ssag e s

, an d e m
bass ie s h ad prov e d f r ui tl e ss H e re for th e thi rd tim e
.
, ,

th e e loq ue nc e of a pop e an d th e awe which h e was ,

abl e to inspire acco m plish e d wh at arm s h ad fail ed to

,

d o an d L i utp ran d with d r e w h i s forc e s an d re sign e d

,

his conq ue sts E v en th e t h i rd part which h e had

.
,

ret ai n e d as a pl e d ge h e aft e rward s han d ed ove r to

'

,
”
th e r e p ublic 1 .

T h e d e ath of L i utp ran d wh o h ad sh own hi m s e lf a ,

n obl e st r ong an d brav e ki n g e xc e pt in t

, , h e pre s e nc e ,

of th e Pop e re m ove d an e v e r threat e n ing dange r an d

,
-
,

l e ft Z acharias mast e r of th e sit uati on Fri e ndly re .

l ati on s with th e e m pi r e w e r e re store d an d th e im ,

p e rial powe r in Italy was ack n owl e d ge d i n th e p e rsons

of the exarch i n Rave nna and of th e d uke in Rom e .

1 L ib vol. i
. .
, p.
43 1 , c. 1 5 .
1 3 0 T he Ag e f
o Cha r l emag n e .

of Pope was th e re s ult Altho ugh som e shre d s

th e ,
.

of th e fo rmaliti e s co n n e cting R om e with th e e m pir e

still remai n ed and th e papal d oc um en ts un til 7 7 2
,

co n tin ued to b ear th e n am e an d d at e of th e e m p eror 1

,

this act of cons e crati on an d its conseq ue nc e s to , ,

ge the r with th e co n q uest of Rav e nna by th e Lom

bards an d th e d ow n fall of th e e xarchat e pres en tly ,

tobe n otic e d p ractic ally e n d e d all r e al co n n e ction

,

b etw ee n Italy an d C on stanti n opl e .

N0 T E — I . ol d m an us cr i p t of G r e gor y of our s h as een foun d

n an T b
a n ot e wr i t ten o n on e of t h e p ages by a m on k of S t en i s , i n th e year . D
6
7 7 . H e r ecor d s t h a t P i pp i n a n d his s o n s , b y t h e p r o v i d en ce o f
G od, wer e con secr ated wi th th e s acred ch r i s m as ki n gs th i r teen year s
b e for e F or th e s ai d m os tfl ouri s h i n g, p i ous or d , i n g P i pp i n , l K
by th e author ity an d com m an d ( i mp er i um ) of th e or d Pope ach ar i as l Z
of s acr ed m emor d by th e an oi n ti n g of th e h o y ch r i s m by th e h an d s l
of the bl
e s s ed
p r xe s ts of th e a u s anG l
d b y t h e e ecti on o f al l th e lr an k s F
thr e e year s e for e b ,

b l
h ad een ex a ted toth e th r on e of th e ki n gdom .

A fter war ds by th e h an ds of th e Pon tifl S tephen , in th e Ch ur ch of

th e B es s ed l ar t yMr s ( S t e n i.s ,D us ti cu s , Ra n d e u th er i u s ) , h e w as El
an oi n ted an d bl
es s ed as K
in g an d Patr i ci an , togeth er with hi s s on s
l
C h ar es an d K ar l m an n B es s i n g was a s o p ron oun ced up on h i s wi fe,
. l l
F
B ertrad a, an d th e r an k i s h p ri n ces , an d all wer e con s tr ain ed by thr eats
of i n terdi ct an d e x comm un i cati on n e ver to pr es um e to e ect a kin g l
fr om an oth er race ”
. L ib . vol i , p 4 5 8, n ot e. . .

1
J afl é, R e ges t
s Pon ti f R om
. .
, vol. i .
, pp . 2 89 , 2 9 0 , No . 23 9 5 .
 CH APT E R XV .

R E LATI O NS O F T H E PAPAC Y WIT H T H E L OM B AR D S

AND W I TH TH E FR AN K S O V E RT H R O W O F
—
TH E E X ARC H AT E B Y TH E L OM B AR D S TH E
—
PO P E C RO S S ES TH E AL PS TH E DONATI ON
—
O F PI PPI N— TH E PAPAL C ON S E CR AT I O N O F
P I PP I N A ND H I S S ON S AS K I N G S O F TH E
FR AN K S AND PATRI C I AN S O F T H E R OM AN S .

AC HARIAS d i ed b e fore h e co uld claim

his reward for th e cons ecration of Pippin ,

p e rhaps e ve n b e fore th e conse cration 1

.

Steph e n II having di e d i m m ed iat ely

.

afte r his el e ction th e n e xt pope St ephe n , ,

I I I s om etimes call ed Steph e n I I soon fo un d h i m

.
, .
,

s el f i n th e greatest n ee d Already in 75 1 Ais tulf

.
, ,

had co n q ue red Rav enn a and bro ught th e r ul e of th e

11
e x archs to an e n d For a mom e nt howeve r e ve n h e
.
, ,

yi e ld ed to th e p e rs uas ions of St eph e n an d re n ew ed th e ,

tr eaty of p eace mad e by L i utp ran d ; but rep enting of ,

1 Accor di n g to Sickel Muhl bach er

, oth er s , Pipp in was r ai s ed
, an d
to th e th r on e m Novem er ,: b 75 (
1 B oeh m er , vo l i , p S om e p ut . . .

1 1 as at l
e as 7 5 2 ( G r e go r ovi us , vol ii , p 2 67, n ot
. e . ach ar ias
. Z
.

d1 ed M
ar ch 1 4, 7 5 2 L ib . vol i , p 43 5 , c . . . .

1
l
E utychi us ( 72 7- 7 5 2 ) is th e as t ex ar ch of whom we have an y
”
men ti on ( odgki n , vol vi , p
H . . . .

1 3 1
1 3 2 T he Ag e f
o Cha r l emag n e .

his we ak n ess he d e man d ed a heavy tribut e an d p re

, ,

pa red to p utinto e ffe ctiv e op e ration his d e sign s upon

Rom e T h e papal am b assadors we re not e ve n re
.

ce ive d an d w e r e s ent ba ck to th e ir m onast e ri e s with

,

ord ers n ot to s ee th e Pop e T h e Pop e h e ard with .

dis m ay of the a d vance of Ais tulf an d his breach of

the tre aty H e h e ad e d a sol e mn proc e ssion of cl e rgy
.

and p e op l e ba refoote d an d with ash e s spri n k l e d on

, ,

th eir h e a ds an d visit ed th e shrin es an d holy places

,

in the city b earing th e sacre d image of Christ call e d

,

th e A
1
ch e r op s i t
a Attach e d to the cross carri ed in
.

th e proc e ssion was th e tr e aty of p eac e which A i s tulf

so p er fi dious ly h ad br oke n B utre ligio us proce ssions .

w e re of no avail an d e v e n th e emp e ror co ul d protect

,

Ro m e n o lo n ge r for h e had not b ee n abl e to retain ,

Rav e n n a It was th e n that the st ep was tak e n for

.

which th e whol e previo us history had b e en preparing ,

and which was fraught with s uch far reachi n g co us e -

q u e n ce s Th e .e xarchat e had fall e n th e e mp e ror was ,

pow e rl ess and the Pop e t urn e d his back upon both
, ,

an d plac e d hims elf an d th e ch urch un d e r the p rot ec

tion of th e Frank s T h e n ew ki n g was re mind ed of .

th e obligati ons h e had inc urr e d so re c e n tly an d was ,

call ed upo n to ass um e th e r esponsibiliti es of his posi

ti on T h e first l e tt e rs unfort unately are lost but
.
, , ,

fro m a late r on e we l e arn that Pippi n se nt to Rom e

1 L ib Pon ti f vo l i p 44 3 , c 1 1. . . . . .

Th i s i s th e fi r s tmen ti on of thi s s acr ed p icture I t1 5 p ai n ted on

l
.

wood , i s dar k, an d rs en ti r e y B yzan ti n e, r res en tin g th e S avi our with

'

a beard I t w as us ed i n pr oces s ion s i n t e midd e ages , an d on th e l

A
.

vi gi l of t h e s s ump tion was was h ed i n th e or um , as in form er days F

the s t atue of C y e e m t he bl Al
mo T h e n octurn al p r oces s ion , h avi n g
bl G
.

b
degen erated in to a acch anal rout, was a o is hed by Pi us ( r ego V .

r ovi u s , vol i i p 2.
74 ote
, n . .
1 34 T he Ag e f
o Cha r l emag n e .

th e ir c ust om as th e chron icl e r says h ad brok e n

, ,

outagain i n re b e llion and had p ut to d e ath H i l d i g ar

, ,

1
Bish op of Cologn e I n this cam paign h e h ad b e e n
.

s ucc essful havi n g forc e d them to th e t rib ut e of thre e

,

h un d re d hors es ann ually an d to re c e iv e agai n th e ,

Christian m issi onari e s O n h i s r et urn h e r ec e iv e d .

th e report of th e d e ath of Grifo his half broth e r ,

-
.

A lit tl e l ate r ca m e the n e ws that Pop e St eph e n h ad

c ross ed th e Al p s an d was al rea d y in th e ki n g d om .

At this Pippin was greatly pl eas ed an d s e n t his el d e st ,

s on th e n tw e lv e y e ars of ag e to m e e t h im an d con
, ,

d uct h im to th e co urt Th us the yo un g Charl es l at e r

.
,

to be know n as Charl e s th e G re at m e t the Bish op of ,

R om e With great hon or th e Pop e was e s cor te d to

.

P on thio n wh e re th e ki n g was s p e n d i n g the wi n t e r

, .

T h e m e e ti n g to ok plac e on th e 6th of Ja n ua r y the ,

fe ast of th e E piphany It was i n d ee d a most m o .

m e n tous occasio n signifying as it d i d th e allianc e of

,

th e ch urch of th e old e m pir e with th e n ew king d om

of th e We st .

E laborate d etails of the m ee ting are give n by

th e papal biog r aph e r Pippin ro de out a d istance .

of thre e mil es wh e re h e di s mo un t ed an d with great

, , ,

h um ility prostrate on th e gro un d with his wife

, ,

an d son s an d n obl e s rece iv ed the Pope an d in , ,

th e ofli ce of a groom walk e d b esi d e h i m for s om e

d istan c e Th e n with chants an d hym n s the whole
.

proc e ssion mad e its way to the palace Th e re s eat e d .

,

in th e chapel the Pop e with t ears in his e y e s be

, , ,

H ildi gar was th e ish o wh o in con tr overs y wi th B on iface had

1 b
l
c ai med t he ch ur ch of U tt t, i n ri es an d , as depen den t u on hi m
p F l
se f l . N
S ee ean der, vol iii , p 7 1 . . . .
 Meeti ng o
f P ipp i n an d he P o
t pe . 1 35

so ught th e king that by a treaty of p e ace h e wo ul d

s e ttl e th e ca us e of th e bl e sse d Pe t e r an d of th e re
p ublic of the Ro m ans 1
T h e F rankish chronicl e rs
.

ad d that on th e following d ay th e Pop e with his

, , ,

cl e rgy cl ad i n haircloth an d sprinkl ed with ash es

, ,

p ros trat e on th e gro un d b e sough t the king by the , ,

m e rcy of Al m ighty God an d by th e m e rits of the ,

bl esse d ap os tl e s P e te r an d Pa ul to f re e h i m an d th e ,

Ro man p e opl e f rom the ha n d of th e L om bards an d

from th e s e r vic e of th e ha ughty Ki n g Ais tulf N or .

wo ul d he r is e from th e groun d un til the ki n g with ,

his s ons an d th e nobl es s t re t ch e d forth th e han d ,

an d rai s e d h i m fro m th e g r o un d i n tok e n of th e ir

”
fut ure aid an d d elive ran c e .

It was at this tim e th at Pippi n p ro m i s e d to resto re

that whi ch th e Lombar d s h ad s e iz e d an d to fr ee th e ,

ch urch f ro m th ei r p owe r a pro m is e which was ratifi ed

,

an d c on fi r m e d by t h e n ati on al ass e m bly or d i e t at

w hi ch all th e Franks w e r e ass e m bl e d ac cordi n g to
re g ular c usto m .

T h e re gul ar n ati onal as s e m bly at whi c h a ffai rs of

st at e w e re s ettl ed s e em s to h av e b e e n h e l d i n M arch
at Braisn e as app ea rs from th e Conti n uat or of
,

F redi g ari us and th e A n nals of M e t z T h e life of .

”

St eph e n an d that of H ad rian giv e n in th e Pontifical ,

Book assign the se acts to an asse m bly at Ki e rs e y ;

,
“
b ut it app e ars fro m Labb é s Co un cils (lib iv ’
. .
,

p 1 65 0 ) th at e ccl esias tical m att e rs regard ing baptism

.

an d m arriag e w e r e s e ttl e d h e r e .

At on e or th e oth e r h owe v e r th e n obl e s gav e , ,

1 L ib vol . i pp 44 7 44 ,8 C 2 5 . 26
MG
. .
, .
,
1 Chr on 5 3 -1 V OL
. an . 74 1 7 5 4 ;
-
.
p . 29 3
1 3 6 T he Ag o
feCh a r l ema
g ne .

their as se nt to the war with th e Lombards not with ,

out a goo d d e al of p e rs uasion for th e re s ee ms to ,

hav e b ee n a stro n g Lombard party among th e m .

Already in 7 5 3 Stephe n had addresse d a sp e cial

l e tt e r to the m ad j uri n g th em to s upport Pippi n in
all that h e m ight do for th e w elfare of th e bl ess ed
P et er P ri n c e of th e Ap ostl e s
,
1
It is to this stat e of .

affairs E i n hard refers wh e n h e sp eaks of th e e xped i

tion un d e rtake n by Pippi n at th e s upplication of
Pop e St eph e n aft e r gre at d ifli culti es for som e of th e
, ,

chi ef m en of the Franks with whom h e was wont to

cons ult w e re so oppos ed to his will that th ey op enly
”
d e clar ed th ey wo ul d l e av e th e k ing an d r e turn ho m e 2 .

At this ass e mbly probably was drawn up th e , ,

famo us d onati on of Pippi n the ack n owl edged basis ,

of th e late r gr an t by Ch ar l e s th e G reat and the main ,

fo undati on of the t emporal posse ssions of the Pope 3

.

T h e transactions are th us all ud e d to in the papal

“
l e tte rs : Y ou [Pippi n and his sons ] hav e earnestly
e nd e avore d to e stablish t h e rights of th e bl ess e d
Pe t e r as far as y ou co uld an d by a d ee d of don ation ,
4

yo ur goo d n e ss has co n firm ed th e r estit ution By .

y our own will by a d e e d of donatio n y ou con fi rme d

, ,

the re stit uti on of the ci ti e s an d place s b e lo n ging to

th e bl e ss e d P e t e r and to th e holy ch urch of God an d
to th e r e p ublic And what y ou h av e onc e
.

promised to th e bl ess ed P et e r an d by yo ur donation ,

con fi rm e d by yo ur own hand haste n to re nd e r and ,

l affé, vol . iv
, p 3 3 , Ep 5 ,
. . .
753 .

1 i n har d, V ”
i ta, c 6 . .

1 B oehm er , vol i
, p .
33 ;
. a i t
z , . W vol. 1 1 1 , pp 8
.
7-
9 0 ; G regorovi us ,
vol 1 1 2 78 2 8 7
i i
-
. . .

4 F r m a mpag i nam .
1 3 8 T he Ag o
/ Ch a e r lema
g ne . a

It was in consi d e rati on of s uch p ro m is es give n and

r ec eiv e d th at th e un ion was establishe d b e tw ee n th e
Frankish ki n g d om an d th e Ro m an Ch urch O n J uly .

2 8 7 5 4 in P aris i n th e Ch urch of St D e nis t

, , ,
h e Pop e .
, ,
1
as vic ar on e ar th of St P e t e r an d of Christ con s e.
,

c ra ted Pippi n an d his tw o s on s Ch arl e s an d Karl ,

m an n as ki n gs of th e F ran k s j oi n i n g i n his bl e ssi n g

, ,

Pippi n s wife als o th e Quee n B e rtrad a as we ll as th e

’

, ,

n obl e s an d c h i e fs of t h e F r an k s bi n d i n g al l by th reats , ,

of i n te rd i c t an d e xc om m un ica ti on n e ve r to pre s ume ,

” Up on Pippi n
to cho os e on e of an oth e r r ac e as king .

an d h i s s on s h e co n f e rr e d t h e a d d i tional ti tl e of Pa
tri cian of th e Ro m an s Thi s titl e was on e which th e
.

e ar li e r e m p e r or s h ad b e e n w on t t o b e stow upon bar

b ari an ki n gs an d had b e e n born e i n this way by
,

O d oace r Th e od ori c an d Cl ovis As s uch it appears

, , .

to h av e b ee n a m e re ly h on orary ti tl e but it i s s i gn i fi ,

cant that atthi s ti m e it h ad b e e n born e by th e exa rch

wh om Ais tulf had j ust ov e rthrown .

Tho ugh le gally it co ul d be c onfe rred o n ly by the

e mp e ror y e t as confe r re d by th e Pop e it m ight s e rv e
,

to i d e n tify p e r man e n tly th e King of th e Fran ks with

th e i n t e re sts of th e ci ty an d its l or d th e Pop e as , ,

patron or p rot e ct or I t m ay be n ot e d that th e Pope.

d oes n ot co n n e ct toge t h e r pat rician an d p rot e ct or ,

but r ath e r c onn e cts th e d e fe n c e of Rom e wi th th e

a n oi n ting as ki n g ” .

It m ay be m ai n tai n ed h ow e v e r th at by this titl e , ,

of Patricia n Steph en sought to e xp re ss by a formal ,

Jafl é, vol
i
'

1
p 3 4, 3 7
p
v , . . . .

1 L ib Pon ti f , vol i , p 448 , c 2 7 ; B oeh m er , vol i

. . . . . . . .
, p 34
. .

1
J ,
afi é vol i v , p . 6 E
3 , p
. 6,
.
p 3 8, E p 7, AD 75 5. . . . . .
 P atr i ci a n o
f th e R om a ns . 1 39

t e rm th e l egal obligati on to s upport an d to d e fe n d

,

th e Ro m an Ch urch an d p osse ssions in Italy To th is .

obligation h e regard ed Pippin as moral ly bo un d in

consid e rati on of his cons e cration of Pippin as k i n g 1
.

T h e titl e of Patri cian h ad b e e n h e l d by a lo n g li n e

2
of ex archs at Rav e nna an d now that the exarchat e ,

h ad b e e n d estroy e d it m ight be d e e m e d wis e by th e

Pop e to transfe r its titl e an d re lati on to the ch urch
to s om e m ore abl e uphol d e r Wh e th er th e Pop e .
,

by c on fe r ring this titl e int e n d e d to confe r or d i d ,

co n fe r an y powe r of gov e rn m en t or control as H e ge l ,

”
afli rm s may be do ubted At an y rat e hard ly will
, .
,

it be clai m ed that Pippin e x e rcis e d any s uch pow e r

in Ro m e tho ugh th e n ext Pop e Paul
,
be fore his ,

cons e crati on anno unc e d his el evation to Pippin in

,

th e sam e t e rms in which h i s pr e d e c essors h ad an

‘
n oun ce d th e ir e l e cti ons to t
h e ex archs .

1 W ai tz, vol . iii , p 8 5 , 86 ;

p o i n ge r, Ch ar es th e D ll reat l G ”

Gl
. . ,

pp 9 ” 9
. 2 — 8 ; G r e g or o vxu s , v o l ii , pp 2 8 1 2 8.
4 ; D u c
.a n g e , . o s s
-
a
”
ri am , s v . Patri ci us
. .

1 L ib . vol i , p 40 3 , c 1 5 , p 40 4, c 1 6 ( Pau us ) ,
. . . . . . l
4 5
0 c 1 9 ( Eu ty chi u s ) O n p 4 1 6 c 4 S e r gi us i s m e n ti o n e d a s

l G
. .
,

A
.
, .
,

at r i ci an of S ici
y s o i
. n th e l et t e r s of r egory lh
t e go v e r n ors I .

of p r ovi n ces ar e addr es s ed as Patri ci an S ee T he p”i

‘
s t es of E l
G G
.

”
S t r e gor y th e r eat, bk vi , E p 5 7 ;
. . icen e ath ers , s econ d
. . N F
s eri es , vol x i i , 20 5
.

p . . .

3 H
e ge , vol l pp 2 0 9 2 1 0
J
.
.
, .

4 L ib vol i , p 466, n ot e 1 affe, vol i v 6 7 6 8

A l M
p
l M
. . . . . .
, ,

Ep 1 2 ,.
75 7 , p r i o r a y H i s con s ecr at ion took p ace
. ay
2 9 , 7 5 7, thir t fi ve da s aft S h ’
y
-
y e r te p e n s d eat h .
 CH APT E R X VI .

I I N O V E R AI S T U L F— L OM B ARD
T H E V I CT O R Y O F P PP

TR E AC H E R Y T E S AC K O F R OME T H E PAPAL
— H —

APPE AL S T PET E R s L E TT E R— S E C OND V I C

— .
’

T O RY O F T H E FRAN K S PI PPI N S DON ATI ON

— '

T H E R E P U B L I C O F R OME — T H E T EM PO RA L
PO W E R O F T H E P O P E — DE ATH O F AI S T U L F
AC C E S S I ON O F D ES I D E R I U S— R E N EW ED D I F FI
C U L T I ES .

now recogn iz ed th e fact that

I ST U L F
th e str uggl e for It aly m ust be fo ught out
with th e F rank s un l e ss h e c oul d n ullify
th e p apal i n fl ue n c e I n th e m i d s t of th e .

e v e nts of th e fam ous y ear 7 54 an d p rob ,

ably j ust b efor e th e cons e cration i n J uly K arl m an n , ,

th e k i n g s broth e r cam e fro m his m o n as t e ry of

'

M on t e C assi n o to urge Pippi n n ot to yi el d to th e

p op e s p e rs uas ions It was s ai d th at h e c am e an d
’
. ,

that h i s abb ot ord ered h i s c om ing unwillingly but ,

—
that b ei n g 1 n th e D uchy of B e n e v e n to th at 1 5 on ,

L o m bard t e rrit ory th ey w e re f orc e d to yi e l d to

,

Ai s tulf s wish e s Pippi n how ev er t ol d his b roth e r

’
.
’
, ,

th at h e co ul d not d o oth e r tha n what h e had p ro m

1 u
Ei n h ard l An n .
, an .
75 3 M . G . SS .
, vol . 1 39
1 40
1 4 2 Th e Ag e
f
o Cha r l emag n e .

e v e r al l d an ge r from th e F ran ks b e i n g r e m ov e d
, ,

brok e th e agree m e n t which Pi p pi n h ad e x t orte d

from h i m an d r e f us e d to rest ore th e citi e s which
,

h e h ad s e i ze d St eph e n h ad e vi d e n tly for es e e n th at

.

s om e thi n g of this s ort wo ul d h app e n for h e had ,

s tr e n uous ly urg e d Pip p i n t o re m ai n in It aly until

th e L om b ar d s h ad e v ac uat e d R av e n n a an d th e r e st
of th e c ap t ured t errit ory It was prob ably i n con s e
.

q u en c e of Pi pp i n s r e f u
’
s al or in ability to c o m p ly
wi th thi s r e q ues t th at th e pop e s e c ure d from h i m at
this ti m e a w ritt e n g uarant ee th at th e re stit uti on
sho uld be m ad e e v e n if th e Fra n ki s h arm y h ad to
,

c ross th e Alps agai n to forc e th e p e rfi d i ous Lom

b ard to f ulfil his prom is e Th at which th e p op e .

h ad fe ared h ad c om e to p as s .

In th e v e ry n e xt y ear Ai s tul f s army th un d e re d ’

at th e gate s of R om e T h e pop e th e re for e wrot e

.

as f oll ows P op e St e p h e n to his s on s and m ost

e xc e ll e nt lor d s Pip p in Charl e s an d K arl m an n
, , , ,
”
ki n gs an d p atricians of th e R om ans H e re mi n d e d .

th em of th e ir earn est d e sire to s e c ure St P e te r s .

’

r ights an d th at th e y h ad c on firm e d t
,
h e prom i s e d ,

re stit uti on by a d e e d of d onati on H ow e v e r n ot .

,

on e inch of l an d h e s ays
, was all ow e d to g o b ack
,

to th e bl e s s e d P e t e r an d th e h oly ch ur ch O f G od th e ,

R e p ublic O f th e R om an s B e s i d e s f r om th e v e ry
.
,

d ay on which w e p art e d f r om e ach oth e r h e (A i s tul f)

has tri e d to h aras s us an d to b ring th e h oly ch urch
,
”
of G od i n to d i s grac e H e asks th e m to tr us t him
.

rath e r th an th e lying Lombards an d prom i s es th e m ,

victory an d urges th e m to restore an d h and ov e r to

,
”
th e ch urch al l that by th e donation th e y had
 P apal App eals . 1 43

a uthoriz ed h i m to p re s e n t to S t P e te r H ast e n . .
,

th e re fore to p e r form wh at y ou hav e pro m is e d by

,

y our don atio n c on fi rm e d by yo ur own h an d

, F or .

th e bl e s s e d Apo s tl e Pa ul s aid B e tt e r i s it n otto v ow , ,

th an aft e r h avi n g v ow ed n ot to p ay An d .
’

y o u will r e n d e r a n acc o un t to G o d an d t h e bl e s s e d
P e t e r in th e dread f ul d ay O f j ud gm e nt how y ou ,

hav e l ab ore d for th e c aus e of th at pri n c e of th e apos

tl e s an d for r e sto ri n g h i s ci ti e s an d p l ac e s Thi s .

good w ork h as b e e n r e s e rve d for y ou NO on e of .

y our an ce st ors d e s e rv e d s uch an e fl ulg en t r ew ard ,

b ut G od p re e l e ct e d an d fore k n e w y ou b e f or e i h
-

fi n i te ti m e as i t i s w ritt e n wh om h e for ekn e w an d

, ,

p r e d e s ti n a t e d th e m h e al s o c a ll e d a n d wh o m h e ,

c all e d th e m h e als o j us tifi e d Y ou h av e b ee n .

c all ed s triv e to d o j ustic e to th e princ e of th e apos

,

tl e s wi tho ut d e l ay b e caus e it h as b e e n writt e n, ,

Faith i s j us tifi e d by wo rks Fa re w e ll m ost ex .

’

,
”
ce l l e n t son s .

I n s pit e O f thi s app eal Pip p in m ad e no e xp e d iti on

agai n s t th e L om b ar d s at this ti m e an d b e f or e th e ,

y ear was ov e r h e re c e iv e d a s e c on d l e tt e r f rom th e

pop e s i m il ar i n s tyl e an d c on t e n ts only mor e urg e n t
, ,

an d p re s s ing Pi pp i n h ow e v e r r e f us e d Afl ai rs
‘
'

. .
, ,

at h om e w e r e p r e s s i n g T h e us ual spring ass e m bly .

was h e l d in M a rch th ough it w as d e cid e d to hol d

th e m e e ting aft e r thi s y e ar in M
,

ay i n s t e ad of i n

1
U fortu at l y for S t ph s k owl dg of S c iptu th is
n n e e en
’
n e e r re ,
v erse i s Eccl ia t s v 5 th
es s e ar s t ap p oach to i t i n t eh N w
ne e r e e
b i gA 4
.
,

T es tam e n t e n ct
s v
An
. .

atte m p o quo R om
tt te an s v i i i 29 , 30
J m ii —4
. .

1
Cf S t
. . a es . 22, 2 .

Jaffé , v ol i v , pp 3 4 3 7 ; Ep 6,
. . . . AD
. .
75 5 .

S ee q uotation s on p 1 3 7 . .
1 44 T he Ag of e Cha r l emag n e .

M rch
a ,
’
nam e w as ch an ge d f i om Mar fi e ld
an d th e
'

to M ai fi e ld Thi s ch an ge by which th e ti m e of th e
.
,

ass e m bly was m ad e two m on th s l ate r is s ign ifican t , ,

as th e r e s ul t of th e ch an g e i n th e arm y i n tr od uc e d

by Ch arl e s M arte l T h e war wi th th e S arac e ns re .

q ui re d a m ore e xt e n d e d us e of caval ry th an that to

which th e e arly G e rm an s h ad b e e n acc ustom e d in
th e f ore s ts an d m oras s e s O f th e ir n orth e r n ho m e s ,

an d th e s outh e r n p l ai n s wh e re th e i r c ont e s t s n ow ,

for th e m os t p art took p l ac e allow e d th e f re e r us e ,

O f h ors e s T h e n e e d of f orage th e re f or e in th e
.
, ,

e xp e di tio n s which f ollow e d upo n t

, h e h ol ding of th e
as s e m bly atwhich i t w as d e ci d e d r eq ui re d th e h old ,

i n g O f th at as s e m bly l at e r wh e n th e f e e ding wo uld ,

be in b e tt e r c on d i tio n .

M e an whil e th e p op e s d i s tre s s i n c reas e d an d three '

l e tt e rs f oll owe d e ach oth e r i n q uick s ucc es sio n in

th e e a rly part O f 7 5 6 T h e firs t was s e nt not o n ly .

to th e th re e ki n gs an d p atr ici an s but als o to al l ,

bishop s abb ots pre s by te rs an d m on ks as w e l l as

, , , ,

to th e d uk es c oun t s an d th e wh ol e arm y in th e
, ,

n am e O f th e p op e an d all th e bi s h op s presbyt e rs , ,

d eac ons d uk e s th e k e e p e rs of th e r e c ord s co un t s

, , , ,

t rib un e s an d th e wh ol e p eopl e and arm y of th e

,

Ro m an s .

T h e worst had h app e n e d E vils h ad c om e thick .

and fas t T h e ci ty it s e lf was attack e d O n e v e ry

.
.

sid e it was s urro un d e d by th e Lo m bard s d e vas tat ,

i n g wi th fi re an d s w or d Ch ur ch e s w e re pil lage d .

and b urn ed i m ag e s of th e sain ts an d orn am e nt s of

,

1 “
An nPetav C on ti n
. an 7 5 5 . . Pe rtz . M . G . SS .
, i rp . 1 1 .

1
J
afl é , vol i v , p p 3 4 48 ; Ep 8 ,
. . .
-
.
756 .
 1 46 T he Ag e
f
o Cha r l emag n e .

l i e v e rs , but t e mporal
p os se ssions con s e crat e d to th e
s e rvic e of G od ; th e flock of Chri s t i s re pre s e n t ed
by th e b od i es not by th e s o uls of m en ; th e te m
,

poral p rom is es O f th e an ci e nt law are m ix e d up with

th e spiri tual promis e s of th e g os p e l and th e m os t ,

sacre d m otiv e s of re ligi on are pr es se d into th e s e r

vic e of a s i m pl e affai r of st at e .

Th e s e l e t te rs how e v e r m e t with an i m m ed i at e
, ,

resp on s e an d Pippi n p r oc e e d ed to cro s s th e Alp s

,

agai n as Pat rici an O f th e R omans an d D e f en d e r O f

th e Ch urch Passing thro ugh B urg un d y h e b es i eged
.
,

and t ook C lass e a city t ak e n by th e L om b ard s at

,

th e b e gi n n i n g of th e icon oclas tic o utbre ak O n th e .

march to P avi a h e was m e t by m es s e n ge rs of th e

e mp e r or w h o urg e d h i m to r e st ore th e e x arc h at e
,

an d th e oth e r citi e s to th e ir l awf ul ow n e r as s o on as

h e re gai n e d th e m fro m th e L om b ard s Pi p pi n re .

f us ed p oi n t bl ank ass e rting th at by n o c on s i d erati on

,

what e v e r c ould h e be in d uc e d to all ow thos e citi e s

to be ali e n at e d from th e p ow e r of th e bl e s s e d P e t e r ,

an d fr om th e r ight O f t h e R om an Ch urch or th e
Ap st lic e e afli rm i n g al s o und e r
'
fl f h S
'

p o n t i s O t e o o ,

oath th at n ot for th e fav or of m an h ad h e d e v ot e d

hi m s e lf s o oft e n to th e co n t est but on ly for lov e O f ,

th e bl e s s e d P e t e r an d for th e pard on of his s i n s ,

as s e rti n g this als o th at no ab un d anc e of tr e as ure

c ould i n d uc e him to t ak e b ac k that which h e h ad

onc e b e s t ow e d upon th e bl e s s ed P e t e r
‘
.

T h e s i e g e of P avi a f orc e d A i s tulf to s urre nd e r

with a p rom is e to f ulfil h i s form e r oath of re stit u
tion an d i n ad diti on to d eli ve r to Pippin on e third
,

1
L ib . vol . i .
, p .
45 2 , 0 .
—
43 45 Bo h m
e e r , V OL D 37
o
The F oun dati on o
f th e Tem o
p r a l P ower . 1 47

of th e treas ure store d in P avia t og eth e r with an an ,

n ual t ri b ut e an d n ev e r m ore to re b el agai n st h i m

,
.
‘

Ro ughly sp eaking thi s re stit ution i n cl ud e d ac , ,

c ord i n g to th e early ch r onicl e s Rav e nn a with th e ,

P ent ap olis and th e wh ol e of th e e x archat e

,
.

F ol d rad abb ot of St D e n is was com m ission ed

,
.
,

to e x e c ut e a tr eaty as far as it appli e d to th e re s ti

tuti on O f th e citi e s H e accord ingly w e nt to e ach .

of th em and r e c e iv e d th e ir h ostag e s and s ign s O f

s ubmi s si on H e als o t ook th e ir k eys which to
.
,

ge th e r with th e don ati on h e pl ac ed on th e t om b of

St P et e r th us giving th e m to th at ap ostl e of G od
.
,

an d to h i s vicar th e m ost h oly pop e and to all h i s

, ,

s ucc es s ors f ore v e r to hav e i n th e ir poss e ssion an d at

th e ir disposa
This was th e f orm al act on which was laid th e
fo un d ations O f th e t e m p oral p ow e r of th e p ap acy .

It will be w ell to st op for a m om e nt to an aly ze i t

an d to c onsi d e r its j ustic e an d signific an c e

W
.

e hav e n ot e d th e s t e p s by which th e p op e s

cam e to e x e rcis e a c e rt ain t e m p oral p owe r i n Italy ,

1
I n th e i fe of S te ph en i t i s d ec ar ed th at th i s re s ti tuti on i n
l l
cl ud e s R
ave n n a, R
i m i n i , Pes aro, an o, C es e n a, S i n i ag ia F es i l J
l F l Ub G bb , .

F lor i m p opo i , or i r i n o, C ag l i ,
. u i o, ar n i . m m ach io, M
but th e ex act te rri tory i s s ti a m att ll
e r of d i s p ut e uch es n e D
b bl
.

”
s ay s , n ot e 5 1 , on p 460 of L i b Pon ti f T h e ci ti es ar e p ro a y
b bl
. . .

th os e O f th e tr eaty an d d on ati on of 7 5 4 , an d re p res en t p ro a y al l

q
th e con ues ts of A
is tul f on i m pe ri a te r ri tory t th e d eath of l A
L b I l
.

L iutpran d , th e om ard f ron ti e r ex te n d ed et wee n m o a an d b

R aven n a, an d al l th e s e p aces are s i tuat l
ed eas t of a i n e e twee n l b
A
th e p e n n i n e s a n d th e P 0 . p e rp e n d i cu ar to th e r oute e tw ee n l b
I l
mo a an d ave n n a R . A
s far as i d e n ti fi e d th e
y a re g i v e n a ov e , b
to wh i ch may be ad d ed S an L e o V ob l o or oh i o (S ars i n a) C on ca, B
Ace rre agium an d S e rra S ee ai tz, v ol i ii p p 87- 9 1 2 1 8—2 20 ;
, ,

W
A
. . . .
,

G re g orovi us , vol i i , p p 29 5 —3 0 1. . ury , vol ii , p 5 0 0 ;

. B
l zog , . . . .

vol i i , p p 1 44- 1 47
l
. . . .

1
L ib . P
on ti l , vol i p 45 4, c x vi i
. . .
, . . .
 1 4 8 Th e Ag of Cha r l
e em a
g ne .

e sp eci ally i n th e c e n t ral an d n orth e rn p art s At .

fi rst on ly ov e r th e l an d e d p os s e s sions or s c at te re d
e s t at e s O f th e ch ur ch but s oon i n c re as i n g an d e x
,

t e n d i n g to oth e r p arts of I taly fi rs t by re as on of , ,

th e s t r on g p e rs on ali ty m ar k e d ability an d c our

, ,

ag e ous fo r e sigh t of p op e s lik e Gr e g ory I I an d .

,

I I I ; s e c on d ly on acc oun t of th e d e m an d for s om e

.
,

s tron g c e n t ral p ow e r to d e fe n d R om e agai n st th e

att ack s O f th e Lo m b ar d s to p rot e ct th e I t ali an s
,

f r om th e e xo r bi tan t t axati on an d i rre v e re n t z eal of

th e e mp e r or s an d f ro m d i s un i on an d d i s int e grati on
,

an d thir d ly b e ca us e of th e in ability an d w e ak n e s s
, ,

of th e ex arch at e to f ulfil this f un cti on an d th e i m ,

po s sibili ty O f th e e m p e ror s d oi n g it owi n g to h i s ’

d i s t an c e f ro m th e s ce n e an d th e b at tl e s i n d e f e nc e
,

of E ur op e agai n s t th e Av ars th e P e r s i an s an d th e , ,

M aho m e t an s which e n gage d al l h i s att e n ti on an d

,

res ourc e s i n th e E as t .

Th us g rad ually al m os t un co n s cio us ly with out

, ,

ch art ers d e cre e s or t re ati e s th e bi s h op of R om e

, , ,

h ad c om e to be th e r e c og n i z e d l e ad e r an d d i re c tor
of th e civili ze d f or c e s of th e W e st an d al m os t i n ,

s e nsibly h ad c om e t o be th e s e lf app oi n t e d d e l e gate -

or rep r e s e n t ativ e of th e i m p e ri al p ow e r I n thi s .

l as t attack of th e Lo m ba rd s th e i m p e ri al f orc e s h ad
utt e rly f ai le d th e e m p e ro r co ul d giv e n o ai d th e
, ,

e x arch at e h ad b ee n ov e rthr ow n an d e v e n t h e p op e , ,

as t h e on ly oth e r r e p re s e n t ativ e of th e i m p e rial

powe r h ad b e e n un abl e to acco m p li s h an ythi n g
,

dire ctly agai n s t th e g re e d y an d vict or i ous Ai s tul f .

S ure ly th e e m pi r e h ad f orf e it e d all cl ai m s to i ts

fo rm e r po s s e s s i o n s i n th e We s t B ut th e bi s hop O f .
1 5 0 Th e Ag ofe Char l emag n e .

n i fi can ce ?P op e St e p h e n I I I s p eaks of it as th e .

R ep ublic of R om e by which h e appare n tly i n t e n d e d

,

to s ig n ify th e R om an St at e in g e n e ral th e l e ad e r ,

ship an d autho r i ty O f Ro m e which for s o l on g a ,

ti m e h ad b e e n p e rs on ifi e d i n h i m an d s o h ad c om e ,

to be in s e p arably un i te d wi th th e p ow e r h e e x e r
c i s e d as bi s h op O f R om e an d s ucc e s s or of St P e t e r . .

R om e h ad i n c re as ed i n p olitic al i m port an c e till

wi th th e p at ri m on y of St P e t e r c on s i s ting of citi e s
.
,

an d t ow n s s c att e r e d ov e r It aly an d t h e is lan d of

Sicily it b e c am e a s ort of principali ty un d e r th e
,

s uz e rainty of t h e Rom an e mp e ror Th us th e O l d .

id ea of th e R om an St at e w as re viv ed an d c am e to ,

be consi d e re d a r eal re p ublic with i ts ow n arm y (ex

er ci t us r oma n us ) an d i ts own constit uti on an d int e r
e sts th e pap al
, .

I t was m ainly by w e alth an d re ligi o us consid era

ti on th at th e po p e s h ad b e e n bro ught into s uch a
p romi n e n t p olitical p os iti on s o th at at th e f ail ur e
,

of th e i m p e ri al r ul e th e s e c ul ar p ow e rs are found
occ upyi n g a s ubord inat e pl ac e Thi s i s s ee n also in .

th e way in which e v e n th e e m p e rors r e c ogniz e d th e

infl ue nc e which th e p op e s w e r e abl e to e x e rcise ov e r
th e L om b ar d s .

T h e r e p ublic h ow e v e r s e e ms to d e n ot e no act ual

, ,

c ons ti tuti on but is a phras e re viv e d an d us e d by

,

St eph e n an d h i s s ucc e s s ors to in d ica t e a gov e rnm e nt

i nd e p e nd e nt of an d ap art f rom th e e m pir e J ust .

w hat was th e fo r m or e xt e nt of this pow e r is not

d e finit e ly stat e d .

Pippin h ad d riv e n O ff th e L omb ards who had h ar

ass e d and thr eat e n ed th e pop e and h ad int e rf ere d ,
 The Don a ti on an d the Temp or a l P ower . 1 5 1

wi th th e p ow e r h e was al read y e x e rci s i n g i n n om

i n al d e p e n d e nc e upo n th e e m p e ror By th e d on a .

ti on O f thi s t e r ri tory Pippi n did un d oubt e d ly c e d e

to th e ch urch th e citi e s of th e e x ar ch at e an d Pe n tap
oli s fre e f r om i m p e ri al ov e r s ight an d from L om
b ard e n c roach m e n t As th e E as te rn e m p e ror i s
.

n o l ong e r r e c ogn i z e d as h avi n g an y rights n o m o re ,

d oe s Pippi n cl aim an y s uch for hi m s e lf ; n or was

th e re i n Ro m e an y m e n ti on of an ov erl ord s hi p O f
Pippin O n th e oth e r h an d al l c on n e cti on wi th th e
.
,

e m p e r or of t h e E as t was n ot giv e n up i n Ro m e ,

an d t h e re g n al y ears O f th e e m p e ror con tin ue d to

”
be us e d i n as s igni n g d at e s .

B ut th e gre at t e mporal pow e r of th e Rom an S e e

was not gai n e d by an y singl e act or s t r ok e of p olicy ,

nor did it c om e al l at onc e n or was it d e fi nit e ly out

,

lin e d at each s t ep of its progr e ss All h as b e e n t old .

that can be kn own at th e pre s e n t A f urth e r d e .

v el op m e n t and a gr e at e r d e fi n i te n e s s will be not e d

un d e r Ch ar l e s th e Gr e at .

Pippin r e t ur n e d ho m e afte r his vict ori es but th e ,

n ew r e l ations of th e king an d his p e o p l e to th e

Lombard s an d to R om e h ad brought ab out gr e at

changes an d gav e p ro m is e of still great e r on es
, .

F or w e al or for w oe th e n e w kingship was i rr ev oca

,

bly bo und up with th e p ap acy .

O n a h unti n g e xp e d i ti on at th e cl os e of th e y ear
Ais tul f was kill ed by a fall an d th e p op e i n form s ,

Pippi n of th e fact i n a l ett e r writt e n in th e spri n g

1
Wl
a tz, ii i
p 8
.
9 , . h.i s autT
h or r e fe rr i n g,to Pape n cord t,

1 3 4, n ote , s ay s th at th i s was us ed for the as t ti me i n 7 7 2 , butl

ury , p 5 0 3 , gi ves 7 8 1 as th e as t y ear
. l .
 1 5 2 Th e Ag of e Cha r l emag n e .

of 7 5 7 . A
i s tul f, that ty r an t an d d e vil f oll ow e r , -

d e v our e r of th e bl ood O f Christi ans , d e stroy e r of

th e ch urch es O f G od h as b e e n s t r uck by a d ivi n e ,
"
bl ow an d h url e d i n to th e abyss O f h ell H avi n g .

l e f t n o h e i r th e choic e of th e Lo m b ar d s
,
wi th ,

th e c on s e n t w e re ad of Ki n g Pippin an d h i s
, ,

n obl e s t urn e d to D e s i d e ri us D uk e of T us c any

,
”
, ,

an d h e b e c am e th e ir ki n g H e i m m e d i at e ly gai n e d .

th e p op e s g ood wil l by r e storing to h i m th e citi e s

’

which Ai s tul f h ad fail e d to s ur re n d e r al th ough ,

s tip ul at e d in t h e treaty In A p r il 7 5 7 St e ph e n .
, ,

hi m s e lf d i e d an d h i s s ucc e s s or P aul I broth e r of

, ,
.
,

St eph e n h ast e n e d to a n n o un c e h is e l e cti on to th e

,

n e w M os e s and D avi d A l e tt e r al s o fol l ow e d i n . .

th e nam e of al l th e S e n ate an d th e whol e b od y of

th e R om an p e op l e as s uri n g h i m O f th e ir gratit ud e
’
, ,

an d d e cl ar i n g th at th e y wil l r e m ai n fi r m an d f aith

ful to th e h oly ch urch an d to P aul by G od s d e

’

cre e th e ir lord s upre m e p on ti ff an d un iv e rsal pop e

, , .
‘

D e si d e ri us how e v e r fail e d to f ulfil al l h i s p rom is es

, , ,

and th e pop e having incit e d th e D uk e s of B e n e

,

v e nto an d Spol e to to re volt and to s e e k th e p ro

te cti on of th e king of th e Franks h e ad van c e d
’
,

again s t th e m marching thro ugh P entapolis p ill ag

, ,

i n g an d d e vasta ting on e v e ry sid e H e e v e n w e nt .

s o far as to p r op os e an alli anc e with t h e e mp e ror

for th e re conq ue st O f R av e n n a At th e s am e tim e .

h e m e t th e pop e in R om e an d aft e r som e n egoti a ,

J é
1
afi p 6v ol
4 E p 1 1 iv 75 7
A G
. . .
, .
, , .

“
nn an 7 5 6 ;
. S S v ol p 333
. M . . . . .

1
J afl é , vol i v , p p 67 68 ; E p 1 2 ,
. .
75 7 .

I bid , pp 69 —
. . .

1 .
7 2 ; E p 1 3..
757 . .

1
I bi d , pp 74, 7 5 ; Ep 1 5 ,
. .
75 8 . .
 Th e Ag e
f
o Cha r l emag n e .

c eas e d to await imp e rial co n firm ati on for h i s e l e c

ti on whil e th e e m p e ror n o lo n ger r e c e iv e d t rib ut e
,

fro m th e R om an provi n c e n or d i d an y By zan ti n e

,

e x e rci s e ofl i ci al auth ority i n th e city Fro m this

‘
.

ti m e on how ev e r th e t e mp oral r ul e O f th e p op e s
, , ,

now for th e firs t tim e form ally an d autho r i tative ly

h el d bri n gs abo ut l oc al d i s p ute s an d strif e s Mu
, .

n i ci p al r ights an d pop ul ar privil e g e s d e m an d e d r e

c ogni ti on whil e th e O fli ce an d p os ition of th e p ap acy

,

it s e lf b e cam e an O bj e ct of am bition an d d es i re to
thos e s eek ing m er ely earthly pow e r posi tion an d
, ,

w ealth .
 CH AP TE R XV I I .

TH E F INAL S TR U GG L E O F T H E L OM B AR D S
TH E —
F O R G ED D O NAT 1 O N O F C ON S TAN TI NE T H E—

FRAN K I S H C ON QUE S T O F AQU ITAN I A T H E —

AQU ITAN I AN CAPI T U LARY E S TAB LI S H MEN T O F

—

T H E FRA N K I S H C H U R C H AND T H E D I O C E S AN
AND ME TR O PO LITAN S Y S T EM PI PPI N S R E
— ’

LA T I O NS WIT H C ON S TA N T I NO PL E AND WITH

B AG D AD .

H E y ear 7 56 was an epochal y ear in th e

hist ory of th e p apacy for from it d at es
,

th e fo r m al e s tablishm en t of th e t e m p oral
pow e r of th e p op e s T h e fa m o us D O
.

”
nation of C ons tantin e was d evis e d also
at ab o ut this s am e ti m e for it is clo s e ly conn e ct e d
,

with th e ev ents th e n happ e ning T h e L ombard s .

w e re m aking th e i r l ast s tre n uo us e n d eavor to con

q ue r an d to un it e all Italy in on e great kingd om
un d e r th e ir own sway . Th e ir ai m which carri e d , ,

out wo uld m ak e th e m m ast e rs of R om e and th e ir

, ,

n e arn ess to th e city m ad e th em m ore to be d read ed

,

than th e d istant Greeks how ev e r oppressiv e at

,

tim es Y e tth e e m p e ror alread y was lo s i n g his hold

.

on Italy an d co ul d no l onge r d e f e nd it and to th e

, ,

1 55
 1 5 6 Th e Ag e
f
o Cha r l emag n e .

Frank s th e pop e h ad t urn e d with a n e w h op e ,

th ough n oty e t s e e i n g h i s w ay cl ea r to d isp e n s e alt o

ge th e r wi th th e Byz an ti n e s uz e rai n ty I t e v e n ap .

p ears prob abl e th at G re gory I I h ad m ad e an at .

t e mpt to f orm a c on f e d e rati on of Stat es i n I taly

with th e p op e at th e h ead b ut it h ad co m e to n oth ,

in g T h e i d ea re m ai n e d an d th e d onation was p ut
’
.
,

forward to giv e i t an hi s toric b asi s an d to m ee t ,

wh at s e e m e d to be th e n e ed s of th e p eriod .

T h e f orm of d on ati on occ urs at th e e n d O f a l on g

doc um e n t p urp orti n g to be an e dict O f C on s t antin e ,

incl ud e d by P s e ud o Isi d ore in his coll e cti on of -

D e cretals an d pri n t e d i n f ull by H i n s ch i us in his

e d ition T h e author r e l at e s th at Co n s t an ti n e m ore
’
.

than tw en ty y ears b e f ore his d eath was b ap tiz ed at

R om e by P op e Sylv e s t e r an d at th e s am e tim e ,

c ure d of l epro s y C on st an ti n e d e cl ares h i s acce pt

.
’

anc e of th e fai th which th e p op e h ad taught h i m , ,

incl ud i n g a f ull stat e m e nt of th e d oct ri n e O f th e

T rinity and e xho rts all p e opl e an d n ati ons to hold
,

th e sam e H e th e n p r oc e e d s out of g ratit ud e and

.
,

rev e re nc e to b e st ow up on th e p ap al s ee i m p e ri al
,

pow e r and h on or h e gi v e s to it th e high e s t author

,

ity ov e r th e oth e r p atriar ch at e s an d al l th e o th e r ,

Ch urch e s i n th e w orl d as th e s up re m e j ud g e i n all ,

matt e rs of w ors hip an d O f faith T o th e p op e re .

,

f using to w ear th e i m p e ri al d i ad e m O ffe re d by Con

st an ti n e h e g ran t s th e ti ara s p e ci ally d e sign e d for
, ,

him an d al l th e re st of th e i m p e rial ornam ents and

,

1
D al li n ger , p p 1 . 21 , 1 22 .

1
H i n s ch i us , p p . 249 -
2 5 4 , cf Pre face p xx x i i i ; G ies el e r ,
.
,
. l . v ol .
ii p 8 o
1 1
n te 2 1 ra n s T l ated i n H e n de rs on , p p 3 1 9 - 3 29
ll
. , . . . .
,

B u i n ger , p p 89 —1 0 3 . .
 Th e Ag e
f
o Cha r l emag n e .

H enry I I I t c on ti n ue d to be us ed i n th e s e ways
.
’
,

th ough with occas i onal opp ositi on an d s om e li mit a

tio n but with i n c reasi n g e mphasis fro m th e tw elfth
,

to th e f ourt e e nth c e nt ury

Mars ili us of Pad ua in his D ef ensor Pacis t urn ed
.

, ,

it again s t th e pop e s by d rawi n g from it th e concl u

si on that e v e n th e e ccl e si astical s upre m acy of th e
p ap acy re st ed on an imp e ri al grant an d s o was ,

m e re ly h um an and invalid I ts sp urio us ch aract e r .

w as pr ov e d m os t e fl e cti v e ly by R e ginal d Pe cock

'

Bishop of Chich est e r i n th e m i d dl e o f th e fift e enth

,

c e nt ury an d also tho ugh l e s s ably by Card i n al

, , ,

N ich ol as of G usa an d by Laure nti us Vall a Si n c e . .

th e n it h as b e e n un iv e rs ally giv e n up D ant e t rac .

,

i n g to it th e origi n of th e te m poral p ow e r says of ,

its s upp os e d auth or

Ah , C on s tan ti n e of h ow much i l l was mothe r,
Not th y con ve rs i on but th at m arri ag e d owe r ,
Whi h
,

c th e fi rs t we a t
hy l F h er took
at from h ee
t .

Tho ugh th e re h as b e en m uch sp e c ul ati on as to

th e nat ure and e xt e n t of this pow e r an d th ough ,

m uch was l e ft in d e fini te owi n g to its un prec e d e n t e d

ch aract e r s om e c e rt ain c oncl usions may be fai rly
,

d rawn from th e fact s .

First Pippin d i d h an d ove r to th e p op e th e te m

,

poral p os s e ssion an d s ov e re ign ty ov e r th e ci ti e s an d

l an d s in q ue stio n which h ad form e rly b een ve st e d
in th e e mp e ror This i s prove d by th e fact that
.

1 ’
B ll
H ad ri an s u i s g i ven i n y t te t on s H e nL l
ry v o l
'
ii i , IL
l Al
.
, .

pp 3 2.
3 , 3 2 4, tran s ated i n H en d e rs o n , p p 1 0 ,
1 1 s o g i v e n .i n .

”
R yme r s Fozde ra, vol i p 1 5
’

I ll l
. . . .
,

1
Dan te,
"
nferno, xi x " 1 1 5 1 1 8
-
Lon gfe ow s trans ati on
'
. .
 F acts R eg ar di ng the Temp or a l P ower . 1 59

Pip p in re f us e d at th e req ue st of th e em p e ror s e n ’

v oy s to giv e th e m ov e r to t h e e mp e ro r but s aid ,

th at h e sh oul d give th em to th e p op e .

S e c on d ly th e pop e h eld an d e x e r cis ed this tem

,

p o ral s ov e r e ig n ty Thi
. s is p r ov e d by t h e f act that
in a l e tt e r f rom th e s e n at e an d p e opl e of R om e ,

w ritt e n to Pi p p i n th e y ackn owl e d ge d th e ms elv es

,

to be th e faithf ul s ubj e cts of th e p op e an d n o ,

oth e r a utho r ity than h i s an d th e O fli ce rs of h i s ap

‘

p o int m e n t w a s re c og niz e d in th e s e citi e s t h e k e ys ,

of which h ad b ee n giv e n up to th e Abb ot F ul rad

an d d e p osit e d i n th e s h ri n e of St P et e r
. .

Thi rd ly th e e m p e ror re c ogn iz e d th at h e h ad l os t

,

th e p ow e r ov e r thi s t e rrit ory This i s prove d by th e

.

fact of th e p ro p os e d alli anc e b etw e e n th e e m p e ror

an d D e s i d e ri us i n or d e r to wi n b ack t h e e xarchat e .

As to th e right of th e p op e to re c e iv e this p ow e r ,

it h as b e e n w e ll e x p re s s e d by G ibb on
I n th e rigi d i n t e rpre t ati on of th e l aws e ve ry
on e m ay acc e p t wi th out i n j ury wh at e v e r h i s b e n e
fact or m ay b e st ow with out i n j us tic e T h e G r e e k .

e m p e ror h ad ab d ic at e d or f orf e it e d h i s right to t he

e x ar ch at e an d th e s w or d of A i s tol p h us was br ok e n
”
by th e s tron ge r s w ord of th e C arolingi an .

As to th e e xp e d i en cy of h ol d ing this p ow e r an d
th e ch an g e s which i t w rought i n th e f ut ur e charact e r
an d ac tivity of th e p ap acy hi s to ry it s e lf g iv e s th e
,

b e st an s w e r an d th e c ompl e t e consi d e rati on of i t

,

w oul d re q uire a s e parat e t reati s e I t h as b een d e

.

f e n d e d by s om e an d d e pre cat ed by oth e rs I t was .

th e fi rst s t e p an d th e chi e f i n s t r um en t i n fr e e i n g th e
1
G i bbo
n, Rom
an Em p i re, ch . x li x .
1 60 Th e Ag of e Cha r l emag n e .

ch urch f rom s ubs e rvi e nc e to an y e ar thly sov e re ign ,

an d gav e i t a p os iti on of pow e r an d i n fl uen c e which

e n abl e d it t o prot e ct an d e xt e n d th e w ork of th e

Ch ur ch th rough out E urop e O n th e oth e r h an d its
.
,

dang e rs w e re g re at an d i ts r e s ul ts i n m any c as e s
,

w e re e vil .

It b ro ugh t ab out a s e c ul ariz ati on of th e life an d

aim s of th e p op e s an d C hi e f offic e rs which e x te n d e d

througho ut th e ch urch wh e re by it was i n volv e d i n

,

th e c on fl ict s an d th e st ri f e s of th e oth e r te mpo ral

ki n gd om s It m ad e th e p ap acy its e lf th e c ov e t ed
.

obj e ct of s t rif e an d ambiti on th e c e n t re of f e ud s ,

an d j eal ousi e s an d th e s p ort an d p r e y of un w or thy

,

m e n and parti e s Thi s w e alth an d pow e r l e d to

.

an inc re as e of pri d e l ux ury an d am bi ti on which

, ,

f os te r e d e vil an d c or rupti on i n th e p ap acy an d s e t

an e vil e x am pl e to oth e rs I t was th e f ruitf ul .

s ourc e of w eak n ess an d th e real cause of d ownfall

an d d e cay Th e re i s a l e ge n d th at on th e occasi on
.

of C onst antin e s d on ati on an an ge l w as sai d to h av e

’

c ri e d f rom h e av e n oe W
w oe "this d ay pois on
h ath b e e n inf us e d i n t o th e ch urch A c ont e mpo .

rary of D ant e s ai d th at C on s tan ti n e add e d to th e

st ol e of th e p ri e s ts a s word which th e y d i d n ot kn ow
h ow to wi e l d an d th us b rok e th e str e ngth of th e
,

e mpi r e
’
.

I n 7 68 an an tip op e was se at e d on th e pap al th ron e

by h i s b roth e r T ot o d uk e in N ep i T wo of th e
, .

Chi e f O fli ce rs at R om e f e ign e d a d e si r e for t h e mo

nastic lif e an d fl e d to D e s i d e ri us b ri ngi n g back a
, ,

L omb ard arm y to p ut d own th e us urp er Aft e r .

1
D blli n ge r , p p . 1 67 , 1 68 .
1 62 Th e Ag of e Cha r l emag n e .

ing an d prop e r c are of be n e fi ce s an d re gul ati on s

for th e c om fort and c onv e ni e n c e o f thos e att e n d i n g
th e ar m y or th e M ai fi e l d Right of app eal to th e
.

ki n g w as s e c ure d an d th e p rivil e ge O f e v e ry m an
, ,

wh e re v e r h e might be to be t ri e d by th e law of h i s
,

own c oun t ry . Lastly n on e s h oul d pre s um e to re s i s t

,

wh at e v e r was d e cre e d by th e king s commi s si on e rs '

an d th e e ld e rs of t h e l an d for th e king s profit or th e

’

w e lf are of th e Ch urch .
’

T h e int e rn al r e g ul ati on O f e ccl e siastical afl ai rs

'

h ad gon e on aft e r th e d e ath of B on ifac e on th e

li n es l ai d d own by h i m I n J uly 7 5 5 a v e ry im.
, ,

p o r t an t c ou nci l w as h e l d at V e rn e uil at which not ,

on ly n e arly al l th e bi s hops of G aul w e re pr e s e nt ,

but Pip p in hi m s e lf was th e re an d to ok an int e re st e d ,

p a rt in i t s d isc ussi on s a n d d e ci s ions By th e p ro .

v i s i on s of this c oun cil bi s h op s w e r e t o be ap p oi n t e d

i n e ach ci ty wh o s h oul d be und e r th e m e t rop oli tan s ,

e ach bish op to hav e r ul e ov e r t h e cl e rgy b oth re g u ,

l ar an d s e c ul ar i n h i s ow n d ioc e s e
, Sy n od s w e re
to be h e ld twic e a y e ar : th e first i n M arch w h e r
e ve r t h e k ing S h oul d appoint an d in his p re s e nc e ,

th e oth e r in O ct ob e r e ith e r at Sois s ons or wh e r e v e r

,

th e bish op s agr ee d up on at th e M arch sy n o d At .

th i s s yn od al l bish op s un d e r th e m e t rop olit an s

s h oul d be pr e s e nt an d al l oth e rs wh e th e r bi s h op s
, , ,

abb ot s , or pre sbyt e rs wh om th e m e t rop olitan s

,

s um m on e d . T h e m on astic r ul e sho ul d be obse rv e d

by m on k s an d n un s un d e r th e ord e rs o f th e bish op
of th e d ioc es e I f op p ositi on arises th e m e trop oli
.

tan i s to be n otifi e d an d if that fails r eco urs e may

, ,

1
B oretius , vol . p p 42 , 43
. .
 The F r a n h i s h Ch ur ch Or g a n i zed . 1 63

be h ad to th e p ublic s y n od h e l d i n M arch I n th e .

e v e n t of f urth e r r e f us al th e O ff en d e r m ay be d e
,

po s e d or e xc om m un ic at e d by al l th e bi s hops an d
an oth e r p ut i n h i s pl ac e at th e s y n o d by th e w or d

an d will of th e ki n g or by th e c on s en t of t h e bi s h
Op s . Th e re i s to be n o p ublic bapti s try in a di o
c e s e s av e wh e re th e bi s h op app oi n ts but i n cas e of
,

n e c e ssity or ill n e ss pr e s byt e r s wh om th e bish op h as

app oint e d m ay b ap tiz e wh e re v e r c on v e ni e nt Pre s .

by te rs are to be un d e r th e r ul e of th e bish op s an d ,

no n e i s to b aptiz e or to c e l e b rat e M as s with out th e

ord e r of th e bi s h op of th e d i oc e s e All p re s byt e rs
.

w e re to as s e mbl e at th e c oun cil of th e bi s h op s A .

bi s h op m ay d e p os e or e x c om m un icate his pres byt e rs

for c aus e B e i n g e xc om m un ic at e d h e can n ot e nt e r
.
,

a ch ur ch n or e at n or d rink with an y Ch ri s tian n or ,

acc e pt his gif ts n or giv e th e ki s s n or un it e i n p ray

, ,

er n or e xch an g e g r e e ti n gs un til re c on cil e d with h i s

,

bish op If an y cl aim s to be un j us tly e x com m un i

.

cat e d h e may g o to t
,
h e m e t rop olit an an d h av e a
n e w t ri al I f still unwilli n g to s ub m i t h e will be
.
,

for c e d i n t o e xil e by th e ki n g C an on X X of Ch al
. .

c e d on i s re p e at ed f orbi d d i n g to re m ov e to a n oth e r
ci ty or to s e rv e un d e r a l ay m an ex c e pt in c as e of
n e c e s s ity W an d e ri n g bi s h ops with out a fi x e d d i o
.
,

c e s e sh all n ot s e rv e i n an y d i oc e s e n or ord ain e x

,

c ept by th e ord e r of th e bi s h op of th e d i oc e s e .

An y O fl e n ce agai n s t thi s r ul e is to be p un ish e d by

'

th e s y n od S un d ay i s to be k ept not aft e r th e

.
,

J e wi s h fas hi on of absol ute i d l e n e ss but S O as n ot to

,

i n t e rf e re w i th goi n g to Ch urch B ut of thi s th e

.

C l e rgy an d n ot th e l ai ty s h all j ud g e All m arri age s

.
,
1 64 Th e Ag of Cha
e r l em a
g ne .

b oth of n obl e s an d low b orn S h all be p e rf o rm e d ,

p ublicly Cl e rgy S h all n ot ad m i n is te r e s t ate s n or

.

e n gag e i n s e c ul ar afl ai rs ex ce p t for ch ur ch e s
'

wi d ow s an d orp h an s by th e ord e r O f th e bi s h op
, , .

I n c as e of th e d eath of a bi s h op h i s bish op ric s h all ,

n ot be l e ft v ac an t m ore th an th r e e m on th s e x c e t
p
by g re at an d urg e n t n e c e s s i ty S ure ly at th e n e x t .

s y n od a bi s h op s h all be ord ai n e d NO Cl e ric s h all .

be tr i e d by th e l aity e x c e p t by th e e x p re s s ord e r of
h i s bi s h op or abb ot All i m m un iti e s are as s ured to
.

al l th e ch ur ch e s C oun ts an d j ud ge s at th e i r c ourt s
.

s h all try fi rs t th e cas e s of orp h an s wi d ows an d , ,

ch urch e s an d oth e rs afte r ward s No on e s h all at

, .

tai n an y O ffi c e or r an k i n th e ch urch for m on e y ;

n or s h all an y bi s h op abb ot or l ay m an t
, ak e an y fe e
,

for ad m i n i s te r i n g j us ti c e .

Thi s i m p ortan t d oc um e n t c om pl e t e d th e es tab

l i s h m e n t of th e d i oc e s an s y s te m through out th e
F ran ki s h ki n gd om on th e li n e s l ai d d ow n by B on i
f ac e i n th e e arly s y n od s h el d un d e r Pip p i n an d
K arl m an n . It also e st abli s h e d th e s y s te m of m e t
r op ol i t an s . It will be n otic e d h ow e v e r th at n o , ,

m e n ti on i s m ad e of th e Bi s h op of R om e an d th at ,

th e hi g h e r auth ori ty i n ap p e al s an d oth e r m att e rs

ab ov e th e m e t rop ol it an s re s t s with th e s y n od an d
i n th e l as t e x t r e m e wi th th e ki n g
’
.

Pi p p i n s i n te re s ts an d re l ati on s h ow e v e r w e re
’

, ,

n ot c on fi n e d to h i s ow n ki n g d om an d th e n e ighb or

ing L om b ard s In s p i te of th e fact th at h e h ad re

.

f us e d to ha n d ov e r to th e e mp e ror th e te r rit ory con

q ue re d for an d giv e n to th e p op e h i s re l ati on s with ,

th e e m p e ror c on ti n ue d to be f r i e n d ly an d i n th e ,

1
B ore ti us , v ol . i .
, pp 3 2 3 7
.
-
.
 C H A PT E R XV I I I .

TH E W O R K O F PI PPI N H I S DE ATH — D IVI S I ON

—

O F TH E KI N GDOM B E TW EEN C H ARL E S AND

KA RL M ANN R E V O LT O F TH E AQU ITAN I AN S
—

FRAN KI S H ALLI AN C E WITH TH E L OM B AR D S

DE ATH O F K AR L MANN C H ARL E S S O L E KI N G
—

— TH E S U B J U GATI ON AND C ON V E R S I ON O F
SA X ONY E ARL Y S AX ON MI S S I ON ARI E S
— .

H E w ork of Pi p pin was finish e d T h e .

ch urch w as est abli s h e d in an organiz e d

an d s y s te m atic f or m un d e r abb ot s bish ,

O p s an d m e t rop oli tan s th r ough out th e

,

Fran k i s h kingd om ; h e ath e ni s m was

b eing g rad ually but s ure ly e li m in at e d within its
b ord e rs whil e missi on s w e re e x te nd ed an d m i s
,

s i on ar i e s pl ac e d un d e r roy al p rot e c ti on am on g eo
p
pl es n ot y e t co n v e r t ed to Chri s ti an i ty ; th e p ap acy
w as e s tabli s h e d at Ro m e ov e r a s pi ri tual an d te m
p oral s ov e re ignty un d e r th e p rot e ct orate O f a n ew
li n e of F ran ki s h ki n gs th e ki n gd om i ts e lf was un i
fi e d an d c on s oli dat e d an d i ts p rincip al p art s A
, us ,

tras i a N e us t r ia an d l as t of al l Aq uita n i a un it e d
, , ,

un d e r on e h ead an d th e p e opl e on i t s bo rd e rs th e ,

Saxons Bava rian s L omb ard s an d Sarac e n s red uc e d

, , , ,

1 66
 Dea th o
f P ipp i n . 1 67

to s ubmission or confi n e d within fix e d b oun d s ,

which on th e so uth w e re th e M e dit e rran e a n S e a

, ,

an d th e Pyr e n e e s M o un t ai n s B ut th e gre at ki n g .

did not liv e to e n j oy thi s t ri um p h O n h is re turn .

to S ai n t es at th e cl os e of h i s s ucc e s sf ul cam p aig n

,

agai n st th e Aq uitani an s h e w as tak e n ill with fe v e r

At T ours h e stopp e d to vi s i t th e shrin e of St Mar
, .

tin an d to impl ore ai d H i s pray e rs w e re of n o .

avail th ough acc om p an i e d wi th rich gift s to th e

,

ch urch an d th e p oor With his wif e an d s on s .

,

Ch arl e s an d K arl m an n h e p roc e e d e d to P ar i s to th e ,

m on ast e ry O f St D en i s H e re ab out th e mi dd l e of
. .
,

S ept e mb e r fe e li n g th at h i s e n d was n ear h e as s e m

, ,
‘

bl ed for th e l ast tim e th e n obl e s of h i s real m d uk e s ,

an d co un ts bishops an d cl e rgy an d with th e i r con

, ,

s e n t d ivi d e d his kingd om e q ually b e tw e e n his tw o

s on s wh o h ad b e e n an oi n t e d with him f our t e e n

, ,

y ears b e fore by th e pop e an d h ad re c e iv ed th e ti tl e

,

of P at r ici ans of th e Rom an s O n S e p t e m b e r 24th .

,

7 6 8 Pippin
,
d i e d at th e a g e o f fi fty f ou r,a n d w a s -
,

b ur i e d at St D e ni s M uch conf usi on e xi s t s as to

. .

th e d ivision of his ki n gd om and tho ugh littl e i s ,

k n own m uch has be en w ritt en It s e e m s p rob abl e .

’
,

h ow e v e r that th e th ree p art s of th e kingd om N eus

, ,

tr i a Aq uitani a an d A ustras i a with al l th e e a s te r n

, , ,

p arts w e r e divid e d i n s uch a way th at e ach ki n g

,

s h oul d hav e a p art of e ach that t h e un ity of th e ,

whol e kingdom might be pre s e rv e d an d th e s e p ara

ti on of nati onaliti es av oi d e d Th us e ach h ad b oth .

G erm ans an d Rom an s tho ugh th e form e r p re dom i ,

1
W ai tz, vol . ii i .
, 5 8
pp 9 9 ; .
-
Abel—S i mson , vol . pp . 23 - 3 0
Bo h me e r , vol . i .
, p 49. .
1 68 Th e Ag e
f
o Cha r l emag n e .

n ate d in th e ki n gd om of Ch arl e s an d th e l att er i n ,

th e king d om of K arl m an n It i s p ossibl e th at

.

N eust ri a was to be h el d by th e m b oth in co m m on ,

as it i s n ot e xp re s s ly nam e d i n th e acco un t s of th e
divisi on s an d at th e f or m al c oron ati on of th e two
,

ki n gs which t ook p l ace on th e s am e d ay (O ct ob e r

,

h Ch rl e s w as c r ow n e d at N oyo n d K m
9 )
t ,
a an ar l a n n,

at S oi s s on s b oth Ci ti e s i n N e ust ri a n ot far ap art

, , .

T h e p rinci p l e of d ivi s i on which s e e ms to us a v e ry

,

un f ortun at e w eak e ni n g of a uni ty e s t abli s h e d at

g reat cost an d lab or was fi rm ly e s tabli s h e d am ong
,

all th e G e rm an p e opl e s h ad b e e n i n vari ably fol

,

low ed by th e M e rovi n gi an s an d c on ti n ue d by th e
m ay ors of th e p al ac e I t d i d s e rv e un d oubt e d ly to
.

ch e ck civil war an d d ange rous c on s pi raci e s S o w ell .

re c ogn iz e d was it th at S te ph e n i n c row n i n g Pip ,

p i n
, h ad an o i n te d b oth h i s son s at th e s a m e ti m e .

D ivisi on h e re h ow ev e r as i n th e c as e of Pippi n
, ,

b e f ore was O f S h ort d urati on for K arl m an n d i d n ot

, ,

l ong s urviv e his fath e r an d i n 7 7 1 Charl e s r ul e d

,

al on e .

Ha rd ly h ad th e two ki n gs b e g un to re ign wh e n
n ews cam e OT th e re v olt of th e Aq ui tan ian s T h e
W
.

d eath of th e i r d uk e ai fe r s e e m e d to h av e i n s ur e d
, ,

th e i r s ub m i s s i on b ut th e d eath of Pipp in an d th e
d ivi s i on of th e ki n gd om h e l d out to th e m th e h O p e
of in d ep e n d e n c e T h e O l d d uk e H un ol d
. ai fe r s
, ,
W ’

fath e r l e f t th e m on as t e ry i n which h e h ad t ak e n
,

re f uge aft e r his d e feat by Pippi n an d th e m urd e r of

his b ro th e r in 744 and h e ad e d th e re volt whi ch e x
,

t en d ed f rom P oito u to th e Py ren ee s T h e wi s d om .

of Pippi n s m e tho d of d ivisi on was n ow app are n t

’

,
1 70 Th e Ag e
f
o Cha r l emag n e .

b een too m uch en gaged to f orc e him to re p e n t an d

r en e w his oath I n th e m ean tim e h e h ad m arri e d a
.

d aught e r of D e sid e ri us an d f orm e d a cl os e p olitical

,

allia n c e with th e L om bard s It was B e rtrad a s ’

.

plan to un it e th e m all an d with this en d i n vi e w ,

S h e r e s t ore d fri e n d ly r e l ati on s b e tw e e n t h e c ous i n s

an d pr op os e d m ar ri age s b e tw e e n h e r s on s an d tw o

of th e d aught e rs of D e s i d e ri us an d b e tw e en h e r ,

d augh t e r Gi s l a an d th e s on of D e s i d e ri us Wh e n .

th e p op e h eard of thi s h i s rag e k n e w n o b oun d s ,

an d h e gav e a m os t e m p h atic e xp re ssi on to it i n a

lo n g l e tt e r which h e w rot e to th e two b roth e rs .

‘

T h e m arriages of th e tw o b r oth e rs to th e L om bard

p ri n c e s s es s e e m to h av e t ak en pl ac e but n otof th e i r ,

s ist e r an d S h e was in d uc e d to giv e it up an d e n t e r

,

a c on v en t .

K arl m an n havi n g d i e d D e c emb e r 4th 7 7 1 an d , ,

l e avi n g on ly min or chil d re n with out r ight to th e

s ucc e s s io n Ch arl e s took p os s e ssion of t
, h e rest of th e
’
ki n g d om K arlm an n s widow an d h e r Chil d ren re
.

tired to th e court of h e r fa th e r th e L omb ard ki n g ; ,

an d Ch arl e s havi n g d e ci d e d to r e no un c e alli anc e with

,

D es i d e ri us d isow n ed his L ombard wi fe an d s e n t

,

h e r back to h e r fath e r .

Ch arl es n ow b egan to giv e e vid e nce o f th e p oli cy

h e i n t e n d e d to f oll ow an d th e gre atn es s of his p ur
,

p o s e s b e g an t o app e ar T h e work o f .his anc e s t ors

h e to ok up an d co m p l e te d an d for a sh or t ti m e ,

unit e d all of W e st e rn E urop e i n on e gr eat e m pire .

H i s re ign last e d for m o re th an forty y ears an d d ur ,

ing that ti m e th e wo rl d was fi ll ed with th e re now n

1
J fé, vol . iv -1 6
4 ; Ep 47 , 769
’
at .
, pp . 1 5 8 .
 Cha r l es th e Gr ea t . 1 7 1

of his d ee ds H e inc reas e d on all s i d es th e e xt e n t of

.

th e Fran ki s h ki n g d om ; c om pl e t e d th e union of th e
G e rm an p e opl e attack e d an d ove rthre w th e e n e m i es
,

of W e s t e rn Christ e n d om , c e m e n t e d th e re l ati on s
with th e ch urch an d m ore c om p l e t ely brought ab out
,

th e un i on of th e G e rm an e l e m e n t s with Christi an ity ,

th ere by giving to th e W e s t e rn w orl d a n ew f orm an d

p re p a r i n g fo r th e G e rm a n p e o l e a gr e at f ut ur e
p .

H i s d e e d s are alik e s ig n ific an t wh e th e r r egar d e d

,

f ro m th e s tan d p oint of ge n e ral E urop ean hi s t ory or

of G e r m an hist ory al on e . E v e n th e earli est ch r on i
”
cl e rs giv e h i m th e titl e of G re at th ough i t was ,

n ot at fi rs t a f or m al s urn am e By th e F re nch it h as
.

b e e n i n corp orat ed int o h i s own n am e and h e i s ge n ,

e ral l y kn own as Ch arl e m ag n e .

O f h is early lif e we catch only th e s ligh te s t

glimps e s in a fe w st ray n otic e s in c onn e cti on wi th
his fath e r H e was bo rn A p ril 2 d 742 an d r e
.
, ,

ce i ve d t h e anointi n g by th e p op e in 7 54 was ,

crow n e d in 768 b e cam e s ol e king in 7 7 1 an d

, ,

r e ign e d until his d e ath i n 8 1 4 D uri n g thi s l on g

.

re ign h e was e ngage d i n fi fty fi v e camp ai g n s e igh

-
,

te e n of th e m against th e S ax on s In al l h e s h ow e d
.

g reat pow e rs of co mm an d q uickn ess O f fore s ight

,

an d of j ud gm e nt rapi d i ty an d f orc e in e x e c uti on

, ,

p r ud en c e a n d tact in m an ag e m e nt In or d e r
. to a c

c om plish this res ult h e re organ i ze d th e army un it ,

i n g th e military s e rvic e d ue f r om vassal s wi th th e

li abili ty of each freem an .

H i s re l ations with th e ch urc h are of th e g r eat e s t

i m p ort anc e an d int e re s t ; h e h ad b e e n th e on e to
m e e t th e pop e and e s cort h i m to h i s fath e r wh e n
1 7 2 Th e Ag of Cha
e r l em a
g ne .

S teph e n h ad c ross e d th e Alp s an d wi th h is b roth

, ,

e r h e h ad b e e n an oi n t e d wi th th e h oly O i l an d r e
, ,

ce i v e d th e ti tl e of P atr ici an of t h e R om an s F rom .

th at ti m e on ev e ry thi n g which h e un d e rtook an d

acc om p li s h e d s t ood i n th e cl os e s t c on n e c ti on w i th

th e auth ori ty an d infl uen c e of th e ch urch which h ad

i ts c e n tre in R om e By h i s e fl orts C h r i s ti an i ty was
'

e x t e n d e d an d th e ch urch p r ote c t ed h e al s o r e c e iv e d
i ts s upp ort i n h i s un d e rtaki n gs an d it ack n owl e d ge d
,

h i m as i ts l ord p r ote ct or an d i n te r c e s s or All e ccl e

.

s i as t i cal affai rs q ue s ti on s O f c on s tit uti on an d of

,

d iscipli n e as w e ll as of d oc trin e h e took i n to con

, ,

s i d e ratio n , an d thr ough h i m th e y f oun d s e ttl e

m e n t an d d e ci s i on s om e ti m es with out or e v e n i n
, ,

op p os i ti on to th e R om an bi s h op
,
H e s t ood as
.

h ead O f th e Ch urch i n h i s ow n ki n gd om Alc ui n .

c all s h i m P on tif e x th e m on k O f S t
, G all .
,

Bish op O f th e Bi s h op s T h e bi s h op s of th at
.

'

ti m e s aw i n h i m n ot on ly th e m ighty p rotector of
th e ch urch ,
but al s o th e i r r e form e r an d s up re m e
gov ern or C on t e mpo rari es r egard e d h i m as th e
.

pre s e rv e r an d fath e r of Ch ri s ti an i ty H e c all s h i m

.

s e lf t h e d e f e n d e r of th e h oly ch urch an d i n al l ,

thi n gs th e ai d of th e ap os t olic s e e H e s till f urth e r

.

d e v e l op e d an d s tre n g th en e d th e uni on wi th th e
p ap acy e s t abli s h ed by h i s p re d e c es s ors I n thi s .

c on n e c ti on h i s c ont e s ts wi th th e S ax on s an d wi th
th e L om b ard s d e s e rv e c ar e f ul c on s i d e rati on .

H i s wars wi th th e S ax on s we re O f th e g r eat e s t
i m p ort anc e to Ch ri s ti anity an d to th e ch urch Liv .

i n g far in th e N orth as y e t un i n fl ue n ce d by R om an
,

arm i e s art or r eligion th e S axons still d w e l t on

, , ,
 1 74 Th e Ag e
f
o Cha r l em ag n e .

i on wi th l on ge r p e rsi s t en c e m ore bi tt e r n e s s or
r ed , ,

gre at e r l ab or b e c aus e th e S ax on s lik e m os t of th e

, ,

oth e r trib e s of G e rm any w e re fi e rc e by n at ure , ,

giv e n up to th e w ors hip of e v il s p i rit s an d opp os e d ,

to our re ligi on n ot d e e m i n g it d i s h on orabl e t

, o
tran s g r e s s an d vi ol at e all l aw h um an an d d ivi n e , .

Th e re w e re oth e r ci rc um s t an c es al s o which l e d to a , ,

b reach of th e p eac e e v e ry d ay for our f ron ti e rs an d ,

th e i rs w e re al m os t e v e rywh e re con tig uous i n an op e n

c oun t ry an d it w as on ly at rar e in te r val s th at d e n s e
,

f ore s t s or m oun t ai n ri d ge s d e fi n e d Cl e arly th e

b oun d ary li m i ts an d k e p t th e tw o p e opl e s ap art .

C on s e q ue n tly al on g th e wh ol e f ron ti e r m urd e rs ,

th e f ts an d ars on s we re b e i n g p e rp e trat e d c on s tan tly

,

on b oth s i d e s Th e s e outrage s s o i rrit at e d th e

.

F ran k s th at th ey re s olv e d to be c on te n t n o l onge r

w ith m e re r e t ali ati on but to d e cl are op e n war ,

ag ai n s t th e m .

O n c e b eg un th e war w e nt on for thi rty th re e ,

-

y e ars alth ough it might h av e b e e n e n d e d s oon e r

,

h ad it n ot b e e n for th e faithl e s s n e s s of th e Sax on s .

I t w oul d be di fli cul t to t e ll h ow m an y ti m e s con

‘
,

q ue re d an d s ub m i s s iv e th e y p ut th e m s e lv e s at th e ,

ki n g s m e rcy an d sw ore ob e d i e n c e to h is c om m an d s
’

gi v i n g wi th out d e l ay th e h ost ages re q ui re d an d ’

,

re c eiv e d th e ofli ce rs s e n t th e m by th e ki n g S om e
‘
.

ti m e s th e y w e r e 5 0 w e ak e n e d an d s ub d ue d th at th e y

Amo g th e e we e y outh wh om C h a l s trus ted to va i ou

1
n s r s r e en r s
m on as te r ie s be r oug h t up an d e d ucat
to b ed i n t h e C h r i s ti an
r e i g i on , an d wh om afte r w ard s h e s e n t ack to p reach th e gos p e
l b l
i n th e i r own an d l
I t i s i n te res ti n g to n ote th at am on g s uch was
b A
.

E b o, arch i s h op of b
h e i m s th e
“
p os te of R en m ar k
”
an d l D
V
.

th e re p uted auth or of th e f org e d ecre ta s S ee tran s l ati o SD i til

G
. . .

M . S S , vol i i
. . . .
 Th e S ax on War . 1 75

prom is ed to re n oun c e th e wo rs hip of evil s pi rits an d

to acc ept Ch risti an i ty b ut th e y w e re j ust as re ad y
,

to break th e s e ag re e m e n ts as th ey w e re to m ak e
th e m I n d ee d af te r th e war b egan h ard ly a y ear
.
, ,

p as s e d wi th out s uch evi d e n c e O f fi ckl e n es s on th e i r

p art B ut th e g reat c ourage an d d e te r m i n e d reso
.

l uti on of th e ki n g un flinch i n g alik e i n s ucc e ss an d

,

i n d e f eat k e pt h i m un m ov e d by th e i r inc onst an cy

, ,

an d s t e ad f as t i n th e acc om plish m e n t of h i s p ur po s e s .

H e n e v e r all ow e d th e i r p e r fi d y to g o un p un ish e d ,

butaft e r s uch b r each O f fai th h e hi m s e lf or on e O f his

c oun ts l e d an arm y agai n s t th e m to w re ak v e n ge an c e
an d to i n fl i ct up on th e m a j us t p un i s h m e n t At .

l ast aft e r a fin al vic tory h e took te n th ous an d with

, ,

th e ir wiv e s an d chil d r en an d s catt e r e d th e m i n a

th ous an d d iffe re n t pl ac e s i n G aul an d in G e rm an y .

Th us th e y w e re brough t to acc e pt th e t e rm s of
th e king i n acco rd an c e wi th which th e y aban d on e d
,

th e ir d e m on w ors h ip r e n oun c e d th e i r n ati on al r e lig

,

io us c us t om s e m b rac e d th e Chri s ti an faith re c e iv e d

, ,

th e d ivi n e s ac ram e n ts an d w e re un i te d wi th th e
,
”
F ran k s form i n g on e p e op l e
,
.

T re ach e ry an d re v olt th e d es t r uc ti on of ch urch e s

, ,

an d killi n g of p r i e s t s an d of m i s s i on ari e s m ay be at

tri b ut e d to th e S ax on s but th e y w e re fighti n g for

,

h om e an d lib e rty agai n s t a f or eign i n vad e r c r ue lty

an d sav ag e b utch e ry ch aract e riz e d th e w ar fare of

th e F ran ks ; b ut th e y w e re figh ti n g for th e s p re ad

of C i v ili zati on an d of Ch r i s ti an i ty an d th ough th e ,

g re atn e s s of Ch arl e s app ears h e r e al s o y e t f ro m th e ,

mi d s t of th e S axo n warri ors l oo m s up th e m ag n i fi .

1 Ei n h ar d , “
Vt K
i a ar o i , l ”
c
.
7 J afi e, vol . iv .
, pp 5
. 1 5 , 5 1 6 .
1 7 6 Th e Ag e
f
o Cha r l em ag n e .

c en t f orm of th e i r g reat l ead e r Witt eki n d on e of , ,

th e n obl e st of th e h e ath e n h e r oe s whil e th e S ax on s ,

h ave l e ft us n o Chron icl e s s e tti n g forth th e gl ory

an d th e j ustic e of th e ir c aus e .

A fe w d e t ails are w or th our notic e At th e v e ry .

b egi n ni n g of th e s t r uggl e th e d e st ruction by Ch arl e s

of th e I rm e n s aul — a s ac re d obj e ct conn e ct e d wi t h
—
th ei r w orship th e b urni n g of a Christi an ch ur c h ,

an d t h e d rivi n g aw ay of th e m i s sion ari e s by th e S ax

on s show e d th e bi tt e rn e s s un d e rlying th e s tr uggl e .

I t was darkn ess re s i s ti n g th e onc om i n g light ; bar

bari s m att e m pti n g to st ay th e progre ss of o rd e r
an d civilizati on ; t h e old h e ath e nis m O pp os i n g th e
s pr e ad i n g Ch r i s ti an i ty Grad ually th e st ron gh ol d s
.

O f th e S ax on s w e re w r e n ch e d aw ay n ew on e s b uilt , ,

an d F ran ki s h gar r i s o n s pl ac e d in th e m I n 7 7 6 th e .
,

ch ron icl e r r el at es
T h e S ax on s al l g re atly t e rrifi ed c om i n g f rom
, ,

e v e ry sid e s ur r e nd e re d an d p rom is e d to b e Ch r i s
,

ti an s s ubmitti n g to th e r ul e O f King Ch arl e s an d of

,

th e Franks In th e n ex t y ear h e c on ti n ues

. a , ,

m ultit ud e of th e S ax on s w e re baptiz e d an d ac cord , ,

ing to th e ir c ust om gav e up all th e ir fre e an d all o

,

d i al l ands as a pl e d g e t h at th ey w ould n ot re v olt

again acc or d i n g to th e i r e vil c us t om but w oul d
, ,

e ve r kee p t h e i r Ch ri s ti an ity an d th eir fi d e lity to

th e l or d Ki n g Ch arl e s h i s s on s and th e Franki s h
, ,
”
p e opl e
T he M
.

ay fi e l d of thi s y e ar ( 777 ) was h e l d at P ad e r

born i n th e h eart of th e S axon co un t ry T h e

,
.

wh ol e milita ry ho s t with both th e Fran k i s h an d th e

“
A0 0 L aufi SS a 7 76 7 7 7 ; M G 8 8 VOI i pp 1 5 6 1 5 8
.
’
”
n‘ 1 ' O 0
. O a
, .
-
'
1 7 8 Th e Ag e
f
o Cha r l emag n e .

e xc ept in c as e of n e c e ssity T h e m urd e r O f a .

bishop pri e st or d eac on i s also p un i s h abl e by d eath

, ,

witho ut all ow ing th e p ay m e nt of th e w e rge l d T h e .

O l d h eath e n p ractic e s c onn e ct e d with cre m ation th e ,

b urning of m e n poss es s e d by d evils an d also th e ,

h um an s ac rific es of h eath e nism are forbi dd e n R e .

fus al to be b aptiz e d i s al s o p unish abl e by d eath .

Particip ati on in p agan pl ot s against Ch ris tians un ,

faithf uln e s s to th e k i n g viol e nc e d on e to th e daugh

,

te r of a l or d th e k illing of a lord or l ad y are p un

,

i s h abl e i n th e sam e m an n e r B ut if for th e s e

.

m ortal c rim es se cre tly c ommitt e d an y on e shall g o

, ,

of h i s own will to th e p ri e s t and m ak e a c onf e ssi on

an d d o p e n anc e h e s h al l b e r e l e as e d on t
,
h e t e s ti
"
m on y O f th e p ri e s t Provi s i on is m ad e for a h ous e
.

an d l an d c on n e ct e d wit h e ach ch urch an d for t he

n umb e r of s e rvants f urn ish ed to th e p r i e st i n p ro
po rtio n to th e p op ul ati on Ch urch ti th es are al s o
.

re q uire d i n cl udi n g prop e rty an d l abor bindi n g on

, ,

nobl e an d on p eas an t alik e N o ass e mbly or p ublic

.

co urts to be h eld on S unday ex c e pt un d e r g reat

n e c e ssity or in ti m e of war but al l shall go to
,

ch urch an d h ear th e Wo rd of G od an d tak e p art i n

”
pray e r an d r e ligio us d e ed s T h e sam e law s h all
.

be obs e rv e d on th e g re at f e stiv al d ay s Chil d re n .

m us t be b aptiz e d wi thin th e ir fi rs t y e ar an d for ,

n egl e ct n obl e s S hall p ay a fi n e of on e h und red an d

tw e nty s oli d i ; fre e m e n sixty ; an d s e rfs t h i rty
, , .

M arri age s t aking pl ac e within p rohibit ed d e g re e s

are p un i s h abl e by fi n e Wors hip at fountai n s or
.

tr e es or i n grov e s c on n e ct e d wi th th e ol d h eath e n
,

worship was to be p unish ed with a h e avy fi n e an d

, ,
 S ax on Cap i tul a r i es . 1 79

se rvic e i s to be rend e re d to th e ch urch until th e fi n e

is p ai d T h e bodi es of Chri s ti an S ax ons are to b e
.

plac e d i n ch urch c e m et e ri e s an d n ot in pagan t om bs .

Robb e rs an d mal e fact or s fl e e i n g from on e co un ty

to an oth e r sh all be giv e n up an d any on e re c e ivi n g ,

th e m for m ore than s e v e n d ay s f alls un d e r th e roy al

ban . No on e is to be p re v e n t e d f rom going to th e
ki n g for j ustic e Gif ts an d re wards sh all n ot be
.

t ak e n against th e i n n oc e n t an d any on e givi n g a ,

pl ed ge or se c urity sh all be allow e d to re d e e m it .

P eac e m us t be maint ai n ed b e tw e e n th e c ount s an d ,

al l oath s m ust be k e pt P e rj ury is to be p un i s h e d

.

acc or d i n g t o th e l aw of th e S ax ons P ublic gam es .

an d ass e mbli e s of th e S ax on s ar e f or bi dd e n un l e s s

all ow ed by th e roy al c om m i s s i on e r und e r roy al com

m an d B ut e ach c oun t m ay h ol d pl eas an d ad mi n
.

i s t e r j ustic e in his ow n d i s trict an d l et th e p ri est

”
s e e th at j us tic e is do n e .

A dd iti onal c apit ulari e s w e r e s et f orth in 79 7 at a

co un cil at which w e re as s e m bl e d bi s hop s abbot s , ,

co un ts an d S ax ons f rom th e W e stph ali an s A n ga

, ,

ri an s an d E as tp h al i an s m e e ti n g at Aix l a Ch ap e l l e
, ,
- -

i n O ct ob e r P eac e was d e cl ar ed for ch urch e s

.
,

w i d ows orph ans an d w eak p e rs on s No on e was to

, , .

re m ain away from th e arm y T h e f orm e r l aws .

against O fl e n ces w e re rep eate d s av e th at th e p e n al ty

'

w as ch ang e d fro m d eath to h e avy fin e s R e f us al to .

g o to th e ass e m bly w as al s o p u n ish abl e by fi n e an d ,

i n j uri es d on e to p ri e s ts or th e ir d ep e nd e n t s w e re
to be at on e d for by d oubl e r e s ti tution A thre e fol d .

ay m en t was to be m ad e for k i lling a r oy al c ommis

p
1
B oreti us , vol .
pp.68 7 ,
0 -
No . 26.
 Th e Ag e
f
o Cha r l emag n e .

s i on e r . P un i s h m e n ts w e re al s o d e c re ed agai n s t
vari ous O fl e n ce s an d i n c on cl us i on th e v al ue of th e
,

s oli d us w as l ai d d ow n i n c at tl e an d h on e y Th us ’
.

th e s e cap i tul ar i e s m ark th e e s tabli s h m e n t of th e

F ran kish p ow e r an d of th e Ch r is ti an ch urch am on g
th e S ax on s .

T h e e arli e r m e as ure s whi ch Ch arl e s h ad us e d to

s ub d ue t h e S ax on s h ad b e e n n e i th e r h ars h n or c rue l .

H e wi s h e d to e ff e ct a r e c ogn iti on of h i s r ul e an d
th e r e c e p tio n of Chri s ti an ity n ot th e c om pl e te s ub
,

j ugati on of th e p e opl e n or th e d e s truc ti on of i ts i n

d i vi d ual i ty b ut h e h ad n o ti m e to w ast e i n w aiti n g
for th e sl ow m at uri n g of h i s p l an s an d h e all ow e d ,

n o s cr upl e s to s t an d i n th e w ay O f t h e imm e d i at e
f ulfil m e n t of h i s p urp os e s .

Fi n d i n g th e S ax on s s till re s i s ti n g s till t re ach e r ,

ous i n c on s e q ue n c e of a n e w an d s ud d e n o utb r eak

,

un d e r th e ir l e ad e r Witt e ki n d h e c aus e d f orty fi v e

, ,
-

h un d re d of th e m to be p ut to th e sw ord i n on e d ay .

Th is was th e m as sacre of V e rd e n i n th e y e ar 7 8 2 , ,

and it h as b ee n call e d th e on e g re at bl ot on th e
m e m ory of th e great king B ut ev e n this w as n ot .

en ough ; an d if h i s c onq ue s t of t h e S ax on s w as
j us ti fi abl e at al l h e k n e w b e tt e r th an an y on e e l s e
th e m e an s n e c e ss ary to acc om plish th e re s ul t on ly
i t s e e m s as if i t w oul d h av e b e e n m ore i n acc ord an c e
with his Ch r i s ti an fait h an d th e p ow e rs of th e g os
p e l, w hich h e h ad at h i s d i s p os al h ad h e e m ploy e d ,

th e sol d i e rs of th e c ross rath e r th an th e sp e ars of his

1
B ore tius , v ol i , p p 7 1 , 7 2 , No 2 7
. . . T h e s o id us was de
. . l
clare d e ual to a y e ar old ca f of e i th er s e x
q -
l I n s i ve r twe ve . l ,
l
p e n n i e s m ad e a s o id l
us , or s h i i n g I t ll
i s es ti m ate d a s worth
ll
.

b
a out e i gh t ee n do ars i n our m on e y V étaul t, p 2 1 4
. . .
 Th e Ag e
f
o Cha r l emag n e .

gat or of th e p e rfi dy c am e w ith his follow e rs to th e

,

p al ac e at At tign y an d was t h e re b ap tiz e d th e ki n g ,

re c e ivi n g h i m f ro m th e f on t an d p re s e nti n g him

with m agn ific e n t gif ts F rom th e d eath of Pop e .

G rego ry wh o h ad b e g un th e w or k of c on v e rting
,

th e S ax on s by h i s m i s s i on to B rit ai n it h ad b ee n on e ,

h un d re d an d e ighty y e ars .

T h e r es t of th e hi s tory of Wi tteki n d i s l ost i n l e g

e n d an d obsc uri t y wi th th e n am e s of Rol an d an d of
A rth ur .

Th ough c onq uere d th e Sax on s we re n ot s ubd ue d

,

an d b aptism s p aym e n t of ti th e s an d s e r vic es i n

, ,
°

th e r oy al arm y w e re e n f orc e d on ly wi th d i ffi c ulty ,

th e p e n alty of d e ath b e i n g d e cl ar e d agai n s t al l who

r e f us e d to be b ap ti ze d d i d vi ol e n c e to th e cl e rgy
, ,

ate m e at i n L e n t r e l ap s e d i n t o h e ath e n c us tom s

, ,

or robb e d or b ur n e d a c h urch .

F ar i n th e N or th re b e lli on b rok e out an e w i n 79 2 .

O n c e m ore th ey re n ounc e d th e Ch ri s ti an ity which

was s till to th e m th e b ad g e of th e ir h at e d s ubj e e
tion to th e Fran ks T h e y b urn e d th eir ch ur ch e s
.

an d d rov e off or p ut to d e ath th e ir pri e sts T he .

re v olt s p read an d i n 79 4 Ch arl es p rep are d to m e e t

,

it With his s on Pri n c e Ch arl es h e l e d h i s wh ol e

.
, ,

ar m y to th e S ax on f ron ti e r r e c e iv e d again th e s ub ,

m i s s i on th e h os tag e s an d th e oath s O f th e t e r rifi e d

. ,

Sax on s B ut on th e b an k s of th e E lb e th e ki n g s
.
’

auth or i t y w as s till re si s t e d H e re h e c om m an d e d a .

co m p l e t e d e vast ati on an d af te r p utti n g th ousan ds

,

O f w arriors to t h e sword h e ord e re d th e remov al O f,

1 “
An n Laurlas
.
, an .
785 M . G . 88 vol . i .
, p.
3 2 .
 Depor ta ti on o
f S ax ons . 1 83

on e third of th e re m aini n g m al e p op ul ati on —O v e r

s e v e n tho us an d it is sai d
’
.

T h e n e xt y e ar s aw th e d e vas tati on c arri e d still

f urth e r an d y e t th e resistan c e was c onti n ue d in th e
,

almost i n acc e s s ibl e r egion b e tw e e n t h e W es e r an d

th e E lb e ; b ut Cha rl es was not to b e f oil e d in h i s

p u rpos e V e ss e ls
. w e r e s e nt aro u n d by s e a an d
o th e rs in s e ctions t ranspo rt e d ov e r th e l an d Fi re .

an d t h e d e structi on of e v e ry thi n g d e str uctibl e fol

l ow e d Now ev e ry thi rd man with his wife an d
.
,

chil d re n h e re an d in Fri e s l and was ord e re d int o

, ,

e xil e and l oy al Fran k s w e re p ut in th e ir pl ac e s

, .

I t was at this tim e th at th e capit ul ary of 79 7 was

p u t forth i n which a m u ch mil d e r p o licy w a s o h
s e rv ed an d th e voic e an d infl ue nc e of Alc uin
,

s ee m ed t o avail In a l e tt e r to th e royal cham b e r

.

l ain aft e r i n s t ancing th e m ann e r an d m e thod s of

,

S t Pa ul h e h ad writt e n
.
,
L et but th e s am e pai n s
be t ak e n to pre ach th e e asy yok e an d th e light b ur
d e n oi Ch rist to th e obsti n at e p eopl e of th e Sax on s
as are ta k e n to coll e ct t h e tith e s f rom th e m or to
p unish th e l e ast tran s gre s s i on O f th e l aw s i m p os e d
on th e m an d p e rhap s th ey wo ul d b e f oun d n o
,
”
longe r to re p e l baptism with abhorre n c e .

W int e r was s p e nt i n th e N orth an d th e infl uence ,

O f e xampl e an d Christi an w ays was a d d e d t o th e

l aws and pre c epts B ut anoth e r re v olt by th e .

North al bi n g ian s— th e Saxons on th e b anks of th e

—
We se r threat e n ed to un d o all th at h ad b e e n
achi e v e d Again s ubmissi on w as forc ed at th e
.

1 “
An n Alam
. .
79 5 ; M
, an . . G .S S , vol i , p 47
. . . . .

1
Ep 3 7 . .
Quoted by e an N
de r , vol i i i , p 77
. . . .
1 84 T /ze Ag e
f
o Cha r l em ag n e .

p oi n t of th e sw ord l arg e r d e p ortati on

an d a n e w an d

f oll ow e d I n 80 4 th e l as t bl ow w as gi v e n to th e
.

d yi n g c aus e of Sax on h e ath e n i s m an d i n d e p e n

d e n ce . Ch ar l e s wen t N or th wi th h i s fam ily an d a
l arge arm y T h e arm y wi th th e alli e s w h o j oi n e d
.
,

h i m th e r e was d i v i d e d i n to s e c ti on s an d s en t int o
,

vari ous d i s tr ict s of th e en em y s t e r rit ory Wh e n ’

.

th e y re t ur n e d t h e y l e ft n othi n g b e h i n d th e m .

B ap ti s m by th e p ri e s ts or d e ath by th e s ol d i e rs was
th e on ly al te r n ativ e an d th e b ap ti s m of a fe w w as
,

p urch as e d by th e d eath of m an y It h as righ tly .

b ee n c all e d th e c on v e r s io n of S ax on y rath e r th an of
th e S ax on s T h e m e n wo m e n an d chil d r e n w h o
.
, ,

e s ap e d th e s w ord w e r e d riv e n out an d s c att e r e d

ov e r th e F ran ki s h d om i n i on s I t i s s ai d th at th e .

bl ood of ov e r two h un d re d th ous an d S ax on s

ch an g e d th e v e ry c ol or of th e s oil an d th e b row n ,

cl ay of e arl i e r ti m e s gav e w ay to th e re d e arth of

W e s t p h ali a Thi s e n d e d th e c onq ues t an d conv e r
.

s ion of S ax on y Wh at th at c on v e rs i on m ean t an d
.

what i t was worth s e e ms h ard ly an app re c iabl e

q uan ti ty an d p e rh ap s am o unt ed to n e arly n othing
,

aft e r it w as al l ov e r ; b ut s ucc e e d i n g ge n e rati on s

w e re to p r ofit by th at m igh ty struggl e for th e S ax ,

on y wh ich h ad c om e to Ch arl e s th e G r e at on ly af te r
s uch bl ood s h e d an d bi tt e r agon y at th e b e gin n i n g ,

of th e n i n th c e n tury s e n t forth a L uth e r to d e fy a

,

Ch ar l es th e Fifth at th e b egin n i n g of th e s ixt ee n th

c e n t ury .

T h e m i s s i on ary w ork cl os e ly c on n e ct e d with an d

d e p e n d i n g up on th e l ab ors of th e ar m y d e s e rv e s
m or e c are f ul att e n ti on I t i s for thi s th at Ch arl e s
.
1 86 TIto Ag e
f
o C/za r /em ag n e .

F ore m os t am on g th e m i s s i on ari e s w e re Gregory

of U tr e cht th e abb ot St ur m b oth d i s cipl e s an d fol
, ,

l ow e rs of Bo n ifac e L ui d g e r wh o s ucc e ed ed L ab u
W
,

i n us an d i ll e h ad
,
.

O n e of th e e arli e s t an d m os t i m portant m is s i on a
ri e s am on g th e p e opl e of th e N or th w as G r e gory ,

k n own as th e Abb ot of U tre c h t T h e w ay i n which .

h e c am e un d e r th e i n fl ue n c e of B on ifac e an d e n
te re d upo n th e w ork of h i s lif e i s e x c e e d i n gly i n te r
e sting an d i n s tructiv e B on if ac e on a j our n e y f rom
.
,

F ri e sl an d to Th uri n gi a s t opp e d at th e m on as te ry
,

of th e abb e s s Ad d ul a w h o was of a n obl e fam ily

, .

D uring th e m e al tim e h e r g ran d s on G regory a boy

-
, ,

of f our t e e n y e ars j us t out of scho ol ac te d as read e r

, ,

an d re ad so m e p as s ag e s f r om th e Bibl e B on ifac e .

p rai s e d h i m for read i n g s o w e ll an d as k e d h i m to ,

t ran s l ate i t i n t o h i s ow n l an guag e Thi s h e w as .

un abl e to d o an d B on if ac e acc ord i n gly tran s l at e d

,

an d e xpl ai n e d t h e p as s ag e s in a w ay th at m ad e a
great i m pre ssi on up on th e y oun g boy H is d e s i re .

to k n ow Bonifac e b e tt e r an d to l earn m ore f rom th e

great man l e d h i m to d e vot e hi m s e lf to th e g reat
wo rk in which B on ifac e was e ngage d T h e abb e s s .
,

to w h om Bon ifac e was un k n ow n at th at ti m e tri e d ,

to di s s uad e th e boy b ut wi th out av ail

, H e e ven .

d e cl ar e d th at h e w oul d f oll ow B on if ac e on f oot if s h e

w oul d n ot giv e h i m a h ors e S h e w as f or c ed to .

yi e l d to h i s urge n t e n treati e s ; an d f r o m th at tim e

on h e was a d ev ot e d an d c on s tan t c om p ani on to
B on ifac e in whos e s e rvic e an d un d e r wh os e inspi ra
,

t ion h e l ab ored in F ri e sl an d until th e d eath of h i s

mast e r.
 F r a n é i s /z Mi s s i on a r i es . I 87

T he Bish op of U tre cht h aving b e e n m artyre d with

B on ifac e Gregory t ook up on hi m s e lf th e wh ol e care
,

of th e F ri e sl an d m i s si on un d e r th e d ire c ti on of P op e
,

St e ph e n an d Ki n g Pippi n H e re f us e d th e bi s h
.

op ri c how e v e r an d sh ortly af te rw ar d s b e c am e abb ot

, ,

of th e m on as te ry i n U t re cht to which w e re s e nt
,

boys of E n gli s h Fran ki s h B avari an an d S ax on

, , ,

birth wh os e e d ucati on G re gory s up e rvis e d H e

, .

also fo un d e d a m i s s i on ary s ch ool fr om which m i s

,

s i on ari e s w e n t f or th i n to d i ff e r e n t p art s To s up .

ply th e w an t of a bi s h op h e was j oi n e d by Al ube rt

, ,

an E n gli s h m an wh o h ad b e e n c on s e crat e d bi s hop

,

at ho m e . Gregory liv e d to th e ag e of ov e r s e v e n ty ,

an d d i e d i n 7 8 1 i n th e m i d s t of his te achi n gs an d

m i s sion ary l ab or s .

T h e abb ot S turm was early c ons e c rat e d to Ch r i s

ti an s e rvic e un d e r th e trai n i n g of Bo n ifac e whil e
th e l att e r was organ i zi n g th e ch urch i n B av ari a .

Aft e r his ord i n ati on as p ri e s t h e l ab ore d thre e y e ars

un d e r th e i m m e d i at e d i re c ti on of B onifac e an d th e n ,

w e nt n o rth wi th tw o c om p an i on s to fi n d a n ew ce n
tre of m is s io n ary l ab or i n th e wil d e r n e ss T he .

f oun d atio n s of th e m on as te ry of H e rsfe l d w e re l ai d ,

b ut Bo n ifac e r egard e d it as too e x p os e d to th e rav

ag e s of th e S ax on s H e acc or d i n gly s t art e d f orth
.

again an d thi s ti m e f oun d e d F ul d a i n which B on i

, ,

fac e evi n c e d a sp e ci al i n t e re st an d for which h e p ro

c ure d sp e cial p r ivil e g es f rom th e p op e it b e i n g d e ,

cl ar ed i n d e p e n d e n t of e pisc op al j uri s d ic tion an d

s ubj ect d ire c tly to th e pop e St urm th e n w e n t to
.

I taly to l earn f urth e r d e t ai ls of h i s d uty f rom th e

m onas t e ri e s th e r e p artic ul arly from th e origi n al
,
1 88 m e Ag e of CIza r l em ag n e .

B e n e d icti n e e s t abli s h m e n t at M on t e C as s i n o O n .

h i s r e t urn h e i n c r e as e d th e n um b e r of m on k s to
four tho us an d an d l ab ore d to re cl ai m bo th fore sts
,

an d h e ath e n s . Th ough d ri v e n away f rom ti m e to

ti m e by th e S ax on s h e n e v e r d e s p ai re d an d l ab ore d
, ,

e ar n e s tly an d s ucc e s s f ully un til h i s d eath at th e

cl os e of th e y ear 77 9 .

L ui d g e r b or n of Ch ri s ti an p ar e n t s c am e un d e r
, ,

th e i n fl ue n c e an d tr ai n i n g of G r e g ory Abb ot of ,

U t re cht on e of th e e arly l ab ore rs i n F ri e s lan d

, .

F rom th e re h e w e n t to th e s ch ool of Alc ui n al ,

r e ad y fam ous at Y ork . R e tur n i n g h e s till con

,

ti n ue d to l ab or a m on g th e F ri e s i an s un til by th e ,

r e v olt of t h e S ax on s un d e r Wit te ki n d h e an d h i s ,

cl e rg y w e re d riv e n away th e i r ch ur ch e s b urn e d an d

, ,

th e i d ol te m p l e s r e s tor e d H e th e n t ook ad van tag e

.

of th e op p ortun i ty to g o to R om e an d to M on te
C as s i n o to ob s e rv e th e m e th od s th e re an d to gai n ,

f urth e r trai n i n g an d i n s tr uc ti on .

R e turn i n g afte r th r ee y e ars h e fo un d Wi tt eki n d

,

c on v e rte d an d th e c oun try at p eac e Ch arl es as .

sign e d him to a s p e ci al d i s t r ic tam o n g th e F ri e s l an d

e r s wh e r e h e f oun d e d th e m on a s te ry of W e rd e n
,
.

Afte r th e c on cl us i on of th e S ax on war h e was s e nt

by Ch arl e s to th e d i s t ri ct of M un st e r wh e re h e ,

f oun d e d an oth e r m on as te ry l ate r th e bi s h op r ic of

,

M un s t e r H e j ourn ey e d con s tan tly am on g th e

.

S ax on s pre achi n g b ap ti zi n g foun d i n g ch ur ch e s

, , , ,

an d s e ttli n g ov e r th e m p r i e s ts who m h e hi m s e lf h ad

trai n e d H i s ze al w oul d h av e c arri e d h i m to th e s till

.

wil d an d b arb arous N or m an s butCh arl e s forb ad e i t

, .

I n th e mi d s t of h i s l ab or s in th e y e ar 80 9 h e d i ed
, ,
.
 C H APT E R X IX .

TH E L O M B AR D M ARRI AG E R E PUD I ATI ON O F H I S

S —

L OM B ARD WIF E B Y C H ARL E S PO PE H AD RI AN

—

AND TH E L OM B AR D \V AR C ON QU E S T O F TH E
—

L OM B AR D S C H ARL E S E NT E R S R OME — KI N G
—

O F TH E L OM B AR D S TH E S E C OND DON ATI ON

—

T O TH E P O PE ADD ITI ON AL PO W E R S AS PA
—

T R I CI AN— P O PE L EO AND H I S AC C U S E R S
TH E O AT H B E F O R E C H ARL E S — C O R ON ATI ON
O F C H ARL E S .

T i s n e c essa ry to k n ow th e m ain outli n e s

of th e c onq ue s t of th e S ax on s an d th e
e xt e n s i on of th e F ran kish pow e r ov e r

th e m i n ord e r to un d e rst an d th e spr ead

of Ch risti anity an d th e e s tabli s h m e n t of
.h e Ch ri s ti an Ch ur ch in th e n o rth e rn p art of th e
ki n gd o m It i s al s o n e c e s s ary to k n ow th e o utlin e s
.

of th e co n q ue st of th e L om b ard s i n or d e r to un d e r
s t an d t h e re l ati on s of Ch ar l e s wi th th e p ap acy .

D e s i d e ri us th e L om bard ki n g by th e m arriage s
, ,

of his d augh te r s h ad al l i e d hi m s elf to all th e l ead i n g

,

p ri n c e s of h i s ti m e T as s il o th e s on an d s ucc es s or
.
,

of O d il o d uk e of th e B av ari an s h ad m ar ri e d on e
, ,

n a m e d L i utp e rga A ,
r i ch i s
,
th e D uk e o f B e n e v e n to
,

1 90
Papa "
Des cr ip ti on o
f t/ze L om ba r d A l l i a n ce . 1 9 1

anoth e r , Ad el p Ch arl e s an d his b roth e r

e rg a, an d

K arl m an n h ad marri e d th e oth e r two D es i d e rat a ,

an d G er b e rg a Ath al g i s th e s on of D esid e ri us
.
’
, ,

had m arri ed Gisla th e s ist e r of th e Franki s h kings

, .

O n h eari n g th e n ews of this allianc e of th e Fran k s

an d L om b ar d s t h e p op e was fill ed with in d i g nation
an d alar m I n vi e w of s uch an allianc e wh at wo uld
.

be c om e of th e n e wly e st ablish e d p ow e r of th e
p apacy th e p atrim on y of St P e t e r ? T h e alread y
,
.

thre at e n e d s ubj e cti on of th e pop e to th e L ombard

k i n g s e e m e d i n evit abl e St ep h e n acc ord i n gly wrot e
‘
.

at onc e to th os e who m h e ad d r e ss e s as h i s m ost

e xc e ll e n t s on s Charl e s an d K arl m an n ki n gs of t
, he ,

Franks an d p atrici ans of th e Ro m ans Th e ir i n .

t e nti on to m ar ry th e d aught e rs of D e si d e ri us h e
r egard s as a s ugge stio n of th e d e vil an d i n ci d e n ,

t ally all ud e s to th e gard e n of E d e n I t wo uld be .

a m ost sha m e ful c onn e ct i o n an d d ownright m ad n ess

for th e ill us tri ous rac e of th e Franks which s hi n es ,

fo rth s up e r i or to al l p e opl e s o s pl e n d i d s o n obl e , , ,

an d of r e gal p ow e r to p oll ut e its e lf with th e p e r fi d

,

i ous race of th e L om ba r d s l e p rous vil e an d n ot , , ,

r e c ogn i ze d am ong th e race s of m e n N o on e with .

a s an e mi n d wo uld s usp e ct for a m om e nt that s uch

re n own e d ki n gs wo uld d e fil e th e ms e lve s with s uch

”
a d e spic abl e an d abo m i n abl e contagi on H e te .

m i n ds th e m of th e b e a utif ul wiv e s th ey alre a d y h ad ,

m ost n obl e m ai d e n s of th e F ran k i s h rac e Re .

’

”
m e m b e r th i s m os t e xc e ll e n t s ons
t
, h e co n ti n ues , ,

C h ron i c C as s i n e us , bk i , c 1 7 S ee M
om e r t p 7 7 n ote 2 b
b bl
. . . . . . .
, ,

I t i s p r o a e th at th e s e F
r an k i s h m arri a es h ad n ot t
g ak en

place or th a t th e w i ve s h ad d i ed .
 1 9 2 Tbe Ag e
f
o Cli a r /enzag n o .

h t our p red e c e s s or of s ac re d m e m ory St e ph en

t a ,

th e l or d p op e i m p l ore d y our fath e r of m ost e x c e l

,

l e n t m e m ory n e v e r to p re s um e to p ut away h i s wife ,

y our m oth e r an d h e as i n tr uth a m os t Ch ri s ti an

,

ki n g yi e l d e d ob e d i e n c e to th e s e m os t s al utary ad
,

m on i ti on s .Y our e x c e ll e n cy s h oul d re m e m b e r th at
y o u h a v e pr om i s e d to t h e bl e s s e d P e te r an d to h i s

af or e s ai d vic ar an d s uc ce s s ors to be f ri e n d s to our

f r i e n d s an d e n e m i e s to our e n e m i e s Why d o y ou .

s tr iv e to act ag ai n s t y our ow n s oul s in wi s hing to

f orm a un i on with our e n e m i es e v e n w ith th at p e r ,

j ure d rac e of th e L om bard s e ve r fighting agai n s t ,

th e ch urch of G od an d i n va d i n g thi s our p r ovi n c e of ,

th e R om an s an d th us p r ov e d to be our e n e m i e s ?
,

K n ow y ou n ot th at it i s n ot our un h ap p i n e s s y ou
d e s p i s e butth e bl e s s e d P e te r wh os e unw or th y vic ars
, ,

w e are p e rm itt e d to be ? F or it i s w ri tt e n H e wh o
r e c e iv e th y ou r e c e iv e th M
,

e an d h e wh o d e s i s e th
p
M
,

y o u d e spis e th e wh e r e f or al s o t
,
’
h e bl e ss e d P e t e r ,

p ri n c e of th e ap os tl es to wh om th e L ord G od h as
,

give n th e k eys of th e ki n gd om of h e av e n an d to ,

wh om h as b e e n gran t e d th e p ow e r of bi n d i n g an d
l oosing in h eav e n an d on e arth earn es tly i m pl ore s ,

y our e xc e ll e ncy through our un h ap pi n e s s an d at ,

th e s am e ti m e al s o w e tog e th e r with all th e bi s h op s

, ,

p r e s by te rs an d oth e r p ri e s ts an d al l th e ofli cial s

, ,

an d cl e rgy of our h oly ch ur ch an d al s o th e abb ots ,

an d al l thos e c on s e crate d to th e d ivi n e s e rvic e in

th e r e ligi ous lif e as w e ll as th e n obl e s an d j ud ge s

, ,

an d al l our p e opl e of th e R om an s of thi s p rovi n c e ,

b e s ee ch y ou with an app eal to th e d ivin e j ustic e by ,

th e living and tr ue G od who is th e j ud ge of livi n g

,
1 94 Tli e Ag e
f
o Clza r l enzag n e .

m us t re fus e for h e h ad p r omi s e d th e pl ac e to th e

,

y oun g m an T h e q ue e n wh o w as n ot f re e fro m th e
.
,

w e ak n es s of wo m en of s e tting th e i r i n fl ue n c e agai n s t
th e j ud g m e n t of m e n s up p r e s s e d h e r an ge r but , ,

f orthwith op e n e d upo n h e r s us c e p tibl e spo us e a bat

te ry of g en tl e s p e e ch e s an d l an g ui d l ooks s ayi n g ,

O h m y l ord ki n g why was t e th at bi s hop ri c up on

, ,

s uch a boy ? L e t m e e n t r e at m y s w e e t ki n g m y ,

gl ory m y tow e r of s tren gth to c on f e r it upo n y our

, ,
”
f aithf ul s e rvan t m y own ch apl ain , T h e y oun g .

m an f rom b e hi n d th e c urt ai n s aw an d h eard wh at

, ,

was g oi n g on d r ead ed th e wor s t an d un abl e to

, ,

c on t ai n him s elf e xcl ai m e d K e ep fi rm 0 ki n g

, , ,

an d l e t n o on e d e p riv e y ou of th e p ow e r which G od
”
h as g i v e n y ou T h e s p e e c h p l eas e d Charl e s so
.

m uch th at for th e ti m e h e d i s oblig e d th e ch arm e r

an d m ad e th e y oun g m an bish op
‘
.

T h e r ep ud i at i on of D e s i d e rat a ro us e d th e ang e r
an d r e s e nt m en t of h e r fath e r in which T as s ilo d uk e , ,

of th e Bava ri an s an d als o K arl m an n j oi n e d T h e

, .

h os tility b etw een th e two broth e rs reviv e d but in ,

that sam e y ear (77 1 ) K arl m an n d i ed H is wif e an d .

h e r chil d r e n w e n t b ack to th e Lo m bard co urt an d ,

Ch arl e s r e ign e d alo n e I n a l ett e r f r om Cuth w ul f

.
,

w r itt e n to Ch arl e s abo ut th e y ear 7 7 5 it is d e cl ared ,

th at h e i s to be co n grat ul at e d for e ight thi n gs

Fi rst th at h e is b orn of r oyal li n eage ; s e con d ly
, ,

th at h e i s th e fi r s t b or n ; thi r d ly th at h e i s d c liv ,

e r e d fr om t h e plot s of h i s broth e r ; fo urthly th at ,

h e obt ai n e d th e ki n g d om with his broth e r fi fth l y ,

1 “
M o ach
S an gal l
n bk i c N : J affé . vol iv 6 -6
PP 3 3 3 5 ;
b
. . . . .
.
, .

M om e rt, p p 8 1 » 8 2. °
 Tbe L om ba r d W ar . 1 95

an d n ot l eas t th at God re m ov e d his b roth e r fro m

,

th e thr on e and e xalt e d him ov e r th e whol e ki n g d om

witho ut bloo d sh e d sixthly th e flight of th e L om ,

bar d arm y b e fo r e h i s fac e s e v en thly th e c ros si n g of ,

th e Alp s th e flight of h i s e n e mi e s an d th e t aki n g

, ,

of th e ri ch city of P avi a with al l its tr eas ur e s an d

e i ghthly th e e ntranc e into gol d e n an d i m p e ri al

,
”
Rom e .
l

In 7 7 2 a n ew p op e H ad ri an I s ucc ee d e d to th e
, .
,

o n ti fi cat e T h e way w as n ow p r e pa r e d fo th
p . r e

d e v e lop m e nt of m or e cord i al r e l ati on s an d for a

clos e r alli anc e b e tw e e n th e ki n g of al l th e F ran k s
an d t h e Bishop of R om e D es i d e ri us h ow e v e r .
, ,

tri e d to wi n th e p op e to h i s ow n s i d e i n an alli an c e
against Cha rl e s but d i d n ot s ucc e e d tho ugh h e
, ,

m ad e a stro n g app eal i n b e h alf of th e wi d ow of

K arl m an n wh o h ad fl e d to him with h e r chil d r e n
, ,

an d h e e v e n m a r ch e d to Rom e H ad ri an at on c e .

call e d for th e re m oval of th e l e ad e r of th e L om b ard

pa rty in R om e an d app eal e d to Ch ar l e s i n form i n g ,

h i m th at th e king of th e L om ba rd s h ad as k e d h i m
to a n oi n t th e s on of K arl m an n as ki n g to s ucc e e d
h i s fath e r an d up on his r e f us al h ad s e iz e d th e
, , ,

ci ti e s of T aen za F e rrara an d C om acchi o Cha rl e s

, , .

re spon d e d by s e n d ing amb as s ad ors to D e s i d e ri us

d e m an d ing th e r et ur n of th e s e citi e s to th e p O p e ,

an d o ff e ri n g an ind e m nity for th e i r r e s t or atio n .

U p on h is re f usal Cha rl e s d ecl are d war as th e p ro

t e ct or of th e ch urch an d st art e d for It aly with a
,

large arm y .
’

Jafl é , v ol i v , p p
'

336 3 38
-

A G
. . . .

“
n n . El n h ard l , an 7 7 3 ;
. M . . SS .
, v ol . i .
, p . 1 51 .
1 9 6 Tbe Ag e f
o C/za r l emag n e .

D e si d e ri us s h ut hims elf in Pavi a but h i s vas up ,

sal s an d f oll ow e rs w e re sad ly d e m oraliz ed b e fore th e

ar ray of th e F r anki s h ar m y T h e si eg e of P avi a .

l as t e d all wi n t e r d uring which ti m e to wn after t own

,

an d lo r d af te r l or d yi e l d e d t o Ch ar l e s I n th e .

s p ring of t h e n e x t y e ar 774 l e avi n g th e co n ti n u , ,

an c e of th e si e g e to h i s f oll ow e r s Ch ar l e s acc e p t e d ,

th e i n v i tati on of th e p op e an d e n t e r e d R om e th e ,

fi rs t of th e F ran ki s h ki n gs to e nt e r th e i m p e ri al
ci ty which h ow e v e r h e visi te d four ti m e s
, , , .
’

H i s r e c e p tion was m agnific e n t T h e S e na te an d .

n obl e s w e n t out t o m e e t h i m an d at th e re q ue s t of ,

H ad ri an h e app eare d i n th e Ro m an co s t um e which ,

h e w ore b ut twic e i n h i s lif e th e s e co n d ti m e b e i n g ,

i n th e m e m orabl e y e ar of 80 0 H i s ap p r oach was a .

t ri um p h al m arc h As h e n e are d th e gat e s h e d i s

.

m oun te d an d f oll ow e d by h i s ofli ce rs e n t e re d th e

, ,
‘
,

city on foot an d as cen d e d th e s t e ps of S t P e te r s

, .
’

ki s s i n g each s te p At th e top Had ria n with h i s

.
,

cl e rgy m et h i m Th ey ki s s e d each oth e r an d

, .
, ,

w alki n g toge th e r th e ki n g on th e right of th e p op e

, ,

p r oc ee d e d t o t h e alt ar .

O n th e n e x t d ay E as t e r A p ril 3 d h e r e c e iv e d
, , ,

c om m un i on from th e po p e an d on W e d n e s d ay i n ,

E as t e r w eek h e i s rep ort ed to h av e c on fi r m e d th e

g ran t of ter ri tory m ad e by his fath e r to P op e S te
ph e n ,
i n c reas i n g i t by f ur th e r d on ati on s i n antici
"

p a ti o n o f th e f r ui ts of h i s vict ory wrot e th e p apal ,

bi ograp h e r A n as tas i us ,
.

P avi a s urre n d e re d J un e 7 74 an d D esi d e ri us te , ,

7 74, 7 8 1 , 7 8 7 , an d 80 0 AO ; Ei n h ard “
Vit
a Karol i ”
c 27 ;
J
. . .
, ,

affe, v ol i v , p 5 3 3
. . . .
 Tli e Ag e
f
o CIza r l em ag n e .

to beck n owl e d ged by th e m as th e i r king an d

a ,

d uk e s an d n obl e s d i d ho m age to h i m T o g uar d .

h i s r ul e h e p ut a Fran ki s h gar ri s on in P av i a w i th
Fran kish offi c e rs an d app oi n te d c oun t s in s i n gl e
,

r ovinc e s w h o th e r e t ook th e pl ac e of th e early

p ,

d uk e s ; h ost age s w e r e r e c e iv e d also to g uaran t e e

th e fi d e lity of th e L om b ard s Aft e r m aki n g ge n e r .

ous gift s to v ari ous m on as t e r i e s an d to a ho s p i tal i n

P avi a h e l e ft It aly i n th e l ast of J uly an d re t urn e d
, ,

to c on ti n ue th e w ar agai n s t th e S axons H e m ad e .

a s p e ci al r e ck on i n g of th e y e ar s of h i s r e ign in It aly ,

an d in on e of h i s capit ul ari e s s p e ak s of th e Lo m b ar d
”
ki n gs as our p re d e c e ssors th e ki n gs of It aly , .

It i s a m i s tak e to aflfi rm th at Ch arl e s w as

c row n e d wi th th e fam o us i ron c row n of L om
b ar d y s up p os e d to c on t ai n th e tr ue n ail s of th e
,

c ros s for th at c row n d oes n ot ap p e ar to h av e b e e n

,

w orn un til th e fo urte e n th c e n tury .

’

Ch arl es w as i n n o h as t e to s urr e n d e r th e te rrit ory

cl ai m ed by th e p ap acy which h e h ad j us t t ak e n
f rom th e Lo m b ard s an d th us as th e p op e d e clare d , , ,

to f ulfil th e p ro m i s e of his fath e r Pi p pi n T h e l e t , .

te r which H ad r ian w r ot e to Charl e s i n 77 8 i s s ig n i fi

c an t H e firs t e x pres s e s h i s r egre t that Ch arl e s
.

an d his q ueen h ad n ot pr e s e nt e d th e m s e lv e s i n

Ro m e at E ast e r for th e bap tis m of th e ir n e wbo rn

’
s on

W
.

l
e a s o, he c on ti n ues , i m plo re yo ur e xc e l
l e n ey b e s t b e l ov e d
,
- s on an d ill ustrio us ki n g for the ,

B ore ti us , vol i p 20 4 . No 9 8
M omb ert
. . .
, . .

p p 99
, .
, 1 00 .

Pi ppi n , th e secon d s on , bo rn i n th e p re vious y ear , 7 7 7 .

 Tbe Mo ’
a er n Con s tan ti n e. 1 99

l ov e of G od an d of th e k ey b e are r of th e ki n gd om -

of h eav en wh o h as d e ig n e d to b e s tow up on y ou th e
,

kingd om of y our fath e r th at y ou o rd e r al l thi n gs to

,

be f ulfill e d i n our ti m e acc or d i n g to th e prom i s e

which y ou m ad e to Go d s ap os tl e for th e s alv ati on
’

o f yo ur s o ul an d th e s tabili ty of y ofi r r eal m th at
th e ch urch of Almigh ty G od an d of th e bl e s s e d
ap ostl e P e t e r to wh om w e r e giv e n th e k e y s of th e
,

ki n gd om of h eav e n an d th e p ow e r of bi n d i n g an d
l oosi n g may c on ti n ue to be e x al te d m ore an d m or e
, ,

an d that al l thi n g s m ay be f ulfil l e d acc ord i n g to

y our pro m ise an d th e n to y ou will be as c r ib e d r e

,

wa rd i n h eav e n ly plac e s an d an e x c e ll e n t r e p ut atio n

i n th e wh ol e w orl d an d as i n th e tim e of th e bl e s s e d
,

Sylv e st e r po n ti ff of R om e by th e m ost pi ous e m

, ,

or C on s t an tin e t h Gr at of ac d m m o ry
p e r e e s r e e , ,

th rough his ge n e rosity th e holy C ath olic an d ap os

tolic Ro m an Ch urch was r es to re d an d e xalt ed an d
e n d ow e d wi th p ow e r in th e s e pa r t s of th e W e s t so ,

also i n th e s e m o s t f or t un at e ti m e s of y ours an d

o urs m ay t h e h o ly ch u ch of G od th at i s of th e
r —
,

—
bl es s e d ap os tl e P e te r g row an d en l arg e an d be ex
alt e d m or e an d m o r e s o th at al l p e opl e wh o h ear of
,

thi s m ay s ay O L ord sav e th e ki n g an d h ear us

, ,

for l o "our m od e rn
”
wh e n we call up on Th ee '

Constantin e mo s t Ch ri s ti an e m p e ror of G od s ap
,
’

pointm e n t i n th e s e ti m e s h as ri s en up by wh om
, ,

G od h as d e ign ed to i n c re as e th e p oss e s s ion s of h i s

h oly ch urch th e ch ur ch of th e bl e ss e d P e t e r princ e
, ,

of th e ap ostl es B e sid e s l e t all oth e r lan d s which

.
, ,

by v ario us e m p e rors p at rici an s an d oth e rs f earing

, ,

Ps . x vn l . 1 0 .
20 0 Tbe Ag e
f
o Clzar l emag n e .

G od for th e salvatio n o f th e ir so uls and for th e p ar

d on of th e ir sin s i n p art s of T uscany Spol e t o B e n e
, , ,

v en t o C ors ica an d i n th e Sabi n e patri m o n y h av e

, , ,

b e e n grant ed to th e bl e s s e d apostl e P e t e r an d to
th e h oly and apostolic Roma n Ch urch an d by th e
e x e cr abl e rac e of t h e Lomb ard s i n th e co urs e of
y ears hav e b ee n s e i ze d an d ca rri ed ofl now i n yo ur
'

ti m e be r est ored O f which also we h av e m any

.

d e e d s of d onation l ai d up i n our sacre d archiv e s of

th e Lat e ran which w e h av e dir e ct e d to be show n to
,
”
y ou .

Thi s is esp e cially n ot e worthy as b e ing th e first

re f e re n ce to th e Forge d D o n ation but b eyo n d th e ,

fact that th e ch urch own e d large e stat es in Spol e to ,

T uscany S abina an d R av e n n a to which un d oubt

, , ,

e dl y Charl e s m ad e i m po rt an t addition s no thi n g can ,

be m ai n tain e d with an y c e r t ai n ty I t i s to be n o .

tic ed al s o that th e gr eate r n um b e r of th e p apal l e t

t er s h av e li ttl e or n o thing to d o with th e spi rit ual
an d moral advanc e m e nt of th e ch urch an d th e
spread of Christiani ty for which Charl es an d his ,

bishops an d oth e r cl e rgy w e re doing so m uch but ,

ar e fill e d with e xpr e ssions of t h e papal lo n gi n g for

t e m po ral poss essi ons an d th e dread or compl aint of
th e ir l os s T h e a d v an c e m e n t of th e ch urch i s
.

s y n o n y m ous w i th th e i n cre as e of i ts t e mporal pow e r

an d t e r rit orial aggr an d iz e m e n t whil e spiri tual we l ,

fare and salvati on are m ad e th e reward for gi fts of

t e rrito ry an d of d omi n ion T h e re lations of Char l e s .

with th e p op e w e re p ure ly political and th e plac e ,

which th e Bishop of Ro m e occ upi e d s ee m ed to be

J afi é , vol iv ; Ep 61 AD
'

. .
, pp . 1 99 , 20 0 .
, 7 78 . .
20 2 T/ze Ag e
f
o C lea r /em ag n e .

p r ob abl e th at b oun dary d e fi n iti on s are th e i n

th e
te rp ol ati on of lat e r ti m e s T h e g ai n for th e p ap al
‘
.

s e e un d e r th e s e c on d i ti on s was n ot v e ry gr e at .

Ch ar l e s p rob ably w oul d n ot h av e m ad e his p rom i s e

of d on ati on if th e p op e h ad n ot b e e n abl e to ap p e al
to th e p r e c e d e n t e s tabli s h e d by his f ath e r H e .

hi m s e lf s h ow e d th rough h i s wh ol e l ate r acti on th at

th e re s t orati on of th e te r r it ory to th e R om an s e e ,

which th e p op e d e m a n d e d di d n ot l i e v e ry cl os e to ,

h i s h e art an d th e f ulfil m e n t of s uch a p r o m i s e d e

,

p e n d e d u p on c on d i ti on s which m ad e it e as y to d e f e r

if n ot to e vad e i t H ad h e e ar n e s tly d e te rm i n e d to
.

r e st or e to t h e p op e p os s e s s i on of all th os e l an d s ,

un d oubt e d ly h e coul d h ave acc om p li s h e d i t ; an d

t h at thi s d i d n ot h ap p e n whil e n ot p rovi n g th at h e ,

w oul d b re ak h i s p rom i s e s h ow s th at h e h ad littl e ,

i n t e r e s t i n it .

T h e p os i ti on of Ch arl e s as p atrici an of R om e
t h rows m uch li ght on h i s re l ati on s with th e p apal
s ee . St e p h e n I I I h ad c all e d Pi p p i n an d his s on to
.

th e pat r ici at e of R om e as a s ort of m ilit ary pro

te ctor s h i p an d ho n orary chi e ft ain s hip ov e r th e
ch ur ch an d h e r i n t e re s ts b ut n at urally witho ut d e ,

d en c e on t h e e m p e ror s inc e t h e p op e an d not

p e n ,

th e e m p e ror h ad n am e d th e m p at rici an s .

I t was n ot for th e in te re st of th e p op e h ow e v e r , ,

to us e thi s ti tl e v e ry ge n e rally s i n c e i t c arri e d wi th ,

it an i d ea of r ul e an d of gov e rn ors hi p I t was to .

lay up on th e Caroli n gi an s obligati on s rath e r th an

to c on f e r upo n th e m rights an d privil e ge s E v er .

W ai tz, vol . i ii .
, pp . 1 80 -
1 82 ; 21 8
-
2 20 ; Abel -
S i ms on , v ol . i .
,

pp . 1 5 6-
1 70 .
 K i ng an d P a tr i ci a n . 20 3

sin c e th e j ourn e y of Ch arl e s to I taly a ch an ge h ad

c om e n ot s o m uch on acc oun t of his E ast e r vi s it to
,

R om e but i n c ons e q ue n c e of th e c om p l e t e r uin of

,

th e L omba r d ki n g d om H e h ad now add e d to th e .

h on ora ry d ig n i ty of th e p at rici at e th e act ual p ow e r

of th e Lo m b ard ki n g H e w oul d r e ali ze th e d uti e s.

an d r igh ts of h i s p at r ici at e but n ow n ot i n th e ,

n am e of t h e e m p e ror or e v e n i n th at of th e p op e , ,

but i n h i s ow n an d h e s ucc e e d e d p rac tically to th e

,

pl ac e of th e e m p e ror b oth i n R om an an d i n Gre ci an

It aly O n th e s e re l ati on s d e p e n d ed th e gre at e r
.

d i ffi c ul ti e s i n th e w ay of c ar ry i n g out th e d on ati on s .

E v e n i n th e t e rrit ori e s wh os e p os s e s s i on th e p op e
re ally gai n e d t h e r igh t s of his s w ay w e re n ot un con
t e s t e d I n n o p art of th e p oss e s s i on s of th e ch urch
.

was h e w h olly in d e p e n d e n t e v e ryw h e r e th e Fran k

i s h ki n g h ad c e rtai n ri gh ts th ough n othi n g d e fi n it e ,

h ad b e en d e t e rm in e d as to th e li m it s of th os e right s
on e i th e r si d e I t h ap p e n e d i n c on s eq ue n c e of thi s
.
,

l ack of d e fi n i te n e s s th at th e re l ati ons of th e p op e

,

with th e roy al ofli ce rs an d oft e n wi th th e ki n g h i m ,

s e lf l e d freq ue n tly to s h arp d i s c us s i ons f rom w hich

, ,

it s om e ti m e s res ul te d th at i n all th e l an d s of th e
ch urch th e s upre m acy b e lo n ged n ot to th e p op e ,

but to th e F ran ki s h ki n g In this r es p e ct th e re was ‘

.

n o d i fl e re n ce b e tw e e n th e e x ar chat e an d t h e oth e r
'

po s s e ssi on s of th e p op e wh e re Ch arl e s e x e rci s ed th e

right of s upr e m acy H e re too h e show ed q uit e ’
.

W ai tz, vol iii p 1 81 n ote 2 ; Abe l S i ms on vol i p 1 74

G
-
. . . . . .
, , , ,

an d n ote 1 D bl l i n g e r. C har e s th e reat, p p 1 0 3 l ”

-
1 08
G
. .

D all i n g e r C har es th e reat,

”
l
p 1 0 4 , n ote 2 C i ti n g the
A b Ab l
, . .

afl ai r of rch i s h op M art i n as a cas e i n poi n t ; e S i ms on ,

-

vol i , pp 2 1 2 2 1 4
. . .
-
.
20 4 T/ze Ag e
f
o Cba r /emag n e .

d i s ti n ctly h ow ligh t was h is z eal for th e s p re ad of

s

ch urch t e rr it ory for h e all ow e d th e e x arch at e to

,

fall q uit e c om p l e t e ly i n to th e p os s es s i on of th e
Archbi s h op of R av e n n a an d for s e v e ral y ears i t was ,

withh e l d by h i m f rom th e p op e Ch arl e s was n ow .

r e cog n iz e d as t h e s up re m e r ul e r i n al l th e te r rit ori e s

of th e ch ur ch F or h i m p ray e r was ofl e re d in
'

H ad r i an s ri tual i n th e R om an Ch ur ch as t h rough
’

out th e wh ol e F ran ki s h ki n gd om T h e p e opl e i n

‘
.

p ap al te rrit ory m us t sw ear fi d e lity to h i m as w e ll as

to th e p op e an d long b e f or e h i s c or o n ati on as e m
’
,

p e r or th e R o m an s i n It aly w e r e r e ga r d e d as h i s v as

sal s an d R om e its e lf as a ci ty of h i s kingd om .

’

Wh en H ad ri an di e d i n 79 5 an d L e o was e l e ct e d i n
h i s pl ac e b e t ran s m i tt e d as on c e al re ad y h ad h i s
, ,

pred e c e s s or S te p h e n to Ch arl e s M art e l th e k e y s

, , ,

of th e tom b of St P e t e r an d th e ban n e r of th e city

.
,

j oini n g wi th it th e re q ue s t th at th e king wo ul d s en d
on e of h i s n obl e s to bi n d by oat h th e Rom an p eo

p l e in fi d e lity an d s ub m i s si on to h i m .
‘

N or can th e re be an y do ubt th at Charl e s claim e d

true royal righ ts in R om e an d that L eo compl e t ely ,

r e co gniz e d th e m H e was th e fi rst of th e pop e s

.
‘

who d at e d h i s p ublic acts with th e y e ars of Ch a rl es s ’

r e ign .

O p p res s e d by an opposi n g p arty i n th e ci ty wh o ,

ch arge d him with h e i n o us c ri m e s s e iz e d m al treat , ,

— A
J ,
a fi é v o l i v ,.
p 20 5 E
.
p 6 4 ,
.
77 4 7 80 D . . .

a re , p 1 8 7
l G
. .

D al l i n g e r , C h ar es th e reat, p 1 0 5 , refe rri n g to Paul us

Ab l
.

J fi é o l i 8 E 6 A - i
S m i
'

a , v v .
p 1 7 .
p 5
.
, 7 7 5 D ;
. e s on , v ol. . .

P I 7S
Jaffe, vol i v , p 3 5 4 : Ep C ar
. . . 1 0 , 79 6 AD
. . .
 Th e Ag e f
o Clza r temag n e .

fl f h whol e Rom an Ch urch j ud ged by no

'

p on ti o t e ,

on e n e ith er forc e d by an y b ut of my own f r ee will

, , ,

d o p urify and p urge m ys e lf in yo ur s ight an d be ,

fo re God an d h is ange l s wh o kn ow m y co n s ci e n ce , ,

an d th e bl e ss e d P e t e r p ri n c e of th e ap os tl e s i n , ,

whos e ch urch we are th at I h av e n e ith e r p e rp e ,

trate d nor ord er e d to be d on e thos e crimi n al an d

wick e d act s which t h ey ch arge against m e G od is .

my wi tn e ss to wh os e j udg m e n t s eat w e all m ust

,
-

c om e an d in whos e sigh t w e al l j ust stan d An d

, .

thi s I d o of my own f re e will on acco un t of th e ,

s uspici on s rais e d agai n st m e n ot as th ough i t w e re 2

lai d d own in th e can on s n or s o as to bind thi s cus ,

tom or d e cree up on m y s ucc e sso rs in th e h oly

"
ch urch or upon m y bre th re n an d f e llow bish op s
,
-
.

T h e pap al bi ogra p h e r c on tin ue s B ut on th e

n e x t d ay in t h e s am e ch urch of St P e t e r al l th e
, .
,

ar chbi s h ops bishop s abbot s an d al l th e F ranks

, , ,

wh o w e re in th e s e rvic e of th e g r eat k ing an d all ,

th e Roman p e opl e b e i n g ass e mbl e d i n th e ir pre s ,

en ce t h e v e n e rabl e p on tiff e mbrac e d th e f our h oly

gos p e ls of Christ an d b e f ore th em all asc e n d e d to
,

th e p ulpit and und e r o at h sai d with a cl e ar voic e

, , ,

I n d e e d of th os e fals e c ri m e s with which th e R 0

,

m an s hav e acc us e d m e wh o h av e unj ustly p e rs e cut ,

e d m e I hav e n o k n owl e d g e an d I d e n y th at I
, ,

h av e d on e s uch thi n gs All th e n j oin e d i n a lit an y

.
’

of prai s e to G od to th e Vi rgi n M ary to St P e t e r

, , .
,

an d to al l t h e sai n ts Aft e r th e se th ings th e day

.
,

of th e birth of Ch r ist arr ivi n g th ey w e re all i n th e ,

sam e ch urch again an d th e n th e v e n e rabl e an d ,

1 J ag e, vol . iv .
, p 3 7
. 8 ; Ep Cat . 20 , AD . . 80 0 .
 Tbe Cor on ati on . 20 7

be n e fi ce n t p onti ff with his ow n h an d cr ow n e d h i m

with th e m os t p re cio us crow n Th e n al l th e f aithf ul .

Ro m an s s ee i n g what great care an d l ov e h e h ad for

,

th e holy Rom an Ch ur ch an d its vic ar un an i m ous ly , ,

with a l oud v oic e by th e will of G od an d of th e

,

bl e ss e d P e t e r k ey b eare r of h eav e n e xcl aim e d

,
-
,

To Ch arl es th e m os t p i ous A ugus t us crow n ed by

, ,

G od gr e at an d p acific e m p e r or lif e an d victo ry

, ,

B e fore th e s ac re d t om b of th e bl es s e d ap ostl e P e t e r ,

inv oki n g m any sai n t s it was th ric e s ai d an d h e was

, ,

c on stit ut e d by al l e m p e ror of th e R om an s Th e re .

also th e m os t h oly chi e f an d p on ti ff an oi n t e d with

holy oi l Ch arl e s h i s m os t e xc e ll e n t s on as ki n g on
, ,

th e s am e d ay an d M as s b e i n g e n d e d th e most
’
, ,

s e ren e lord emp e ror offe re d a s ilv e r tabl e an d at ,

th e t omb of St P e t e r wi th his s on s an d d a ugh t e rs

.
, ,
”
vas e s of p ure gol d an d ot h e r gifts .

l b
Ch ar es had ee n rai s ed to th e k i n g s h i p i n 7 88, an d h ad te
ce ived f rom h i s fath er a ki n gdom i n Ne us tr i a i n 7 89 A e S i mson , . bl -

vol i i , pp 6. 7
. . . .

“
L i b Pon tif , vol i i , pp 7 it . c 22 2 5
. . . . . .
-
.
 CH AP TE R XX .

F RAN KI S H ACCOUN T S O F TH E C O R ON ATI ON TH E —

ACT O F TH E PO P E THR EE TH EO RI E S — TH E
—

ATTIT UDE O F C H ARL E S — R E LATI ON S WITH

C ON S T AN TI NO PL E R ENE W AL AND TRAN S F E R
—

— TW O EM PE R O R S A ND TW O EM PIR E S I DE A —

O F A W O RL D EM PIR E I N UN I ON WITH TH E
C H U RC H .

F th e p e rs on al acti on of th e p op e in th e
co ron ati on of Charl e s th e G reat two d i f ,

fe ren t acc oun ts are giv e n th e Franki s h ,

a n d th e pap al b ut th e s e t
, wo acc ounts
vary in s o m an y import an t p artic ulars
th at th ey c an n ot be co m bin ed O n e m ust be r ight .

an d th e oth e r wrong an d f r om i n t e rn al e vi d e nc e th e
,

Frankish s ee m s m ore e n titl ed to cre d e n c e T he .

a p l acco u t was giv n at th e cl os e o f t h e p re c e d

p a n e

l n g ch ap t e r
.

T h e f ull e s t acco unt f rom Fran kish so urc e s is

iv en in th e Ch ronicl e of M ois s ac an d is as fol
g ,

lows Now on th e m ost h oly d ay of th e L ord s

’

birth whil e th e k in g was at m ass up on rising aft e r

’
, ,

r ay e r b e f or e th e t o mb o f th e bl e s s e d Apostl e P e te r
p ,

F id
r ay , D ec . 25 , 80 0 AD
. .

20 8
2 1 0 Th e Ag of Cha
e r l em a
g ne .

al l th eoth e r regi on s which h e r ul ed thro ugho ut

It aly G aul an d G e rm an y an d b e caus e th e Al
, , ,

migh ty G od h ad giv e n all th e s e l an d s int o h i s p ow e r ,

so it s e e m e d b e st to th e c oun cil that wi th th e h e lp ,

of G od an d atth e p ray e r of th e wh ol e Chri s ti an p eo

l h e sh oul d t ak e th e n am e of e mp e ror Who
p e , s e .

p e ti ti on Ki n g Ch ar l e s was hi m s e lf unwilling to te

f us e b ut with al l h um ility s ub m itt e d him s e lf to

,

G od an d at th e p e titio n of th e p ri e sts an d all th e

,

Chri s ti an p e op l e on th e day of th e n ativity of our

,

L ord J es us Christ took upo n hi m s e lf th e n am e of

e mp e r or b e ing cons e crat e d by t h e l ord P op e L e o
’
, .

T h e n ot e w orthy d i ffe re nc e s b e tw e en th e s e v ari ous

acco unts r e l ate to th e ch arge s against th e p op e an d
his j us tificati on of hi m s e lf b e fo re Ch arl e s to th e ,

as s e m bli e s c on s ult ati on s for m al p e ti tio n s an d fi n al

, , ,

d e cisi on s pre c e d ing th e co r o n ati on i ts e lf an d to th e ,

fact th at th e p ap al acc oun t m ak e s n o m e ntio n of

th e ad orati on of th e e m p e ror by th e pop e accor d i n g
to th e an ci en t c ustom an important an d un d o ubt
,

e d ly a r eal f eat ure of th e cor on ation an d on e n ot

uns uit e d to th e occ asi on A pop e h ad alre ady ’

.

p rostrat ed hi m s e lf b e fore Pippin and th e i n terven ,

ti on of Ch arl e s was g reatly n e e d ed by P op e L eo at

thi s ti m e B ryc e i s righ t how e v e r i n cal l i n g att e n
.
, ,

tion to th e ab s e nc e of an ythi n g s h owing a s trictly

l e gal charact e r .

T h e F ranki s h ki n g d oe s n ot of h i s own might

s e iz e t h e crow n b ut rath e r r e c e iv e s it as c omi n g
,

n at urally to h i m as th e l e giti m ate cons eq ue n c e of

,

“
An n L aure s h an 80 1 M G SS vol i , p 38
G
, . .

A
. . . . . . . .

Ei n h ard i n n an . 80 1 M . . SS .
, vol i , p 1 8
.
9. . .
 Th eor i es o
f th e Cor on a ti on . 1 1

th e autho rity h e al r e ady e nj oy e d T h e p op e be .

s t ows t h e crow n not in virt ue of an y right of h i s

,

own as h e ad of th e ch ur ch h e is m e re ly th e i n s tru
m en t of G od s p rovi d e nc e which h as un m ist akably
’

poi n t e d out Ch arl e s as th e prop e r p e rs on to d e f e n d

an d l e ad t h e Ch ri s ti an c om m on w e alth T h e R om an .

p e opl e d o n ot fo r m a l l y e l e ct a n d appoint b u t by ,

th e i r ap p l aus e acc e p t th e chi e f wh o i s pre s e n t e d to

th e m H e c am e as conc e iv ed of as d ire c tly ord e red
.
,

by th e D ivi n e P rovi d e n c e which h as b r ought ab out

a s tat e of thi n gs th a t a d m it f but on e i s s ue an
s o —

i s s ue which king p ri e st an d p e opl e h av e on ly to

, ,

r e c ogniz e an d ob e y — th e ir p e rs on al am biti on s p as ,

s i ons i n t rigue s si n ki n g an d v ani s hing i n r e v e r e nti al

, ,

awe at wh at s ee m s th e i m m e d i at e i n t e rp os iti on of

H eave n An d as th e res ult i s d e sire d by al l p arti e s

.

alik e th e y d o not thi n k of i n q ui ri n g i n to on e an

,

ot h e r s right s but tak e th e ir m om e n t ary h ar m on y

’

to be n at ural an d n e c e s s ary n e v e r d re am i n g of th e
,

d i ffi c ulti e s an d c on flicts which w e r e to ari s e out of

wh at s e e m e d th e n s o s i m p l e An d it was j us t be
.

caus e e v e rythi n g was th us l e f t un d e te r m in e d n ot ,

re sti n g on e x p re ss s ti p ul ati on s but rath e r on a s or t

,

of m ut ual un d e rstan d ing an d s y m p athy of b e li e fs

an d wi s h e s which augure d n o e vil that th e e v e nt ,

ad m itt e d of b e i n g aft e rw ar d s r epr e s e n te d in s o m any

”
d iffe re nt light s .

It was on ly l ate r i n th e bitt e r st ruggl e b e tw e en

th e H oh e n st auf e n e m p e rors an d th e p apacy that
e ach party s ought to fi n d i n th e c or on a tio n of
Charl e s a pre c ed e nt for th e right s which h e claim e d .

B ry ce . p p 5 6. 5 7 .
21 2 Th e Ag e
f
o Char l emag n e .

T he circ umstanc es th us s h ow th at th e re m ust h ave

b e e n som e p rep arati on for th e e ve n t N egoti ati on s .

for th e un io n b e tw e e n th e p ow e r s of E ast an d We st
h ad al re ad y t ak e n p l ac e an d at on e tim e R oth r ud , ,

th e e l d e s t d augh t e r of Ch ar l e s h ad b e e n b e t r oth e d ,

at th e ag e of e igh t to C on s t an ti n e t h e y outhf ul e m ,

p e r or te n y e ar s of ag e bu t thi s b e t r oth al c am e to ,

no thi n g th ough th e re was a r um or th at Ch arl es

,

hi m s e lf w as to m arry th e m oth e r of th e e m p e ror .

I re n e th en d e t e rmi n e d to s eiz e th e i m p e ri al pow e r ,

an d as w e h av e s e e n bli n d e d h e r s on an d us urp e d
, ,

his thron e Fra n kish n obl es or R oma n s an d th e

.

pop e b e cam e i m pati e nt d e s i ri n g to e s t abli s h th e i r ,

in d ep e n d e nc e of th e e m p i re of C on s t an ti n op l e which
al l of th e m h ad p rac tic ally r e ali ze d I t i s q uit e .

probabl e th at th e c oron ati on w as d i s c us s e d by

Ch arl e s an d th e p op e at th e l at te r s vi s i t to Pad e r ’

born i n 79 9 an d also prob ably with H ad ri an P op e

, ,

L e o s pr e d e c e s s or y e t E i n h ard positiv e ly d e cl ares

'

th at th e coron ati on c am e as a g re at s urpris e to

Ch arl es an d h e ass e rts that at th e fi rst Charl e s h ad
,

s uch an ave rs i on to th e ti tl e s of E m p e ror an d

A ugust us th at h e d e cl are d th at h e wo ul d n oth ave
,

s e t f oot in th e ch urc h t h e d ay th e y w e re c on f e r r e d ,

altho ugh it was a g r eat f e as t d ay c oul d h e h av e -

,
"
fore s ee n th e d es ign of th e p op e T h is s tate m e n t .

c an n ot be e x p l ai n e d aw ay as an afl e ctati on or a fi c
'

ti on T h e ap p are n t c ontra d icti on can be e xpl ai n e d

.

by th e fact th at th e s urp ri s e an d obj e cti on f e lt by

Ei n h ard V it K ol i
a ar
”
c 28 Poeta S ax o, b k v verses
A
.
, , . .
,
“
5 2 7 5 34 ; j afl é ol i C on fi r m e d by
'
-
v pp v 533 662 nn.
M Ab l S i m o
. . . .
, ,
”
ax , an . 80 1 e -
s n, vol .
p . 239 .
21 4 Th e Ag e f
o Cha r l em ag n e .

Th e re is littl e or n o e vi d e n c e of an y s e ri ous
tho ughts in re gard to th e attit ud e an d po s iti on
which th e E ast m ight t ak e I ts real p ow e r i t Italy .

h ad l on g si n c e p as s e d away an d b e y on d a fe w pos ,

s e ssi on s in th e s out h it h ad n o p l ac e T h e c on t e s ts .

an d c on f usi ons in It aly h ad m ad e th e imp e ri al

crown of s p e ci al v al ue an d s ignifican c e to Charl e s in
h i s e n d e av ors to re s tore ord e r an d to e s t abli s h a
strong c e n tral auth ority F urth e rm ore th e weak .
,

n ess of th e E as t was a d isgrac e to th e ch ur ch an d ,

th us th e p op e h ad alre ady c e as e d to m e n ti on th e
regn al y e ars of th e e mp e ror i n d ati n g his e d ic ts an d
d e cree s . T h e Co uncil of N ic e which m e t in 7 8 7 , ,

an d d e cl ar e d agai n s t th e ic on ocl as ts an d in f av or of

i m age w ors hi p h ad arous e d th e obj e cti on of Ch arl e s

, ,

an d th e C arolin e b ook s i s s ue d j us t af te r th e c ouncil

,

wh ich Ch arl e s h e l d at F ran kfort i n 79 4 h ad b ee n ,

his re ply an d h e h ad e v e n c all e d up on H ad ri an to

,

d e n oun c e th e e m p e ror as a h e re tic H ad ri an h ad .

a n sw e re d th at h e w oul d s umm on th e imp e ri al co urt

at Constantin opl e to s urre nd e r to th e Roman S ee
th e p at rimo n y of th e j uri s diction o f th e I lly ri an d i o
c es e an d th at if thi s was r e f us e d h e wo ul d th e n con
, ,

d e m n th e e mp e ror as a h e retic This is wh y in th e ’

.

co ron ati on of Ch arl e s lit tl e consi d erati on was pai d to

th e R om an e mp e r or i n th e E ast th ough p rob ably ,

th e h e si tati on of Ch arl e s was d ue to h i s d e s ire to

m ak e an amicabl e arrange m e n t with th e co urt of
Con s tantin opl e b e fo re t aking th e fin al st e p .

Ch arl es was re cogniz ed alread y as lord of Rom e ,

and Alc ui n s aid in 799 Rom e b e longs by right

, ,

M an s i ,
v ol . x ii i .
, p 7 59 ;
.
J afl é , v ol
'

. vi .
, p . 248 ; Al e . Ep 3 3
. .
R el a ti on o e N ew E mp i r e t h e E as t
f th o t . 21 5

of p os s e s s i on to th e ki n g ; s h e i s th e tr ue h e ad of
th e b od y of h i s r eal m an d i n a trib ut e to th e g ood

fort un e an d b rilli an t p e rs on al q ualiti e s of Ch arl e s

hi m se lf Alc ui n d e cl are d th at Ch arl es e xc e ll e d b oth
,

p op e and e mp eror in might i n w isd om and in roy al , ,

d i gnity
’
.

Ch arl e s had o utgrown his p ositi on as king of th e

F ran k s an d was alrea dy in re ality th e e mp e ror
, ,

th ough with out th e titl e for with th e e xc e p ti on of

, ,

B rit ai n Sp ai n an d N orth e rn Af ric a al l of th e i m

, , ,

p e ri al pos s e s s i on s of ol d R om e ow n e d h i s s way ,

whil e h e h ad e xt e n d e d th e an ci e n t b oun d ari e s far to

th e n orth b e y on d th e D an ub e an d th e Rhi n e n or ,

h ad h e m e re ly e n l arg e d h i s t e r rit ory R om e h u .

m i l i ate d ill us e d an d d e g rad e d to th e ig n obl e ro

,
-
,
le
of a d ist ant p rovinci al t own was q uit e re ady to w el ,

c om e an e m p e ror of h e r own an d th us to h ol d agai n ,

h e r old positio n of mistre ss of th e n ati ons an d r ul e r

of th e wo rl d .

T h e r e l ati on of th e n e wly c re at e d e m p ire to th e

E as t was m ore d i fiI CU I t to de t e rmi n e an d th e q ues ,

tion as to wh eth e r on e or two e m p i re s re s ult e d stil l

v e xe s hist ori an s T h e co ron ati on of Ch ar l e s c ar ri e d
.

with it a re vival an d re n e wal of th e i m p e ri al p ow e r

of Rom e an d th e r e storati on of th e e m pir e was
,

re pre s e nt e d on a l ead e n s eal th e re v e rs e b e ari n g ,

Ch ar l e s s p ort rait an d th e wo rd s O ur l ord Ch arl es

’

,
”
th e pio us happy an d e v e r A ugus t us
,
th e obv e rs e ,

th e gat e of a city b e tw e e n two t ow e rs s ur m oun t e d

by a cros s b e l ow which was th e wo r d
,
R om e ,

an d a r o un d i t th e i n sc r ipti on T h e R e vival (R en o
,

J afi é v ol vi A l c
.ui n i E
.
p i
. s t
, N o 1 1 4 .
, . .
 21 6 Th e Ag e
f
o Cha r l em ag n e .

v a tio
) R
of th e
o m a n E m p i r e It h as b e e n s a i d .

th at thi s was e ff e ct e d wi th out c re ati n g two R om an

e m pi r e s an d i n a s e n s e thi s i s t r ue
, T h e i m p e rial .

th r on e at C on s t an tin op l e was v ac an t o n ly a w om an ,

occ upi e d th e pl ac e an d thi s was p re s e nt e d as on e ,

of th e re as o n s for Ch ar l e s s c oron ati on as s t at e d by

'

th e ch ron icl e s U n d oub te d ly Ch arl e s wo ul d h ave

.

w i s h e d to h av e m ad e so m e ar ran ge m e n t s wi th th e
i m p e r i al p ow e r at C onst an ti n opl e b e fore taking th e
i m p e ri al c r ow n but th at h ad b ee n i m p oss ibl e O n
, .

th e a uth ority of an E as te r n ch ron icl e r Th e oph an e s , ,

w e l earn th at h e d i d p ropos e m arr i ag e to I re n e ,

b ut th e pl an w as op p os e d by h e r chi e f m ini s t e r ,

E ti us an d a s h ort tim e aft e rw ar d s a c on s piracy

,

pl ac e d th e i m p e ri al treas ure r Ni ce p h or us on th e , ,

thr on e .
’

I n a s e n s e al s o th e re w as unq ue s ti on ably a t ran s

fe r of th e i m p e rial pow e r f ro m C on s t an ti n op l e to
R om e an d thi s t ran sf e r d i d r e s ult ul ti m at e ly i n th e
,

e xist e n c e of two e mpir e s for b e yon d thi s pl an of ,

Cha rl e s in regard to th e ma rr i age to I re n e th e re

, ,

was n o att e mpt or th ought to c on q ue r or ab s o r b th e

E ast ; an d wh e n th e n e w e m p e ror was crow n e d at
Con s t an tinopl e Charl e s t r i e d to gai n his ack n owl e dg
,

m en t I t m us t h av e b e e n f e lt that th e i m p e r i al
’
.

p ow e r ov e r R om e which h ad b e e n h e l d by th e ,

Rom an e m p e ror at Con s tan ti n op l e e v e r s i n c e th e

Doll i g C h ar l s th G eat p 1 3 3
n e r, e e r , . .

I
n th e an n a s l s m
of the tim e C har
i l l e d th e s i xlt
y -e i
es g h th
e m p e ror , C on s tan ti n e VI
th e s i x ty s e ve n th B r i ce , p 63 -
h en W
l
. . . .

R ud o ph of H b
ap s urg con fi r med th e p ap a p os s es s i on s i n ta y to l I l
th e pop e , on e of th e re as on s g i v e n was th at th e o y S ee h ad H l
tr an s fer red th e e m p i r e to th e e rm an s f rom th e G r e eks Cod G . .

E p i s t
. R ud ul h
p ,i
"
v o l i , p 80 ; uo.te d b.
y L e a
. , p 3q 8 , n o te 3 . .
21 8 T he Ag e
f
o Cha r l emagn e .

re gard to th e c on d iti on of affai r s an d th e re l ati on

b e tw e en Rom e an d C on st an ti n opl e I n 8 1 2 th e .

a m b assad ors of th e E ast e rn E m pi re ad dre ss ed

Ch arl e s as e m p e r or i n th e ch ur ch at A ix la -

Ch ap e ll e an d y e ars aft e rward s wh e n i n th e twe lf th

, ,

c e n t ury th e r iv al ry b e tw e e n th e two on c e m or e
,

b rok e out I saac of Co n s t an ti n opl e add r e ss e d Fred

,

e r ick as m os tg e n e r ous e m p e ror of G e r m an y an d ,

i n an oth e r l e tte r us e s thi s f or m Isaac fai thful in , ,

Ch rist d ivi n ely c row n ed s ubli m e pot e n t highly

, , , ,

e x al te d h e i r to th e cr ow n of C on s t anti n e th e Gre at
, ,

R om aic (R omeon ) m od e rat or an d an ge l to th e m ost ,

n obl e e mp e ror of anci e n t R om e ki n g of G e rm any ,

an d b e l ov e d broth e r i n his i m p e ri al r ul e gr e e ti n g ,
.

Ch arl e s i n t e n d e d i m m e d i at e ly after his c oron ati on

to m ak e a c on q ue s t of Sicily i n ord e r to s av e it from
th e Sarac e n s but h e gav e up thi s p l an i n ord e r to
,

p ur chas e p e ac e with C on s tan ti n opl e an d i n 8 3 7 Sicily ,

pas s e d un d e r th e M o s l e m c on trol Aft e r y ears of .

opp osi n g d iffe re n c es an d l on g d isc ussi on s an agre e

m e nt cam e abo ut which l e ft to th e G re e ks V e n e ti a
,

an d D al m ati a an d t h e po s s e s s i ons b e l on gi n g to th e m
i n so uth e rn Italy whil e Charl e s gain e d r e c ognitio n
,

as e mp e ror Th us th e R om an E m pire d i s s olve d

.

p art n ers hip with th e E ast an d re s tric te d i ts rights ,

to th e W e st wh e re i t r e viv e d its an ci e n t rul e

’
.
,

T h e pop e r ega rd e d as th e r e pre s e n tativ e of th e

,

e mpire an d of Ro m anism an d s ure ly as th e h e a d of ,

L atin nati onality an d s till m ore as th e rec ogniz ed

,

spi rit ual ov e rs ee r of th e Ch ri s ti an re p ublic poss e s s e d ,

By
r ce , p . 1 9 2 ,
n ote 1 .

W it
a z, v ol . i ii .
, pp . 20 0 , 20 1 .
 Th e E mp i r e an d th e Ch ur ch . 21 9

th e pow e r of acc omplishi n g th at re v ol utio n which ,

w itho ut th e ai d of th e ch ur ch w ould h av e b e e n i m
possibl e an d gav e a visibl e g uaran t e e of th at divi n e
,

sancti on which w as n e e d e d to j ustify th e e v e nt .

P e rh aps Cha rl e s as w e ll as L e o d i d b e li ev e i n th e
, ,

possibility of pre s e rvi n g th e i n d ivi s ibility of th e em

pire li k e th at of th e ch urch but th e co n ti n uan c e of
,

th e imp e rial li n e at C onst an tin opl e aft e r th e b ri e f

,

vacancy followi n g th e d e ath of C onstantin e VI

re nd e re d f util e an y s uch h op e s With th e hi s t ory
.
,

th e t raditio n s an d th e n am e of Rom e th e re was

,

unq ue stion ably r e viv e d th e i d e a of a w or l d e m pire ,

s uch as had ev e r b e e n bo un d up with th e R om an

n am e an d its re ali zati on w as s ought at l e ast as far
, ,

as it might be r e aliz e d am on g all th e p e opl e an d i n

,

all th e stat es i n th e W e s t th at is i n E urop e

—
, .

Th us th e un i on wi th th e ch urch m ad e its infl ue n c e

f e lt an d th us th e ch ur ch i m p art e d to th e e m pi r e
,

som e thi n g of i ts cha ract e r an d ai m s an d p urpos e s ,

th at j ust as th e ch urch had th e t as k an d m us t ,

e ve r st r iv e to e x t e n d i ts s ph e r e by t h e spre ad of
Ch risti an i ty am o n g p e opl e as y e t un co n v e rt e d so ,

th e rul e of th e e m p e ror r e c e iv e d th e re fr om th e
prosp e ct of a wi d e r e xpansio n witho ut r egard ,

to th e earli e r li m its of th e an ci e nt e m pi re b ut co ,

e xt e nsiv e with t h e ch ur ch This gav e i t n ew re la

.

ti ons and n ew tas k s th ough with d i s tinctly G e rman

,

charact e ristics T h e empire was c all e d R om an

.
,

but it w as r e ally a Christi an G e r m anic pow e r It .

was th e fi n al r e s ult of th at d e v e lopm e nt which b e gan

w ith th e w an d e ri n g of th e G e rman t rib e s an d th e ir
e xt e nsion ov e r th e Roman provi n c e s and wh ich had ,
 Th e Ag e
f
o Char l emag n e .

c arri e d with it th e ir c on v e rsio n to Ch ri s tia n i ty th e i r

,

r e c e pti on i n t o th e Ch r i s ti an ch urch an d h ad n ow
,

plac e d th e i r f ore m os t l e ad e r on th e i m p e ri al th ro n e
of Ch risti an R om e . All th e pow e r an d d omini on s
hi th e rt o obt ai n e d by th e F rankish k ings w ere n ow
add e d to th e e m pire .
222 Th e Ag e
f
o Cha r l em ag n e .

of Ch ar l es l ay in th e m ight of th e d ee d s which h ad
b ro ught ab out thi s e l e v ati on to which th e v oic e of
th e p e opl e h ad giv e n on ly a r e cog n i tion an d s om e
d e fi n it e e x p re s s i on U n q ue s ti on ably th e i m p e ri al
.
’

d ig n ity w oul d n e v e r h av e b e e n c on f e r re d up on
Ch ar l e s h ad i t n ot b e e n for h i s won d e r f ul s ucc e s se s
withi n th e ki n gd om an d i n h i s c on q ue s ts b e y on d
,

its b oun d ari e s e sp e ci ally ov e r th e L om b ard s an d

, ,

th e c on s e q ue n t n e e d of s om e stron g e st abli s h e d civil

p ow e r i n Italy for th e p rot e cti on of th e p ap acy an d
i ts r ight s as w e ll as for th e m ai n te n an c e of p e ac e
,

an d ord e r .

A s for th e j us tific ati on of th e act it i s n ot far ,

to s e e k T h e G re e k s h ad d egrad e d th e i m p erial
.

d ignity an d all owe d it to f all i n t o th e bl ood

s t ai n e d h an d s of a w om an an d t h e R om an s faili n g
, ,

to r e c e iv e an y p r ot e c ti on f r om th e E as t h ad r e ,

s um e d th e i r an ci e n t right of e l e ctio n Th us th e .

imp e ri al autho rity i n th e W e st h ad b e e n transfe rre d

to th e l e ad e r of th e F ran k s b e caus e h e was th e ,

mas t e r of th e city which was th e c api tal of th e

e m pire an d e x e rcis e d a t r uly i m p e rial r ul e
,
It is .

significant th at Th eoph an es th e o n ly Byz an ti n e ,

co n t e m p orary w h o m e n ti on s th e occ urre n c e h as ,

om i tt e d an y r e f e re n c e to th e e l e cti on an d c ons e nt
of th e p e opl e . It i s h ard ly n e c e s s ary to obs e rv e ,

say s B ury i n a v e ry i m p ort an t p as sage th at th e ,

e l e c ti on of th e n e w R om an e m p e r or if it w as not ,

l egally d e fe n s ibl e was y e t as th oroughly j ustifi abl e

,

by th e act ual histo ry of th e two p re c e d ing c e n t uri e s ,

as it h as b e e n j us tifi ed by th e h i s tory of th e te n s uc
W ai t
z. vol . i ii .
, pp
. 1 9 5, 1 96
.
 j us tifi ca ti o f
n o the P apa l A cti on .

ce e d i n g c e nt uri es For th e p op e s had practic ally

.

as s um e d i n t h e We st th e f unctions an d th e p os i ti on
of th e e m p eror It was around th e m an d th e ir
.

bish op s th at th e m unicipaliti e s ralli e d i n a s er i e s of

c onti n ual struggl e s with th e L om bards T h e pr e s .

e n c e of t h e emp e ror s d e l e gat e s i n It aly was be com

'

i n g e v e ry y e ar l e ss e ffe ct ual It was th e pop e wh o

.

organ iz e d missi onary e n t e rp ris e s to c onv e rt th e

h eath en i n th e W es t j ust as it was th e e mp e ror
,

who furth e re d simil ar e n t e rpris e s i n th e E ast Gre g .

ory I . i n s pit e of th e re sp e ctf ul t on e of h i s l e tt e rs to

,

M aurice an d Phocas was th e civil p ot e n t at e in Italy

, .

T h e m e re fact th at th e p op e was th e l arge st lan d e d

propri e t or i n Ro m an It aly c on c urre d to giv e h i m
an al m ost m onarchic al p os iti on As th e virt ual sov .

e re i g n th e n of Italy as far as it was Rom an — for

e v e n in t h e day of th e e xarchs h e h ad oft e n b e e n i ts
s ov e re ign mor e truly th an th e e x arch or t h e e m p ero r
— an d as th e b eare r of th e i d e a of th e Roman E m

pi re with all its trad itio n s of civili zatio n the p op e ,

had a right by th e stan d ard of j usti ce to t ransfe r

, ,

th e r e pre s e nt at i on of th e i d e as wh e re of h e was th e
k e e p e r to on e who was abl e to realiz e th e m He .

h ad acc omplish ed by p e ac e f ul m eas ur es t h at which

n ations are abl e to e ffe ct som e tim e s only by bloo d y

re v ol utions .

Y e t Charl e s re li e d upon n e ith e r th e co ron a

ti on by th e pop e n or th e e l e cti on by the p e opl e ,

n or di d h e m ak e R om e t h e capit al of hi s e m
pi re n or re cogn iz e i n th e R om an p e opl e i n th e
f ut ure any right to dispo s e of th e imp e rial dign ity ,

Bu y r , vol . ii .
, p p 5 0 8, 5 0 9
. .
2 24 Th e Ag of Cha
e r l em a
g ne .

nor d i d h e c onc e iv e of th e imp e ri al a utho rity as if

in th e f ut ure i t d e p e n d e d on th e c on s e c rati on of th e
p po e . H e vi s it e d R o m e o n ly fo ur tim e s d u ring his
re ign an d his st ay was alway s s h ort for h e h ad n o
, ,

re si d en ce th e re an d w as on ly th e g uest of th e p op e
,

i n th e L at e ra n L oui s his s on an d s ucc ess or n e ve r

.
, ,

w e n t th e re an d L oth air w as th e n e x t to re c e ive th e

,

i m p e ri al c r ow n i n R om e O n th e d e ath of L ouis I I
. .

with out i s s ue a co n t e s t for th e imp e ri al d ignity

ar os e , an d was s e ttl e d on ly by an app e al to t he
p op e P op e J ohn VI I I t aki n g ad van tage of th e
. .
,

circ um s tanc e s offe re d th e c r ow n to Charl e s th e

,

B ol d an d h i s i n vit ati on b e i n g acc e pt e d th e p op e

, , ,

app e are d on c e m ore as th e s up r e m e auth ori ty in

n am ing an d c row n i n g th e e m p e ror Th us th e s e c .

on d Ch ar l e s was c r ow n e d by th e p op e i n R om e on
Chri s tm as D ay 8 7 5 H e w as oblige d h ow e v e r to
, .
, ,

re n ounc e f or m ally all cl ai m s ov e r th e St ate s of th e

Ch ur ch as th e p ap al p os s e s s i ons i n It aly w e r e c all e d
,
.

Aft e r this th e p on ti fi cal co ronatio n was c on s i d e re d

n e c e ssary an d d e cisive in cas e of c on t e sti n g cl aims ,

an d aft e r t h e cre ati on of th e H oly Rom an E m pi re

by O tto I in 9 62 it was i n s e p arably co n n e ct ed
.
, ,

wi th th e ti tl e of e m p e ro r .

Atthi s fi rs t c oron ati on of Ch arl e s th e G re at how ,

ever t ,
h e p op e h ad m e r e ly to c on fi rm an d to giv e r e lig
i ous re c ognitio n to that p ow e r which so far as it was ,

e x e r ci s e d e x i s t e d in d e p e n d e n tly of h i m in d e ed to
—
,

which h e h i m s e lf t oge th e r with R om e an d all h i s p os

,

s es s i on s w as s ubj e c t
,
Ch arl e s h ad b e e n th e fi rst to
.

“ ”
m ak e us e of th e ti tl e of p atrici an altho ugh it h ad ,

b e e n b e stow e d in th e fi rst plac e upon his fath e r but ,

226 Th e Ag e
f
o Cha r lemag n e .

O n m an y occ as i ons , only

in his capit ul ari e s
n ot

an d i n th e g re at mi s s i on a ry w ork which h e e n cour

age d an d s us tai n e d i n h i s re c og n i tio n of th e ch ur ch

,

i n p oli ti cal as w e ll as in re ligi ous lif e b ut al s o i n h i s ,

c on v e rsati on h e s h ow e d a d e e p an d re ve re n t ap p re
,

e lati on of th e high re ligi ous p os i tio n to which h e

was c all e d as h e a d of th e un i te d kingd om s of th e

W e s t an d th e p atron an d p rot e ct or of th e ch ur ch
an d of Ch r i s ti an i ty H e m ight w e ll be call e d by
.

th e p op e a s e c on d C on s t anti n e th e G re at n ot on ,

acc oun t of h i s d on ati on s of l and an d of t e m p oral

w e alth but rath e r on acc ount of th e d e v otion of his

,

h eart an d th e c on s e cration of all th e for c e s of his

b e i n g to th at gr e at w or k which h e acc omplish e d for
th e ch ur ch i n th e W e st at a m o s t criti cal p e ri od of
i ts e xi s te n c e Nor was thi s attit ud e of min d and
.

s oul wi th out i t s c aus e .

Am ong th e Ch ris ti an Fath e rs kn own an d s t ud i e d

at his ti m e e s p e cially by Alc ui n an d in th e p al ac e
,

s ch ool w e r e t
, h e writings of St A ug usti n e of which .
,

Charl e s was e sp e ci ally fon d n ev e r tiring of h e aring ,

"
th e m read . Whil e at t abl e E inh ard t e lls us h e , ,

li s t e n ed to re ad ing or m us ic T h e s ubj e cts of th e .

r e ad i n gs w e re t h e st ori e s an d d e e d s of ol d e n tim e h e
was f on d too of St A ug ustin e s b ook s an d es
’
.
, , ,

p e c i al l y of th e o n e e n ti tl e d th e Ci ty o f G o d .
’

T h e mag n ific e n t i d e al p re s e nt e d i n thi s on e of ,

th e g ran d e s t an d n obl es t tre ati s e s i n al l th e ol ogy

an d p olitic s s e e m s to hav e h ad t
,
h e str onge st i n fl u
e n c e up on h i s ow n i d e as an d h e ld b e fore t h at n e w
, ,

f re sh ge ni us of th e W est j us t rising out of barbar ,

Ei n h ard , Vi ta , c . 24 .
 Cha r l es an d St . A ug us ti n e . 22 7

i s m , th e h igh e s t st an d ard which th e an ci e n t w orl d

of R om e an d th e n obl e s t t ruth s of Christi an ity c oul d
c r e at e
. W oul d to G od h e i s re p ort e d to h av e ,
"
sai d,
I h ad tw e lv e s uch m e n as St A ug ustin e l .

to which Alc ui n s ig n ific an tly r e pl i e d T h e Cre at or ,

”
of h e av e n an d e arth w as c on t e n t w ith on e Pe r .

h aps on e of th e fi n e st e vid e n c e s of thi s s pi rit an d

i d e al are p re s e n t e d i n th e G en e ral A d m on iti on as it ,

i s c all e d s e t f or th i n th e f or m of a c apit ul ary i n th e

,

as s e mbly of 7 9 8 m an y of t h e pass age s of which will

,

w e ll rep ay q uot ati on .

I n th e re ign of our L ord J e s us Ch ri s t w h o ,

r ule th f ore v e r I Ch ar l es by th e grac e of G od an d

, , ,

by th e favor of h i s m e rcy ki n g an d r ul e r of th e ,

ki n g d om of th e Frank s an d th e d evot e d d e f e n d e r
,

an d h umbl e h e lp e r of th e holy ch ur c h to al l ra n k s ,

of e ccl e siastical pi e ty an d d ig n iti e s of s e c ular pow e r

th e s al utatio n of p e rp e t ual p eac e an d bl e ss e d n ess i n
Ch ri st our Lord th e G od e t e rn al R egar di n g wi th
, .

th e p e ac e f ul c onsi d e rati on of a pio us mi n d t og e th e r ,

with our p ri e sts an d c ouns e ll ors th e ab un d an t cl e m ,

e n cy of Ch r i s t our Ki n g t oward s us an d t ow ar d s our

p e opl e an d h ow n ee d f ul it i s n ot on ly with th e
,

wh ol e h e art an d m outh to r e t ur n th an ks c on tin ually

for h i s comp assi on but als o by a c on s t an t e x e rci s e
,

of goo d work s to s h ow f orth h i s prais e s o th at h e ,

wh o h as c on f e rr e d s uch g re at h on or up on our r e al m
m ay d e ign by h i s p rot e cti on to p re s e rv e us an d our
ki n gd om f ore v e r Wh e re f ore it h as pl e as e d us to
.

as k y our ability O p as tors of th e Ch urch of Ch r i s t

,

an d l e ad e rs of h i s fl ock m os t shi n i n g light s of th e

,

J afl é , v ol . iv .
, p.639 ; Mo n . S an g al l bk i. c . x.
 228 Th e Ag e
f
o Cha r l emag n e .

wo rl d th at by y our watchf ul care an d z e al ous ad

,

m oniti on y ou st riv e e arn e s tly to l e ad Go d s p e o p l e

’

to th e p as t ure s of e t e rn al lif e an d to b ri n g b ack th e

,

e rri n g sh e e p t o s af e ty wi thi n th e st ron g w all s of th e

ch urch i n th e arm s of y our good e x am pl e s an d e x
,

h ortati on s l e s t th e treach e rous w olf fi n d i n g an y

,

out s i d e d e v our on e w h o t ran sgr e ss e s th e ca n on ic al

s a n cti on s or goe s b e y on d th e p at e rn al t rad iti ons of

th e un i v e rs al co un cil s S o by th e gre at z e al of y our

.

d e v oti on ad m on ishi n g an d e xh orti n g th e m th ey ,

m ust be c om p e ll e d at on c e to re m ai n withi n th e
p at e rn al s an cti on s with a fi rm faith an d st e ad fast
p e rs e v e ran c e ; in which l ab or an d z eal l e t y our
h oli n e s s m os t s ure ly kn ow that our d ilige n c e will
co op e rate wi th y ours
-
Wh e re fore w e h av e s e n t to
.

y o u ou r c om m i s si on e r s m is s i
( ) w h o by th e a uth or
, ity
of our n am e will wi th y ou c orre ct all th at n ee d s cor
r e c ti on M ore ove r we s ubj oi n als o s om e cap i tu
.
,

l ari e s f ro m th e c an on i cal i n s tit uti on s which s e e m to

’

us to be m ost n e c e s s a ry L e t n o on e I as k j ud g e
.
, ,

thi s pi ous admoniti on to be pres umpt uous wh e re by

w e d e sire to c orre ct wh at is in e r ror to d o away ,

with wh at is s up e rfl uous an d to st re n gth e n th at

which i s right b ut l e t h i m r e c e iv e it w ith a favor
,

a bl e an d ch arit abl e disp os iti on for w e r e ad i n th e

B ook s of th e Kings how th e h oly J os i ah goi n g ,

ab out th e kingd om giv e n to h i m by G od c orre c t ,

ing an d ad m onishing s trove to re c all th e p e opl e to

,

th e w ors hip of th e t r ue G od n ot th at I can m ak e

m ys e lf his e q ual i n h olin e ss but that wem ust e v e r ,

1
T he Di on ys ian ll
Co ec ti on s en t to C h ar l es b y Pope H ad ri a n
i n 7 74
230 Th e Ag e
f
o Char l emag n e .

7 0 Th at th e bi s h ops s h oul d dilige ntly e x am in e

.

th e pre sbyt e r s i n th e ir d i oc e s e as to th e i r f aith an d

c e l e brati on s of b aptism s an d masse s that th e y h ol d ,

th e r ight f aith an d ad m i n i s t e r bapti s m s acc ordi n g to

th e C ath olic us age an d w e ll un d e rstand th e pray e rs
,

of th e m ass an d that th e Ps alms be pr op e rly s un g

,

acc or d i n g to th e d ivi s io n s of t h e v e rs e s th at th e y ,

un d e r st an d th e L ord s P ray e r and pre ach s o as to

’

b e un d e rs too d by al l th at e ach may kn ow wh at h e

,

ask s of G od an d that t h e G l or ia Patr i be s un g by

al l wi th d ue hon or an d th e pri e st hims e lf with th e
,

h oly an ge ls and th e p e opl e of G od t oge th e r s i n g th e

S a nctus S an ctus S an ctus
, ,
An d by all m ean s th e
.

p re s byt e rs an d d eac on s m us t be t old that th e y m ay

n ot b e ar arm s b ut tr us t i n th e p rot e cti on of G od
,

rath e r th an i n arm s .

7 1 Lik
. e wi s e it h as pl e as e d us to ad m o n i s h y our
r e v e r e nc e th at e ach on e of y ou s h oul d s e e th at

th ro ugho ut h i s d ioc e s e th e Ch urch of G od h as i ts

d ue h onor an d th at th e alt ars are v e n e rat e d acc ord
,

i n g to th e ir dig n ity th at th e ho us e of God an d th e

,

s acre d altars may n ot be acc e ssibl e t o d ogs an d ,

that th e v e ss e ls c on s e c rat e d to God may be gath e re d

up with g r e at c are an d t r e at e d with r e sp e c t by th os e
wh o are w ort h y Al s o th at s e c ul ar b us i n e s s an d
.

vain conve rsati on be n ot car ri ed on in th e ch ur ch e s ,

b e ca use th e h ous e of G od s ho ul d be a h ous e of

pray e r and not a d e n of thi e v es and th at th e p e o
l e hav e minds i n t e nt up on G od wh e n th e y c om e to
p
th e sol e mn s e rvic e of th e mas s an d l et th e m n ot ,

d e p art b e fore th e e nding of th e pri e stly b e n e d ic

tion .
 E ccl es i as ti ca l an d S ecul a r Af ai r s . 23 1

J ust as pl ain an d e xplicit d i recti on s are giv e n re

gard i n g s cript ural p reachi n g acc ord i n g to th e N ic e n e
Creed d en oun ci n g c ri m e s ad m on ish i n g to vi rt ue s
, , .

Thi s d oc um e nt w orthy of a m od e rn bi s h op s p as
,
’

t oral co n cl ud e s with th e s e w ord s

,

S o m o s t b e l ov e d l e t us wi th all our h eart p re

, ,

p a r e o u r s e lv e s i n th e k n o wl e d g e o f th e tr uth th at ,

we m ay be abl e to res ist th os e wh o d en y th e t ruth ,

an d that th e W or d of G od by th e fav or of d ivi n e ,

g rac e m ay i n cre ase an d e xt e n d an d be m ultipli e d

,

to th e b e n e fit of Go d s H oly Ch ur ch an d to th e s al
'

vati on of our s oul s an d to th e p raise an d gl ory of

th e n am e of our L ord J e s us Christ P eac e to th e .

p r e ach e r s g rac
,
e to th e ob e d i e n t an d gl ory to our ,
”
L ord J e s us Christ A m en . .

It sh oul d be n ot e d th at thi s capi tul ary n ot on ly

s e t s f orth p re ce pt s of a v e ry high ord e r b e lo n gi n g
to a tr uly s pi rit ual Ch risti an ity b ut al s o giv e s ev i ,

d e nc e of high att ain m e n t s i n th e Fran k ish Ch urch ,

which al on e c oul d j ustify or offe r a s ufli ci en t b as i s

for s uch a ge n e ral ad m on iti on with any prosp e ct of
its b e ing re c e iv e d an d ob e y e d .

Th us th e rul e of Charl es incl ud e d e ccl esi astical

and s ec ul ar affairs and to th e d e tail s of each h e
,

gav e his most car e ful att e nti on T h e can on s of th e .

ch ur ch had th e sam e w e igh t as th e laws of th e stat e ,

and th e as se mbli e s of th e st at e w e re als o s y n ods of

th e ch urch T h e h e re si e s of Bishop F e lix an d th e
.

d e ci s i on s of th e C oun cil of C onstan ti n opl e i n re gard

to im ag e w or ship w e re co n d e m n e d i n th e sam e as
s e m bli e s that is s ue d l aws again s t p olitic al offe nc e s

B oretius vol , pp 5.2 62 . Ad m-

o i ti o G ral i s n7 89 en e ,
23 2 Th e Ag e
f
o Cha r l emag n e .

an d r e gul ati on s for th e o rd e r an d ad m i n i s t rati on of

th e s t at e I n d e e d th e capit ulari e s l arge ly i n cl ud ed
.
,

r e g ul ati on s for t h e cl e r gy th e ch urch e s an d th e , ,

cloi s t e rs whil e th e d e c re tal s of R om e th e can on s

, ,

of th e c oun cil s an d th e f un d am e n t al p r i n cipl e s of

,

th e ch ur ch w e r e m ad e v ali d i n th e F ran ki s h ki n g
d om th r ough th e s e as s e mbli e s Ch arl e s was occu .

pi e d e s p e ci ally wi th th e life an d c on d uc t th e e d uca ,

ti on an d th e l e arn i n g of th e cl e rgy for h e re aliz e d ,

th e g re at i m p ortan c e of th e i r p os i ti on an d f un ctio n s
n ot on ly to t h e ch ur ch but to th e s t ate as w e ll
’
.
,

H e ap p oi n te d bi s h op s j us t as h e d i d s e c ul ar offi ci al s
’
,

an d e m pl oy e d th e m as c om m i s s i on e r s an d mi n i s te r s

of h i s will h ol d ing th e m r e s p on s ibl e i n th e s am e

,

w ay an d to th e s am e e x t e n t th at h e d i d th e d uk e s
an d c oun t s an d oth e r l ay ofl i ci al s
'

H e ad m i n i s
’
.

te re d e ccl e s i as tic al p rop e r ty as h e d i d s t at e p r op e rty ,

an d w as t h e s up re m e l ord of th e ch ur ch i n his do
m ai n . I n th e w riti n gs of th e s ch ol ars w h om Cha r l e s
‘

h ad gath e re d aroun d h i m th e i d e a w as d e v e l op e d
an d e s t abli s h e d of on e l arg e c om p r e h e n siv e Ch ri s

ti an ki n gd om in which e ccl e s i as tical an d p olitical

,

i n te re sts are bo un d up toge th e r un d e r th e care an d

g ui d anc e of on e an d th e s am e r ul e r i n s pi re d by th e ,

te achi n gs of Ch r i s ti an i ty an d acti n g for th e spi rit ual

W
,

m oral an d te m p oral w e lfare of h i s p e opl e

,
e .

h av e s e e n th e growth of this th e oc rati c i d e a bor ,

row e d f rom th e b ook s of th e Old T e s t am e nt em ,

B oreti us , vol i , pp 7 9 80 , 2 4 1
W
. . . .
,

ai tz, vol i i i , p 42 4, n ote 2

M
. . . .

Jafl é v ol i v pp 63 4 63 5 on S an g al l bk i iv , v
c
M
. . . . . . .
, , . . . , .

B is h op of th e B is h op s , Jafl é, v ol i v , p 65 5 on S an
ll
. . .

g a bk i , c x x v
. . . .
234 Th e Ag e
f
o Ch a r l emag n e .

on b e h alf th ey s aid of th e l arge n um b e r of A rab s

, ,

i n Sp ai n al re ad y d is s ati s fi e d with th e r ul e of th e ir
E mi r at C ord ova .

Th e y h ad h eard of Ch arl e s T h e gl ory of h is .

m arti al d e e d s h ad r e ach e d th e m i n th e i r h om e be
y ond th e Pyre n e e s Th ey acc ord i n gly s e n t I bn al
.
-

A rabi gov e rn or of S aragos s a wi th oth e rs wh o p ut

, , ,

th e m s e lv e s un d e r th e ki n g s p rot e cti on an d to gai n ’

h i s ai d i n th r owi n g ofl th e r ul e of th e E mi r Ch ar l e s
'

acc e pt ed th e ir off e r an d p r e p arati ons w e re m ad e

,

d uri n g th e wi n t e r for th e g re at e x pl oit f rom which

s o m uch w as e x p e ct e d e v e n n o l e s s th an t h e win
-

ni n g b ack of Spai n to E urop e an d to Chri s ti an ity .

I n th e s p ri ng tw o ar m i e s m ad e up f rom al l th e p eo ,

l e in alli an c e with th e F rank s s t arte d for th e s o uth

p , ,

on e arm y h e ad e d by D uk e B e rn ard th e un cl e of ,

Ch arl e s an d h i s fore m os t ge n e ral to go by way of ,

th e M e d it e r ran e an th e ot h e r c om m an d e d by Ch ar l e s
, ,

h i m s elf ov e r th e Py re n e es an d through th e v all e y

,

of R onc e svall e s B oth armi e s we re to m ee t at

’
.

S aragos sa which I bn al A rabi was to s urre n d e r at

,
- -

th e ir c all All we n t w e ll un til th e ir m ee ting b e fo re

.

th e w all s of th e city which th e y f oun d cl os e d agai n s t

,

th e m T h e i n h abit an t s an d d e fe n d e rs of th e city
.

fail e d to c on c ur wi th th e pl an s of th e ir gove rn or or , ,

m ore p robably th e f ulfilm e n t of h i s th reat s by th e

,

p re s e n c e of Ch arl e s wi th h i s ar m y h ad en abl ed him

to s e c ur e th e c onc e s s i on s h e h ad d e m an d e d Wh at .

t ook p l ac e at S aragoss a w e d o n ot k n ow for th e ,

ch ron icl e rs on e ach s i d e e x agge rate t h e ir own e x

l oi t an d c ont rad ict th os e of t h e oth e r s i d e C
p s e r .

Ei h ardi A Vi ta c 9 "
n nn a 7 78 .
,
n .
, . .
 ”
Th e S ong o
f R ol an d 23 5

t ai n it i s th at th e Sp an i s h e x p e d iti on of Ch arl e s was

a fail ur e an d h i s ar m y w as s n atc h e d f rom d e f e at
,

an d d e s t r ucti on on ly by h i s s h re w d an d c auti ous

ge n e ral s hip i n l e ad ing his ar m i e s i n th e ir r e tre at

_

th rough th e d an ge rous an d h ostil e c oun t ry O n e .

d i s as t e r occ urre d I n a n att ack m ad e on th e r e ar

.

g uard whil e p as s i n g th rough th e vall e y of R on c e s

,

vall e s th e F ran k s i n th at d ivi s i on w e re kill e d to a

,

m an . I t w as thi s d isas te r which h as b e e n m ad e th e

s ubj e ct of l e ge n d an d of s ong for h e r e f e ll R ol an d , ,

th e p re f e ct of th e m ar ch e s of B r itt an y wh os e l as t ,

b ugl e c all Ch arl e s i s s ai d to h av e h eard fain tly far ,

O H in th e d i s t an c e wi th out r ealizing t,
h e d an ge r of
h i s f ri e n d an d h e ro .

T h e fam ous S on g of R ol and of th e rom an c e

w ri te r s i s f oun d e d up on thi s i n ci d e n t which h as ,

b een s e t f orth i n th e w e ll kn ow n li n e s of Sco tt : -

0 for th e v oi ce of th at w i d h or n l
O n Fon ta rabi an e ch oe s bo rn e,

T h e d y i n g h er o s ca ,
’
ll
T l
h at to d i mpe ri a C h ar l l e m ag n e

H ow Pay n i m s on s of s war th y S pai n

H ad w roug h t h i s Ch am p ion s fa ll
" ’
.

S oon aft e r thi s in 7 79 Ch arl e s p rep are d f or a s e c

, ,

on d j ourn e y to It aly an d i n th e win ter of 7 80 took ,

up hi s re s i d e nc e i n th e p al ac e of P avi a From h e re .

h e p ut f or th tw o c api tul ari e s th at h e m igh t e s tab

’
,

li s h ord e r an d d i s ciplin e an d m uch n eed e d re f orm in -

th e c oun try . Am on g oth e r e vil s Christi an an d ,

p agan s e rf s w e re s ol d i n t o s l av e ry O n h i s way to .

1
R ob R oy , ch ap i i . .

B ore ti us , v ol i , p p 2 0 6,
. . . 20 7 No 9 9
, .
; pp . 1 90 , 1 9 1 , No
.
90 .
23 6 Th e Ag e
f
o Ch ar lemag n e .

R om e Ch arl e s st opp ed at P arm a an d th e re for th e ,

fi rs t tim e m e t Alc ui n on h i s way to E n gl an d c arry

i n g th e p all g ran t e d by th e p op e to th e arc h bi s h op
of Y ork E as te r w as sp e nt at R om e an d K arl
.
,

m an n th e s e c on d s on of Ch arl e s was bap ti ze d wi th

, ,

th e n am e of Pippi n th e p op e hi m s e lf s tan d ing as

,

h i s g od fath e r ; h e was th e n c row n e d ki n g of It aly ,

th ough only four y e ars of ag e an d h i s y ounge r ,

b r oth e r L ouis was c row n e d king of Aq uit ain e at th e

, ,

ag e of th ree T h e e n t ran c e of L oui s int o h i s ki n g

.

d om of Aq ui tai n e d e s e rv e s d e s c r ipti on A c om p an y .

of good n urs e s un d e r st rong m ili tary e s c ort took

ch arge of h i s y outhf ul m aj e s ty of Aq ui tai n e an d ,

c on d uct e d h i m i n a c rad l e from th e b an ks of th e

M e us e to th e bank s of th e L oi re at O rl ean s wh e re ,

t h ey t ook hi m out of th e c rad l e an d p re p ared h i m

for a m ore d ig n ifi e d an d m arti al p re s e nt ati on to th e
p e opl e Th e y e nc as e d him i n a c oat of m ail e x
.

pre s s ly con s tr uct e d for h i s t e n d e r f ram e gave h i m ,

s uit abl e we ap on s an d s e t him on a ch arge r an d as

, ,

h e was too s m all to g ui d e it or to s i t al on e th e y

h e l d him i n pl ac e an d th us i n t rod uc e d him in to h is
,

do m i n i on s .
’

I twas ab out te n y ea rs aft e r th e f r ui tl e s s c am p aign

i n t o Sp ai n th at Ch arl e s d e te rmin ed up on th e con
q ue s t of th e Avars which re s ul te d fi n ally i n an oth e r
,

c on v e rsi on of th e re m n an t of a g re at p eopl e to
Ch ristiani ty O n ly j us t b e fore h e h ad s ucc e e d e d i n
.

bri n ging to s ub m issi on two re f rac tory d uk e s U rge d .

by P op e H ad ri an i n 7 8 7 h e h ad f or c ed th e d uk e of
, ,

B e n e v e nto to ackn owl ed ge h i s s up re m acy an d to

1
V i ta H ludowici M G S S vol . . . 11 .
238 The Ag e
f
o Ch a r l em ag n e .

ce s s ors un d e r A ttil a in
fif th c e n tury h ad b e e nth e ,

th e Sc ourge of G od Th e y we re th e te r ror of all

W
.

E urop e ar ag ai n s t th e m w oul d be e x ce e d i n gly

.

p o p u l a r an d Ch a rl e s un d e r t ook i t th e ch ron icl e r

, ,

s ay s wi th m ore s p i rit th an an y of h i s ot
,
h e r wars ,

an d m ad e far g r e at e r p re p arati on s for i t Th re e ’

.

arm y c orp s w e re f or m e d — th e I tali an s un d e r th e

d uk e s of F ri uli an d I s tri a with Ki n g Pip p i n as n om ,

i n al h ead th e f orc e s of G aul an d G e r m an y un d e r

,

Ch arl e s hi m s e lf whil e th e Bav ari an f or c e s b rought

,

a fl e e t an d s ail e d d ow n th e D an ub e At th e bor .

d e rs of th e real m a fas t an d s e rvic e of li tan i e s l as t

i n g for th re e d ay s form e d th e r e ligi ous i n aug urati on
of th e w ar A s ud d en an d b ri lli an t vi ctory by th e
.
’

ar m y of Pi p p i n an d th e c on s e q ue n t d e m or ali zati on
,

an d fligh t of a h os t of Av ar s m ar k e d a n aus pici ous ,

O p en i n g to t h e c am p aig n A wh ol e s al e bap ti s m of ’
.

th e c on q ue re d p e op l e f oll ow e d b ut th e s am e f ai th ,

l e s s n e s s an d spi rit of re v ol t w e re s e e n i n th e m as
ch aract e riz ed th e S ax on s T h e fi rs tc am p ai g n cl os e d .

in 79 1 but it w as n ot un til 80 3 th at th e fi n al re g ula

,

ti on of th e Avar a ffai rs was m ad e I n m an y of th e .

e x p e d iti on s g r e at b ooty w as s e c ur e d th e Av ars h av ,

i n g l arge s tore s of gol d an d s ilv e r T h e l as tapp e ar .

an c e of t h e A v ars was i n 80 5 wh e n th e w eak e n e d ,

an d d i m i n i s h e d p e op l e e x p os e d to t h e i n c e s s an t
,

d e p re d ati on s of th e Sl av on i an s , f rom which th e y

w e re n o l on ge r abl e to d e f e n d th e m s e lv e s w e n t ,

h um bly i n to th e p re s e n c e of th e i r chi e f to beg th e

1 E i ha d V i ta
n
“
r 1 3 c.
J
.
, ,
1
af fe ,
i v , pp
vol . . .
3 49 , 3 5 0 ; Ep . C aro l . 6; a l ette r f rom
C h ar l es t o h i s Quee n F as trada
A G
.

1
E i n h ard i nn , . an .
79 1 ; M . . 88 vol . i .
, p . 1 77 .
 T h e Con yues t o
f th e Aa e rs . 239

ai d of th e E m p e ror Ch arl e s ,
an d is
to as k h i s p e r m
s i on to s e ttl e on th e littl e t ract of l an d on t h e b an k
of th e ri v e r D an ub e wi thi n th e F r an ki s h d om i n i on s
’
.

T h e p i te ous ap p e al of th e i r h e ar t b rok e n Ch r i s ti an
-

Avar chi e ftai n s t an d i n g on th e v e rge of th e grav e

, ,

t ol d m os t e l oq ue n tly an d m os t p ath e tic ally wh at

th e F rank s h ad d on e .

1
Ein h ard i An n an . 80 5 l MG 55" VOL i" p . 1 9 2 °
 CH APT E R XXI I .

I M PE RI AL AD MI N I S TR ATI ON EN TRAL AND L O C AL — C

G O V E RNMEN T T H E M I S S I TII E AS S EM B LI E S
— —

— TH E C A P IT U L A RI E S .

T i s an oft d e b at e d
q ue s ti on wh e th e r
-

Cha rl es
w as g r e at e r as a ge n e ral i n w ar
or as a r ul e r i n ad mi n i s t rati on A m od .

e rn hi s tori an s ay s th at h e w as gr e at e r as
’

a c on q ue ror th an as a l aw give r whil e -

,

G i bb on e s ti m ate s h i s mili tary p owe r s ligh tly an d ,

s ay s , C h arl e s m ight b eh ol d wi th e n vy th e S arac e n

”
t rophi e s of his gran d fath e r B ut h e con .
,

ti n n es ,
I t ouch with re v e re n c e th e l aw s of Ch arl e
magn e
W
.

e h av e n oti ce d al re ad y s om e of th e e x ampl e s of

his e arly l e gisl ati on As e m p e ror h e carr i e d out

.

m ore f ully an d organ i ze d m ore sy s t e m atically th e

ad m i n i s tr ati on al r e ad y e s t abli s h e d T h e g re at n e s s .

of Ch ar l e s i s n ot i n q ue s ti on th e obj e c t i s to d e ci d e
,

i n wh at th at g re atn e s s c on s i s te d Paul us D i ac on us .

s ay s of h im O n e k n ow s n ot which to ad mi re
mo s t i n thi s g re at m an h i s b rav e ry i n w ar or h i s
,

wi s d om i n p eac e th e gl ory of h is mili tary achi e v e

,

1
An d rews , pp . 1 3 8, 1 39 an d n ote 1 . Gi bbo n ,
c .
49 .

2 40
2 42 Th e Ag e
f
o Cha r l em ag n e .

an d , i n th e nat ure of thi n gs c oul d not be p e rm an e n t

, ,

b utth e work of Charl e s e v e n tho ugh it d i d n otr e m ai n

,

i n th e f or m i n which h e l e ft it w as n e v e rth e l e ss th e
,

n e c e s s ary p re parati on for t h e f oun d i n g of great n a

ti on s with d e fi n it e b oun d ari es fix ed c e ntre s an d, ,

e s t abli s h e d aim s an d p ur p os e s cap abl e of s e lf d e

,
-

fe n c e an d of s e lf d e v e l op m e n t T h e i m p e ri al organ
-
.

i zati on it s e lf which Ch arl e s re aliz e d for a mom e n t

, ,

w as a d re am an d n ot a re ality th e form of which ,

d i s ap p e are d wh e n th e s p i r it h ad fl e d an d th e s our c e
of i ts p ow e r an d un ity was withd rawn It w as i n .

th at which h e was abl e to accomplish for th e d i ffe r

e n t e l e m e n ts of h i s g r e at e mpir e th at t h e true s uc
ce s s of his e n d e av or li e s .

H is ad m i n istrati on d ivi d ed its e lf nat urally i n t o

th e l oc al an d th e c en t ral gov e rnm e nt T h e ol d e st .

a r ts of his kingd om an d th os e n e a re r t h e c n t e
p e r

w e re d ivi d e d i n t o d i s t rict s of varying s iz e ov e r ,

w h ich h e appoint ed c ount s us ually f rom n obl e fam

,

i l ie s r e siding i n th e d ist rict T h e la rge r an d m ore

.

d istant and l at e r ad d ed t e rrit ori e s w e re r ul e d by

d uk e s in m ost cas e s th e d e sc e nda n ts or s ucc e s s ors
,

of th e e arly ki n gs of th e co untry b e fore i t w as

m e rged i n to th e F ranki s h E m pire O n th e b ord e rs .

of th e r ealm s till l arge r si n gl e dist ricts w e re f or m e d ,

n ot s o d ir e ctly un d e r t h e r ul e of Ch arl e s an d e ach ,

w as p l ac e d un d e r a m ark c ount or m a rg rav e l ate r

-
,

m arq uis f rom th e G e rm an ma rk gra f Th e s e b ord e r

,
-
.

p rovinc e s se rv ed as a p rot e ctio n to th e kingd om

within and as a d e fe nc e an d g ua rd against bar bari an
trib e s witho ut .

As s ociat ed with th es e d uk e s and co unts w e re

 Ms i i s Domi n i ci . 2 43

archbish op s bishop s an d abb ots who h ad e ccl e s i

, , ,

as ti cal s up e r vi s i on in c on n e cti on with th e ir ofli ce ,

and e x e rci s e d a c e rt ai n j uri s dicti on on acc oun t of

th eir p os iti on whil e un d e r th e s e high e r ofl i ce rs
,
‘

w e re l ow e r ranks of re si d e n t offi ci al s j ud ge s ce n
—
,

t urio n s an d oth e rs Th e s e all h e l d l an d s f ro m th e

, .

k i n g an d e x e rci s ed th e i r pow e rs partly i n his nam e

,

an d p artly i n th e ir own .

In add iti on to th e s e r e sid e n t o ffi ci al s w e re th e

royal c om m issi on e rs m is s i domi n ici auth oriz e d
, ,

age nt s of his pow e r to ov e rs ee to p e rf orm to ad

, , ,

mi n ist e r an d to re po r t to h i m th e c om p l ai n ts which
,

th e y r e c e ive d and th e d uti e s which th ey p e rform ed .

By th e i r ai d Ch arl e s e n d eavore d to e n forc e h i s ow n

a uth ority to m ak e his i n fl ue nc e f e lt i n th e re m ot es t
,

b ord e rs of his ki n gd om an d to co r re ct ab us es ari s ,

ing f r o m th e gre ed an d i n co m p et e nc e or i n d i ff e r en c e
of h i s c oun ts an d th e ir s ub ordi n at e s T h e rep ort .

which th e y bro ught b ack oft e n l ed to n ew acts o f

'

l egi s l ati on s e t forth in th e capit ul ari e s T h e organ .

i zati on an d e st abli s hm e nt of th e s e c om m i s si on e rs
form ed a ch aract e ri s tic fe at ure of Ch arl es s admin ’

i s trati on th ough th ey w e r e not or igin at ed by h i m

, .

H owe v e r th e y we re n ot e m p loy ed p rob ably by an y

,

o f h i s kings or m ayors of th e p alac e p re vio us to

Charl e s M art e l Aft e r th e c onq uest of Aq uit ain e
.

we find th e m m e nti on e d in th e Aq uit an i an cap i tu

l ari es p ut f orth by Pippin i n th e foll owin g l aw
Wh at e v e r our com m issi on e rs and e l d e rs of th e
king hav e d e t e rm in ed for our own b e n e fit and t h at
o f th e wh ol e ch urch l e t us n otpres um e to opp os e .
”

1
B oretius vol i p 43 C ap A
, .
q
. c, 1 2 7 68
. . .
, .
,
2 44 Th e Ag e
f
o Cha r l emag n e .

I n 782 th e y app ear i n a m ilit ary c ap acity Ch ar l e s ,

h aving s e nt th ree to c on d uct th e arm y agai n st a few

Sl av s wh o h ad ri s en i n re vol t whil e th e re are m an y ,
’

i n s t an c e s i n which th e y t ak e c omm and of th e t ro op s

in th e fi e l d .

Pippi n i n ad m inist e ring th e kingd om of I taly s ub

j c et to h i s fath e r s e n ttwo e ccl e s i astical c om mi s s i on
e rs to i n s p e ct t h e m on ast e ri e s an d to re po rt th e ir
c on d i tion both m oral an d m at e ri al Th ey h e ld al s o .
’

a m ost imp or t an t p l ac e an d e x e rci s e d a v e ry gre at

i n fl ue n c e am on g th e Sax on s As we h av e s een .

al re ad y n o ge n e ral as s e mbli e s
,
w e re to be h e l d
am ong t h e S ax on s un l e ss th e ord e r w as s e nt th ro ugh
th e c ommi s s i on e rs an d th e i m p ortan c e of th e s e
,

offic e r s i s s e e n f rom th e fact th at th e y are grant ed

th e t ripl e w e rge l d of th e high es t d ign it ari e s .

Am on g th e first act s of th e n ewly c row n ed e mp e ror

on re t urn i n g to h i s ow n co un t ry i n 80 2 was th e , ,

c om pl ete organ iz ation of his vast d omi n ion s an d in ,

thi s w ork app e ars th e t re m e n d ous e n e rgy an d w on

d e rful ability which h e poss e ss ed an d which w e re ,

s o n e c e ss ary to h ol d tog e t h e r r eal m s s o d iv e rse i n

language i n c usto m s an d i n rac e F or th e p e r
, ,
.

for m an ce of this g re at t ask h e d e v e l op e d an d p ut

i n to g e n e ral op e rati on thi s s ys t e m of co m miss ion e rs .

T h e b e s t an d ear li e s t e vi d e n c e as to th e n at ure of
th e gov e r n m e nt of Ch arl e s as e mp e r o r m ay be foun d
i n th e gre at c apit ul ary of 80 2 re gard i n g t h e s e com
mi s s i on e rs f rom which a few q uot ation s sho uld be
,

m ad e .

“
An n Laurlas
. .
, an . 7 82 ; M . G
SS , . . v ol . i .
, p . 1 62 .

1
B ore ti us , vol i . .
, p . 1 99 ; C ap
. Pap , c . . 1 1 , 78 7 AO . .
2 46 T he Ag e
f
o Cha r l emag n e .

p e opl e ch il d ren an d wi d ows th ey m ay ad mi n is te r

, , ,

th e l aw f ully an d wi th j us tic e for all p e opl e acc ord

ing to th e will an d i n th e f e ar of G od An d if th e re .

i s an y thi n g which by th e m s e lve s wi th th e ai d of ,

th e p r ovinci al c ount s th ey ar e un abl e to i m p rov e

,

an d to b r i n g to j us tic e l e t th e m r e f e r thi s wi th th e i r
,

r e p ort wi tho ut am big ui ty to th e e m p e r or s d e ci s i on

'

Nor for th e fl at te ry of an y m an n or for th e re ward ,

of an y n or by r e as on of an y ki n s hip n or by th e
, ,

fe ar of th os e w h o are i n p ow e r l e t an y m an i m p ed e ,
”
th e c ours e of j us tic e .

Th ey are f urth e r in s t ruc te d to re c e iv e f rom e ve ry

m an l ay or e ccl e s iastic upwa rd of tw e lv e y e a r s of
, ,

ag e thr ough out th e wh ol e r e al m an oath of fi d e lity

, ,

to Ch ar l e s as e m p e ror an d al s o f rom th os e w h o as
,

y e t h a d t ak e n n o o ath F u r th e r m o r e th e y.a re t o ,

e x pl ai n th e oat h i n p ublic s o th at e ach on e m ay ,

un d e r s t an d h ow g re at i s th e oath an d h ow m any
W
,

thi n gs are c ompr e h e n d e d in it e l e a rn fr om .

oth e r capi tul ar i es that th e c om m i s s i on e rs w e re s e n t

in p airs on e e ccl e s i astic of high ran k us ually a
, ,

bi s h op or archbi s h op an d th e oth e r a nobl e us ually

, ,

a co unt
’
.

Th us th e i n ti m at e un i on an d i n te rd ep e n d e n c e of
ch ur ch a n d s tate w e re shown still f urth e r i n th e i n
st i tuti on of th e m is s i Th ough us ually y e t n ot
.
,

alw ays w e r e th e y s e n t i n p ai r s
,
r are ly on e was s e nt

alo n e or to act wi th th e bi s h op but s om e tim es ,

three or f o ur w e re se nt Th ey act ed al s o as s p e ci al
.

amb as s ad ors or l egat e s Th ey w e re ch ose n not .

e xcl usiv e ly altho ugh g e n e rally f rom t

, h e d uk e s or ,

1
B oreti us , vol .
p . 1 00 ; Capi t S pec . .
, 80 2 AD
. .
 Duti es o h e Mi s s i
f t . 247

c ount s an d archbi s h op s bi s h op s or abb ot s b ut

, , , ,

th ey w e re tak e n al s o f rom all ran k s f rom th e pal ac e ,

ofl i ce r s d ow n to ord in ary v as s al s an d m on k s or
‘

ch apl ai n s .

Th e ir j ud ici al d uti e s w e re as s ign ed as f oll ow s

W e wi s h th at for t h e p urp os e of th e ad m i n i s t ra
ti on of j us tic e which h as hith e r t o re m ai n ed th e
,

d uty of th e c ount s th at our m is s i sh oul d m ak e a ,

ci rc uit at l e as t f our ti m e s i n e v e ry y e ar for th e

—

wi n te r i n J an uary ; for th e s p ri n g in Ap ril ; for

, ,

th e s um m e r in J uly an d for th e aut um n

,
i n O ct o ,

be r . I n th e oth e r m on ths h ow e v e r e ach of th e , ,

c ount s m ay h ol d h i s c ourt an d ad m i n i s te r j us tic e ;

b ut our m is s i s h oul d f our ti m e s i n th e m on th i n ,

four d i ffe re n t pl ac e s h ol d th e s e c ourt s with th e ,

c oun ts th e m s e lv e s wh o m ay be abl e to as s e m bl e at
”
th at pl ac e T h e c ourts h e l d by th e s e c om m i s
.

s i on e r s us e d th e si m pl e an d d i re ct m e th od s of ad
mini s t e ri n g j us tic e p re val e n t i n th e e m p e ror s c ourt ’

of which in fact th ey w ere an e x t e n si on

, , L ocal .

j ustic e s (s cabi n i ) w e re app oi n t ed by th e c om m i s

s i on e r s or by th e c oun ts .

I n th e re f orm of th e ad m i n ist rati on th e c om m i s

s i on e rs h ad pow er t o re m ov e i n c om p e t e n t or un
w orthy ofli cial s b en eath th e ran k of c oun t Th ey .

m ight re port ch arg e s agai n s t a c oun t at th e i r d i s

c re ti on or might se ttl e th e m se lv e s up on h i m an d
,

liv e in his h ouse k ee ping h i m un d e r th e i r c on ti n ual

,

s up e rvi s i on un til h e r e f orm e d i n or d e r to g e t r i d of

,

th e m an d by th e c apit ul ari e s of 80 2 alread y m e n

, ,

ti on ed th e c oun t s w e re e s p e ci ally re q ui re d to m ak e
,

1
B oreti us , v ol . i .
, p . 1 77 C ap . de Ju
s t. c
. . 8, 8 1 1 -
81 3
 2 48 The Ag e
f
o Char l emag n e .

d ue p rovi s i on for th e c om fort an d w e lf are of th e

c om m i s s i on e rs .

D e fi n it e d i s t rict s w e re e s t abli s h e d fi rst i n 80 2 ,

th ough i t i s n ot k n ow n i n to h ow m an y d i s tric ts th e
e m pi re w as d i v i d e d an d t h e e x t e n t of on ly th re e
,

p rovi n c e s i s k n ow n to us I t i s p rob abl e th at th e

.
’

d ist rict s w e re m ore or l e s s p e r m an e n t but th e ,

ofl l ce r s s e rv e d at th e pl e as ure of Ch ar l e s an d th e y
‘
,

w e re s om e ti m e s s e n t to d i s trict s i n which th ey d i d
n ot r e s i d e I n th e th re e p rovinc e s al read y m en
.

ti on e d h ow e v e r th e c om m is s i on e r s w e re r e si d e n t s
, ,

of th e i r j uri s d icti on s U n d e r L oui s th e Pi ous wh e n

.
,

th e s tron g h an d of Ch ar l e s w as wi th d rawn th e d i s ,

tr i cts t e n d ed to b e c om e i d e n tic al with th e arch bi s h

op ri cs an d th e d e c e nt rali zi n g te n d e n cy of th e ag e
,

op e ra te d to m ak e th e c om m is s i on e r s loc al l ord s i n ,

d e p e n d en t of th e e m p e r or as th e c oun ts h ad b e c om e ,

b ef ore th e m .

Th e i r re p ort s w e re m ad e at i rr e g ula r i n t e rval s to

th e e m p e r or but al s o an n ually at th e ge n e ral a s
s e m bl y h e l d in M
,

ay by which t h e l oc al g ov e rn m e nt
,

was b rought i n t o t ouch wi th th e c e ntral T h us .

th e y w e re th e i m m e d i at e p e rs on al r e p re s e n t ativ e s of
th e e m p e r o r An ar m ed opp ositi on to th e m was
.

p uni s h abl e with d e ath as t re as on T h e ov e r s ight .

of th e a d m i n i s trati on of j us tic e th e hol d i n g of ,

c ourts th e ad m i n istration of m ili tary affai rs th e

, ,

d e f e nc e of th e f r on ti e r th e ov e rs ight of e ccl e s ias ti

,

cal affai r s t h e e nf or c e m en t of th e laws an d z e al for

, ,

th e int e re st s of th e e mp e r or w e re all d uti e s e n t r ust e d

to th e c om m i s s i on e rs n ot as b e f ore on partic ul ar
,

1
B ore ti us , vol . i .
, p . 1 0 0 Cap S pe c 80 2
. . AD . .
 Th e Ag e
f
o Char l em ag n e .

th e sa me i pl ac e ; s om e ti m e s th e y w e re
t m e an d
d ivi d e d int o th r e e g roup s or ho us e s th e archbish op s ,

an d bi s h op s i n on e th e abb ots an d m o n k s i n an oth e r

,

an d th e n obl e s an d m ilit ary ofl i ce r s i n th e thi rd ;

‘

s om e ti m e s fi v e d i ffe re n t pl ac e s are n am e d for d i ffe r

e n t as s e m bli e s at th e s am e ti m e T h e f ull e s t d e
’
.

s cripti on of th e s e as s e m bli e s h as c om e d ow n to us

f ro m H i n cm ar archbi s h op of Rh e i m s H e t e ll s us
,
.

th at Ad al h ard an ol d an d wi s e m an wh o was i n t i
, ,

m a te ly as s oci at e d wi th th e E m p e r or Ch ar l e s th e
G reat b e i n g on e of h i s chi e f c oun s e ll ors an d abb ot
,

of th e m on as te ry of C orbi e h ad w rit te n a littl e ,

b ook D e Or di n e Palati i n ow l os t Thi s b ook h e

, ,
.

h ad s e e n i n h i s y outh h ad re a d an d c op i e d an d i n
, ,

thi s c opy h e p re s en ts to us a good d e s c ri p ti on of

-

th e c on s ti tuti on al arran ge m e n ts of th e c e nt ral g ov

e rn m e n t of Ch ar l e s T h e wh ol e ad m i n ist rati on
.

of th e re al m h e s ay s ,
w as c arri e d on i n tw o dif
,

fe re n t d ivisio n s T h e fi r s t th e c ar e f ul r uli n g an d
.
,

ord e ring of th e p al ac e an d th e s e c on d th e c are for , ,

th e wh ol e ki n gd om as it was prov i d ed for i n th e

ge n e ral ass em bli es Th e s e ge n e ral as s e m bli e s it
.

w as c us to m ary toh ol d n ot oft e n e r th an twic e a y ear

th e fi rs t at which th e aff ai r s of th e ki n gd om w e re
,

arr an g e d for th e n e x t y e ar n ot to be ch an ge d e x ,

c ept i n c as es of d i r e n e c e s s ity At thi s as s e m bly .

app eared th e wh ol e b od y of th e chi e f s an d n obl e s ,

b oth e ccl e s iastic an d l ay T h e m ore d i s ti n gui s h e d .

in ord e r to giv e w e ight an d autho rity to th e ir con

1
Ei n h ard i an . 79 4 ; M G SS vol i , p 1 81
A MG
. . . . . .
.
,
u
V OL i n 9
g
n n L aur e s h q an 80 2 ; SS 39
A M G
. . . . ° °

1 v ol i , p 20 0
Ei n h ard i n n , . an . 81 3 ; . . SS .
, . . . .
 Th e Sp r i ng A s s em bly or Myfl
a el d
. 25 1

cl us i on s , l e s s e r i n ord e r to c ar ry th e m out Y et
th e .

al l l abo re d t og e th e r an d ar riv e d at th e i r co n cl us ions

acc ord i n g t o th e i r own opi n i on s an d j ud g m e n t .

H e re too th ey w e re e n gage d i n arran gi n g for th e

, ,

y early gif ts T h e s e c on d as s e m bly on th e con

.
,

trary w as h e l d on ly with th e c oun s e ll or s of high e r

,

ran k an d auth ority an d m att e r s re l ati n g to aff ai r s

,

of th e re alm for th e f oll owi n g y e ar w e r e c on s i d e re d .

I n cas e s om e thing c am e up for which i t app ear e d

n e c e s s ary to l ay d ow n r ul e s or to m ak e d e cisi ons

b e fore h an d or if an ythi n g e n act e d th e p re c e d i n g

,

y ear fail e d of i ts p urp os e or for which th e n e c e s s ity

,

ar os e for i m m e d i at e acti on for e x am pl e in ca s e of ,

r ights c on f e rr e d on th e m a rg rav e s i n an y p ar t of t he
real m wh e th e r th e se ri ght s h avi n g l aps e d s h oul d be
, , ,

re n ew e d or t e rm i n ated al s o oth e r m att e rs rel ati n g

to war or p e ac e i m m i n e n t i n d i ff e re n t q uarte rs s o ,

th at th e s e n i or s migh t c on s i d e r l on g en o ugh b e f ore

h an d by th e ir c oun s el wh at acti on ought to be
, ,

tak e n .

Th e s e pl an s an d d e lib e rati on s w e re k e pt s e c re t
until th e n e x t g e n e ral as s e m bly th at th e y m ight ,

n ot be f rus trat e d but th at th e y m igh t be p ut i n

,

s uch a way as to c om m e n d th e m s e lv e s to th e oth er

se ni ors an d to satisfy th e p op ul ar will As far as .

p ossibl e m e n w e re ch os e n as c oun s e ll ors b oth cl e ri ,

cal an d l ay wh o f ea re d G od an d w e r e s o f aithf ul th at
, ,

e t e rn al lif e e x c e pt e d th e y w oul d ut n o thing b e f o e

, p r

th e e m p e r or an d th e e m pi r e .

F urth e rm o re i n ord e r th at th e b usi n e s s of th e s e

,

n obl e s an d chi e f se n ator s of th e re al m m ight b egi n

at o n c e l e st th e y s h oul d s e e m to h av e b e e n con
,
25 2 Th e Ag of e Char l em ag n e .

v ok e d with out good re as on th e m att e rs which h ad ,

c om e i n t o h i s own mi n d by th e i n s p i ration of G od ,

or h ad b e e n b rought to h i s att e n ti on s inc e th e p re

vi c us as s e m bly w e re i m m e d i ately l ai d b e fore th e m
,

i n c ap i tul ari e s al r e ad y d raw n up an d arra n ge d .

Th e s e w e re th e n t ak e n up for c on s i d e rati on th e ,

sp ac e of on e two or th ree d ay s or m ore as th e i m

, , ,

p ort an c e of th e s ubj e ct d e m an d ed b e i n g g ra n t e d ,

th e m P al ac e m e s s e n ge r s p as s e d b ack an d f orth
.
,

as ki n g th e e m p e r or s opi n i on s a n d r e c e ivi n g his r e

’

pli e s No on e f rom outs i d e was all ow e d to c om e in

.

un til e ach m att e r was s e ttl e d to th e ad v an tag e of

th e m os t gl ori ous p r inc e th e n e v e rythi n g was s et ,

f orth in h i s v e n e ra bl e s i g ht an d h ear i n g an d all are ,

g ui d ed by wh ate v e r h i s G od giv e n wi s d om ch oos e s -

.

I n th e m e an whil e th e e m p e ror e l s e wh e re w as b us y ,

re c e iving gi fts g ivi n g au

,d i e n ce s an d a t ten d i n g to ,

oth e r lik e affai rs of s tate y e t as oft e n as th ey d e ,

si red h e w e n t to th e m an d re m ai n e d with th e m as
l on g as th ey wi s h e d an d i n th e m ost fam ili ar way
,

th ey re port ed to h i m h ow e ach matt e r s tood an d ,

f r e e ly s et f orth wh at change s or m od ific ati on s th ey

h ad d i s c us s e d .

I f th e w e ath e r was fav orabl e th e s e m e e ti n gs w e re

h e l d out of d oo rs but if n ot i n s i d e i n d i ff e re n t
, , ,

plac e s wh e re th ey gath e red i n l arge n um b e rs i n

,

s e p arat e g roup s s o ar ra n g e d th at i n on e all t

, he
bi s h op s abbot s an d oth e r m os t h on orabl e cl e rgy
, ,

w e re as s e m bl e d wi th out an y l ay m e n b e ing pre se nt

,

lik ewise all th e c oun t s an d chi e f m e n an d oth ers of

lik e h on o r s e pa rat ed f rom th e re st of th e m ultit ud e
,

ea rly i n th e m or n i n g until all w e re ass embl ed

, ,
2 54 Th e Ag e
f
o Cha r l em ag n e .

in O ct ob e r or N ov e m b e r wi n t e r . In 9 th e —
of 8 1 8 8 1
on e was h e l d aft e r Ch r i s t m as th e n e xt ass e m bly ,

b e i n g h e ld i n J uly 8 1 9 whil e an oth e r in J an uary

8 2 0 an d th e n e x t i n F e b r uary M
, , ,

, ay an d O ct ob e r , ,

of 8 2 1 th at h e l d i n O ct ob e r b e i n g th e g reat e st an d
ge n e ral as s e m bly for th at y e ar Nor was th e re an y .

thi n g d e fi n i te re gard i n g th e pl ac e of th e s e as s e m
bli e s As l ong as m ili tary c on s i d e rati on s gov e rn e d
.
,

th e pl ac e as w e ll as th e ti m e w as d e t e rm i n e d accord
i n g to th e obj e ct of th e c am p aign al s o th e charact e r
of th e b us i n e s s or th e s p e ci al i n t e re st s i n v olv e d
oft e n d e t e r m i n e d th e pl ac e at which it s h oul d be
h e l d oth e rwi s e Ch arl e s s ee m ed to p re fe r th e citi e s
on th e Rhi n e e s p e ci ally W orm s an d A ach e n
, Un .

d e r L oui s th e Pi ous th e y w e re h e l d f re q ue ntly at

A ach e n Th e y w e r e us ually h e l d at on e of th e i m
.

p e ri al p al ac e s or i n l arge ci ti e s rare ly at a m on as ,

te ry an d th e n it i s e x p r e s s ly s t at e d as b e ing con
,

trary to th e c us t om Att en d anc e at th e s e ass e m

’
.

bli e s was a d uty an d an obligati on rath e r th an a

right or p r i v il ege Al th ough th e s pring ass e m bly
th e M
.
,

ay fi e l d was r e g ard e d as a p op ul ar as s em bly

, ,

an d h ad c om e d own f rom th e e a rli e r ti m e s wh e n t he ,

whol e n ati on as s e m bl e d all t oge th e r it i s p rob abl e ,

th at th e p e op l e c am e to h av e a l e s s an d l e s s i m p or
tan t p art an d w e re s ati s fi e d by th e an n oun c e m e n t
,

of wh at w as th e r e c on cl ud e d G ui zot p e rh ap s i s .
, ,

too on e s i d e d i n s ayi n g that

-
it w as n ot th e F ran k
i s h n ati on th at c am e to th e s e as s e m bli e s to watch
ov e r an d to d i r e ct th e a d m i n i s t rati on b ut it was ,

C h a r l e s th e G r e at w h o g ath e re d ar ou n d h i m c e rtain
“
An Be rt an 846 ; M 0 s s vol i p 3 3
n. .
,
. . . . .
, .
 The Cap i tul a r i es .

i n d ivi d ual s to watch ov e r an d to d ir ect th e n ati on .

L e h ue rou als o goe s too far wh e n h e says th at th e

C ar oli n gi an royalty e ve n un d e r Ch arl e s th e Gre at
,

i s l e s s a m on archy th an an ar ist ocratic gov e rn m e nt ,

th ough as long as Ch ar l e s live d h e too k th e i n iti a

ti ve p rop os ing s ubj e ct s an d m att e r for d elib e rati on
,

an d acti on . Lo uis h owe v e r s ai d th at h e wo ul d d o

, ,

n othi n g witho ut t h e agre e m e n t of th e n obl e s .

I n good w eath e r th e s e m e e ti n gs w e re h e ld i n th e
op e n ai r an d wh e n th e w e ath e r w ould not p e rm it
Mat
,

of thi s s om e l arge p ublic b uilding was use d .

t e rs c om i n g up for c on si d e ratio n at th e s e m e e ti n gs
c ov e re d e v e ry vari e ty of subj e cts as is sh ow n in ,

th e c apit ul ari e s which th e y iss ue d O n e of th e .

m os t vari e d p e rh ap s b e i n g that of th e y e ar 79 4
, , ,

th e f am ous ass e mbly of F ran kf ort which b e gan ,

wi th th e cond e mnati on of th e Ad optionist s an d of

th e C on s tantinopolita n d e cree s on i m ag e wor s hip ,

we n t on to co n sid e r th e j uri s d iction of bishop s ov e r

th eir cl e rgy th e e l e cti on of abbots th e t ari ff on
, ,

grai n s an d bread th e c are of orph ans th e ad orati on

, ,

of s ai n t s th e g iving of al m s to th e poor an d th e
, ,

q ualific ati ons of c ell ari s t s i n m on ast e ri e s .

T h e c apit ul ar i e s are of g re at int e re st and i m p or

t an c e n ot only in givi n g an i d ea of th e m e th od of
,

ad m i n istration but al s o i n s h owing t

, h e conditi on of
th e e mpir e e ccl e si as tic ally an d morally as w e ll as
,

s oci ally and p olitic ally G uiz ot h as giv e n us th e

.

m os t i n t e re sting an d f ull e s t d e s cripti on of th e i r con

t e nt s an d alth ough it i s i m p ossibl e to m ak e th e
,

1
Gui o z t, E s s ai s , p.
3 3 6 .

L e h uerou , p . 294 .
 T he Ag e
f
o Char l emag n e .

sh arp d i s ti ncti on s which h e m ak e s b e tw ee n th e v ari

ous ar ticl e s y e t th e ge n e ral c oncl us i on s which h e
,

p re s e n ts are instr uctiv e Aft e r n.um b e ri n g th os e

i s s ued by Charl e s th e G reat of which h e has col ,

l e c te d an d analyz e d ab out s i x ty fi v e h e fi n d s th at
’
-
,

abo ut thr ee fifth s of th e arti c l e s are occ upi e d with

ci vil affairs an d abo ut tw o fifth s with religi ous or

,

e ccl e sia s tic al c onc e r n s Th e s e capit ulari e s are n ot

.

m e re ly c oll e ctio n s of l aw s al th ough th ey d o e m p h a

,

siz e and re st at e th e t rad i ti on al c ustoms of th e ol d e r

ti m e ad d i n g s uch n e w r eg ulatio n s as m ay m ee t th e
,

l at e r co n d ition s but i n ad diti on to this th ey i n cl ud e

,

m oral pre c e pts an d polic e re g ul atio n s som e ti m e s in ,

th e m in ut e st d e t ail s r e l ati n g to th e ch urch arm y

, , ,

th e p oor an d th e p alac e p e n al re g ulatio n s re l ati n g

, ,

to p un i s hm e n t an d c ri m e th e re g ul ation of th e re,

l i g i ous an d e ccl e s i as tic al lif e of th e cl e rg y e n t e ring ,

s om e tim e s i n t o t h e m i n ute s t d etail s i n regard to th e

v en e ration of marty rs an d of s ai n ts an d c on c e rn i n g ,

p ublic pr eaching Th ey also co n t ain ed instr ucti on s

.

to th e commissi on e rs e xtracts from th e e ccl e s ias ti

,

cal c ouncils repli e s giv e n by Ch arl es to th e q ue s

,

ti on s ad dr e s s ed by co un ts bi s h ops an d oth e rs in , ,

r e l ati on to d i fl i cul t i e s i n ad m i n i s tration al s o s om e

‘
,

q ue sti on s which Ch arl e s p rop os e s to as k i n th e g e n

e ral ass e mbly Th e s e q ue sti on s ar e c uri ous i n th e
.

e x tre m e an d giv e s t rik i n g e v i d e nc e of t

,
h e k ee n n e s s
of his obs e rv atio n an d of h i s skill in ad m inistrati on
an d in d e aling with m en .

Why is it that e ith e r on th e march or i n th e

1 bl
B ore ti us h as p u is h ed on e h un d red an d th i rtee n M . G LL
.

s ecti on ii , vol i
. . .
258 Th e Ag of Chae r l ema
g ne .

al l sorts of e vil an d c r im e and committing alm ost

”
n ec e s s arily m i s d e m ean ors an d offe nc e s .

O th e r articl e s of th e se capit ul ari e s are m e re ly

n ot e s or m e mo randa which Charl e s wrot e for his
own c onv e ni e nc e O th e rs c ont ai n j ud ici al d e c i s i ons
.

to be t ak e n as e x am pl e s or stan d a r d s of p uni s hm e nt .

A ffai rs of fi n anci al or d om e stic l e gi s l ati on are also

c on s i d e red as w e ll as p ure ly p olitic al acts no m in a ,

ti on s re co m m e n d atio n s an d matt e rs re l ating to i n

, ,

divi d ual c as e s Th us i s shown n ot o n ly th e wi d e

.

ra n ge of th e ad m ini s trati on of Ch arl e s but th e ac ,

tive p e rs on al i n t e re st which h e t ook in e v e ry singl e

d e tail . No w on d e r th at with his fall fe ll als o th e
c e nt ral ad m in i strati on th e ge n e ral asse mbli e s an d
, ,

th e royal c om m i s s i on e rs .

N othi n g re s e m bl e d fe ud alism l e ss th an th e s over

e i g n un ity to which Ch arl e s aspired an d which in a ,

great d e g re e h e was abl e to attain y et in his re ign ,

w e re l aid th e s tron ge st fo un d ations of f e ud alism .

By ch e cking invasio n s and re p re ssing int e rnal d i s

o r d e rs h e gav e to th e l ocal positi ons t e n d e nci e s , ,

and i n fl ue nc e s ti m e to tak e real posse ssi on of th e

l an d an d its inhabitants an d th e in d ivid ual ofli ce rs
, ,

th e d uk e s th e co unts an d m argrav e s who m h e s o

, ,

fi rmly e st abli s h e d an d who w e re th e chi e f m i n i s t er s

,

of h i s autho rity an d p e rf orm ed th e ir f uncti ons i n

,

d ep e n d e nc e up on him an d un d e r h i s c on t rol be ,

ca m e th e w e ll n igh ind ep e n d ent f e udal lords in s uc

-

ce ed i n g c e nt uri e s .

1
B oreti us , vol . pp . 1 61 - 1 65 , 8 1 1 Ad ) .
 CH APT E R XX I I I .

TH EO L O GI CAL C ON TR O V E R S I E I M AG E W O R S HI P
S —

ADO PTI AN I S M TH E FILI O QU E C LAU S E

V EN I C R E AT O R S PIRIT U S .

was n otonly in th e eccl e sias tic al organi

T
zat i on n or i n h i s re l atio n s with th e p op e
, ,

how e v e r th at th e re ligi ous activity an d

,

th e c ont rol ov e r th e ch urch by Ch arl e s

was s how n I n th re e i m p ort ant c ontro
.

v e rs i e s wh ich rose d uri n g h i s reign h e e x e rcis ed a

p ow e rf ul an d m a n if e s t i n fl ue nc e .

T h e Ic on ocl as tic c ontrov e rsy h ad c on ti n ued i n th e

E ast un til th e d eath of th e l as t L e o i n 7 80 pl ac ed , ,

I re n e in p ow e r as re ge n t i n b e h alf of h e r s on S h e .

h ad alread y s h own e vi d e nc e s of a z e al for i m age

wo rshi p an d h ad m ad e att e m pt s to b ri n g ab out its
,

re storati on an d n ow anxi ous ly an d c are f ully s h e

, , ,

b egan p re p arati on s for a d e t e rm i n e d acti on I n 7 86 .

a n ew c oun cil was h e l d at C on s t an ti n op l e i n which , ,

it i s true a maj ority of th e bi s hop s s till m aint ain e d

,

th e ir h os tility to i m ag e s an d th e c oun cil was d i s

,

s olv e d but in th e n e xt y e ar a ge n e ral c oun cil w as

,

s ummon ed at N ic ara At thi s c oun cil un d e r th e

.
,

i nfl ue nc e of th e e m p re s s th os e w h o h ad b e e n won
,

2 59
2 60 Th e Ag e
f
o Cha r l emag n e .

ov e r to h e r ca use with th e re s t of th e n umb e r of

,

uph ol d e r s of i m age w or s hip w e re e n abl ed to b ri n g

,

ab out a fi n al d e ci s i on i n f av or of t h e re st orati on of
i m age s Th os e bi s h op s wh o s ign ed a f orm al re c an
.

tati on of th e ir f or m e r opposition w e re all ow e d to

r e t ai n th e ir e pisc op al p os iti ons and e v e ry e ff ort was
,

m ad e to ren d e r eas y th e d e se rti on f ro m th e still

p ow e rf ul n um b e r of th e ic on ocl asts At thi s c oun .
~

cil it w as d e ci d e d th at not on ly th e sign of th e c ross ,

but al s o i m ag e s d rawn with c olo rs c om p os e d with ,

m osaic work or form e d with oth e r s uitabl e m at e

,

r i al m ight be plac e d i n t
,
h e ch urch e s in h ous es an d , ,

i n th e s tre e t s i n cl ud ing i m age s of Ch r i s t of th e

, ,

Vi rgi n M ary of an ge ls an d of al l h oly an d d e v out

, ,

m en . I t was als o d e cla re d th at b owing to an im age ,

which i s s i m p ly th e t ok e n of l ov e an d of re v e re nc e
( p
u oo n d r na zs) o,u ght n o t to b e c on f oun d e d with
th e ad orati on (l a met -
a
) which is d ue to God al on e .

T h e d e c re es of thi s c ouncil w e re c on fi rm ed at an
ad j ourn ed as s e mbly in Const an ti n opl e i n th e pre s

e n c e of t h e e m pre s s an d h e r s on an d th e worshi p
,

of i m age s was o n c e m ore e s tablish ed .

T h e re l ati on of th e p op e to thi s c on trov e rsy we

h av e al read y n otic ed at i ts v e ry b e gi n n i n g i n th e
e ar ly p art of th e e ighth c e n t ury Wh at h ad b ee n
.

th e p re v aili n g s e n tim e n t i n th e F ran ki s h Ch ur ch w e

h av e n o m e an s of k n owi n g but th e re c oul d be n o
,

d oub t r e gard i n g th e p osi ti on t ak e n by Ch ar l e s on

thi s q ue sti on H e at on c e an n oun c e d himself as
.

z eal ous ly opp os e d to th e d e c ree of thi s s e c on d

N ic e n e C ouncil regard ing i m age w o rship an o p p o ,

sit i on which was i n c re as e d and e xpre s s ed its e lf m ore

2 62 The Ag of e Cha r l emag n e .

of pict ure s i n d e picti n g p re s e n ti n g th e ch ar

an d re

acte ri s t i cs of th e m i n d an d s oul T h e c hi e f obj e c .

ti on how e v e r i s th at th e y ar e i n c on trad ic ti on to
, ,

th e s pi r it ual n at ur e of Ch ri s ti an i ty an d th os e wh o ,

re ly up on th e m s h ow a w e ak n e s s an d i n ability to
r i s e ab ov e t h e thi n g s of s e n s e to th e r e al m of s pi ri t
wi th out th e h e lp of m at e ri al thi n gs God wh o .

fills all thi n gs i s n ot to be ad ored or s o ught for i n

m at e r ial i m age s but s h oul d be e v e r pre s e n t to th e
,
"
p ure h eart . T o th e s ig n of th e cros s h ow e v e r , ,

i s giv e n an e xc e pti on al an d m uch high e r imp or

t an c e an d h e re it m us t be s ai d th e outward s y m b ol
,

an d th e id e a r e p r e s e n te d by it ar e n otk e pt d i s ti n ctly

s ep arate T h e r e lics al s o of th e sai n ts are to be

.

pre fe rred to i m age s as h avi n g b e en i n s p e ci al con

t ac twit h th e s e h oly p e rson s th us acq ui ri ng a s ac red ,

n e s s which s h oul d re c eiv e a high e r re v e re nc e th an

th at p ai d to pic ture d f or m s th e w ork of an arti s t ,

m ore or l e s s skill ed To s h ow rev e re n c e for th e

.

b od i e s of s ain ts was a gre at m e an s of prom oti n g

pi ety for th e y re ign with Ch r i s t i n h eave n an d
, ,

th e i r bo d i e s sho uld ri s e again b ut e v e n th e act of ,

p ros trati on (up oa x br nats) b e fore i m ages was con

d e m n e d as th e tran sf e r to 2 c re at e d obj e ct of th e
ad orati on b e l on g i n g to G od al on e an d as a s p e ci e s

of id ol atry an d an y re v e re nc e for li fe l e s s i m ag e s
,

was i rrati on al Y ou m ay k e e p light s b ur n i n g be

.

”
fore y our pict ure s th e king d e cl are s ;
,
w e will
"
be d ilige nt in s t ud yi n g th e h oly Sc ript ure s .

I n accordanc e with th e cl os e rela tio n s e xi s ti n g

1
L i b C ar o
. l .
,
bk i i i. .
, c . 29 .
1
I bi d , bk i i ,
. . . c. 30 .
 A dopti a n i s m . 2 63

b e twee n Ch arl e s an d th e p op e an d h i s fre q ue n tly

,

e xpr e ss ed r e g ard an d r e v e r en c e for th e e ccl e si astic al

authority of th e Ch urch of R om e h e pres e n te d by , ,

th e h an d s of Abbo t A n g i l be rt h i s r e f utati on of th e
,

se co n d N ic e n e Co un cil to P op e H ad ri an from whom ,

a form al r e ply was r e c e iv e d opp os i n g th e p os iti on

tak e n in th e royal t re ati s e but app are ntly with out

,

in d ucing Ch arl e s to yi e l d an y thi n g Fi n ally at th e .

,

asse mbly h e ld at F rankfort i n 79 4 th e s e c on te s te d

, ,

points w e re disc us s e d in th e p re se n c e of p ap al
l e gat e s an d th e ad orati on of i m age s (ador ati o et s er
,

vi tus i mag i n um) was c on d e m n e d .

T h e s e co n d co n t rov e rsy i n which Ch arl e s s how e d

h i s infl ue nc e was th at i n re gard to A d opti an i s m .

This th e o ry by which Ch rist was d e cl are d to be as

, ,

far as his h um an n at ure was c on c e rn ed th e ad opt e d ,

S on of G od was n ot a m e re revival of N e st ori an

,

vi e ws b ut a di s tinct d e ve l op m e n t f rom th e p os iti on

,

lai d d ow n by th e ch urch i n th e s ixth ge n e ral c oun

cil It was pre s e n ted mo s t s tron gly an d con v i n c
.

i n g l y by Bish op F e lix of U rge l a d i oc e s e in th e ,

Spa n ish m ark an d l e s s ably by E li p an tus th e arch

, ,

bish op of T ol e do who was s upporte d by a l arge

,

n um b e r of th e Sp anish bi s hop s T h e Sp an ish .

Ch urch was of gre at stre ngth an d of n o m e an i m

portanc e It h ad pre se nt e d a rem arkabl e th e ol ogi
.

cal lif e in th e l on g li s t of th e co uncil s of T ol e d o an d ,

tho ugh it maintain ed n ot a cl os e b ut a c on tin uous ,

con n e ct i on with Ro m e i t h ad pre s e n t e d n e ve rth e

, ,

l e s s a ki n d of e s t ablish ed n ati on al s pi rit un d e r th e

,

archbishop of Tol e d o .It h ad p as s e d th rough a

long and mom e nto us histo ry of struggl e of s uffe r ,
 Th e Ag of Cha e r l ema
g ne .

i n g, and of tri um ph T h e Visigoth s ori g inal l y

.
,

Ari an aft e r th e c on v e rsi on of th e ir ki n g R eccared

, , ,

b e cam e th oroughly orth odox an d g av e e vid e n c e of ,

th eir fai th i n th e f am o us fi l i oq ue cl aus e i n s e rt ed in

th e N ic e n e Cr eed by th e third C oun cil of Tol e d o in
8
5 9 . At th e b e g i n n i n g of th e e ighth c e nt ury th e

wh ol e c oun try h ad b e e n ov e rrun an d fi n ally con

q ue red by th e M ah om e t an s an d i n th e mid d l e of ,

th e c e n t ury a W e s te r n S arac e n ic e m pi re had b ee n

e st abli s h ed un d e r th e E m ir of C ord ova an d al tho ugh ,

th e Ch risti an w orship was all ow e d by paym e n t of a

trib ut e y et th e s trong ove rshad owi n g i n fl ue n c e of
Mah om etan i sm was k e e n ly f elt A s trong opposi
, ,

ti on to th e v e ry ass e rti on of th e divin e nat ur e i n

Chri s t as w e ll as to th e e xcl usion or un d e rval uing
,

of th e h um an e xpre s s e d i n th e cond e m n e d d oct ri n e s

of m on op h y s iti s m an d m on oth e litis m m ad e its e lf
man ife st an d E l i p an tus hi m se lf was promi n e n t i n
,

th e r e f utation of S ab elli an ism i n 7 80 Wh e n .

,

th e re fore s ays D orn e r th e p robl e m i n th e form

,
”
, ,

in which it pre se n t e d itse lf to th e mind of th e ch urch

aft e r t h e D yoth e l e tic Sy n od of th e y ear 680 was ,

b rought i n to c on tact wi th th e fac tors e m b rac ed by

th e Sp an i s h Ch urch th e re s ult was Ad optia n i s m
,
.

Adopti an is m h ow e v e r w as n o m e re re vival of Ne s
, ,

tori an i s m I t h ad p as se d b e y on d th at s tage of th e
.

cont rov e rs y N e s t ori us an d h i s foll owe rs h ad

.

d i re ct e d th e ir an alysis to th e di s tincti on b e tw ee n
th e two n at ure s in Chris t whil e Ad opti anis m con ,

c e rn ed its e lf with th e re latio n s of p e rsonality an d

gav e e vi d e n c e of a d istinct advanc e in this con cep
Do r d ivis ion i i vol i p 2 5 1
1
rn e , .
, . .
, . .
2 66 Th e Ag e
f
o Cha r l emag n e .

b e rtus a m on k of C or bi e in th e mid d l e of th e n i n th
, ,

c en t ury an d was at th e s am e ti m e j us t as d i s tinctly

,

re f ut e d by R aban us M aur us an d by R atram n us th e ,

l att e r in a treati s e which has b e com e a cl as s ic on th e

s ubj e ct .

T h e A d optia n ist s t aught that Ch ri s t is th e only

b e gott en S on of G od s ol e ly acc ord i n g to h i s d ivi n e
,

n ature accord i n g to h i s h um an n ature h e i s o n ly , ,

by th e d eci s i on of th e d ivi n e will ad opt e d as th e ,

S on of G od an d th e re fore th e fi rs t b e gott e n S on of
,
-

G od . T h e A d op ti an i s t s agre e d th at th e S on of
G od of th e s ubst an c e of th e F ath e r was b orn an d
, ,

as s um ed h um an ity i n Ch ri s t Nor d id F e lix obj e ct

.

to givi n g th e m an J es us th e n am e S on of G od
, , ,

on acc oun t of h i s un i on with th e S on of G od in th e

p e rs on of Christ but h e h e l d th at th e S on of Man
w as of a d i ffe re n t n a u from th e S on of G od that
t r e —

i s a cr e at e d b e i n g of an oth e r s ub s t an c e than th e
,

D e i ty ; h e n c e as th e s on of D avi d h e ca n n ot be
, ,

s tyl ed th e S on of G od by n at ure This s e e m e d to .

be anoth e r atte m pt to as s e rt th e reality of th e h uman

nat ure i n Ch rist an d to m ai n tai n at th e sam e tim e
,

th e s upre m e an d abs ol ut e un ity of th e D e ity on ,

bo th of which p oi n ts th e M ah om e tan s s e v e rely eri ti

ci se d th e d oc tri n e of th e c h urc h Th e ir oppo n e n ts
.

sai d thi s vi e w w oul d e n d l ogi c ally i n th e d uality of

p e rs on s Th e y i n s i s t e d on th e r eali ty of th e i n car
.

n ati on an d th ough th ey we re s tron g in p ointi n g out

,

e rro r s an d d a n ge r s in t h e d oct ri n e of F e lix th e y ,

w e re not abl e to st at e th e ir doct rin e in a strong ,

positiv e m an n e r .

At th e re q ue s t of Charl e s th e Great Alc uin i s s ued ,

 F el i x ,
B i s ho
p of U r g el . 2 67

a tr eati s e on th e s ubj e ct which Ch arl e s hi m s e l f i s

-

s ai d to hav e r e vi s e d an d modifi e d H e insi s t e d that .

s om e thi n g whic h i s of a d i ff e re nt s ubst an c e f r om

,

an oth e r thi n g m ay un d e ni ably p os s e s s as i ts p r op

,

e rt y this oth e r thi n g in s uch a m an n e r th at for th e ,

s ak e of thi s re al an d s ub s t an ti al re l ati on s hip b e tw e e n

th e tw o th e l atte r m ay b e c om e a p re d ic at e or m ark
,

of th e form e r Thi s p ri n cipl e h e appli ed to th e re

.

l ati on of th e d ivin e an d h um an i n Ch r i s t m ai n tain ,

i n g th at th e h uma n n at ur e was m ad e a pre d ic at e of

th e S on of G od T h e gr e at i m port an c e of th e posi
.

ti on an d i n fl uen c e of A d opti an is m is n otatt ri b ut abl e

to an y p os i tiv e r e s ul ts it work e d out an d s e t f orth ,

b ut to th e circ umst an c e th at th e opp os iti on rais ed

ag ai n s t it c on sti tut e d a gr e at c r i s is i n th e hi s t ory of

d og m a .
’

F rom Sp ain th e s e d i s c ussio n s spread n at urally i n

th e ad j ac e n t F ran ki s h pr ovi n c e s for F e lix a m an , ,

of d i s ti n g ui s h ed pi e ty an d Ch r i s ti an z e al as w e ll as ,

of s up e ri or ac ut e n e s s an d int e ll e ct was bi s h op of ,

U rge l sit uat ed i n th e Span i s h m ark I t was thi s

,
.

s p re ad of th e c ont rov e r s y i n to t h e F ranki s h t e rr i tory

th at l e d Ch arl e s to b ri n g th e m at te r b e f ore th e
as s e m bly i n R e ge n s b e rg i n at which F e lix was

s um m on e d to app e ar H i s d octri n e s w e re con

.

d e m n e d an d h e c on s e nt e d to re c ant
,
Ch arl e s s e nt .

h i m to R om e wh e re h e was arr e s te d an d imp ris on e d

,

an d wr ot e a n e w r e c an t atio n b ut r e t urni n g to Spain ,

h e re p e n te d of h i s m is r e pre s e ntation s of h i s d oc

1
D orn e r , d i v is ion p 2 68
A An n G
. .

1
nn L aur i s s
”
. . an d . Ei n h ard i ,
”
an .
79 2 M . . SS
vol i , p p 1 7 8 , 1 79
. . . .
 Ag
“

2 68 Th e e
f
o Char l emag n e .

trin es an d took up his re sid e nc e un d e r th e rul e an d

,

prot e ction of th e S arac e n s T h e Sp an i s h bish ops .

wro te to Ch arl e s d e m an d i n g a n e w e x am i n ation an d

a rein s t at e m e nt of F e lix i n h i s s ee Th es e l ett e rs .

w e re forward ed to H ad ri an an d th e m att e r brought ,

b e fore th e F rankfort C oun cil of wh e n F e lix

was agai n c on d e mn e d an d all re c ord s s e n t to E l i p an
tus . At this ti m e Alc ui n h ad re t urn ed to th e court
of Ch arl e s an d h e us e d e v e ry ki n d ly m e an s to l n
,

d uc e F e lix to give up h i s n ew an d e r ron e ous d oc

tri n e s uppl e m e nting h i s l e tt e rs wi th th e form al
,

treatis e on th e s ubj e c t as alre ad y m e n ti on e d , .

T o thi s F e lix still un c on vi n c e d re pli e d i n a c alm

, , ,

impa s s i on e d an d exc e ed ingly abl e m an n e r but E li ,

p ant us an s w e red it wi th bi tt e rn es s an d pas si on .

Alc ui n h e l d up to th e m th e t e achi n g of th e univ e r

s al ch ur c h an d b as e d h i s s trong e s t arg um e n t on t
,
he
a uthority of tradition but F e lix and E l ip an tus s aid
,

that Chri s t an d not P e t e r was th e rock on which th e

ch urch was fo un d e d an d th at th e ch urc h an d th e
,

true fait h might consist of on ly a few Alc ui n n ow .

re f e rre d th e disc ussio n to Paulin us th e p atri arch of ,

Aq uil e i a T h eod olf of O r l eans and R i ch bon bish op

, , ,

of Trev e s as w ell as to th e pop e th us n ot giving to

, ,

th e pop e th e abs ol ut e p ow e r of d e ci s i on Ch arl e s .

agre ed to th is an d s e n t a cl e rical c om m i s s i on con

,

sisting of B e n ed ict of A n i an e L e id rad archbish op , ,

of Ly on s an d Ne frid bish op of N arbo n n e to i n ves

, , ,

ti gate an d re f ut e th e d oc tri n e in th e s outh e rn prov

i n ces bord e ring on Sp ain Th ey c on fe rre d with .

F e lix an d promised h i m a fair and fre e disc ussion

,

1
B oreti us , v ol . i .
, pp 7 3
.
7 8 - .
 Th e Ag e f
o Cha r l emag n e .

Charl e s acc ord i n gly t ook up th e matt e r an d at ,

his d ire cti on Alc uin w r ot e a treati s e in whi ch h e

favored th e ad di tion O n this acc ount a m on k of .

J e rusal e m mad e a v e h e m e n t attack at th e Fran kish

c ongregati on on th e M oun t of O live s an d d e cla red ,

that all th e Fran ks w e re h e reti cs Th ey i m m ed i .

at e ly rep ort ed th e wh ol e afl ai r to P op e L eo in a
v e ry stri ki n g an d int e re s ting l e t te r and h e for ,
’

ward e d th e l e tt e r with on e of his own to Ch arl es ,

significantly re m arki n g th at h e re pli e d to th e m onks

by s e n d ing th e m an auth e ntic c opy of th e true
cree d which of c ourse d id n ot c ont ai n th e ad d i
,

tion .
’

Ch arl e s th e n i s s ued an oth e r treatis e w ritt e n by

Th e od ulf of O rl e an s an d introd uc e d th e q ue sti on ,

for d i s c ussion at th e Sy n od of Aix la Ch ap e ll e i n - -

80 9 . T h e q ue s ti on n ot b e ing s e ttl e d at this ti m e ,

B e rn h ari us bish op of W orms an d A

, d al h ard abbot , ,

of C or bi e w e re s e nt to R om e to l ay th e m att e r be
,

f ore th e pop e L e o ad m itt e d th e t r uth of th e doc

.
’

t rin e but did n ot wish to change th e form i n which

,

th e cre e d was ch ant e d in th e s e rvic e s of th e ch urch ,

and r e c omm e n d e d that th e w ord be d ropp e d as n ot

n e c e s sary for th e m an d v e ry obnoxio us to th e
Gre e ks I n o rd e r to give ad d itional forc e to his
.

s ugg e s ti ons h e c aus e d th e N ic e n e Cre e d i n b oth

,

Gre e k an d L ati n to be e n grav e d on two s ilve r tab

l e ts an d s e t up in th e ch urch e s of St P e t e r an d
,
.

St P aul in R om e with th e wo rd s
. I L e o h ave
, , , ,

1
J afl é vol i v , p 3 82-
3 85 Ep Caro , 22 l
E
. . . . .
,
1
I bi d , p p 3 86 Caro , 2 3
pa n n 80
l
A G
. . . . .

1
n n Ei n h ard i
. . 9 ;
. M
S S , vol i
. . . . . , p . 1 96
.
 Ven i Cr ea tor Sp i r i tus . 271

s et thi s up i n t oke n of m y l ov e an d prote cti on of

”
th e ortho d ox faith Y e t th e add i ti on fav ore d by
.

Ch ar l e s was us e d througho ut th e w e s t e rn p art of th e

e m pi r e ,
an d at l as t w as a d opt e d thro ugho ut t he
L ati n Ch urch as it i s to day -
.

It is i n re c ogn iti on of thi s gre at truth that th e

h ymn Ven i Cr eator Sp i r i tus on e of th e g ran d e st of ,

th e old L ati n hym n s of th e M i d d l e Ag e s w as com ,

p os e d an d h ol d s s uch an h on ore d pl ac e in th e s e r
,
»

vic e s oi th e ch urch T h e Ch urch of E ngl an d an d

.

th e E pi s c op al Ch urch i n thi s c oun t ry h av e re tain e d

it i n th e s e rvic e for th e ord i n ati on of pri e st s an d in
th at for th e c on s e c rati on of bi s h op s T h e l ast .

s tanza i s m ost s ignific an t

T e ach us to k n ow th e F ath e r, S on ,
A d Th e
n e of bo ht to be b ut O n e .
”

or m ore li te rally t ran s l at e d

By Th m y w th F th k ow
ee , a e e a er n ,

B y Th o f th S o
ee , c n e ss e n,

In Th th H ol y Gh o t f om b oth
ee , e s r

B li
”
e l l ti m to om
e ve , a e c e .

A pop ul ar trad iti on foun d e d h ow e v e r on c ritical

, , ,

i n v e s tigati on for a l on g ti m e as c rib e d th e c om p o

,

s it i on of thi s b e autif ul hy m n to Ch ar l e s hi m s e lf ,

an d this vi e w i s s till d e f e n d e d by m an y but l at e r ,

d i s c ov e ri e s h av e l e d to th e c on cl usi on th at it was
r e ally c om p os e d by R aban us M aur us wh o as w e , ,

h av e se e n was co m mis s i on e d by Ch arl e s to w ri te a

,

t re atise on th e s ubj e c t Thi s hy m n i s foun d i n a

.

v e ry old an d auth orit ativ e m an uscript of his w ork s ,

 The Ag e f
o Char l emag n e .

an d is a c om pl e t e p oe tic outlin e of his t reati s e ,

whil e a p ec uliar e xpre ssi on all ud ing to th e H oly

’ ”
Spi rit as th e finge r of God s right hand is fo und
i n both.
’

1
D ufi el d , pp . 1 1 6 -
1 22 .
2 74 The Ag e
f
o Cha r l emag n e .

d e cree d that wh e re a vac an cy occ urre d or wh e re n o ,

bish op h ad b ee n c on s ecrat e d a bi s hop s ho ul d be ,

e st abli s h e d wi th out d e l ay an d whil e t r ue m o n ks

, ,

c all e d re g ul ars s h ould live accord i n g to th e i r r ul e

, ,

th e bi s h op m ust liv e acc ord i n g to th e c an on s h av ,

i n g p ow e r ov e r th e p r i e s t s d eacon s an d o th e rs of , ,

th e cl e ric al ord e r b e l on gi n g to h i s d i oc e s e Th us ’
.

th e cha ract e r i s tic fe ature s of th e e ccl e s i astical hi e r

ar chy w e re l ai d d ow n n ot th at any thi n g n ew was
,

int rod uc e d butonly what th e ch urch for a lo n g tim e

,

n e e d e d an d wh at h ad al re ad y b e e n ca r ri e d i n to ex e
,

c uti on in th e So uth an d E as t altho ugh i n th e Fran k ,

ish Ki n gd om thi s organ i zation re c e iv ed ad d ition al

s tre n gth t h r ough t h e pow e r an d auth ority of th e
'

ki n g T h e d e t ail ed o rd e r as pre s e n t e d i n th e ge n
.
,

e ral ad m on iti on of t h e y ea r 7 89 on th e b as i s of th e ,

D i on y s ia n c oll e cti on of can on s c ove re d all th e v ari ,

ous r e l ati on s of th e ch urch an d compl e t e d thi s n ew

ar ran ge m e n t for t h e Frank s
’
.

I n th e G e rm an p art of th e kingd om M ainz be c am e

th e chi e f c en tre an d L ull th e s ucc e s sor of Bo n if ac e
, , ,

re c e iv e d t h e p all i n 7 80 whil e his s ucc e ss or oxe r

,

ci s e d a ge n e ral s up e rvi s i on ov e r th e gre at e r n umb e r

of th e G e r m an bi s h op s I n d ee d in th e mi d d l e of
.
,

th e n i n th c e n t ury M ai n z is c all e d th e m e tro p olit an

e of G e r m an y I n C ol og n e H i ld i bal d th e ch ap
’
at .
, ,

l ai n of Ch arl e s h e l d archi e pi s c op al d ig n i ty U tre cht

, ,

an d L utti ch b e i n g un d e r h i m an d l at e r a l arge p art ,

of th e S ax on Ch urch whil e P ad e rbor n V e rd e n an d

, , ,

1
B oreti us , vol i , p 47 Cap i t H ari s t , c. 1 -
4, 7 79 AD
b
. . . . . . .

1
S ee a ove , pp 2 2 7 2 3 1
G
-

A
. .

1 “
nn . Fl
u d , an 8 5 2 ; . M . . 55 vol . i .
, p 3 67
. .
 Metr o
p ol i ta n s . 2 75

th e E astph ali an ch urch e s we re un d e r M i

a nz . H am

b urg was st ablish ed un til l at e r an d th e n e x e r

n ot e ,

ci s ed s up e rv i s on ov e r th e Sc an d i n avi an ch urch e s .

I n Bavaria Salzb urg e x e rci s e d m e t r opolita n p ow e rs

,
.

T h e r e e stabli s hm e n t of e ccl e si astical c oun cil s s up

-
,

port e d by th e authori ty of th e k i n g t e n d e d to ,

great e r un ity an d to a stron ge r organi zati on T h e .

l eadi n g e n actm e n t on thi s s ubj e ct i s f oun d in th e

capit ul ary of Fran kf or t of 79 4 I t i s e n act e d by,

our l ord th e ki n g an d th e h oly s y n od tha t bi s h op s 1 “

s h all e x e rci s e j uri s d icti on i n th e ir d i oc e s e s I f an y .

abb ot ,
p re sbyt e r d e ac on arch d e ac on m on k or
, , , ,

oth e r cl e ric or i n d ee d an y on e e l s e i n th e d i oc e se
,

d oes n ot ob e y h i s bish op l e t th e m c om e to th e i r ,

m e trop olit an an d h e s h all j ud ge th e c as e t oge th e r

,

with his s uffragan s O ur c oun ts sh all al s o c om e to .

th e c ourt of th e bishop s an d if th e re be an ythi n g ,

which th e m e t rop olit an c an n ot s e t r igh t th e n l e t ,

th e acc us e r s an d th e acc us e d b oth c om e to us with

l e tt e rs from th e m e tropolit an th at we may k n ow ,
"
th e t ruth of th e m att e r I twas al s o ord e re d th at
.

th e p ari s h cl e rgy s ho uld r e p ort onc e or twic e a y e ar

to th e bish ops and th e bi s h op s to th e m e t r op olit an
, ,

an d am on g th e d uti e s of t h e roy al c om m is s ion e rs

was th e inv e stigation of th e ad m i n i s tration of th e
bish ops th e i r ai d s an d as s istants i n th e s e v e ral
,

p ari s h e s an d th e ir ability i n z eal an d i n l earn ing

, .
’

Th us th e m e t r opolit an s re p re se n t e d th e un ity of
th e n ati on al ch urch an d f orm e d a str on g s upport for
politic al un ity whil e th e c oal iti on of th e tw o th e
, ,

1
B or e tius , vol i p p 74. 7 5 . . , . S y n od . F r an c . .

I brd , p 4 5 Cap i t Pr i m
'

. . . .
, 8, p 5 3
. .
2 7 6 Th e Ag e
f
o Cha r l emag n e .

t e m p oral p rinc e an d th e e ccl e si as tic al m e t ropoli tan ,

e n abl e d e ach to s upp ort t h e oth e r Amo n g th e .

W e st e rn Fran k s Rh e ims att ai n e d th e great e st pow e r

,

an d t h e wi d e s t i n fl ue n c e e sp e ci ally un d e r H i n cm ar
, ,

who s t ood f orth as th e d e fe nd e r of th e ch urch

agai n s t th e ins ub ord i n ati on of bish ops and th e e n
c roachm e n ts of t h e p op e I n G e rman y tho ugh .
,

th e re w e re se v e ral p osi ti on s of archi e pisc op al i m

portanc e M ai n z re p re se n t e d th e un ity of th e G e r
,

m an Ch urch an d cl ai m e d th e p r imacy h ol d i n g a ,

m o s t imp ortan t p os i ti on in st re ngth e ni n g th e civil

p ow e r an d k e e ping up th e un i ty an d ind e p e n d e n c e
th rough th e gre at i n fl ue nc e of th e ar chbi s hop on
th e ad m inistrati on of th e e mpi re .

In th e ol d A ustrasi a th e l an d s of th e M o se ll e it
, ,

was o n ly grad ually th at a form al an d d e finit e syst e m

w as i n t r od uc e d F or a lo n g tim e th e bishop of
.

M e tz h e ld th e titl e of archbishop al th ough Tre ve s ,

e ar ly app e ar e d as th e chi e f city of t h e t e rr ito ry and ,

took a prom i n en t plac e in e ccl e siastic al affairs Its .

p os i tio n was fin ally re c ogn iz ed an d th e bishop of ,

T re v es b ec am e th e m e tropolitan for M e tz To ul , ,

and V e rd un .

T h e re c e pti on of th e p alli um or p all from th e

p op e as th e sp e cial ma rk of th e archi e pisc op al dig
n i ty e arly app e a r s b ut with t ,
h e c on s e n t i n d e e d by ,

th e will of th e F ran ki s h ki n g an d th e re are i n

, ,

st anc e s l n which it was aw ard ed to oth e r s than th e

m e tropolit an .

T h e origin al m e trop olit an syst e m was an i n s ti tu

ti on e sp e ci ally c on n e ct e d wi th th e R oman imp e ri al
1
H i n s ch i us , K . R v ol . ii .
, p 7 . . S ee Wi z, vol
a t . i ii .
, p.
420 .
2 78 Th e Ag of Cha e r l em a
g ne .

m en t O n e was r e mov e d by Charl e s with out assign

.

i n g any d e fi n it e c aus e an d on e wh o was f orm ally

’
,

c on d e m n e d by a s yn od to l os e h i s offi c e Ch arl e s
r e s t ore d
’
.

T h e g en e ral i n fl ue nc e of bi s h op s in citi e s an d d i s
tri cts w as n ot as s ign ific ant as i n e arly ti m e s th ough ,

th e ir p owe r co n ti n ually grew by i n c rease of pr op

e rt y an d by t h e a cq u i s iti on of imp ortant righ t s .

N or was it d i m i n i s h e d by th e ir particip ati on in st at e

a ffai rs or by th e way i n which se c ul ar conce rns
,

c am e to be c on s i d e re d i n re fe re n c e to th e ir app oint
m e n ts In oth e r r e s p e ct s how e ve r t h e ir p ow e r
.
, ,

w as d i m i n i s hi n g A la rge n um b e r of r e ligi ous com

.

m un i ti e s es p e ci ally th e m os t imp ort an t on e s ob

, ,

tai n e d s p e ci al p r ivil e ge s f rom th e p op e an d e v e n ,

f rom th e bi s h ops th e m s e lv e s by w h ich th ey w e re ,

grad ually wi th d raw n f rom e pi s cop al s up e rvi s i on .

D i ffe re n t cl as s e s of s e c ul ar p ri e s ts al s o w e re re l eas e d
for on e r e as on or an oth e r from th e c on trol of th e
bi s h op s s om e by right of patronage oth e rs as royal
, ,

or d om e s tic ch apl ai n s oth e rs as rural d e an s or ar ch,

p re s byt ers an d oth e rs as can ons of a cath ed ral

,

ch apt e r A l arge p art of th e e ccl e s iastical prop e rty

.
,

h ow ev e r s till re m ai n e d in th e p oss es s i on of th e
,

nobl e s wh o i n th e e arli e r p e ri od s of st rife an d con

,

f us ion h ad b e e n abl e to s e i ze it or h ad re c e ive d it ,

by w ay of a l oan which w as m ore i n th e i n t e res t of

th e ki n g th an of th e ch ur ch I n s om e cas e s also .

th e y al m os t acq uire d a r ight of d isp osal ov e r th e

bi s h op ric it s e lf Charl e s l ai d sp e cial w e ight on th e
.

1
Mo n. bk i . .
, c
. 6 J affé. vol iv .
p,637 . .

1
B oreti us , vol . i .
, p 75
. S yn . F ran c c .
9, 794 .
 Chor ep i s cop i . 2 79

p olitical activity of th e bi s h op s i n th e ad mi n i s t rati on

of th e ki n gd om an d i n s om e c as e s th e y h e l d al m ost
,

an ov e rs ight ov e r th e carryi n g out of i m p or t ant

political re gulati on s b ut th e i n cre as e of th e i r p o
1

l i ti cal an d civil p ow e r l e d to th e n e c e s s ity of m aki n g

a sharp e r di s tinc ti on i n p os i ti on an d f un ctio n s b e

twee n t h e m an d th e c oun ts with wh om s t rife s ar os e

thro ugh e nvy L ouis w e n t so far as to or d e r th e
.
’

bi s h op to m ak e a re port regard ing th e c oun t an d ,

th e c oun t r e gar d i n g th e bi s h op i n or d e r t h at he
'

m ight fi n d out h ow e ach f ulfill e d h i s ofli ce T he

’
.

ch urch how e v e r opp os e d this too i n ti m at e un i on

, ,

of spi rit ual an d s e c ul ar b us in e s s T h e cl e rgy th e re .

,

f ore h ad to guard as m uch as p os s ibl e agai n s t th e

,

e ncr oachm e nt s of t h e s e c ul ar p ow e r an d s e c ure i ts

aid as m uch as po s sibl e b ut th e s e c ul ar nobl e s us e d ,

th e ir p ow e r m or e for th e i n j ury th an for th e s upp or t

an d f urth e ra n c e of mon as t e r i e s an d ch ur ch e s .

F ro m v e ry e a rly tim e s s ub ord i n at e bi s h ops h ad

b e e n app oi n t e d in th e E ast an d th e c us t om h ad ,

b e e n i n trod uc e d int o th e F ran ki s h ki n gd om T h e s e .

bi s h op s w e re partly th os e goi n g ab out with out an y

fix e d d i oc e s e p artly s uch as w ere as s i s t an t s to i n d i
,

vi d ual bish ops an d t ook th e na m e of th e e arli e r

bi s h op s appoint ed for re mot e co unt ry di s t ri cts with
whom th e y s ee m e d to h av e h ad n othing in c om m on
e xc e pt th e nam e Th es e we re call e d chor ep is cop i
.

( c o u n t r y bish ops ) B u t t h e ch urch h

. ad alr e ad y
mad e e ar n e st e fforts to d o away with th e in s tit uti on ,

1 B ore tius , vo i l 70 ; C ap de p art S ax c 3 4, 782

p
. . . . . .

1
I bi d , p 1 61 ( ap c 1 , 2 5 an d 6, 81 1
A
. . . . . .

c 1 4, AD
"
1 I bi d , p 3 0 5
. . d m on . ad om n es , .82 3 . . .
2 80 The Ag e
f
o Cha r l emag n e .

an d with th e att empt to e st ablish b e tt e r ord e r i n

th e F rankish ch ur ch un d e r th e infl ue nc e of B oni
fac e ord e rs we re giv e n to li m it th e m i n th e ir acti v
,

ity . U n d e r Ch arl e s th e ol d ch urch l aws agai n s t

’

t h e m w e re re p e at e d an d al th ough som e w e re k e p t ,
’

as s ub s tit ut e s for t h e bi s h op s th ey engage d in ’

,

politic al m uch m ore th an i n e ccl e s ias tical affai r s b ut ,

th ey c ontin ue d to e x e r ci s e t h e ir infl ue nc e d ow n to
th e m i dd l e of th e c e nt ury alth ough s tro n g obj e c ,

ti on s w e re rai s ed agai n s t th e m firs t in th e W e st ,

F ran ki s h ki n gd om an d th ey fi n ally di s app eare d , .

‘

E ccl e s iastical re form n ot o n ly app e ars as on e of

th e m os t i m p ort an t s ubj e cts of l e gislation i n th e
capit ul ari e s of Ch arl e s but w as s ought als o t h r ough ,

tw o d i r e ct age n ci e s T h e firs t was th e c an on ic al .

life i n t rod uc e d by Ch rod e g an g bi s h op of M e tz

,
”
, ,

74 72 — 66 a m o ng
,
h i s c ath e dra l cl e rgy which w a s co n ,
“
fi rm e d t ak e n up an d e xt e n d e d by Ch arl e s
,
Thi s .

r ul e or canon was t h e application of th e m on astic

r ul e of St B e n e dict to th e cl e rgy as s oci at e d with
.

th e bi s hop in his cath e d ral with th e omissi on of th e ,

v ow of pov e rty Ch rod e g an g b uilt a large an d

‘
.

c om m od io us dw e lli n g in wh ich all th e cl e rgy of his ,

c ath e d ral ch urch w e re oblige d to liv e p ray work , , ,

e at an d sl e e p un d e r h i s c on s t an t s up e rvision
,
A .

fi x e d r ul e assign e d to e ach his p orti on of f ood an d

1
B ore tius vol i ,
, . .
pp . 2 5 , 29 , 35 an d 4 1 C ap . Karl m . ,

7 42 ;
“
C ap .
7 44 ;c .
5, Con . V e rn

755 D ecre t c 1 4 , AD 75 8
l M
. . . . .

1
B ore ti us vol i , p 4 5 ; C ap a r o i . K c 4, A1 ) 769
A
. . . .
, . . . , . .

1 d m on
W
I bi d , pp 5 4, 5 5
. . 0 9, . . 1 9 , 7 89 .

1 ai t
z vol ii i , p 43 1
Ad mon
. . . .
,

1
B ore ti us , vol i , . .
p 60.
; . G en .
, c .
73 , A1 ). .
7 89 .

1
H atch , p p 1 5 7 1 .
-
72 .
282 The Ag e
f
o Char l emag n e .

life an d d i s cipli n e H e r egard e d th e Ch urch of

.

R om e with th e high e st v e n e rati on n ot on ly on ac ,

c oun t of his p e rson al re l ati ons with th e pop e an d ,

th e fact that th e Ch urch of R om e was th e on ly ap os

t olic s ee i n th e W e s t b ut al s o on acc oun t of th e
,

s t r e ngth an d compl e t e n e ss of its or d e r an d t ra d iti on .

T h e s up r e m acy of th e Ro m an S e e w as f orm ally

ass e r t e d an d appa re n tly acc e pt e d i n a l e tt e r w r itt e n
,

by H ad r i an to Ch arl e s i n th e l att e r p art of th e cen

t ury T h e following striking passage s app e ar : B e
.

it far from us to d o ubt yo ur royal p ow e r which h as

st rive n n ot for th e d imi n ishing but for th e e xalt a
,

ti on of y our spi rit ual m oth e r th e h oly R om an ,

Ch urch an d which e xt e n d e d among all n ati on s will

,

re m ai n c ons e crat e d an d e xalt e d un til th e e n d .

F or we d o n ot rai s e th e q ue stion as to any on e

b e i n g i gn oran t of h ow g reat a ut h ority has b ee n
gran te d to th e bl e s s e d P e t e r p r i n c e of th e apostl e s
,

an d to h i s m ost h oly s ee i n as m uch as t h i s ch t

, rr ch

h as th e d ivi n e r ight of j ud gi n g in all thi n gs n or i s ,

i t p e rm itt e d to an y to p as s j ud g m e n t on i ts j ud g
m e nt for th e right of abs olving th ose b ound by th e
,

d e cisi ons of an y b e l on gs to th e p on ti ffs of th e s ee

of th e bl e s s e d Ap os tl e P e t e r th r ough wh om th e
,

c are of th e wh ol e ch ur ch d e v olv e s up on th e on e s ee
of P e te r an d n othi n g e v e r can b e s e p arat e d f r o m
,

its h e ad F or as y our d ivi n e ly p re ord ai n e d an d

.

s upre m e e xc e ll e n cy h as s h own s uch l ov e for th e

h ead of th e wh ol e w orld th e h oly R om an Ch urch
,

and i ts rul e r an d ch i e f so th e bl e ss ed P e t e r p ri n c e
, ,

of th e apostl e s h as grant e d y ou toge th e r with yo ur

, ,

mo s t e xc ell e nt q uee n our da ught e r an d yo ur m ost

, ,
 R om e th e Model 2 83

n obl e chil d r e n to e nj oy th e r ul e of a l on g re ign an d

,
”
in th e f ut ure th e un b r ok en s e re nity of victo ry .

Alread y in 764 Paul I h ad d e cl ared th e R om an .

Ch urch to be th e h oly spi rit ual moth e r th e h ead ,

”
of all th e ch urch e s of G od Ch arl e s acc or dingly .

rec ogn i zed th e Ch urch of R om e as h i s m od e l for

th e int e rn al a rrange m e nt s c on n e ct e d with th e rul e s
of di s ciplin e an d of w or s h ip H e r e c e iv e d fr om .

Had rian in 774 a c op y of th e D i on y s i an c an on s i n

f orc e at Ro m e also a c op y of th e S ac ram e n tary of
,
’

Greg ory an d tw o si n ge rs to i n trod uc e th e Ro m an

,
‘

m e th od of ch anting int o th e Franki s h Ch urch T he .

‘

laws of m arri age th ro ugh out th e realm w e re al s o

mad e to conform with th ose i n forc e at R om e an d ,

th e b e n ediction of a p r i e s t w as m ad e n e c e s s ary to
its l egality .

T h e position of th e ch urch an d th e rights an d

pri vil ege s of th e cl e rgy w e re m aintain e d an d l at e r ,

st eadily increased by royal auth ority Pay m e n t of .

tith es to th e ch urch was e n f orc e d e v e n i n n e wly

acq ui r e d t e rrit ory a p ari s h re c e iv ed an e n d owm en t ,
‘

of h ous e an d lan d f ree of re n t an d tax e s an d p ro ,

v i d e d with s e rvant s i n p r op or ti on to th e p op ul ation

’
.

T h e ch urch c ontin ue d to inc re as e i ts l an d e d p os

sessi ons and l arge e st at e s p as s ed un d e r th e co n t rol
,

of bi sh ops and abbot s wh o n ow b e c am e an int egral ,

1
Jafi vol . iv 2 8 5 - 29 2 ; E p 9 8 , 7 84 7 9 1 AD
'

W
é,
E
p
-
. . . .
, .

1
1 ” p 1 32 ; p 3 7 6
7 4 1 n
Ab l
. .
,
1
e S i m s on , vol i , p 80 1 79 , 1
g
. . .

1
J afi é , vol i v , p 2 73 , p 7 8 4 7 9 1 A 1) -

A
. .
, . . .

1 “
nn 787 G 8 5 , vo ll p 1 70 ; B ore ti us ,
A
. . . . . .
,

A
;
3A
“
vol i p 6 1 ;. d m on G en , c 80 , D 78 . . . . .

1
B ore ti us , vo i , p 69 l
Cap i t de p art
. . . .

C ap i t d e part S ax
’
1
I brd , p 69 ,
’

. c 1 5 . . . . .
2 84 The Ag e
o
f Ch a r l em a
g n e .

p art f e ud al s y s t e m an d to whom m an y i m
of th e ,

m un i ti e s an d e v e n regali a w e re g rant e d .
’

To s uch an e xt e n t h ad th e s e te m p oral p os s e s si on s
an d f e ud al h ol d i n g s inc re as e d th at all p r e l at e s w e r e

oblige d to k ee p ad v oc at e s to t ran s act th e se c ul ar

a ffairs i n c om p atibl e wi th th e i r s pi rit ual calli n g .
’

Th ey oft e n s e r ve d i n th e w ars i n s p i te of th e gen e ral

l aw s against b e ar i n g arm s an d it w as n e c e s s ary to ,

i s s ue v e ry s e v e re l aw s e xp re s s ly p rohibiti n g th e
cl e rgy f rom s erv i n g i n war or b e ing pre s e n t on th e
fi e l d of battl e e xc e p t i n th e n um b e rs r e q uire d for
,

re ligi ous s e rvic e s Th ough th e cl e rgy w e re e x .

’

e m pt e d m or e an d m or e f r om t h e j uri sd iction of th e
s e c ul ar c ourts C h ar l e s c on ti n ue d to b e th e s up re m e
,

j ud ge of all cl e rgy m e n e v e n bi s h op s , .
‘

All th e kings aft e r Pippin m ore th an on c e at

t emp te d i n th e i r l aw s to p re se rv e to th e ch urch i ts
i m m un i ti e s an d if l ate r th e ch urch h ad to c om pl ain
,

of an y viol ati on it was d ue n ot s o m uc h to th e ,

kings as to th e ofli ce r s an d s e c ul ar p ri n c e s wh o p aid

littl e r egard to th e lib e r ti e s an d privil ege s g rant ed
to th e ch ur c h an d oft e n cl ai m e d if n ot th e ch urch
, ,

p rop e rty it s e lf at l e as t th e us e of i t S om e tim e s

,
.
,

h owe v e r th e s e i m m un iti e s w e re g ran t e d by p ri n c e s

,

an d d uk e s th e m s e lv e s an d d e f e n d e d by th e m It i s .

al m ost i m p os s ibl e to d e t e rm in e t h e hi s toric al or igi n

of m an y of th e i m m un iti e s grant e d to m on ast e r i e s
1
B or eti us , v ol p 1 65 Cap d e re bu s ex e rc
Aqui s g r
. . .

1
C ap
’

I brd
p .
, . 1 72 , c 1 4 . . . .

1
I bid
, pp .

“
1 0 3 , 1 0 7 , 24 3 ;
. C ap is s S p , c 3 7 . M . . . Cap . a
S ac , c 1 8 G h ae rb C ap , c 3
A
. . . . . .

1
B ore ti us , vol i , p 5 6 d m on G e n , c 3 8 , p 7 7 ;
. . . . . . .
‘1
S y n od
”
F ran con , e 3 0 3 9 .1 03 ; C ap
,
”
iss , c 1 7 , p 1 7 6 . M . . Cap .

de c 2, p 1 . Cap . c 1 , p 1 90 . . . .
2 86 Th e Ag e
f
o Cha r l emag n e .

th e i r fav or n ow re c e iv e d ci v il re c ogniti on an d e n
forc e m e nt M on k s e s p e ci ally w e re f orbi dd e n to g o
.

to s e c ul ar c our t s or to h ol d t r i al s outs i d e of th e ir
m on as t e ry or to e n gag e i n s e cul ar affai rs
’
E ve n .
’

civil acti on s b e tw ee n th e cl e rgy m us t be s e ttl e d be

f ore th e bi s h op an d c as e s b e tw e e n a cl e ric an d a
,
’

l ay m an b e f ore a bi s h op an d a c oun t .
‘

Thi s e xt e n s i on of e pi s c op al j uri s d icti on ov e r e ccl e

s i as ti cs d e p riv e d th e s e c ul ar offi c e r s of m uch of th e i r
p ow e r ov e r th e c h urch an d all th at b e l on ge d to it ,

an d t ran s f e rre d th e j ud ici al auth ori ty to t h e h e ad s

of th e e ccl e s i as tic al e s tabli s h m e n ts an d c on s e q ue ntly ,

i n thi s i m p ortan t s p h e re of th e ad m i n ist ration of

j us tic e th e p owe r of th e ch ur ch w as g reatly increase d
an d th e way p r e p ar e d for s till f ur th e r e xt e nsi on s of

its pow e r .

U n d e r Lo ui s th e c on ti n uan c e of civil d ist urbanc e s

an d t h e high e r auth ori ty oft e n opp r e s s iv e an d ov e r ,

b eari n g e x e rci s e d by th e m e t rop olit an s l ed th e

, ,

bi s h op s to m ak e a s t r on ge r ass e r ti on of th e s up re m
acy of t h e ch urch i n ord e r to f re e it from th e te m
poral c on t rol w hich h ad mi n i s t e re d to th e i r s upp ort
,

un d e r Ch arl e s but n ow l e ft th e m w e ak e n e d an d
,

d e f e nc e l e s s Al re ady th e re w as e v i d e n t a s trong
.

d e t e rm i n ati on to ack n owl e d g e th e R om an S e e as

th e c e n tre an d h e ad of th e ch ur ch an d i ts n at ural ,

s upp ort an d d e f e n c e agai n s t th e e n c r oach m e n t s an d

aggravating int e rf e re n c e of th e civil p ow e r which ,

1
B ore ti us , v ol . i .
, p 60.
; Ad mon . G en .
, c .
73 , AD
. .
7 89 p .

75 , S yn . c . 1 1 79 7 ,
AJ) . .

1
B ore ti us , vol . i p 64 ; D up l l eg c 3 0 AD 7 89
A
. . . . . .
.
, .
, ,
1
I bi d .
, p.
5 6 ; d m G e n , c 2 8 . AD 7 89
. . . . . .

1 I bzd S yn AD
'

.
, p 77
. . c .
30 , . .
79 4 .
 P p al P ow er
I n cr ea s e f
o a . 287

s ee m ed no lo n ge r abl e to acco m pli s h th e m uch

n e e d e d r e f or m s T h e S ard i can c an ons w e re re c all e d
‘
.
,

an d th e bi s h op was allow e d t h e r ight of app e al in

an y an d al l c as e s d i re ctly ov e r t
,
h e m e trop olit an an d
th e p r ovi n ci al s yn od s to th e bi s h op of R om e
, .

B e n e d ict of L e vit e in his en l arged e d itio n of th e

,

c apit ula r i e s inse rt e d th e S ard i can d e cre e s an d m ad e

, ,

th e still wi d e r applic ati on whic h r each e d its f ull e st

,

e x p r e s s i on i n th e F orge d D e c r e t al s of Ps e ud o Isidore -
.

Thi s t e n d e ncy was still f ur th e r stren gth en ed by th e

acti on of t h e civil g ov e r nm e nt in c alling th e p apal
auth or ity to i ts ai d e v e n ascribi n g t , o it add iti on al
p ow e rs for th e s e ttl e m en t of e ccl e si as tic al d i s p ut e s
an d e v e n of politic al di ffi c ulti e s .

Th us th e p ap al p ow e r was greatly i n cre as ed on

e v e ry s i d e an d th e s e ad v ant ag e s th e p op e w as in

W
,

th e most f av orabl e p ositi on to g rasp e m ay .

th e re f ore s e e i n th e early p art of th e ninth c e n t ury

th e g rad ual es t abli s hm e n t of th at n ew e ccl e s i astic al
polity to which th e F orge d D e c re tal s s ucce e d ed in
i m p arti n g th e on e thing n e ed f ul an h istorical b asis
—

m an ufact ure d for th e p urpo s e .

1
ll
H e fel e vol ii p p 1 1 2 1 29 , can on s 3 - 6, a owi n g a i s h op to
-
b
Jl b
. . .
. ,

l
ap p ea to Pop e u i us i n cas e of con d e m n ati on by th e oth e r i s h
op s l n h i s p rov i n ce wh o mig h t be s us p ected of A
r i an or Euse i an b
lean i n gs .
 CH APT E R X XV .

C L O S I NG E AR ATT EM PT S AT C ON S O LI D ATI ON
Y S —

F O R E I G N R E LATI ON S LAT E R W R S D I S T R I
— A —

B U T I O N O F KI N G DOM S — DE ATH O F T H E O L DE R
S ON S ,
P I PPI N AND C H ARL E S LAS T WILL
—

E L E C TI ON AND C O R ON ATI ON O F L OU I S AS
C O EM P E R O R
- — DE ATH O F C H ARL E S T H E
G R E AT C ANON I ZATI ON S PE C I AL C O LL E CT
FOR H I S D A Y JA NU AR Y 2 8 T H E G R E AT W O RK
,
—

WHI C H H E ACC OM P LI S H ED .

U RI N G cl os ing y ea rs of h i s life
th e
Cha rl e s w as l arge ly occ upi ed in th e con
s oli d ati on of th e e m pi re an d th e ad mi n
i s trati on of i ts affairs Aft e r his c oron a .

ti on h e m ad e a g e n e ral re vi s i on of th e
d i ffe re n t c us t om s an d co d e s of l aw of th e s e v e ral
p e opl e un it e d un d e r h i s rul e T h e p e rs on ality of
.
1

l aw s till pre v ail e d acc ord i n g to wh ich e ach p e rs on ,

wh e re v e r h e m ight be m us t be j udge d an d d e alt

,

with acc ord i n g to th e l aw of h i s ow n p e opl e T h e .

F ran k s Sali an an d Ri p uar i an e ach h ad th e i r own

, ,

l aw als o th e S ax on s F r i s i an s G oth s B urg un d i an s

, , , , ,

Al em anni ans B av ar i an s L om b ard s an d th e R 0

, , ,

1 “
An n . L aurcs h , an . 80 2 M . G . 55 V O I. p 39
.

2 88
29 0 Th e Ag e
f
o Cha r l em ag n e .

b rought i n t o clo s es t re l ati on s with th e great Ma

h om e tan pow e r an d with out coming i n t o h os til e
,

re l ati ons with th e r ul e r s e sp e ci ally th e caliph s of ,

th e E as t or e v e n with out s h owing an y di ffe r e nc e i n

,

d ipl om atic i n t e rc ours e b e tw e e n th e m and oth e r for

e ig n p rinc e s H e e st abli s h e d h ow e v e r h i s pl ac e as
.
, ,

h e ad an d re p re s en t ativ e of Christianity an d k n e w ,

h ow to m ak e it r e c og n iz e d in p e ac eabl e w ay s It .

w as p r obably on thi s acc ount that i n his fo re ign re l a

ti on s th e bishop of R om e th e spirit ual h ead of th e ,

W e s t cam e i n to i n ti m ate r e l ati on s wit h h i m

, T he .

p op e l en t his aid i n th e ov e rth row of T as silo an d ,

als o in th e cont e s t with th e d uk e of B e n e v e n t o H e .

al s o ai d e d C h arl e s i n r e s t ori n g E ar d ulf th e N orth ,

um b r i an ki n g H e c on firm e d th e t re aty m ad e with

’
.

th e G re e k e mp e r or i n an d e v e n in d om e s tic

affairs h e s ubsc r ib e d t h e i m po rtant d oc um e n t con

c e rn i n g th e d i vi s i on of th e ki n gd om amo n g th e s on s
of Charl e s in 80 6 an d th e co n d i tion s und e r which
,

thi s sho ul d t ak e p l ac e an d wh e n l at e r un d e r L oui s

,
’

th e Pio us it ca m e to an op e n bre ach an d c on t e s t

b e tw e e n th e e m p e ror an d his s o n s re gard i n g th e
r e g ul ation of th e s ucc e ssion an d oth e r q uesti on s
t h e r e w i th c on n e ct e d th e p op e was bro ugh t ov e r th e
,

Alp s i n ord e r to g iv e p re p on d e ranc e an d vict ory to

th e p ar ty of th e s on s I n al l that b e lo n ge d to th e
.

ki n gd om h e t ook a h igh p l ac e an d m uch d e p e n d ed ,

upon his co op e ratio n in oth e r than p ure ly e ccl e s i

-

as t i cal c on c e rn s H ow e v e r h e n ev e r a tt ai n ed an y
.
,

1
An n Ei n h ard r, an 80 8 M
G S S , v ol i p 1 95
MM G
. . . . . . . . .
,
1
an 8 1 2 M SS , vol i p 1 99
G
. . .
.
,
. . . . , .

an 80 6 ; M SS , l i , p 1 93
1
I bi d .
, . . . . vo . . . .
 H ar oun Al R as ch i d . 29 1

d e finit e right i n givi n g reg ul ar co unse l or e ve n i n

th e fin al d e t e rm i n ati on i n r e li g i ous affai r s A m on g .
x

th e m os t int e re s ti n g of th e f or e ig n r e l ati ons w e r e

th os e with H ar oun Al R as chi d th e c aliph of B ag ,

d ad b e tt e r k n ow n to us as th e h e ro of th e
, Ara
”
bi an N ights Th e s e two g re at m on arch s th e
.
,

c aliph of th e g r eat M ah om e t an p ow e r of th e E ast

an d th e e mp e ror of th e g re at Ch r i s ti an n ati on s of

th e W e s t w e re on th e m os t i n ti m at e t e r m s of f r i e n d
,

ship an d freq ue n t m e s s e n ge r s an d am bas s ad ors

,

p ass e d b e tw ee n th e m E i n h ard te ll s us th at t h i s
.

p rinc e p re f e rr ed th e fav or of Ch arl e s to th at of all

th e kings an d p ot e n t at e s of th e e arth an d con s id ,

e re d th at to h i m al on e m ark s of h on o r an d m un i fi

c enc e we re d ue Acc ord i n gly wh en th e am bas s a

.

d ors s e nt by Ch arl e s to vi s it th e m os t h oly s e p ulch r e

an d plac e of r e s ur r e cti on of our L or d an d S avio ur

pre s e nt e d th e m s e lv e s b e f ore h i m with gifts an d ,

m ad e k n own th e i r m a s t e r s wi s h e s h e n ot on ly
’

grant ed wh at was ask e d but gav e p os s e s s i on of th at ,

h oly an d bl e s s ed sp ot Wh e n th e y re t urn e d h e d i s
.

p atch ed h i s am bas s ad ors wi th th e m an d s e n t m ag

n i fi ce n tg ift s b e s i d e s st uffs p e r f um e s an d oth e r r ich
, , ,

prod ucts of th e E ast e rn l an d A fe w y e ars b e f or e .

this Ch arl e s h ad as k ed for an e l eph an t an d th e ,

”
cali p h se n t th e only on e th at h e h ad T h e ch r on i .

cl e rs mak e a s p e ci al re c ord of th e c om ing of thi s

e l e ph ant an d e v e n gav e his n am e
,
Ab ul Abbas ,
-
,

1
As , l
for e x am p e , i n con n ecti on I
w i th th e m ag e con trove rs y ,
th e F ran k for t S y n od , th e l
Caro i n e B ook s , an d th e F i l i ogue
l
c aus e .

1
Ei n h ard , Vit a, c . 1 6
.
29 2 The Ag e
f
o Cha r lem ag n e .

m eani n g Fath e r of D e s tr ucti on . H e d i ed i n

Ch arl e s lik e d fore ig n e rs an d was at great p ains to ,

tak e th e m un d e r h i s p rot e cti on an d th e re w e re at ,

al l ti m e s l arge n umb e r s of th e m i n h i s ki n g d om an d

ab out h i s c our t H i s re l ati on s with th e E ngli s h

.

B re twal d a O fl a of M e rci a we re v e ry f ri e n d ly an d h e
'

guaran t e e d p rote c ti on to th e E n gli s h p ilgri m s an d

m e rc h an ts p as s i n g th r ough th e re al m At on e ti m e ’
.

n e g oti atio n s w e r e c arr i e d on by h i s s on Ch ar l e s for

th e h an d of O ffa s d aught e r b ut th e s e w e re fin ally

’

b rok e n off .
‘

Ab out a y ear be fore his c oron ati on h e h ad s e n t

on e of th e c ourt cl e rgy as b e are r of his b oun ty to
th e h oly p l ac e s of th e E as t H is m e sse nge r r e .

tur n e d to R om e at ab out th e ti m e of th e c oron ati on

acc om p an i e d by t w o E as t e rn m on ks s e nt by th e ,

p a t r i ar ch of J e r usa l e m As e vi d e nc e of his high .

r e gard for th e ki n g h e s e n t by th e m h i s b e n e d i c ti on

an d th e k e ys of th e h oly s e p ul chre of M oun t Cal

v ary of th e city of J e r us al e m an d of M oun t Z i on

, ,
“
toge th e r wi th a s t an d ard c onf e r r ing up on h i m an
honorary s up re m acy ove r th e h oly ci ty an d pl acing
“
it un d e r h i s p r o te ction .

M ost of th e wars of thi s late r p e ri od we re carri e d

1 “
An n Ei h a d i a 80 2 ; M G S S vol i p 1 9 0 ;
n r
”
n
A L u s h a 80 2 ; M G S S vol i p 3 9 ; C h on
. . .
. , . . .
, .
,

nn a re n r

Moi 80 2 M G S S
. . . . .
. . . .
, ,

ss a n . ol i p 3 0
. 7 . . .
,
v . .
, . .

1
I bi d , an 8 1 0 , p 1 9 7
J
. . . .

1
ad e vol i v , p p 3 5 7 , 3 5 8 ; Ep C aro
'

. . . 1 1 . . l .
, 79 6 L ette r
to O K
ffa . i n g of th e e r ci an s ran s ated by M . T l M om ber t , pp .

3 3 5 . 3 36
Ab l
.

e - S i ms on , vol i i , p p 7 8 , 47 5
1

G
.
. .

A
.
,

S S , p 1 88 M
W
1
nn L auri s s , an 80 0 ,
. . . . . . . .

1
ai tz, vol ii i , p 1 86 . . . .
29 4 Th e Ag e
f
o Cha r l em ag n e .

an d i n v ad e d S e p ti m an i a S e ve ral cont e s t s wi th
th e m foll ow e d an d L oui s was e n gage d f rom tim e
,

to ti m e i n ward i n g off th e i r piratic al attacks tho ugh ,

th e y kill e d m any Ch risti ans an d s e c ur ed m uch

b ooty .
’

Th e re i s a trad iti on w e ar e t ol d th at th e E m i r, ,

d e t e r m in e d to d e v ot e th e spoil s t ak e n i n war agai n s t

th e C h ri s ti an s to th e e r e cti on of a spl e n d i d m os q ue
atC ord ov a Notc on te n twi th th e gl ory of b uil d i n g
.

it wi th Ch ri s ti an m o n e y h e d et e r m i n e d that it ,

s h oul d s t an d on Ch ri s ti an s oil an d for th at p urp os e ,

c aus e d s acks fill e d wi th e arth from th e b at tl e fi e l d

of Vill e d aig n e to be c ar ri e d on th e sho ul d e r s of h i s
Ch ri s ti an p ri s on e rs of w ar to Cord ova an d th e ,

f oun d atio n s of th e M ah om e tan t e m pl e w e re l ai d i n

th at e ar th If th e s tate m e nt i s t rue say s Mom
.
,
”

b e rt ,
th e f ate of th at m os q ue p oint s th e l e sso n of
th e ins tabili ty of th e thi n gs b e l ow for th e m osq ue ,
”
i s n ow th e C ath e d ral of C ord ov a .

T h e d o m e s tic affai r s of th e ki n gd oms of th e s e

y oun g ki n gs w ere n ot alway s ad m i n i s te red w ith
ability an d i n t e g r ity an d Ch arl e s fo un d him s e lf
,

oblig e d to i n t e rf e re on acco unt of th e co r r up t ad

m i n i s trati on of th e ki n gd om of L oui s wh os e offi c e rs ,

h ad d i v e rte d th e crow n p r op e rty an d l an d to th e i r

ow n us e s an d h ad re d uc e d th e y oun g an d i n e x p e r i
,

e n ce d ki n g to a s t ate of p ov e rty Ch arl es i m m edi .

at e ly ap p oi n te d s p e ci al co m m is s i on e r s to r e c ov e r

th e roy al d om ai n s an d apply th e re v e n ue to th e us e
of th e crow n i n tro d ucing al s o c e rt ain r e f orm s which
,

1 “
An n Moi s s . .
, an .
79 3 M . G . SS .
, p 30 0
. .

1 M ombert pp , . 29 1 .
29 3’
 D i s tr i buti on o
f 8 0 6 . 29 5

m ight stre ngth e n th e positi on of Lo uis but great ,

c aution was followe d i n ord e r n ot to ali e nat e th e

n obl e s from th e ir ki n g L oui s us ually s p e n t th e
.

s um m e r m o n ths with h i s fath e r but th e city of ,

T oul ous e wh e re h i s ge n e ral as s em bli e s w e re h e l d

, ,

w as n o m i n ally h i s p e rm an e n t re si d e nc e .

I n 80 6 Ch arl e s m ad e a form al d i s trib ution of th e

ki n gd om s of th e e m p i re th e obj e ct b e ing to ,

stre ngth e n th e pow e r by d i s t rib uting th e c on trol ,

all owing a harmo n io us an d un if orm d e v e lop m e nt of

th e s e v e ral p arts an d av oi d i n g th e distracti on s which

,

m ight f oll ow civil st ri fe if e ith e r of th e sons w e re

l e ft with out t e rrito ry T h e broth e rs w e re to un it e
.

in th e m aint e n anc e of e ach oth er s p olic e re g ula ’

tio n s i n th e co m mon d e f e n c e against e n e mi e s at

,

ho m e or abro ad and in th e c are an d prot e cti on of

,

th e Roman Ch urch Wi tho ut goi n g i n t o d e tail s we

.
,

m ay n ot e that to L oui s was assign ed Aq uita n i a ,

Vas c oni a th e so uth e rn part of B urgundy Prov e nc e

, , ,

S e p ti m an i a and G oth ia ; to Pip p in Lomb ard y

, , ,

Bavari a an d th e t e rrito ry on th e so uth e rn ban k of

,

th e D an ub e from i ts s our c e to th e Rhin e To .

Ch arl e s w as giv e n all th e re s t A ustrasia N e ust ria

—
, ,

Th uringi a Saxony F r i s i a p art of B urg undy part

, , , ,

of Al e m an ni a an d p art of Bav ar ia It is to be
, .

not e d that only thre e sons are m e ntio n ed wh os e

r ight of inh e ritanc e i s ack n owl e d g e d and mo s t s ur ,

p risi n g of al l th at no m e n ti on i s mad e of th e Ci ty
,

of Ro m e or of th e imp e ri al titl e an d authority I n .

oth e r r e sp e cts how e v e r th e doc um e nt is n ot of

, ,

m uch im p ortanc e for i ts provi s i on s we re n ev e r car

,

ri e d out Aft e r th e d ivisi on Pippi n an d L oui s re

.
29 6 Th e Ag e
f
o Cha r l emag n e .

t ur n e d to th e i r d omini on s ; L ouis to con ti n ue th e

s truggl e against t h e S arac e ns in th e S outh an d Pip ,

pin th e d e f e n c e of h i s p oss e ssi on s against th e M oors ,

wh o w e re att acki n g C ors ic a an d S ard i n i a T h e re la .

ti on s of Pi p p i n an d L e o we re n ot ve ry fri en d ly ,
’

p e rh ap s on acco un t of th e ir too great n earn e s s but ,

th e d an g e r to th e p ap acy wh at e v e r it m ight h av e ,

b e e n was av e rt ed by th e d e ath of Pi p pin i n 8 1 0

, .

Pi p pi n l e ft on e s on B e rn h ard w h o was se n t by , ,

Ch arl e s to be e d ucat e d by R aban us M aurus in th e ,

m on as t e ry of F ul d a an d i n 8 1 2 h e was s e nt i n to ,

It aly as ki n g i n h i s fath e r s pl ac e I n th e y e ar of
’
.
’

Pippin s d eath occ urre d a great i n vasi on by th e

’

N orth m e n the D an e s but th e y we re d rive n back

, , ,

Ch arl e s hi m s e lf taking th e fi el d against th e m wi th a

l arge army an d i t was n ot un til th e m i d d l e of th e
,

c e n t ury af te r th e d e ath of Ch arl e s an d of his son

,

L oui s th at th ey finally e nt e re d wi thi n th e bo unda

,

r i e s of t h e e m pi re an d not un til th e b e gi n n i n g of
,

th e n e xt c e nt ury d i d th e y e ffe ct a S e t tl e m e n t an d
f oun d th e D uchy of N orm an d y altho ugh E ng ,

la n d d uri n g all this tim e s uffered f ro m th e ir inva

s ions .

Ch arl e s th e ol d e st s on m e nti on ed in th e d ivision

,

of 80 6 d i ed in 8 1 1
,
H e h ad b e e n m os t i n ti m at e ly
.

a s s oci at e d with his f ath e r in al l his affai r s an d to ,

h i m h ad b e e n giv e n th e D uchy of M ai n e i n 7 89 ,

p robably wi th th e titl e of ki n g I t was th e sam e .

’

t e rri tory which onc e Ki n g Pip p in h ad give n to h i s

1
Jaffé , v ol i v , p 31 0 ; L eon i s , i ii Ep 1 AD 80 8
A G
. . .
. .
, .
, .

1 “
Ei n h ard i nn an . 8 1 2, 8 1 3 , 8 1 4 ; M . . S S vol . i .
, pp .

I 20 0 20 1
An n M ett G
.
,
"
. an .
7 89 ; M . . SS .
, v ol . i .
, p . 1 76 .
29 8 The Ag e
f
o Ch a r l emag n e .

th e p e o p l e p re se nt an d ch arge d th e m to be fai th f ul
,

to h i m as e m p e ror if th e y w oul d b e s t ow th e titl e

upon h i m Th e y an sw e re d his app eal with a unan i
.

m ous S h out an d pron ounc e d him wo rthy to be th e ir

,

e m p e r or . O n S un d ay S e pt e m b e r 1 1 th i n th e , ,

ch urch of St M ary th e Vi rgi n cl ad i n h i s i m p e r i al

.
,

r ob e s an d w e ar i n g his m ag n ific e n t cr own Cha r l e s ,

ad v an c e d to th e alt ar an d pl ac e d th e re on th e n e w

c rown for h i s s on b oth kn e l ti n p ray e r ; af te r which

Ch arl e s d e liv e re d a s ol e m n ch arge to th e y oun g e m
p e r or . H e b a d e him ab ov e al l th i n g s , f e ar an d .

l ov e G od an d k e e p h i s c om m an d m e n t s an d gov e rn ,

w e ll th e ch urch an d p rot e ct h e r from h e r e n e m i e s .

H e e xh ort e d h i m to s h ow a t e n d e r re gard for h i s

ki n s m e n for th e p ri e s ts an d for th e p e opl e an d to
, ,

watch ov e r th e p oor H e ad vis e d him to r e c e iv e

.

i n to h i s c on fi d e n c e on ly faithf ul m i n i s te rs G od f ear ,
-

i n g an d op p os e d to c or r upti on H e b ad e h i m to d o .

j us tic e an d lov e m e rcy an d i n all thi n gs to b e an ,

e x am pl e to h i s p e opl e Lo ui s re p li ed th at h e w oul d
.

ob ey th e se p re c e p ts of h i s fath e r with th e h e lp of
G od . Th e n Ch arl e s b ad e him t ak e wi th his own
h an d s th e crown f rom th e altar an d pl ac e i t up on
h i s h e ad an d h e h an d e d to h i m th e i m p e r i al
,
’
sc e ptre .

Ch arl e s th e n co m m an d ed h i m to be p r oc l ai m e d
e mp e r or an d A ug ust us an d t h e m ul tit ud e e x cl ai m e d
, ,

L on g life to E mp e ror L oui s l Cha rl e s th e n d e ”

cl are d Lo ui s j oi n t e m p e r or with him s e lf an d con ,

cl ud e d wi th th e ascriptio n of p rai s e Bl e s s ed art

tho u O L o rd for that th ou h as t g ran t ed m e grace
, ,

1 Th g e an , De G e s tis Ludow . Pi i ,
”
c . 6 .
 Dea th o
f Cha r l es th e Gr ea t . 29 9

this d ay to s e e with m y own ey e s m y s on se at e d on

”
my thron e Sh ortly af te r t h i s L oui s r e t urn ed to
.

Aq uit an ia an d h i s fath e r p as s ed th e aut umn i n

,

h unti n g re t urn i n g ab outN ove mb e r I s t T h e wi n t e r

, .

w as v e ry s e v e re an d in th e m o n th of J an uary ,

Ch arl e s h ad a vi ol e n t att ack of fev e r which i n creas e d ,

i n vi ol e nc e an d w as acc omp ani e d by pl e urisy w arn

, ,

i n g him of his sp e e d y e n d H e i m m e d i at e ly S e nt .

for his archch apl ain an d i n tim ate f ri e n d H i ld i bal d , ,

ar chbi s h op of C ol og n e wh o ad mi n i s t e re d to him ,

th e s ac ram e n t an d p re p are d him for d e ath O n th e .

followi n g m orn ing S at urd ay s um m on i n g al l h i s , ,

s tre n g th h e s tre tch e d out h i s ri ght h an d s ig n e d

, ,

hi m se lf wi th th e s ign of th e c ross fi rs t on h i s fore ,

h ead an d th e n ove r his wh ol e b od y an d at las t , ,

“
j oining his h an d s across his bre as t h e cl os e d his ,

e y e s an d wi th t
,
h e w ord s I n t o thy h an d s 0 Lord , , ,
”
I c omm en d my s pi r i t h e bre ath e d h i s l as t at ni n e ,

o cl ock on th e m or n i n g of Ja n uary 2 8 th 8 1 4 H e
’

, .

was b uri e d wi th al l m ag n ific e n c e in th e ch urch of

Aix la Ch ap e ll e Through th e earn e st e n d eav ors of
- -
.

th e E mp e ror Fre d e r ick I an d King H e n ry I I of

‘

. .

E n glan d Charl e s was can oni zed by th e c on s ent an d

,

authority of t h e anti p op e P asch al an act which -

, ,

was sanction e d howe v e r by th e rightf ul pop e Al e x, , ,

and e r I I I T h e R om an Ch urch obs e rv e s his day

.

on Jan uary 2 8 th an d th e sp e ci al c oll e ct us e d at ,

M in d e n and e lse wh e re read s as follows : O G od ,

wh o in th e s up e rabo un d ing pl e n i tud e of thy good

n e ss hast e xalt e d t h e bl e ss e d Ch arl e s th e G re at ,

1
Ein h ard , “
V it a, c .
30 ; C h ron . Moi ss .
, .
ao . 81 3 ;
vol i , p p 3 1
. . . 0 , 31 1 .
3 0 0 Th e Ag e
f
o Cha r l em ag n e .

E m p e ror and thy Confes sor aft e r having l aid asid e ,

th e v e il of th e fl e s h to th e gl ory of a bli s s f ul i m m or
,

t ality m e rcif ully grant th at as tho u didst rai s e h i m

,

for th e praise and gl ory of thy N am e to i m p e ri al

honor upon e arth so of thy g rac e we may be fo un d
,

worthy e v e r to e nj oy his pio us an d p ropitio us int e r

c e ssi on in h eave n through J e s us Ch rist our L ord
, .
’
1

T h e great w ork of Ch arl e s was e nd ed N ot to .

mak e great co n q ue sts wh ose posse ssi on s h oul d re ,

m ain i n th e care an d k e e ping of h i s d es c e n d an ts for

long ge n e ratio n s ; not to found an e n d uri n g e m pire
ove r which his succ ess ors might r ul e in unb rok e n
p eac e an d se re nity not ev e n to e s tablish a s yst e m
of laws which sho uld r e main th e p os s e s s ion of
E urop e nor to found instit utions which S h ould e n
,

d ur e l on g aft e r h e h ad p as s e d away butto b ring th e

e nti r e G e rm an p e opl e i n to on e g re at whol e for a

p e ri od l ong e n ough for th e ir d ev el opm e nt i n civiliza

tio and Chr sti anity to form as it w e r e a great
n i —
, ,

imp e rial unive r sity for s uch a t rai n ing of th e G e rman

n ation in l earn i n g in civilizati on in th e principl e s
, ,

of th e Ch ristian f aith an d i n th e m orals of th e Chris

,

ti an religion M ore th an this for w e al or for woe

.
,

h e h ad m ad e p os s ibl e th e e st abli s hm e nt of f e udal

ism out of which we re to g row th e free citi e s and
,

th e gr e at m on archi e s of E urop e ; an d ab ov e all ,

e ls e h e h ad pl ac e d t
, h e Ro man Ch urch in a p os iti on
of in d e p e nd e n c e of st r e n gth of se c urity an d of i n
, , ,

fl ue n ce in which s h e might b e co m e th e gui d e th e ,

t each e r and th e e xampl e of th e W e s t Th us aft e r

, .
,

1
M om be rt , pp .
48 7 , 488 ; Bol an d ,
“
Acta S an ct
. ad J
an . 2 8,

p.8 74 »
3 0 2 T he Ag e
f
o Cha r l emag n e .

e n d an ge red th e un i ty i n s t e ad of s t re ngth e n i n g it ,

an d all th at Ch ar l e s c oul d d o wi th th e s um m on i n g
,

of al l h i s p ow e r w as to un i te it an d b ri n g i t i n t o
,

s om e s ort of c on n e cti on wi t h e x i s ting arr ange m e n ts .

N othing re s e m bl e s fe ud ali s m l e s s th an th e sove re ign

un ity to which Ch ar l e s aspi re d y e t h e was th e r e al
,

f oun d e r of fe ud ali s m for by ch e cki n g in v as i on s and

,

by re pre s sing i n t e rn al d isord e r h e gav e to th e l oc al

,

positi on s i n t e re s ts an d i n fl ue n c e s ti m e to tak e re al
, ,

p os ses s i on of th e l an d an d of its i n h abit an t s .

I t was in un i on with th e ch ur ch an d i n th e s oli

,

dar i ty of i ts m e mb e r s th at Ch arl e s fo un d a p ri n ci p l e
,

an d m od e l for t h e uni ty of his r e al m T h e un ity of

.

f aith an d of d ivi n e wor s hip i n which th e p e opl e

un i te d outw e igh e d th e d i ffe re n c e of n ati on ali ty of ,

l aw s an d of i n te re s ts T h e s tate took up th e te n
.

d e n ci e s which th e ch urch h ad p e r f e ct e d i n i ts e lf an d
,

l e n t to i ts d e v e l op m e n tth e p owe r which i tp os s e s s e d ,

an d i ts co m pr e h e nsion s e rv e d as a b asis for s om e

thing great .
 CH APT E R XX V I .

I N T E LL E CT U AL LIF E AND DE V E L O PMEN T TH E —

D ARK AG E S I N FL U EN C E O F MON AS TI C I S M
—

L E N I N G I N EN G LAND B ENED I CT B I S C O P
A R —

AR C H B I S H O P TH EODO R E— H AD RI AN— B EDE

AL C U I N — TH E LI B R AR Y AT YO RK .

E co m e n ow to on e of th e m ost i m po rt an t
s ubj e ct s p e rhap s th e m ost i m p ortant of
,

th e wh ol e p e ri od I th as b e e n sai d th at
.

th e p e rm an e n t c on t r ib uti on s m ad e by
Ch arl e s to th e history of th e world w e re
th e con q ue st of th e S axon s an d th e e st abli s h m e n t
of sch ool s ; an d it i s d i fli cul t to ov e re sti m at e th e
i m p ortan c e of e i th e r
.
. H i s ac tivi ty h ow e v e r in
, ,

both of th e se d i re cti on s l e ft m uch to be w ork ed out

an d c arr i e d to co m pl e tion by tho s e who c am e aft e r

h i m b ut th e co mm on opi n i on in r egard to his int e l

,

l e ct ual work n e e d s furth e r e xpl an ati on .

In a re c e n t m os t val uabl e work on th e U niv e rs i

ti e s of E urop e in th e M i d d l e Age s we are t old m ost
,

e m p ha tically th at t h e sch ools of Charl e s th e G re at

w e re n ot th e origin of th e U n iv ersity of P aris .

Th e s e sch ool s we re p rob ably m igratory and fol ,

low ed th e pe rson of th e s ov e re i gn li k e th e anci e n t

,

30 3
 Th e Ag e
f
o Cha r l emag n e .

c ourts of law i n h i s p rogre s se s th rough h i s d o m i n

,
”
i on s . It i s on ly by an as s um p tio n th e re fo re , ,

th at on e can s p e ak of th e i d e n tity of th e s ch ools of

th e p al ac e wi th th e l at e r c h urch s ch ools of P ar is
W
.

e m ay b e li e v e how e v e r th at s om e of th e f e at ure s
, ,

which ch aract e ri ze d th e P ari s i an univ e r s ity s y s t e m

m ay be t rac e d v e ry ri g h tly to th e w ork of Cha r l e s ,

e s p e c ially t h e i n t e n s e ly e ccl e s i as tic al ch aract e r th e ,

syst e m of s up e rv i s i on by c h urch autho ri ti e s and th e ,

com p l e t e i d e n tific atio n of th e s ch ol as tic wi th th e

cl e ric al ord e r U n d oubt e d ly al s o th e ge n e ral e d u
.
, ,

cati on al t ra d iti on s as w e ll as i n te ll e ct ual i n s piratio n

, ,

i n h e rit ed by th e s ch ools of Pari s w e re d e riv e d ulti ,

m at e ly f r o m th e sch ool s of Alc ui n an d of Ch arl e s ,

but th e co n n e c ti on c an n ot be trac e d thro ugh an y

s i n gl e s ch ool .

T h e l at e r i n t e ll e c tual lif e s ee m s d ue to th e g e n
e ral re v ival of e p i s c op al an d m o n as tic scho ols
through out th e Franki s h E m pi re .
”

Thro ugh th e d a rk age s which i n t e rv e n e d b e tw e e n

th e ag e of Ch ar l e s th e G re at an d th e tw e lfth c e n ‘

t ury th e re w e re at l e as t a fe w m on as t e ri e s an d p e r ,

h aps on e or two cath e d rals wh e re th e fam e of so m e ,

g reat t e ach e r d rew s t ud e n ts f rom d i s t ant l an d s an d ,

wh e re s o m e ray of e n th usi asm for th e i n t e ll e ct ual

l i f e s till s urv iv e d T h e t orch of l e arni n g which
.
,

Ch arl e s an d Alc ui n light ed f rom th e fi re s of th e

I rish an d E n gli s h s cho ol s n e v e r w e n t c om pl e t e ly
,

out b ut s e rv e d i n its t urn to kin d l e th e fl am e s of

,

knowl e d ge afte r th e s torm s an d t e m p e sts of th e

b arb ari an i n vas i on s of the n inth an d t e n th c en t uri e s
1 1
I bzd vol i
'

R as hdal l , vol . i .
, p . 2 73 . . , . .
, p . 2 74.
3 0 6 T he Ag e f
o Char l emag n e .

on cco unt of i ts b e i n g i n se parably b oun d up with

a

an d i n t e rp e n e trat e d by t h e h eath e n an d im m oral

act s s e n ti m e n t s
,
an d p rincipl e s which Chri s tianity
,

n e c e s s ar ily opp os e d wi th r e l e n tl e ss ze al an d un com

p rom i s i n g v igor It h ad s ee m e d e q ually n e c e ssary

.

to ig n or e if n ot to c on d e m n t h at wh ol e lit e rat ure

’
,

h ow e ve r gre at and b e autif ul which was s o p e r ,

m e at e d with h e ath e n is m as to form at an y rat e at ,

fi rs t an ob s t acl e to th e p rogre ss of Ch ri s ti anity an

,
—

ob s t acl e which c oul d n ot be s ub d ue d b ut c ould ,

on ly be th r us t as i d e In d e ed out of this l earn i n g

.
,

h ad aris e n at first d i re ct att acks an d l at e r r ival

, , ,

s ch e m e s an d syst e m s of b e li e f an d c on d uct an d ,

th ough St P aul Cl e m e n t of Al e xan d ri a O rige n

.
, , ,

an d St A ug us ti n e s how e d th e po s sibili t
. y an d e ve n
th e ad v an t ag e of th e k n owl e d ge of th e lit e ra ry
tre as ure of G re e c e an d Rom e it was f e lt that only ,

gi an ts co ul d re s ist s uch mighty powe r an d th e d ays

W
,

of gi an t s w e re p as s i n g away e n ee d only r e f e r .

to th e l at e r t e sti m ony of J e rom e as to th e ge n e ral

n e gl e ct of p agan l e arn ing an d th e visi on which h e ,

h ad i n h i s e arly y e ars accomp ani e d by th e warning ,

w ord s Y ou are a Cic e roni an

,
not a Christi an , ,

for wh e r e y our treas ure is th e re will y our h eart be ,

al s o F urth e rm ore as has b e e n said a ge n eral

’
.
, ,

d e clin e was t aking p l ac e e v e n in th e cl as s ic al lit e ra

t ure an d l e arn i n g that w e nt far to j ustify th e ch urch s
,
’

c on d e m n ati on .

At th e e n d of th e S eve nth c en t ury wh en pagan ,

ism m ight s e e m to be finally s uppre sse d th e l ast ,

1 “
A
"
pos to i c l C on s ti tuti on s , bk . i .
, ch . vi An ti Nicen e
- Fa
th e rs , vol . vi i . , p 393
. .
 Mon as ti cis m .
3 0 7

adv ocat e s an d gre at c e ntre s of th e anci e n t l earni n g

alre ady h ad di s app e ar e d an d th e c ap ability of i ts
,

appr e ciation alr e ad y h ad w e ll nigh v anish e d -

With .

th e b arb ar i an i n v asion s an d s e ttl e m e nts of th e fifth

c e nt ury c am e at th e sam e ti m e th e e st abli s h m ent
, ,

of m o n astici s m wh ich h ad p e rh ap s an e v e n g reat e r

, , ,

i n fl ue n c e up on e d uc ation an d civiliz ati on th an it

h ad at an y rat e i n th e e arli e r c e nt ur i e s upon th e
, ,

ch urch an d re li g i on .

M onasticis m was of E ast e rn o rigi n an d its orig ,

i n al form p artook v e ry l arge ly of th e n at ure of E ast

e rn lif e to which it was close ly ad apt e d M ore
, .

ov e r l n th e E as t it h ad i ts origi n in c on n e ction
,

with religio n s an d philos ophi e s m o re or l e s s ali e n to

th e true spi r it of Christi anity an d w as b as e d l ar ge ly
,

on th e doctri n e s of th e d uality an d irr e concil abl e

ant ag onis m of m in d an d body of th e e s s e nti al e vi l
,

of m att e r as it e xist e d i n th e w orl d an d i n th e body ,

an d of th e n e c e ssity of s ub d ui n g th e physic al an d

of e l e v ating th e s pi rit ual by ab s ol ut e i s ol ati on f rom

th e w orld i n a lif e of bo d ily m orti fi cati on an d spir
i tual c ont e m pl ation i n a m ore or l e s s m e ch an ical
fas hi on In oth e r w ord s th e spi r it ual e l e m e nt was
.
,

to be d ev e l op e d an d m ai n t ain e d by th e an n ihil ati on

of th e ph ysic al I n th e W e st h ow e v e r m on as ti
.
, ,

c i s m was h ardly k n ow n e sp e ci ally am ong t

, h e n ew
p e opl e s e xc e pt as th e ally an d age nt of Ch ri s ti anity
,

an d as p e r m e at e d with its spirit an d thi s tog e th e r , ,

with th e n at ural di ffe re n c e of cli m at e an d of p e opl e ,

gav e to it es se n ti ally di ffe ren t ch aract e r istic s an d

t e n d e nci e s T h e re d e mptio n of th e wo r l d n ot th e
.
,

d estructio n o f matt e r but its se rvic e s ub ordi n ation

, , ,
3 0 8 Th e Ag of
e Cha r l emag n e .

if y ou will to th e high e r d e v e lop m e n t of m an is

, ,

th e f un d am e n t al pri n cipl e of W e s t e r n m on astici s m .

Not alway s c on scio usly pre s e n t w e m us t ad m it , ,

b ut g e n e rally m oul d ing an d infl ue n ci n g W e s t e rn

monastic lif e i n i ts high e r mo m e nt s .

It is for thi s reason th at th e p ractic al e l e m e nt of

th e W e s t as d istinct fro m th e c on t e m pl ativ e s pirit
,

of th e E as t pl ay s s uch a l arge p art in its hi s t ory

, ,

an d whil e th e m on ks of th e E ast to whom th e ir ,

own s pi r it ual w e lfare w as p rop os e d as th e sol e ai m

of e xist e nc e t e nd e d to th e uns oci al un prod uctiv e , ,

un be n e fi cen t life th e m on k s of th e W e st be c am e
,

th e c ultiv ators of th e s oil th e t e ach e rs of agr i cul

,

t ure th e p re se rv e rs of l e tt e rs and th e t each e rs an d

, ,

e xa m pl e s of th e p e opl e For j ust this re ason th e re

.
,

f ore we fi n d anoth e r th e ory in regar d to th e us e

,

an d advantag e s of t h e ol d pagan l earning a tr ue r ,

r e fl e c tio n o f th e earli e r s pirit of St P aul Cl e m e nt .

, ,

an d O r ige n which th e m onks of th e W e st w e re abl e

,

to tak e up an d to d e v el op in th e practical carrying

out of th at famo us m otto Prov e all things ; hold
,
”
fast th at which i s good So th e y wo uld not con
.

d e m n th e old l e arni n g b ut j ust as it s ee m ed abo ut

,

to f all i n t o d e c ay an d to p e rish th ey rose to g ath e r,

up an d to p r ot e ct all that r e main e d th at nothing ,

might be l os t T h e school as a plac e of l earn ing

.
,

for i n t ell e ct ual an d high e r spirit ual infl ue nc e was , ,

th e re fore an i n stit ution conn e ct ed with mon asti c

,

fo un d ati on s fr om th e v e ry e arli e s t tim e s an d tho ugh ,

at fi rst i ts rang e of s ubj e cts was limit e d and i ts

m e tho d s n arrow an d in ad eq uat e it soon b e gan to ,

tak e th e pl ac e of th e ol d i m p eri al m unicipal s chool s

3 1 0 The Ag e
f
o Char l emag n e .

G aul . B ut th e d e m oraliz ati on of

bi s hops wh o en ,

gage d i n w ar in h unti n g an d in pl e as ur e s and of

, ,

th e m onk s whos e d i s ciplin e h ad b e com e v e ry lax

, ,

on acco un t of th e ir inc re as e i n we alth an d of i m

m un ity f r om e pi s c op al ov e r s ight an d c ontrol as w e ll ,

as on acc oun t of th e i r l ar g e acc e s s ions from th e

l ow e r cl as s e s h ad b e c om e an op e n s c an d al
, .

T h e acc e s s i on of Ch ar l e s M art e l h ad bro ught th e

bi s h op s un d e r s e c ul ar c ont rol but his s o call ed wo rk
,
-

of re f orm ati on co n s i s t e d princip ally of whol e sal e

s e iz ur e of ch urch p rop e r ty H e r egard e d th e re
.

s o urc e s of t h e ch urch chi e fly as S i n e w s of war or as ,

m e an s of e n abli n g h i m to rew ard his ofli cers an d

’

s ol d i e rs for m ilit ary achi e v e m e nt s .

T h e i n r oad s of th e Sarac e ns c om pl e t ed th e w ork

of d e v as t ati on i n th e So uth altho ugh by th e m i s ,

s i on ary l ab or s of B on ifac e an d his foll ow e rs a g r e at

Ch risti an w ork was d on e un d e r th e p rot e ction of

Ch arl e s M art el but m ore partic ularly und e r his sons
,

an d s ucc e s s ors .

T h e r e viv al of l earning trac e s its ori gin to anoth e r

s o urc e T h e r e v i v al of l e arn ing as w e ll as th e re
.
,

organ iz ati on of th e ch ur ch an d th e f urth e r s pre ad

of Ch r isti an ity am ong th e ri s i n g ki n gdo m s of th e
W e s t w e re d ue to m e n of I re l an d an d of E n gl and
, ,

acti n g for t ,
h e m os t p art und e r th e infl ue nc e an d
,

wi th th e aid an d i n s p irati on of R om e It was i n .

th e m on as t e r i e s an d s ch ool s of Ir e l an d th at l earn
i n g was m ai n t ai n e d and d e v e lop e d unh arm e d by th e
shock an d co n f us i on on th e contin e n t att e nd ant ,

upon th e fall of Ro m e an d th e inv asi ons an d s e ttl e

m en t s of th e b ar b ar i ans d uri n g th e fif th an d sixth
 I r ish an d E n g l is h Ch r i sti a n i t
y .
3 1 1

ce nt uri e s I n th e isl an d s of th e W es t s e cl ud ed an d
.
,

far fro m strif e Ch risti ani ty an d l e arn i n g d e v e lop e d

,

t oge th e r Sp eci al att e n ti on was giv e n to th e st ud y

.

of th e Script ure s in th e m on ast e ri e s of I re l an d an d ,

anci e n t books of all ki n d s w e re dilig e ntly c oll e ct e d

an d copi e d From h e re Christia n ity and l earn i n g

.

spread to th e Sc ots an d Pict s an d s o d ow n i n t o ,

N orth e rn E ngl an d T h e conv e rs i on of S outh e rn

.

E n gl an d by A ug us tin e an d of th e north e r n p arts ,

by Aid an s oo n b rought th e two f orc e s toge th e r an d ,

th e E nglish Ch urch was unit ed und e r th e tw o gre at

c e ntre s of Y ork an d C an t e rb ury but th e great i n
spi ration and a l arge r life cam e to th e ch urch i n
E ngland fr o m R om e T h e E nglish Ch urch fro m .
,

th e v e ry f orm an d m ann e r of its f oun d ation was ,

bro ught into a p e c uli ar r e l ation of d e p e nd e nc e up on

th e Ch urch of Ro m e and this was on ly i n cre as e d ,

an d co n fi rm e d by th e d e ci s i on at Whi tby i n 664 .

This re lati on was re gar d e d with th e great e s t pri d e

an d s atisfacti on by t h e e arly ki n gs an d chi e f e ccl e
s i as ti cs e s p e ci ally by B e d e an d h i s s chool so t
,
h at ,

it c onti n ue d to e xist and to be still f urth e r d e v e l

op e d . Pilgri m age s by monks n uns bi s h op s n obl e s , , ,

and princ e s and e v e n kings w e re m ad e to th e

, ,
’

to m b of St P e t e r at Rom e Th us th e E ngli s h
. .

w e re bro ught i n to cl os e r re l ati ons wi th R om e an d ,

thi s l ed among oth e r r e s ult s to th e acq uiri n g of r ich

, ,

ad d iti ons of lit e rat ure an d art Wh e n in 668 th e .

, ,

k ings of N orth umb e rland an d of K e n t h ad ask e d

1
W G bb
on , chap x ix l
W
I n a, of es s e x , i n ote 3 6 ; C oe n red of
M er ci a, B ede , bk v eh x x i v ; Ce ad wall a of e s se x , A S
. .

W A
. . . . .
, .
,

l
C h ron ic e , an 7 28 ; Eth e l wulf of es s e x , S
A
. . .

l fred was crown ed i n

.

l
Ch ron i c e , 8 5 5 . ome b y th e p ope R .
3 1 2 Th e Ag of Cha
e r l ema
g n e.

th e p op e to s e l e ct an d s e nd so m e on e fi tt e d for th e
v ac an t S e e of C an t e r b ury H ad ri an was fi rs t n am ed
, .

H e was an Africa n by birth of n ot e d schol ar s hip , ,

an d at th at ti m e a m o n k or abb ot of t h e Ni ri d i an
m onast e ry in N apl e s n e ar M o n t e C as sino
, H e had .

b e e n i n G aul but n ev e r i n B ri tai n an d th e tho ught

, ,

of th e gr e at wo r k an d re s p on sibility app all e d h i m .

H e s e c ur e d th e re f ore a l earn e d G re e k of St P aul s

’
.
, ,

city of T ars us w h o was k n own as Th e odore th e

,

Phil os oph e r Th e o d ore was in d uc e d to acc e pt th e

.

p os i tio n an d was c ons ecrat ed by th e pop e for th e

,

v ac ant archbish opric h avi n g r e c eiv e d H ad ri an s

,
’

promis e to accomp any h i m an d ai d h i m in his w ork

In May 669 Th e odore arriv ed i n Cant e rb ury
.

, ,

acco m pa n i ed by a yo ung E nglish m on k B e n e dict ,

B i s cop to be f oll ow ed l at e r by H adrian who h ad

, ,

b e e n d e tai n e d i n Ga ul D uri n g th e two ye ars that

.

e l aps e d b e fore H ad ri an s arri v al B i s cop p re sid ed

’

ov e r th e n ew S chool which Th e od ore e st ablish e d at

C an terb ury W
e are q uit e right in tr aci n g to B e n e
.

d ict B i s cop th e fo und ation of thos e sch ools an d th e

instigati on of that l earni n g which m ad e E ngl an d
fam o us th rougho ut th e e ighth an d ninth c e nt uri e s .

B orn in 62 8 of a nobl e N orth um bri an family h e d e ,

v ote d hi m s e lf at th e age of twe n ty fi v e to th e mo -

n as tic lif e buti twas to n o d reary se lfish an d s e ns e

, , ,

l e s s asc e ticism M onas ticis m was i n h i s m in d but

.

an ag e nt of th e ch ur ch a m eans to an e n d an d th at
, ,

e n d n ot t h e salvatio n of a m an s own s oul but th e

’

red e m ptio n of th e wo rl d an d th e b uil d i n g up of th e

ki n gd om of G od a work which i n his vi ew d e
—

m an d e d e v e ry ad v ant age th e us e of e v e ry O p p or ,
 1
3 4 The Ag of e Cha r l emag ne .

B i s cop in his fi fth j o urn ey to Ro m e i n 687 f rom , ,

which h e r et urn ed w orn s h att e re d an d p arti ally , ,

p aralyz ed in which con d iti on h e li n ge re d un til his

,

d e ath i n 69 0 As h e l e f t th e worl d h e urge d up on

.

h i s di s cipl e s an d p upils th e i m port an c e of m ai n t ain

ing th e m on astic rul e an d d i s ci p li n e which h e had
e s tabli s h e d aft e r vi s iting s e v e n t e e n d i ffe re nt mon as

t e rl e s on th e c on ti n en t H e i m plored th e m to take
.

sp e ci al care i n th e pre s e rv ati on of his p re cio us

library an d p artic ul arly e m p h as iz e d th e d uty of d i s
,

re gard i n g th e cl aim s of n obility an d of fa m ily in th e

cho i c e of s pi ri t ual r ul e rs .

Bed e h as giv e n us th e f ull e s t an d most sympa

th etic acc ount of his lif e .
’

T h e d e bt that E n gl an d an d thro ugh E ngl and th e , ,

W e s t e rn Ch urch ow e s to B e n e d ict B i s cop i s a v e ry

gr eat on e an d h as sc arc ely e v e r b e e n fairly r e c og
,

n i ze d for it m ay be s ai d th at t
, h e civiliz ati on an d
l e arning of th e e ighth c e nt ury re st e d on th e m on as
t e ri e s which h e f oun d ed which pro d uc e d B e d e an d
, , ,

thro ugh h i m th e scho ol of Y ork Alc uin an d th e

, , ,

Carolingi an schools on which th e c ult ure of th e ,

M id d l e Age s was bas e d T h e w ork of B e d e from .

’
,

th e ag e of s e v e n wh e n h e fi r s t c am e un d e r th e d i r ce
,

tion of B i s cop wh o was h i s t each e r p atron an d

, , ,

fri en d un til h i s d e ath at Ja r row i n 7 3 5 is too w e ll

, , ,

k n own to re q ui re our pre s e nt c on s i d e ratio n .

His w ri ti n gs w e re n um e rous an d c ov e red a vast ,

r ange of s ubj e cts i n cl ud ing com m e ntari e s an d tran s

,

Bd Hi s tori a Abbatum l
Ed P umm e r , vol i , p p 3 64 3 70
W
1
e e, . . . . .
-
.

1
S m i th an d ace ,
"
D i cti on ary of Ch ris ti an i og rap h y ar t B
bb
, .

B e n ed i ct B is c0 p , by B is h op S tu s .
 A r chbi s hop Theodor e o
f Ca n ter bury .
3 5 I

l ati on s of th e O l d and Ne w T e st am e n ts grammar , ,

r h e t oric o t y a ithm tic chr o ol o y pig ams

p e, r r e ,
n g e r , , ,

hymns s e rm ons p astoral add re ss e s and p e ni te n ti als

, , ,

an d e v e n s om e w r itings on n atural sci en c e b e si d e s ,

his great w orks of hist ory an d biography H is .

l earning i n cl ud ed th e H e b r ew G re e k an d L atin , ,

l an guage s an d q uot ation s f ro m Pl at o A r istotl e an d

, ,

H om e r S en e ca Cic e ro L ucre ti us O vi d an d Vi rgil

, , , ,

are fo un d i n h i s w orks I am my own librarian .

,
”
m y own s e cre t ary an d m ak e my own not e s , he ,

writ e s .

I n th e m ean ti m e th e w ork of Th e o d ore at Can

te r b ury h ad b e en going on H ad rian on h i s arrival .
, ,

prov ed a m o s t us e f ul ass i s tant to th e archbish op .

B oth w ere abl e t each e rs ap p re ci at ed l earn i n g an d , ,

s oon attract e d l arge n um b e rs of e age r d iscipl e s

thro ugh th e ir infl uenc e All th e l arge r m on ast e ri e s .

w e re conv e rt ed into sch ool s of l e arning i n which ,

th e l aity as w e ll as th e cl e rgy
,
imbib e d a re sp e ct ,

for kn owl e d g e an d in s om e c as e s a re al l ov e for it

, .

E v e n th e monast e ri e s b e longi n g to th e fai r

s ex , said H ook w e re c on v e rt ed int o se m inari e s
,

of l e arni n g an d th e abb e ss H i l d e l i d i s with h e r

, , ,

n un s we re in th e n ext ge n e rati on abl e to un d e r

, , ,

s ta n d t h e Gre cisms of Aldh e l m in his Lati n trea ,

tise D e L aud i bus V i rg i n i tati s wri tt e n for th eir

, ,
’

”
sp e ci al ed i fi cati on I n th e tim e of B e d e as h e
.
,

h i m s e lf t e ll s us th e re w e re scholars of Th e o d ore
,

an d Hadrian wh o kn ew th e Latin an d Gr e e k l an

g u a g e s as w e ll as th e ir own In anoth e r pl ac e B e d e .
’

1
1
H ook , vol i .
, pp . 1 63 , 1 64, ch . iv 5 2 .

B ede, bk . iv .
, ch i i
. .
 The Ag e
f
o Cha r l em ag n e .

sa ys th at Albin us H ad ri an s d i s cipl e an d s ucc e ss or

,
’

i n th e gov e r n m e nt of th e m on ast e ry at Cant e rb ury ,

w as S o profici e nt i n th e st ud y of th e Cl assic s that ,

h e k n ew Gre e k i n d e e d i n n o s m all m e as ur e an d th e ,

L ati n as th oro ughly as that of th e Angl e s which ,

was h i s n ativ e t on g ue
’
.

T h e S ax on Chr on icl e n otic e s th e d eath of Th e o

d o re i n th e y e ar 69 0 w i th thi s b r i e f re m ark Be
fo re thi s th e bi s h op s h ad b e e n R om an s from thi s ,

ti m e th e y w e re E n gli s h I n oth e r word s this

.
”
,

g reat m an h ad c on v e rte d w h at h ad b e e n a m is s i on
ary s t ati on i n t o an e s tabli s h e d ch ur ch an d h ad s e t ,

on f oot an i n t e ll e ct ual m ov e m e n t by which n ativ e

E ngli s h m en we re t rai n e d an d fi tt e d for th e high e st
p ositi on s i n th e E n gli s h Ch urch .

O n th e m o d e l of th e s e scho ol s un d e r th e i n fl u
W
,

e n c e of B e d e an d of th e m on ast e ri e s of e arm outh

an d J ar row th e m o s t n ot e d of al l th e sch ool of
, ,

Y ork was foun d ed From th e ti m e of Pa ulin us

, .
,

62 5 Y ork h ad b e en th e gre at e ccl e s i as tic al c e ntre

,

of th e N orth an d tho ugh aft e r his fligh t an d th e

, ,

i n trod uction of th e m i s si on ari e s f ro m th e Ioni an

m o n ast e ry w h o h ad m ad e L an d i s fam e th e ir s eat
, ,

i ts i m port an c e had wan e d it w as r e s t or e d agai n by ,

th e s p l e n d or an d m ag n ific en c e which th e pre s e n ce

of Wilfri d gav e to i t as h i s s e e ci ty Wilfri d like .
,

B i s cop h ad s p e n t m ore ti m e am i d th e g re ate r c ul

,

t ure of G aul an d Ro m e H e h ad see n th e ch urch e s

.

of Ro m e an d oth e r I tali an ci ti e s an d co uld not ,

e nd ur e t h e ro ugh ti m b e r b uil d i n gs thatch e d wi th

1
B e d e , bk v , c h xx
A
. . . .

1
S C h ron ic e ,
. . l an . 69 0 . T h e Park e r MS .
3 8 1 Th e Ag e f
o Cha r l emag n e .

St ubb s say s I t i s n ot too m uch to s ay th at th e

ge n tl e i n fl ue nc e s of th e S ch ool of Y ork an d of its
t each e rs k ep t N orth um bri a t oge th e r un til th e cl os e
of th e c e nt ury in which E gb e r t liv e d At th e l ast .
,

wh e n N orth um b ri a b e cam e h op e l e s s ly d i s o rganiz ed ,

th e d iscipl e s of E gb e rt w e r e e n ligh te n ing oth e r

c oun tri e s th an th os e th e y w e r e i n t e n d ed to h um an
i ze T h e p upil s of th e s ch ool of Y ork t aught th e
.

sch ool s an d univ e rsiti e s of I taly of G e rm any an d , ,

"
of Franc e .

T h e m os t fam ous s chol ar of al l was Alc uin He .

was a N orth um b r i an of n obl e f am ily b or n abo ut ,

73 5 a t o r n e a
,r Y o r k H e w as q u it e y ou n g wh e n .

h e e n te re d E gb e rt s c ath e d ral s ch ool with which

’

h e r e m ai n e d c on n e c ted firs t as a s ch ol ar th e n as , ,

m as t e r un til h e w e nt to t ak e up h i s re s i d en c e at th e
,

Fran ki s h C ourt H e f oll ow e d th e us ual lin e s of

.

instructi on b e ing taught fi rst to read w rit e an d

, , ,

m e moriz e th e L ati n psal m s th e n t aking up th e ,

rudi m e nts of g ram m ar an d th e oth e r lib e ral arts ,

and aft e rward s th e s t ud y of th e H oly Script ur e s .

H e s o on b e c am e th e m os t e m i n e n t p upil of th e
s ch ool th e n ass i s t an t m as t e r to A e lbe rt an d on
, ,

th e d e ath of E gb e r t in 7 66 wh e n A e lb e rt s uc , ,

ce e d e d to th e ar chbisho p r ic of Y ork Alc ui n b e c am e ,

h e ad m as t e r of th e sch ool an d h e l d th e p osition of

-
,

Scholastic us I n 7 80 on A e lb e rt s d e ath h e took

.
,
’

ch arge of th e c ath ed ral lib rary th e n th e m ost ,

f am ous in E n gl an d an d on e of th e most famo us i n ,

th e W e st e rn wo r l d It far s urp ass ed an y pos s e s s e d

.

1
S m i th an d W ace , D i ctio ary of
n C h ri s ti an B i og rap h y. vol. .

ii .
, p .
5 1 , ar t . Eg bert .
 T h e L i br a ry at Y or h .
3 91

by e i th e r E ngl and or Franc e in th e twe lfth c e nt ury ,

wh e th e r at C ant e rb ury at P ari s or at B e e T h e , , .

f ull list of th e v ol um e s it cont ai n ed i s giv e n in a

p oe m writt e n by Alc uin wh e n it was un d e r h i s
charge . T h e following is a t ransl ation

Th er e s h a t t l
h ou fi n d th e vo umes that con tai n l
Al l of th e an ci e n t ath e rs f who re mai n
Th e re all the L ati n wr i te rs m ak e th e i r h ome
Wi h t th ose th at g or i ous l G r ee ce tran s e rred to f R ome
T he Hb e re ws d raw from l
th e i r ce es tia s tream , l
An d Afri ca i s b r ig ht wi th lear n i ng s beam ’
.

H e re s h i n e s wh at J e rome , Am b rose ,H i l ary th oug h t,

Or Athan as ius an d Augus ti n e wrough t,
O r os ius , L e o, G re g ory th e G reat,

N e ar B il
as an d Ful ge n ti us cor us cate .

G rave C as s i od orus an d Joh n C h ry s os tom

N Mt Bd a dl
ex t as e r d A h lm e e n earn e n e come ,

Whi l V i to i u d B o th iu ta dr n s an s s

With Pl i y d Pom p i u clo th d

e c e n

n an e s se a an .

Wi Ai se r stote l l ook s on Tull y n e ar .

S edul i us an d J cus
uve n n ex t app ear .

Th e n co me A i n us , C e m en t Pr os pe r too,
lb l ,

Pau i n us an d A
l rator Ne x t we vi ew .

L actan ti us , ortun atus F an g ed i n i n e . R l

V i rg i l i us M aro S tati us , ucan , s h i n e L .

b
,

Do atu n s, Pr iscian , P ro us , Ph ocas , s tart

T he ro ll of M as ters i n g r am mati c art
.

Euty ch i us , S e rvi us , Pompe y , each exten d

T h e is t l . C omm i n i an bi r n gs i tto an en d .

Th h ltthou fi d 0 ad ma y m o
e re s a n ,
re e r, n re ,

F m d fo th i ty l th m t of old yo
a e r e r s e, e as ers re ,

Who h y olum i g l y to h
se e av v es s n re ears e

W f too t di ou fo ou p
e re ar t e s r r res en verse .
” 1

1
W es t. 91 ) 34. 3 5 .
3 20 Th e Ag e f
o Cha r l em ag n e .

Two auth ors prob ably ar e om itt e d M arti an us ,

C ap e lla an d I s i d ore of S e vill e on acco un t of th e ,

e x ige nci e s of th e v e r s e O f A ri s totl e littl e was

.

k n ow n e x c e p t s om e q uot ati on s i n A ug usti n e an ,

abri d g m e n t of th e C ate g ori e s f al s e ly attrib ut e d to

A ug us ti n e th e ,
D e I n te rp re tati on e w ith th e ,
”
t ra n s l ati on of P orphyry s I s agoge or I n trod uc ’

ti on by B oe thi us an d l ogical tre ati s e s by th e l att e r

, , ,

an d this f urn i s h e d al l th e i r m at e ri al for t h e st ud y

of l ogic N othi n g w as k n ow n of th e great ethical
.
,

m e t aphy s ic al an d s ci e n tific work s of A r istotl e

, Of .

Pl ato th e t d o an d Ti m ae us w e re k n own tho ugh

, ,

not m e n ti on e d by Alc uin B oe thi us an d Cas s i od o .

ri us form ed th e g reat m e di e v al te xt books in phi -

I OS Op hy T h e w or k of Isi d or e was a great en cy cl o

.

p m d i a t h,
e m o st p op ular of a l l sch ool c oll e ctions .

”
Alc ui n c alls h i m L umen H i sp an ics but it m ust ,
”
h av e b ee n v e ry d ark in Sp ain I n a s trono m y h e .

t e ll s us th at th e s un is large r th an th e mo on or th e
e arth .Th e re is littl e knowl ed ge an d that of a ,

v e ry vag ue sort .

C ap e ll a d i s p ut e s with A ugusti n e th e h onor of th e

d ivisio n of k n owl e dge i n to th e Tr i vi um c on s i s ti n g ,

of g ram m ar rh etoric an d logic and th e Quad r i vi um

, , , , ,

e m b raci n g ari th m e tic ge om etry astr ono m y an d

, , ,

m us ic H i s w ork i s an all egoric al pre s e ntati on in

.
,

th e fi r s t two bo oks of th e m a r ri ag e of sci e nc e

,

an d e l oq ue nc e th e att e ndant virgi n s b e i n g th e

,

s e v e n lib e ral arts which h e th en proc e ed s to d e

,

scrib e .

Gregory of T ours fran kly ad mits th at wh at ev er

of th e a rts or sci enc e s was to be know n in h i s day
 CH APT E R XXV I I .

MEE TI N G O F C H ARL E S AND AL C U I N ALAC E — TH E P

S C H OO L AL C U I N S ME TH OD S O F I NS T R U C
’
—

TI ON C ATH ED RAL S C H OO L S ALC U I N AB B O T

— —

O F T OU R S .

N th e spri n g
Ch arl es an d Alc ui n of 7 8 1
m e t at P ar m a th e great e st c on q ue ror of ,

th e ag e m e t th e gr eat e s t s ch ol ar at th e
m os t c ritic al ti m e wh e n th e n ee d was ,

gre at e s t for th e uni on of phy s ical m ight

an d of i n t e ll e ct ual ability i n ord e r to l a s tr on g an d
y ,

d e e p th e gr e at f oun d ati on s an d to e r e ct light an d ,

fi r m th e m ighty wall s of th e W e s t e rn E mpi re T he .

m e n w e r e w e ll m atch e d an d th e m ost i m porta n t ,

res ult s w ere s ure to f oll ow th e i r un i on n ot o n ly in ,

th e c aus e of l e ar n i n g an d of e d uc ati on b ut als o of ,

e ccl e s i as tic al an d p olitic al affai r s Th ey h ad m e t .

o n c e b e f ore for Alc ui n h ad b e e n se n t to Ch arl e s by

,

h i s m as t e r A e lb e rt archbish op of Y o rk in
, , ,

Ch arl e s was w e ll p re p are d for th e w ork which Alc uin

w as d e s ti n e d to acc om p li s h un d e r his d i r e c ti on for ,

f rom his e arli e s t y e ars h e h ad b e e n brought up i n

th e Chri s ti an f ai th an d trai n e d by s p eci al t each e rs
’
.

1
Ab l S i ms o vol i p 3 9 1 a d n ot 6
e - n, n e

Al cui Ad v rs u El i pa tum bk i ch vi ; Abe l S i ms o

. . .

1
n, e s n . . .
, . x .
-
n.
vol . i .
, p . 21 .
 A l cui n an d th e P a l a ce S c
hool .
3 23

I t was A e lb e rt s s ucc e sso r E an bal d wh o se nt Al

’

, ,

c ui n to R om e to g e t f rom Pop e H ad r i an t h e p all

as th e s eal an d re c ogniti on of his authority On
“

h i s re t urn h e m e t Ch arl e s at P arm a as w e h av e ,

se en an d i n re s p on se to th e royal req ue st p rom ised

,

to g o to th e F ran ki s h C our t if h e c oul d gain p e r ,

m is s i on f r om h i s ki n g an d from Archbish op E an
bal d P e rmi s s i on b e i n g gran t ed c on d i ti on ally on
.

his p r o m i s e to r et urn l at e r to E ngl an d th e e n d of ,

7 8 1 o r b e ginni n g of 7 8 2 f ou n d Alc ui n a t th e c ourt

of Charl es H e re h e b e c am e at on c e th e h ead an d
.

c ent re of th e lit e rary circl e which h ad b een j oi n e d ,

al read y by P et e r of Pisa th e L om b ard P aul th e ,

D eaco n an d P auli n us th e G ram m ar i an T h e lat

, .

te r whil e in It aly h ad b ee n p r e s e nt e d by Ch arl e s

, ,

w ith a l an d ed e stat e an d was m ad e p atr iarch of

,

Aq uil ei a p r obably in
,
I t was un d oubt ed ly
th e st ay which Ch arl e s mad e i n I t aly which gav e
th e occ as i on for th e m e e ti n g an d th e un i on of
th es e sch ol ars D uring h i s re si d e nc e th e re h i s at
.

t enti on h ad b e e n d raw n f r eq ue n tly to th e i n t e l

l e ct ual s up e ri ority of th e I t ali an s an d th e d e t e r ,

mi n ati on was st ron g withi n him to f re e h i s own

p e opl e from th e y ok e of ign oran c e F r om this .

tim e on his e fforts w e re un failing an d h e t ook ad ,

v an t age of ev e ry m ean s to gai n thi s en d A p alac e .

S ch ool h ad f r om ti m e imm e m or i al e xist e d at t he

Frankish C ourt long b e fore th e ti m e of Ch ar l e s ,
’

alth ough as Ch arl es hims e lf s ay s

, th e s t ud y of ,

l e tt e rs h ad b e e n w e ll nigh e xti n gui s h ed by th e

-

1
Abel S i m s on , vol i
-
. .
, p p 41
. 1 , 41 2 .

1
M ombe r t, p 243
. .
3 24 Th e Ag e
f
o Cha r l emag n e .

n egl e ct his anc e stors

of This sch ool Charl e s d e .

te r m i n e d to r e st ore
W
.

al afrid in his pre fac e to E inhard s Life of

,
’

Ch arl e s th us s p eaks of h i m
,
In d e e d of all ki n gs ,

h e was th e m ost e ag e r to s e e k out wi s e m e n an d to

b r i n g th e m to gre at ho n or that th ey m ight apply ,

th e m s e lv e s to th e p urs uit of wi s d om with re al pl e as

ure . So th e cl oud y an d I might almost say th e , ,

bl ack e xt e nt of th e ki n gd o m c om m itt e d to h i m by
G od h e gav e b ack l umino us with a n e w an d b e fore
,

p artly un k n ow n ray of l e arning G od ill um in ating ,

”
him . All th e schol ars j ust m e n ti on e d f orm e d th e
n ucl e us of this great i n t e ll e ct ual w ork P e t e r h ad .

t aught g ram m ar with gre at d istincti on in th e S chool

at P avi a an d on th e c apt ure of that city by Ch arl e s
, , ,

h e h ad foll owe d th e c on q ue ro r to th e Frankish

C ourt an d h e re m ai n e d with Ch arl es until his d eath
, ,

at an ad v an c e d ag e n e ar th e clos e of t h e c e nt ury
’
, .

Pa ul th e D e ac on was al s o an e mi n e nt Lombard
sch ol ar e d uc at e d at th e c ourt of R achis in P avi a .

H e was b orn ab out 7 2 5 an d e n t e r e d th e Frankish ,

Co urt in 7 8 2 H is re lati ons with Charl e s w e re v e ry

.

c ord i al tho ugh h e retire d to a monast e ry in 7 8 7

, ,

wh e re h e w rot e his famo us history of th e Lom

b ard s traci n g th e i r histo ry d own to 744 wh e re h e
, ,

ought to h av e b e g un i t B ut all th e s e sch ol ars .

w e re far s urp as s e d by Alc ui n i n vigor of m in d an d

in range of l e ar n i n g R e al ori g in ality was not to .

be foun d an yw h e re butA l cui n s powe rs w e re of th e

’

1
B oreti us , vol i , p 80
J
. . . .

1
ah e, v ol i v , p 5 0 7
’

Ab l M omb ert
. . . .

1
e - S i m s on , vol i , pp 3 9 1. . .
, 41 1 , p . 260 .
3 26 Th e Ag e
f
o Char l em ag n e .

a tt e nd e d as it was by th e m e m b e rs of th e royal
fam ily an d by th e d isti n gui s h e d n obl e s of th e co urt
, ,

l ear n i n g was to be foll ow e d for l arge r i n t e re st s an d

wi th wid e r p urp ose s th an c oul d be re alized in th e
trai n ing of th e m onks an d of th e cl e rgy N ot o n ly .

d i d Ch arl e s re v e re l earni n g for its ow n s ak e but h e ,

s aw t h e val ue it w ould h av e in th e m oral an d int e l

l e ct ual imp rov e m e nt of th e wh ol e kingd om .

H e re th e n it w oul d be n e c e ssary to g o b ey on d
, ,

th e ordi n a ry ch anting an d r e ading of s el e ct p ass age s

i n th e Lati n Bibl e an d c alc ulati n g th e re t urn of
,

E as te r an d th e l ea rn ing of th e ti m e s w oul d h ave to

,

be adapt ed to a school m ad e up of ad ult st ud e n t s .

O f th e king s ow n attainm e nts E i n hard say s

'

Gift e d wi th a read y an d easy fl owi n g p ow e r of

s p e e ch h e e x p re s s e d cl e ar ly wh at e v e r h e wi s h e d t
, o
s ay . H e was n ot s ati s fi e d with his n ativ e to n g ue
al on e but appli e d hi m s e lf to th e st ud y of oth e r
,

languages p artic ularly to Latin which h e co ul d

, ,

sp eak as w ell as h e c oul d his own b ut Gre ek h e ,

un d e rstood b e tt e r than h e s p ok e H e w as so read y .

an d fl ue nt a sp e ak e r th at h e migh t hav e p as s e d for

,

a t e ach e r of rh e toric H e most z e alo usly fost e r e d

.

th e lib e ral ar ts an d h e l d i n th e gre at e st v e n e rati on

,

an d l oad ed wi th h onors thos e who t aught th e m .

H e sp e n t m uch ti m e an d lab or i n st ud ying

r h e t or ic di al e c tic an d e s p e ci ally as tron omy in
, , ,

w hich h e s e e m e d to t ak e a p e c uli ar i n t e re st He .

l ear n ed th e art of re ck on ing an d gav e m uch att e n ,

ti on to inv e s tigating th e c ours e s of th e s t ars H e .

tri ed also to writ e an d us e d to k ee p t abl e ts an d

,

blan k s at th e h ead of h i s bed that at l e i s ure ho urs h e

,
 R ea d i ng an d Wi i
r t ng .
3 27

m ight cc us t om h i s h and to form th e l e tt e rs but h e

a ,

d id n ot s ucc e e d v e ry w e ll i n thi s w ork on acc oun t of

”
h i s ag e an d b e c aus e h e b e gan too l at e i n lif e On .

thi s s ubj e ct of h i s wri ti n g th e re h as b e en a gr e at

d eal of chil d i s h d i s c us s i on which i s m uch b e s i d e th e
m ark . Gibbo n says with a c on t e m pt uous fling , ,

I n h i s m at ure ag e th e e m p e ror s t rov e to acq ui re

th e p ractic e of writi n g which e v e ry p e as ant n ow ,
”
l earn s in his i n f an cy .

T h e t ruth i s r e ad i n g an d writing w e re n ot th e n
, ,

as n ow th e s i m pl e t e s ts of e l e m en t ary l e arn i n g
,
.

O n acc oun t of th e scarcity of b ook s an d th e e x

p e n s e an d d i ffi c ulty of proc uri n g m at e ri al s for w rit
ing almo s t al l i n st r ucti on was giv e n orally e ve n i n
, ,

th e p al ac e S ch ool it s e lf as m ay be s e en by th e e x ,

am pl e s t o be giv e n T h e s tud y of read i n g an d

.

writi n g for m e d a s p e ci al bran ch of th e t e ch n ical

t rai n i n g re se rv e d e xcl us iv e ly for m on ks an d oth e r
,

cl e rgy as h aving s p e ci al n ee d for th e s e acq ui re

,

m e n t s C on s e q ue n tly th e k n owl ed ge of h ow to
.

read an d w rit e i s n o m ore to be t ak e n as th e t e s t of

ge n e ral e d uc ati on i n th e e arly M i d d l e Age s th an a ,

k n owl e dge of H e b rew or of D ogm atic Th e ol ogy

w oul d be to d ay -
.

I f f urth e r c on fi rm ati on of thi s fact w e re s o ught ,

it c oul d be foun d in th e w e ll k n ow n i m m un ity f rom -

th e s e c ul ar c ourts grant e d to al l cl e rg ym e n an d
, ,
”
c all e d B e n e fit of Cl e rg y it b e i n g only n e c e s sary ,

to s h ow o n e s abili ty to re ad an d w rit e to p rov e

'

”
Cl e rgy an d to re c e iv e th e i m m un ity
, .

T h e cl e are s t i d e a of th e m e th od an d am oun t of
1
E i h a d V i ta h v
n r . , c Gibbo h x l ix
. xx .
1
n, c . .
3 28 Th e Ag e
f
o Cha r l em ag n e .

i n s t r uctio n giv e n un d e r Alc ui n at thi s p al ac e

sch ool m ay be gai n ed from s om e of th e c on v e r sa
ti on s an d l e s s on s act ually i n us e an d which hav e ,

c om e d ow n to us .

D r M om b e rt h as giv e n us m ost int e re sti n g on e s

.

i n h i s v e ry v al uabl e w ork on Ch arl e s th e Great ,

f rom which s om e q uot atio n s m ay be m ad e An .

en t e rtai n i n g s p e ci m e n of c at e ch e tic al in s tr ucti on ,

d raw n up by Alc ui n for Pip p in an d p re s um ably , , ,

oth e rs of h i s m or e y outhf ul h e are rs is h e re p re ,

se nt ed I t is t ak en f rom T h e D isp ut ation of Pi p

.

i th e m ost nobl e an d roy al y outh wi th Albin us

p n , ,

[ anoth e r n ickn am e fo r Alc ui n ] th e p e d agog u e a n d , ,

’

w e ad d that Pippin was th e n abo ut sixt e e n y e ar s

,

ol d .

7
0
Wh at i s wri ti n g ? A T he cus tod i an of h i s tory
A T h e i n te rp reter of th e s oul
. .

7
0
Wh at i s s p ee ch ? . .

7
0
Wh atp rod uces S p e ech ? A T he ton gue
. .

1
1

Wh at i s th e ton g ue ? A T he wh i p of th e ai r
Wh
3 . .

5 at i s ai r ? A T h e guard ian of l i fe
Wh
.

5 at i s l if
e ? A T h e j oy of the g ood th e son
.
,

r ow of th e e vi l , th e ex pec
ati on of
t d eath .

T
o
Wh at i s death ? A An i n e vi ta bl e e ve n t an un
bj
.
,

ce rtai n j our n ey , a su ectof

wee p i n g to th e li vi n g , th e
ful fi l m e n t of wi ll s , th e th i e f
of m e n .

P Wh at i s m an ? A . Th e s lave of death , a tran

s i e n ttrave ll er , a h os t i n h is
d we i n gll
Wh
.

i
s at i s m an i k e l A . Li ke a frui t tr ee .

h H ow i s m an p laced ? A . Lik e a l o th e
an te r n e x pos ed t

wi n d .

P . Wh ere is he p l aced ? A . B e twee n s ix wal ls .

33 0 Th e Ag e
f
o Cha r l em ag n e .

P . Wh at i s wi n d ? A. T h e d is tur b an ce of th e ai r ,

com m otion of the wate rs ,

th e d r y n e s s of th e e arth .

P . Wh at i s th e e arth ? A. T h e m oth er of al l th atg r ows ,

th e n ouri s h e r of al l th at

li ves , the b arn of life, an

om n i vor ous g u f l .

P . Wh at i s t
h e s ea ? A. T h e p ath of th e d ar i n g , th e
fron ti er of l an d , th e di v i d
er oi i n e n ts ,
con t the h os
l
fe ty of r i ve r s , th e foun ds
ti on of r ai n , a r e fug e i n

p eri l , a tre at i n p l e as ure .

P . Wh at i s f ros t? A Ape rs eeutor

. of p l an ts. a de
s troy e r of l eave s , a fe tte r
of earth , a foun tai n of
water .

P . Wh at i s s n ow ? D ry wate r .

P . Wh i
at s w i n te r ?
T he ex i e l of s um m e r .

P . Wh at i s s p r i n g ? T he p ai n te r of th e e ar th .

P . Wh at i s s um m e r ? l
T h e rec oth i n g of th e e arth ,
th e m ature r of the frui ts
b
.

P . Wh at i s autum n ? A . T he ar n of th e y e ar .

It is prob abl e that d i al og ue w as th e d istinctiv e

f e ature of Al c ui n s oral t eachi n g At an y rat e it
'

.
,

ch aract e ri zed h i s i n st ruc ti on of th e ki n g as app ears ,

from th e s ubj oi n e d e xampl e in which Charl es is ,

i n t rod uc e d as p upil an d Alc ui n as h i s t e ach e r .

Ch a r l es . Proceed n ow w i th Al cui n . V i tu r e is a b
h a i t of

y ou r p h iI O S O p h i c d e fi n i ti on s of th e m in d , an orn am e n t of na

th e v i r tues , an d fi rs t of all d e ture , a ru e of l l if e , an d an en

fine v i rtue . no bl er of m an n e rs .

Cha r les . H ow m an y parts Alc ui n . Fou r Prud e n ce

doe s i t con tai n ? (wi s d om ) , j us ti ce , forti tude ,

tem p eran ce

Wh
.

Char l es . at i s p ruden ce ? Ah a i rs T he k n ow edg e

. l of
th i n gs an d n ature .
 Cha r l es as a P up i l .
33 1

Char les . H ow man y p ar ts Alcui n Th ree m e mory ,

ll
.

does i t con tai n i n te ig en ce , an d fores igh t

Cha r l es . T ll m
e e th ei r d efi n i Alcu n M em ory ’

z . i s th e pow
l
ti on s a s o er of th e m i n d wh i ch reca s ll
ll
.

th e pas t; i n te i ge n ce i s th e
p owe r b y w h i ch i t p e rce i ve s

th ep re s e n t ; fores i g h t i s th e
p owe r by wh i ch i t fores e es
s om e t
hin g future b e fore it
comes to p as s
Ju
.

E p lai n
x th e n ature Alcui n sti ce i s th e b
h a i tof
ju
.

of stice . th e mi n d wh i ch gi ves to e ve ry
thi n g the m eri t i t d es e r ves ; i t
p re se rve s th e wors h i p of G od ,
l
th e aws of m an , an d the e qui
ti es of i fe l .

U fold
n l
a so th e Alcui n They S p ri n g from
ju
.

art of s tice law of

p s .
th e n ature, an d th e us es
of cus tom .

Char les . H ow from th e l aw Alcuzn '

. B ecaus e i tcom p ri s e s
of n ature ai n
ce rt ow e rs of ure , s uch
n at
p
as re l igi o n, p i e ty , g r ati tud e

( g r ati a) , v i n d i cati on , obs e rv

an ce , an d truth .

Cha r les . Ex p l ai n th i s more Alen i n Re l igi on . i s th e care

l ly
c e ar , an d on e by on e . ful pon d e r i n g of th i n gs pe r
tai n i n g to G od , t
og e th e r w i th
th e cer e m on i a l d ue to h i m .

P i ety i s th e lo iv ng d is char g e
of w hat i s d ue to k i n an d to
on e
'
s n ati ve l an d (i e i n mod
G
.

e rnp h ras e , p atr i oti s m ) rati .

tude i s th e reco ecti on of an ll

of fri e n ds h i p
'
othe r s act
s an d

ki n d n es s , an d he
t d i s pos i tion
to re war d th e m . Vi n d i cati on

i s th e e fl ec tual d e fe n ce of wh at
is r i gh t, an d th e e fl ec tual pun
'

i s h m en t or ave n g e m en t of l n
3 3 2 Th e Ag e
f
o Char l em ag n e .

ju yr an d wron g Ob s e r v an ce

bl
.

i s th e f
r e s p e ct u an d l h on ora e

r e cog n i ti on of th e d ig n i ty of
s up e r i ors . T r uth i s th e powe r
b
w h ere y th i n gs p rese n t, p as t,
an d future are d ec a red l .

Ch a r les . H ow i s j us ti ce s ub Al ui B y pact or ag ree

c n .

s e r ved by th e us e of cus tom ? m e n t by p ar i ty , e q ui ty,

j
by ud g m e n t an d by l aw .

Ch ar l es . I as k l
a so for m ore Al cui n Apact i s . an ag ree

i n formati on on th es e p oi n ts m en t reach e d b y m utua l con

b
.

s en t . Pari ty i s o s e r vi n g e qui
ty or i mparti a i ty to al l me n l .

J udg m e n t i s a d eci s i on ren

d e red b y s om e great m an , or
est bl
a i s h e d by th e s e n te n ce of

a p l u r al i ty . L aw i s r i gh t s e t

forth for th e wh o e l p e op e l
bou d
,

wh i ch al l are n to guard

an d o b s e r ve .

Th us Charl e s s p oke an d th ought an d thi s b ri e f

d i alo gue both m arks th e m an i n at l e as t on e g r an d
an d un us ual e l e m e nt of h i s g r eat n e s s an d to s om e ,

e xt e nt sh eds light on at l east on e pr olific s our c e of

his p ow e r .

H e was e v e r l earning an d fon d of l earni n g n o

,

s ubj e ct cam e am i s s to him ; e v e rythi n g f rom th e ,

m os t c omm on p lac e e v e ry d ay occ urr e n c e to th e

,
-

profo un d e s t p hil osophic al an d th e ol ogic al i n q ui ri e s ,

—
i n t e re st ed him th e p ric e of c om m od iti e s th e s tock
i n g an d planting of farms th e b uil d i n g of h ous e s ,

ch urch e s p al ac e s bri d ge s fort re s s e s S hip s an d

, , , , ,

c an als ; th e c ours e of th e st ar s ; th e te xt of th e
Script ure s ; th e appoi n t m e nt of s ch ool s th e salli e s
of wit th e h ai r s p litti n g s ubtl e ti e s of m e taphy s ic s
-
 Th e Ag of Cha e r l ema n e
g .

h ad i n t rod uc e d it int o E n gl an d an d it w as t augh t i n ,

th e s ch ool s of Y ork s o th at B e d e i s l e d to s ay th at
,

th e re w e re i n h i s day s ch ol ars still livi n g as w e ll

v e rs e d i n th e Gre e k an d L ati n t on gue as i n th e i r
ow n ; but thi s s ee m s to h av e b e e n a v e ry n ot abl e
f eat ure which by th e w ord s s till livi n g c oul d
, ,

n ot be e xp e ct e d to be t r ue v e ry l on g T h e k n owl .

e d g e of t h e G re e k New T e sta m e nt an d of th e S e p
tuag i n t w as k e pt aliv e for a whil e but oth e r Gr e ek ,

b ook s e v e n of th e e arly Ch ri s ti an F ath e rs we r e

, ,

v e ry s c arc e N e arly if n ot al l th e G re e k q uot a

.
,

ti on s i n Al cui n s w riti n gs are t ak e n n ot as m ight

’

ap p ear f rom th e origi n al but f rom th e wo rks of

, ,

St J e r o m e
. Wh e n Alc ui n s t e p p e d b ey ond thi s
.

li m it h e s h ow e d h ow li ttl e h e re ally kn ew ab out

G re e k .AS to h i s k n owl e d ge of G re e k an d H e b rew
’
,
“
H auré au S ay s Th e re i s n o e vi d e n c e th at h e
st ud i e d H e bre w s i n ce th e H e b re w to be f oun d i n
,

his c om m e n tar i e s on G en e s i s an d on E ccl e s i as t e s

i s t ak e n d i r e ctly from J e rom e H e k n ew s om e .

G r e ek as on e of h i s l e tt e rs to An gi lbe r t tes tifi e s

, ,

but if h e h ad un d e rs t ood this l an g uage p e r f e ctly ,

w oul d h e n ot h av e re p r od uc ed wi th m ore e xactn es s

th e Gr e e k n am e s of th e T en C at e gor i e s ? B ut why
s h oul d w e st op t o c on j e ct ure an d th us m ak e obsc ure ,

wh at i s v e ry p l ain ? Alc ui n h ad s om e gl os s e s of
B oe thi us th e ab r i d g m e n ts of Cas s i od or i us an d of
, ,

I si d ore of S e vill e an d a p oe tic m an ual of M arti an us

,

C ap e ll a Th e r e i s n othi n g i n his t reatise on D i al e c

.

tic which i s n ot foun d i n th e s e w ritings an d i n th e ,

1
M ull i n ger on p ag e 80 , h as poi n ted out s om e ve ry am us i n g
bl
.

but egreg i ous un d ers .

 A l cui n s Gr ech
’
.

tre ati s e on th e T e n C at e gor i e s H e h as m ad e on ly .

"
an abri d gm e n t of oth e r ab r i d gm e n ts H i s re .

marks on th e n at ure of th e s oul i n d i ffe re nt pl ac e s

of his wo rks are always in th e s am e t e r m s an d are ,

tak e n from A ug us tin e s S ixty thi rd s e rm on on th e

’
-

Gosp e l of St J ohn Agai n from hi s treati s e

. . De , ,

R ati on e An i m ae h rs re m arks on th e o rigin of i d e as

, ,

on m e m ory an d on im agi n ati on are t ak e n d i r e ctly

,

f rom th e e l e v e n th bo ok of A ug ustin e on th e T r i n
i ty an d f rom h i s l e tt e r to C on s e n ti us
,
O n a cl os e r .
’

e x am i n ati on M ulli n g e r h as S h own v e ry pl a inly th at

th e b oas t e d l e tt e r to A n g i l be rt c on t ai n e d n o m or e

G ree k th an i s f urni s h ed by J e rom e Mulli n g e r s .

’

re m ark th at th e y ounge r m e m b e rs of th e p al ac e
sch ool s e e m to h av e re q ui red to be at onc e i n
s truct ed an d am us e d m uch aft e r t h e w ay th at wo ul d
,

n ow s ee m w e ll ad apt e d to a n ight scho ol of S om e r

s e ts h i re r ustic s whil e Alcui n s kn owl e d ge of G re e k

,
’

can s c ar c e ly be s upp os e d to h av e e xc e e d e d th at of

an i n t e llig e nt s ch oolb oy w e ll on i n h i s Fir s t D e l e c

”
tus se e m s rath e r s e v e re but c an n ot be far f ro m
W
, ,

th e t r uth . e m us t re m e m b e r h ow e v e r th at , ,

Alc ui n n ot on ly w as l abo ri n g und e r th e d i s ad van

tage of s c arc ity of m at e ri al an d of i m m at uri ty i n h i s
p up ils but was f urth e r h am p e re d an d c on fi n ed by
,

th e trad iti on s of th e ch urch T h e ar t of g ram m a r .

h ad b e e n re gard e d as n ot on ly t e achi n g to r e ad an d
to w rit e c orr e ctly but al s o to un d e r s ta n d an d to
,

r ov e cl e arly an d i n c ar ryi n g out thi s co n c e ption

p ,

th e cl as s ic al auth ors w e re of g r e at i m p o r t an c e but

1
H auréau, v ol . i .
, p . 1 0 5 . I bi d1
.
, v ol . i .
, pp . 1 0 3, 1 0 4 .

1
M ull i nger, p 83 . .
33 6 Th e Ag of Cha e r l ema
g ne .

f rom th e ti m e of G re gory th e G reat th e st ud y h ad

d wi n d l e d to th e m os t t e ch n ic al k n owl ed ge of th e
L ati n la n guage Thi s l ed to G regory s own word s
.
'

e xp re s si n g c on c e r n th at th e archbi s hop of Vi e nn e ,

w h o was givi n g i n s t r ucti on i n c onfor m i ty wi th th e

la rge r co n c e pti on c oul d giv e i n struction i n gram
,

m ar in asm uch as th e p rai s e s of Christ c annot be

,

utt e re d by th e s am e to n g ue as th os e of J ov e In .

regard to d i al e ctic s till great e r ave rsio n was f elt

,

an d m an if e s t e d l arg e ly on acco unt of t

,
h e us e m ad e
of it in arg um e n t s against Ch ri s tian ity True as .
,

we hav e s e e n it b e gan to c re e p int o th e ch urch

,

from Porphy ry an d B oe thi us an d so on t h ro ugh ,

Cas s i od ori us an d Isi d ore but th e form was s o s h ri v ,

e l l e d an d d i s t or t e d as to be alm ost unr e cog n izabl e .

Both d i al e ctic an d rh e t oric w ere co m pris ed un d er

th e h ead of l ogic an d Alc ui n re p r o d uc e d th e s am e
,

arbit rary clas s ific ati on Wh e n we co m e to e xt e rn al.

n at ure or th e st ud y of anything lik e sci e nc e as p re ,

se nt ed in th e Quad r i vi um th e w e ak n ess an d lac k ,

are almost piti abl e In arithm e tic th e treatm en t i s

.

large ly m ystic al fan ci e s an d whims of th e imag i n a

,

ti on b e i n g i d e n ti fi e d with th e v ario us n umb ers .

’

In ast ron om y fan cy or ar bitrary hyp oth e sis s up

,
”
p li e d th e pl a c e o i ob s e r vati on As a th e ologian .
,

h ow ev e r Alc ui n ran k ed v e ry high an d h i s att ain

, ,

m e nts s ee m ed to be more truly d e se rve d T he .

fam o us Caroli n e b ooks against image wo r shi p h av e

b e e n conn e ct e d with h i s nam e an d i n th e main ,

1
Lo re n z,pp .
3 2 -
3 7, Ev e n ar i th m eti c
fi rs t d e ri ved i ts ti t e to l
be con s i de red a scie n ce f rom i ts ad aptati on to th eo ogy ”
l .

1
M ll
u i n ge r , p 88. .
33 8 Th e Ag e f
o Cha r l emag n e .

f rom which d at e s th e birth of an int e ll e ct ual move

"
m e nt which still s urviv e s and it s ure ly may be ,

c on s i d e re d as p e rh aps th e m ost i m portant doc u

m e n t of th e M i d dl e Ag e s .

A m on g th e m ost gl aring d e fici e n ci e s r e s ulting

f ro m th e st at e of t h i n gs w h ic h th e king s ough t to
re m e d y w as th e n um b e r of i n c orre ctly transc ri b e d
c opi e s of p orti on s of th e Sc ript ure s breviari e s an d ,

h om ili e s s c att e re d through out th e re alm Along .

with th e d e cli n e of l e arn ing th e mo n astic librari e s ,

h ad s uffe re d g re atly from n e gl e ct whil e th e loss of ,

p pa yr us owing
, to th e occ u pati o n of E g ypt by th e

Sarac e n s h ad l arge ly inc re as ed th e costlin e ss of th e

,

m at e ri al T h e l e tt e r is ad d re ss e d to B aug ul f w h o
.
,

w as abbot of F uld a f rom 7 80 to 7 8 2 Cha r l e s d e .

cl are d th at h e t oge th e r with h i s co uns e ll ors re

, ,

gar d ed it as ad van t age ous th at th e cath ed rals an d

m on as t e ri e s S h oul d be e n gage d in th e p urs uit of
l e tt e rs an d ap t to t each to acc om pli s h which h e ,

ord e r s th at m e n be ch os e n for thi s w ork wh o h av e

th e will th e cap acity an d th e d e sire of t e aching
, ,

oth e rs Si m il ar o rd e rs w e re give n in th e G en e ral

’
.

”
Ad m oniti on of
T h e n e x t r oy al i n s truction s on th e s ubj e ct w e re
c ont ai n ed i n a ci rc ul ar l e tt e r on th e occasio n of s e n d
i n g a r oun d to th e ch urch e s a h om i l ary or c oll e ction ,

of s e rm on s mad e by Pa ul us D i acon us H e de
W
.
,

cla re s : e h av e e n d eav or e d t o mak e up for th e

i n activity of our fath e rs by th e earn e st st udy o f
1
Am p ere vol i p p 2 5 27
, . ii .
, .
, .

1
B ore ti us , vol i , p p 7 8 , 7 9
A
. . . .

1
I bid , p 60 ,
. .d m on G e n , . . c .
72, l
S ch oo s i n each cath ed ral
an d m on as tery .
 A l oui n s D ifi
’
cul ti es .
3 39

l e tt e rs and so far as we can by our exam pl e to

, , ,

e nc ourag e t h e s t udy of th e lib e ral art s Al r ead y .

th e b ooks of th e O ld an d Ne w T e st am e nt s cor ,

r up t e d through t h e n e glige n c e of c opyi s t s w e too

W
, , ,

have ca re f ully c or re ct ed e h av e m ad e t h e sam e

.

e ffort s an d e n d e avo r s t o corre ct th e e rr or s i n th e

l e ss ons for th e vari ous s e rvic es an d w e h av e e n ,

j oi n e d th at th e w ork of Paul us D i acon us s h ould be

dist rib ut ed an d read so th at th e sayi n gs of th e,

C ath olic fath e rs may be care f ully st udi e d an d w e ll

kn own .

Altho ugh th e p os ition of Alc ui n was a m os t h on

orabl e on e an d h e re c e iv e d f rom th e ki n g e v e ry
,

fav or an d s upp ort it was n o e asy t as k to be th e un i

,

v e rsal inst ruct or of th e whol e ki n gd om I t was n o .

won d e r th at h e som e tim e s foun d it h ard to s atisfy

th e insati abl e c uriosity of th e king or th at p re ss e d , ,

b ey on d his p ow e rs h e was d riv en som e tim e s i n t o

,

conf us ed or s e lf c on tradicto ry st at em e n ts
- A .

”
horse h e says
,
which h as four l egs oft e n s t um
,

bl es how m uch m ore m us t m an wh o h as but on e ,

tongue oft e n trip in s p e e ch

,
F urth e rm ore th e ,

school was fre q ue ntly on th e mov e to on e or an

oth e r of th e royal re sid enc e s whil e oth e r m ore s e ri ,

ous int e rr uptions c am e in th e sh ap e of w ars p oliti ,

cal afl ai rs an d th e e xcit em e nts of c our t life

'

.
,

Alc uin re vi s it ed E n glan d in 79 0 an d att en d ed th e ,

c ouncil at Fran kfort i n 79 4 as a d e l egat e f rom

T h e re lati ons b e tw e e n E n glan d an d
”
B ritai n .

th e Frankish Kingd om w e re growing m ore strain e d ,

1
B oreti us , vol . i , pp 80 , 8 1
. . .
1
M ig n e , v ol . c. ; E p 84. .

1
B ore tius , vol i . .
, p.
7 8 , n ote 59 .
340 Th e Ag e f
o Cha r lemag n e .

an d th e co urt o f Ch arl e s too oft e n se rv e d as a re f

ug e for E nglish o utl aws War s ee m e d on th e p oint
.

of break i n g out b etw een Ofl a k i n g of M e rci a an d

'

, ,

Charl es wh e n th e re t urn of Alc ui n re stored h ar

,

m ony or at any rat e av e rte d war

, In 79 6 a short .
,

ti m e aft e r Al cui n s re t urn h e was pre s e nt ed to th e

'

abbacy of T ours an d a n e w care e r op e n ed b e fore

,

him Th eod ulf s ucc e e ding him in th e mo re gen e ral

,

ov e rsight of e d ucati on T h e Abb ey of To urs

.

o ffe red on e of th e high e st positio n s i n th e ch urch .

I t was th e w e althi e st in th e k ingd om and by th e , ,

poss ession of re lics of St M artin s e cond o n ly to .

,

Rom e as a c e ntre of d evot e d pilg ri m age an d of te

l ig ious e nth usiasm H e re he e stablish ed a scho ol
.

for th e traini n g of yo ung mo n k s H is first ai m .

b e ing to provid e th e m with a good libra ry h e ,

b egged Ch arl e s to allow h i m to s e n d to E nglan d

som e of his yo ung scholars that th ey might b ring ,

bac k to Frankland th e fl ow e rs of Britain so th at ,

th ese might di ffus e th eir f rag ranc e and display th e ir

”
col ors at To urs as w e ll as at York In th e m om .

ing o f my lif e h e said ,

”
I sow ed in Britain but
, ,

now in th e ev e ning of th at life wh e n my bloo d be ,

i to chill I c e as e n ot to sow in Fran k land cam

g n s
'

, ,

l y p rayi n g that by God s grac e th e seeds m ay

’
es t
”
spring up i n b oth co un tri e s .

I t is w e ll that h e d id Civil stri fe and d iscord .

w e re d evastating th e N orth an d th e D an e s we re ,

alre ady app e aring on th e shore s of that fair l an d

wh e re B i s cop Th e odo re B ed e and Alc uin had

, , ,

l abore d s o hard to e stablish l earning and ed ucati on .

1
M ig n e , vol . c .
, p . 20 8 Ep 43 . .
34 2 Th e Ag e
f
o Cha r l emag n e
.

h ast b e gun to s t ud y Vi rgil ? H e th e n an d th e re

s e c ured a p r o m i s e that th e obj e cti on abl e po e t
sh oul d be s t ud i ed n o m or e an d d i s missed th e monk
,

with a s e v e re r e pri m a n d .

H ow ev e r f rom al l s i d e s st ud ents fl ocke d to th e

,

sch ool at T ours m an y f rom E n gl an d b e ing e sp e

,

ci al ly w e lc om e d ,
an d att ai n i n g positi on s of gr e at

h on o r Th us Al cui n s gr e at e s t w ork was d on e n ot

.
’

i n th e t eachi n g of pri n c e s b ut i n th e trai n ing of

,

t e ach e rs M an y of th e gre at nam e s m e ntio n ed i n

.

th e c aus e of l e ar ni n g i n th e ninth c e nt ury w e re of

thos e who st udi e d und e r Alc uin at T ours .
 CH APT E R XXV I I I .

I R I S H L EARN I N G S T PATRI C K C O L U MB ANU S

.

I R I S H M I S S I ON S AND MONAS T E RI E S ON TH E
CON TI NE NT IRI S H S C H O LAR S AT TH E C OU RT
—

O F C H ARL E S— O PPO S I TI ON O F AL C U I N— DE ATH

O F ALCU I N .

U T n ew infl ue n ce s w e re at work i n th e
ki ngdom o f Charl e s , and n ew m e thod s
p rincipl e s of l earn ing an d of e d uc a
an d

tio n w e re b e ing introd uc ed T h e great .

missionary work of th e E n glish Bo n iface ,

which had b e e n carri ed on with s uch s ucce ss un d e r

Charl e s M art e l an d Pippin had s e rv ed to spread n ot
,

only Christianity but th e in fl uenc e of th e R om an

,

spirit an d th e r ul e of B e n edict and th us in a great

,

m eas ure had prepared th e way for Alc uin

. His .

great s ucc ess t h reat en e d to hid e from vi e w th e

labors of anoth e r lin e of work e rs gift ed with an oth er
k ind of spiri t .

By th e efforts of on e of th e mo s t not ed saints and

miss ionari es of th e Ch risti an Ch urch St Patrick , .
,

m onast e ri es and schools h ad b ee n sp re ad ov e r I re

lan d until i t gai n e d th e n am e it has S ince b or n e in
,
”
hi s tory ,
T h e Island o f th e S aints P e rs e c ut e d
.

3 43
3 44 The Ag of Chae r l ema
g ne .

by on e of th e p e tty ki n gs wh ose mo ral s h e h ad e n

,

d e avore d to c orre ct C ol um b a St P at rick s s uc

’

, , .

c e s so r h ad i n 565 tak e n r e f uge in th e i s l and of

, , ,

I on a wh e r e h e b uilt a m on ast e ry which s oon be

, ,

c am e c e l e b rat ed b oth as a c en t re of g re at an d s uc
,

ce s s ful m i s s i on ary e ff or ts a m ong th e Pict s th e i n ,

h abit ants of wh at is n ow k n ow n as Sc otl an d an d as ,

a so urc e of Ch ri s ti an ligh t an d l earn i n g C ol umba .

d i e d i n I on a i n th e v e ry y e ar i n which A ugusti n e ,

mi s s ion ary f rom th e pop e of R om e s e t f oot on th e ,

isl an d of Th an e t on th e s outh e rn sh ore s of B ritain

, .

I n th e s e m on ast e r i e s an d school s far in th e N ort h

,

an d W es t th e re w as kin d l e d an d b urn e d b rightly a

,

light of Ch ri s ti an z eal and l e arning which had b ee n ,

light e d f rom oth e r fl am e s tha n thos e of Ro m e an d ,

which re fl e ct e d more of th e glo ry of th e Greek spi rit

of th e E ast .

F ar re m ov e d from th e t ur m oil of th e gre at inv a

sions on th e C on tin e nt th e light b urn e d st ead ily on ,

cut 0 3 by t h e conq ue st of th e Saxons in th e fifth

c ent ury from i n t e rco urs e with th e r es t of th e great
ch ur ch o f th e Wes t Not cont e nt howe ve r to re
.
, ,

m ain th us isolat ed an d inactive tho ugh p ow e rl ess ,

to reach th e fi e rc e S axon h ord es by whom th e ir ,

Christi an b re thre n h ad b een ruthl e s s ly p ut to d eat h

or d riv e n w e s tward to th e m oun t ai n s th e y l ook e d ,

b e yon d ac ross th e s e a for th e fi el d s whit e for th e

, ,

h arv e s t .F ri d ol in was th e fi rst C e ltic m issionary to

cross th e Chann el abo ut th e y ear 50 0 l ab oring i n
, ,

Aq uitania am ong th e Ari an Visigoth s conti n uing ,

und e r th e pr ot e ction of Cl ovis aft e r th e conq ue st by

th e Fran k s in 50 7 H e labore d also among th e
.
346 T he Ag e
f
o Cha r l emag n e .

Co n tin e n t h ad b e e n b rok e n off by th e S axo n con

q ue st of B rit ai n an d wh e n onc e m ore th e C e ltic
,

Ch urch c am e fac e to fac e with Co n tin e n t al Chri s

ti an i ty e ith e r in th e co urts of E n gli s h ki n gs con
, ,

v e rted by mis s io n ari e s f rom R om e or i n th e co urs e ,

of th e ir ow n m is s io n ary e x pl oits a m ong th e G e rm an

trib e s impo rtant di ffe re nce s app eared Th e s e cl early
, .

sh ow e d th e m s e lve s i n th e r ec k o n ing of E ast e r th e ,

form of th e tons ure th e c on s e cratio n of a bi s h op , ,

th e b aptism of childre n th e ab s e nc e of r e q ui r e d ,

c e libacy an d i n a p e c uliar lit urgy an d a d i ffe ren t

,

syst e m of m on astic rul e s O f s till more s ign i fi .

’

c an c e h ow e v e r was th e fact th at sinc e th e con

, ,
“ ”
d e m n ati on of th e Th re e Ch apt e rs th e r e h ad a ri s en
a gre at m i s t rust of Ro m an or thod oxy P e l agi us I . .

h ad ack n owl e d ge d th e auth ority of th e Fifth C oun

cil but thi s l ed to a t e d io us S chi s m b e tw e e n s e v e ral
,

W e s t e rn ch urch e s an d Ro m e i n as m uch as for a ,

’

l ong tim e in th e W es t e rn Ch urch th e rej e cti on of

”
th e Three Chapt e rs was co n si d e red a vi ol ati on of
orthodoxy and on thi s acco unt th e bish op s of I t aly
,

bro ke off th e ir c omm uni on with Ro m e T he

bish ops of M ilan an d Rav e nn a w e re re concil e d i n ,

d e e d wh e n Oppre ss e d by th e A r i an L om b ar d s
, , ,

th ey w e re co m p e ll ed to s e t a g re at e r val ue on com
m union with th e C ath olic Ch ur ch but th e a r ch ,

bish op oi Aq uil e i a wh o si n c e th e c onq ue s t of I taly

,

by th e L ombard s h ad re s i d e d on th e i s l an d of G rad o ,

and th e I s t ria n bishops w e re m ore obstin at e an d ,

d i d n ot re n ew th e i r f ell owship with Ro m e until th e

e ar 69 8 Th es e Thr ee Ch apt e rs as th ey w e r e
y .
,

1
1
G ies el e r , i I brd i 8
'

v ol . .
, p.
5 3 0 . .
,
vol . .
, p.
4 1 .
 Col um ban us .
3 47

c all ed w e re th e w ritings of Th e od ore of Mop s ues ti a

, ,

T h eod ore t s wri tings agai n st Cy ril an d th e l e tt e r

’

of I bas to M ari s th e two l att e r havi n g b ee n e x

,

pres sly pron oun c e d orthodox by th e C oun cil of

Chalce don I n d ee d th e d e ci s i on s of th e Co un cil
.
’
,

of Ch alc e don w e r e re gard e d by th e E g yptian party

as co m pl e t e ly N es t ori an All th e s e d i ffe re nc e s
.
’

h ad b e e n s e ttl e d as far as E n glan d was conc e rn ed

at th e Co un cil of Whitby i n 664 in favor of th e , ,

c ustoms and b e li e fs up h e l d by R om e but th e ,

work of Col um ban us and h i s co m p an i ons on th e

Contin e nt re vive d th e q ue stion Col um ban us h ad .

already com e into c on flict with th e Frankish bish

ops regard i n g th e ti m e of th e c e l e bration at E ast e r
”
whil e at L ux e uil T rue h e s aid . th e div e r , ,

s ity of c ust oms a n d tra d iti on s h as gr e atly di s t urb e d

th e p e ac e of th e ch urch b ut if we on ly st ri v e in ,

h umility to follow th e e xampl e of our Lord w e ,

sh all n e xt acq ui re th e p ow e r of m ut ually l ovi n g each

oth e r as true d i s cipl e s of Christ with al l th e h eart ,

an d with out taki n g o ff e n c e at e ach oth e r s faili n g s

’ ‘

and soo n m en w ould com e to th e knowl ed ge of th e

t rue way if th ey so ught th e t ruth with e q ual z eal ,

and n on e w e re inclin e d to b orrow too m uch from

s elf and each so ught h i s gl ory on ly in th e Lord
, .

O n e thing I be g of y ou th at sinc e I am th e ca us e ,

of thi s d i ffe re nc e an d I cam e for th e s ak e of our

,

commo n Lord an d S avi our as a strange r into thi s

land I may be allow e d to liv e s il e ntly in th ese for

,

es ts n e ar th e b on es of our s e v e nt ee n b re thr e n as I ,

hav e b e e n p e rmitt ed to live tw e lv e y ears am ong

1
G i ese l e r , vol . i .
, p 479
. .
1
1 61 1 ,
vol . i .
, p 3 59 ,
. n ote 66 .
348 Th e Ag e
f
o Cha r l em ag n e .

y ou alr e ady th at s o as i n d uty bo un d w e m ay p ray

May Gaul em
,

for y ou as hith e rt o w e h av e d on e .

b rac e us all at onc e as th e ki n gd om of h eav e n will

”
e m b rac e us if w e S h all be f oun d w or thy of i t .

Fro m B obbi o h e w rot e to th e pop e hi m s e lf s h ow ,

i n g how h e h ad b ee n i m p r e s s e d by th e p ow e r an d
m aj e s ty of R om e H e prono un c e d h e r th e m i s
.

t re ss an d s p e ak s i n th e high e s t t e r m s of h e r auth or
,

ity e s p e ci ally on th e groun d th at St P e t e r an d St

, . .

Pa ul h ad t augh t th e re an d h on ore d it by th e i r m ar
ty r d om B ut h e p l ac e s th e Ch ur ch of J e r us al e m
.

for similar re as on s i n a s till high e r ran k an d h e ad

’
,

m oni s h e d th e R om an Ch urch an d d e cl are d th at h e r ,

powe r wo uld re m ai n with h e r on ly s o long as s h e

guard ed th e t r uth an d th at on ly h e was th e t r ue ,

k ey b eare r of th e ki n gd om of h e av e n wh o by tr ue
-
,

k nowl e d ge op e n e d th e d oor for th e worthy an d sh ut

it up on th e un w orthy H e w ar n ed th e R om an .

Ch urch agai n s t s e tti n g up an y arrogant clai m s on ,

th e g ro un d th at th e k e y s of th e king d om of h e av e n
w e re giv e n to St P e t e r sinc e th e y co uld h ave n o
.
,

forc e i n opp os itio n to th e faith of th e un iv e rsal

ch urch Thi s was plain sp eak ing on th e p art of an
.
’

I rish m onk an d sh ow e d a d e ep e r harm on y with th e

,

spi ri tof th e G re e k th e ol ogy th an with th e R om an

e xt e r n al e c on om y of a visibl e organi zati on ; wh il e

in th e th ree great m onas t e ri es th at m ark ed th e

ro ut e of St C ol um ban s apostolat e L ux e uil St
.
— ’

, .

G all an d Bobbio n um e rous m an uscripts of O rige n

,
—

1
Nean de r v ol . i ii
pp 3 2, 3 3
b
.
, . , .

1 R
om a or i s te r rarum cap ut e s teccl e s larum l
s a va lo i
c dom i n i
cus res ur re cton i s s i n g ul ar i p r e rog ati va .

1
N
ean d e r , v ol ii i , p 3 5 . . . .
35 0 Th e Ag of Ch e a r l em a
g ne
.

m ad e bi s h op of O rl ean s al s o i n v e igh e d agai n s t th e

,

I rish S ch ool of th e ol ogy T h e I ri s h th e ologi an h e .

calls a l awl e ss t h ing a d ead ly foe a d ull h or ror , , ,

a m aligna n t p e s t on e w h o th ough v e rs e d i n m any

, ,

s ubj e ct s k n ows n othi n g as c e rtai n and tr ue an d

, ,

e v e n an y s ubj e c t of which h e i s ig n orant f anci e s

hi m s e lf om n i s ci e n t Ch arl e s w as n ot l ooki n g for

.
’

a uth ority how e v e r but for t r uth an d th e I ri sh

, , ,

sch ool gai n e d an d h e l d a pl ac e i n th e palace scho ol

for th e g r e at e r p art of th e n i n th c e n t ury B ut th e .

w ork of Alc ui n was n ot al l d on e n or all f orgott en .

O nc e m ore h e was s um m on e d to a d octrinal cont e st ,

an d by h i s th e ol ogic al l e ar n i n g an d un d oubt e d ski l l

h e r e f ut e d F e lix bish op of U rge l an d won a brill

, ,

i an t tri um ph ov e r th e A d opti an ists H e liv e d to .

co n grat ul at e Ch arl e s on h is acc es si on to th e i m

p e ri al d ig n i ty an d b e c,om i n g ill i n th e sp r i n g of 80 4 ,

i n acc ordanc e with h i s s tr ong d e s ire to liv e until

P e n t e c ost h e di e d on th e m orn i n g of th at great
fe s tival May l gth 80 4 M ullinge r th us s ums up
,

, , .

h i s s e rvic e s A s e n s e of th e sign al s e rvic e re nd e re d

by Alc uin to h i s ag e in d ays wh e n l e arning strove ,

b ut f e e bly an d i n e ff e ct ually ami d th e cl ang of arms

and th e rud e ins ti n c ts of a s e mi barbarous rac e -
,

m us t n ot l ead us to e xagge rat e h i s m e ri ts or h i s

p ow e rs O n a d isp as s i on at e an d c an d id sc rutiny
.
,

his vi ews an d ai m s will scarc e ly app e ar l of ti e r than

h i s ti m e . By th e s i d e of th e imp e rial c onc eptions
of Cha rl e s s o bol d s o origi n al S o c ompre h ensive
, , , ,

h i s t am e ad h e re nc e to t raditi on s h i s timid m ist rust ,

of pagan l e arn i n g dwarf h i m al m ost to littl e n es s

,
.

M ign vol cv p 3 22
1
e, . .
,
. .
 F i n al E s ti ma te o
f A l cui n .
35 1

No n obl e s up e ri ority to s up er s titi ons of h i s ag e

th e
st amps h im lik e Agobard a mast e r spi rit N o h e r o .

ism of s e lf d e v oti on lik e th at of a Col um ban us or o f

-

a B onifac e b e ars al oft his m e mo ry to a re gion which

d etracti on c ann ot r each H e re are d no cl assic

.

mo n um e n t of hi s t oric ge ni us li k e th at of E inhard ,

h e p e n n e d n o s t anzas lik e th os e of Th e o d ulf ,

Gl ori a L aus e t H on or Tibi to waft from c e nt ury ,

’

to c e n t ury th e b urd e n of th e Ch ristian h op e until

lost in th e cl am or of th e M ars e ill ais e .
’

Y e t l e t us n ot withh old th e trib ut e that is h i s

d ue . H e l ov e d th e t e mpl e of th e m us e s and was ,

at onc e th e ir high p ri e st an d th e ir apostl e in t he

d ays wh e n th e wors hipp e rs at th e ir sh rin e s w e re
fe w . H e uph e ld th e faith with vigor an d ability
agai n st its fo e s an d ami d th e t e mptati ons of a l i cen
,

ti ous c ourt bore wit n e ss to its e l e vating p owe r wit h

th e e loq ue n t th ough un utt e re d t e stimony of an up
,

right an d bl am e l e ss lif e H e m e di at e d be tw ee n th e
W
.

two g re at e st princ e s o f th e e s t an d t h e bl e ssi n g

'

p rom i s e d th e p e ac e m ak e rs was h i s H e watch e d .

with a fath e r s c are ov e r a ban d of ill ust ri ous dis

’

ci p l e s , w h o r e p aid him by a loving ob e d i e nc e whil e

h e liv e d an d by a faithf ul ad h e re n c e to h i s t each

,

i n gs wh e n h e was gon e And wh e n on th e morning

.
,

of P e nt e c os t h i s spi rit pass ed away it was f e lt th at

, ,

a light h ad b e e n withdrawn f rom t h e ch urch and ,

”
th at a wis e t e ach e r of Israe l was d ead .

1
Thi h ymn ,
s Gl o ir a, w as s un g in F
ran ce on Pa m S unday l
each y e ar un ti the l R l
e vo uti on .

1
M ulli nger, pp . 1 26, 1 27,
 CH APT E R XX I X .

LAR G E R D EV ELO PMEN T UNDE R L OU I S T H E PI OU S

TH E S C H O LAR S O F F U L D A R AB ANU S M AU R U S
—

AND S E R V AT U S L U P U S— TH E G R E AT R E F O R M
ER S — AG O B AR D O F L YON S AND C LAU D I U S O F
T U RI N PAS C H AS I U S R AD B E R T U S AND TH E
—

DO C TRI NE O F T R AN S U B S TAN TI ATI ON — J O H N

S COTU S E RI G EN A G O TT S C H AL K AND TH E
—

P R EDE S TI N ATI ON C O NT R OV E R S Y .

H E s chools which Charl es had fo un d e d

m ultipli e d and at tain e d a g re at e r gl ory
in th e re i gn of h i s sons an d s ucc e s s ors
.

M ilm an sp e ak s of th e acts of th e Co un
cil of 8 1 7 as am ong th e bol d est an d most
compreh e nsiv e e v e r s ubmitt e d to a g re at nati onal

as s e mbly T h e rule of Ch rod egan g was m ad e to

.

ap p ly to th e e n ti re ch urch an d th e whol e d isciplin e

,

of m onas tic lif e was d e fin ed with incre asing st rict

n e ss Lo ui s th e Pi ous h ad ord e re d th e t ran s l ati on
.

of th e Sc ript ure s into th e L i ng ua Teud i s ca an d th e

,

n ati onal d ial e cts of N e ust ria an d A ust rasia w e re

al re ad y d e v e l oping int o d istinct languag e s .

Accor d ingly th e e piscop al s chools b e cam e m ore

p romin e nt an d d istinct f rom thos e of th e monas
3 53
3 54 T he Ag e
f
o Char l emag n e .

th rough out th e ni n th ce n t ury an d i n d e e d for th e

, , ,

f our c e n t uri e s p re c e d i n g th e re ign of Phili p A ugus

tus th e w ork of th e e pisc op al s ch ool s w as n at urally
,

q uit e e cli p s e d by th at of th e m on as t e ri e s C orbi e

—
,

St R i q ui e s St M arti n of M e t z St B e rti n F e r
.
, .
, .
,

r i er e s an d oth e r s b ut T our s al re ad y h ad b e g un t
, o
d e clin e on ac c oun t of i ts w e alth .

A c apit ul ary of L oui s i n 8 2 2 sh ow s th e s am e i n

te r e s t i n l e arn i n g th at h i s fath e r h ad th ough s ug ,

g e s ti n g s om e n e gl e ct i n t h e p as t I t is d e cr e e.d
th at e v e ry on e i n c ours e of t rai n i n g for an y p os iti on
i n th e ch ur ch S h all h av e a fi x e d p l ac e of re s or t an d
a s uit abl e m ast e r Lat e r e ach bi s h op w as to ox e r
.

cis e gr eat d ilige n ce i n i n stit uti n g sch ool s an d i n ,

t rai n i n g an d e d uc ati n g s ol d i e rs for th e s e rv ic e of

Ch r i s t s ch urch L oui s i t ap p e ars w as on th e eve
’
.
, ,

of an un d e r t aki n g p r opo s e d by th e bi s h op s to op e n ,

th re e l arge p ublic s ch ool s i n th e th ree m os t s uitabl e

loc ati ons i n th e e m p ire wh e n th e re b ellion of his
,

S o n s brok e out an d civil w ar e n s ue d .

In th e m e an ti m e th e mo n ast e ry of F ul d a w as
ri s i n g to impo rtan ce th rough on e of th e g reat e st
s ch ol ars of th e c e n t ury R aban us M a urus
, H e .

h ad b e e n s e n t as a y oun g m an to r e c e iv e i n
s t r ucti on f r om Alc ui n at T ours an d sp e e d ily b e
,

c am e a g re at favo r it e O n h i s r e t urn d e e ply i m

.
,

p re s s e d with th e l e arni n g an d ch aract e r of his

t e ach e r h e was app oi n t e d h e ad of th e m on as t e ry
,

sch ool th ough on ly tw en ty S e v e n y ears of ag e

,
-
.

I n 8 1 9 h e w r ot e th e c e l e b rat e d D e I n s ti tu
ti on e C l e ri corum j us tly cit e d as e vi d en c e agai n st
,

ex agge rat ed r e p r e s e n tatio n s with re s p e ct to th e

 B a ba n us Ma ur us .
355

ignoranc e of th e cl e rgy of th os e tim es H e s h ow e d .

a gr e at e r lib e rality of s e n ti m e n t tha n Alc uin an d

Gregory on th e s ubj e ct of p agan lit e rat ure an d

s e c ul ar l earn ing es p e ci ally in regard to D i al e ctic
, ,

of which h e s ay s This i s th e s t udy of s t ud i es .

I t t each e s h ow to t each It alo n e knows h ow to

.

k n ow an d n ot on ly will but can m ak e m e n wi s e

, , .

Wh e re f ore it b e h oov es th e cl e rgy to be acq uai n t ed

"
with this n obl e art In d e ed it wo ul d s ee m
.
, ,

says M ulli n ge r that th e d e clin e of th e orth od ox

,

m istr us t of D i al e ctic s m ay be h e l d to d at e f rom h i s

t e achings . H i s w ord s i n re ga rd to phil os ophy
are of re m ark abl e b re ad th an d s how h ow h e h ad ,

alre ady d e p art e d from h i s t e ach e r s p re c e pt s

’
H e .

h e ld that if an y of th e S chools an d e s p e ci ally th e ,

Pl at onist s w e re to be fo und m aint aining d octri n e s

,

th at h arm oniz e d with th e Ch risti an fai th i n st ead of ,

regard i n g th e ir t e achi n g with mi s t r ust we S ho ul d ,

d o w e ll to c on v e r t it to our ow n us e I n his com

‘

m en t ary on St M atth e w c ompl e t e d th e y e ar h e

.
,

w as e l e c te d abb ot h e s e e m s to h av e us ed on ly th e
,

L ati n fath e r s an d Ch rysosto m tho ugh h e m e nti ons ,

O rige n an d th e oth e r G re ek s In h i s e xpl anati on .

of n at ural ph e n om e na h e was n ot s o inclin e d to

occ ult an d s up e rn at ur al origin s as was Alc uin E ven .

gh os t s spi r it s and simil ar ph e nom e n a are re fe rre d

, ,

to th e d e c e pti on of th e s e ns e s un d e r th e i n fl ue n c e
of ov e rw r o ught m e n tal f ac ulti e s I n this way h e .

e x pl ai n s th e app earan c e of S am ue l to S aul as t r ue ,

n ot i n f ac t but with r e s p e ct to t
,
h e p e r c e pti on an d
th e m in d of Sa ul Th ough re b uki n g pagan s up e r
.

1
M ull i n g er , p .
35 6 Th e Ag e f
o Cha r lemag n e .

sti ti on s , ma n y of which still ling e red a m ong th e

p e opl e h e f ully share d th e s up e rstition of th e ag e
,

in th e v e n e rati on of th e re lics F or h i s abi l ity as a

.

t each e r h e gain e d a h i gh rep utati on E inhar d se nt .

h i s ow n s on to be e d ucat e d at F ul d a t e lling him to ,

t ak e R aban us as a m od e l in all things b e ca use th us ,

i n st r uct e d h e will be w anting in n othi n g that re lat e s

“
to th e k n owl e d ge of lif e . I f ear my s on , he ,

wrot e ,
an d I v e ry m uch s us p e ct that l e aving ,

hom e y ou m ay com e to fo rge t y ours e lf an d to for

,

g e t m e a l s o ,for i n e xp e r i e nc e d yo uth u n l e s s con ,

troll e d by th e ch e ck of d iscipli n e p roc ee d s with ,

d i ffi c ulty i n th e w ays of r ight e o usn e s s E n d eav or .

th e n my d e ar boy to i m itat e th e b e st e x am pl e s
, , .

O n n o acc oun t i n c ur th e d ispl e as ure of h i m whom

I h av e s e t be fore y ou as yo ur mo d e l but min d f ul , ,

of your vow s ee k to p rofit by h i s t eaching with th e

,

m os t d ilig e nt applic ation that h e wh om y ou hav e

c h Os e n as y our m ast e r m ay approv e Inst ruct e d by
.

his pre c e pts an d acc us toming yo urs e lf to p ut th e m

,

into p ractic e y ou will be wan ting i n n othing th at

,

p e rtain s to th e k n owl e d ge of lif e A S I e xhort e d

.

y o u by wo r d of m outh b,
e d ilig e nt in s tud y an d ,

fail n ot to att ai n whate v e r of nobl e l earn ing y ou

m ay be abl e to gain f r om th e m ost b ri lli an t and
f e rt i l e gen i us of this gre at orat or but ab ove al l , , ,

re me mb e r to i m itat e t h e virt ue s which are his gr e at

e s t glory for gram m ar rh e to r ic an d t
, , , h e oth e r lib
e ral arts are but vai n things an d most inj urio us to
,

th e S e rv ants of G od if d ivin e grac e d o es not t each

,

us th at w e m ust e v e r hold goo d m o ral s ab ov e th e m

al l
. In d eed l e arni n g may i nspi re th e h eart but
, ,
35 8 The Ag e
f
o Char l emag n e .

An oth e r s ch ol ar of F ul d a as s oci at e d with S e r ,

vat us L up us was Prob us wh om th e an nals of F ul d a

, ,

d e s c r ib e as th e r e ligi ous p re s byt e r wh os e s ai n tly

.

l e arn i n g an d p ure conve rsatio n m ad e F ul da y e t

m o re S e rv atus L up us s ays of h i m
th at h e w oul d ad m it Cic e ro Vi rgi l an d oth e r , ,

n obl e m e n am on g th e an ci e nt s to t h e n um b e r of ,

th e e l e ct th at th e bl ood of Christ might n ot be

,

s h e d i n v ai n an d that th e p rop h e cy might be ful

,

fill e d . I will be th y d e at h 0 D eath "an d I will ,

be thy s ti n g O G rav e ,
I n d e e d th e y m us t ,

h av e app re ci at e d th e b ea utif ul l an guag e th e e l o ,

q ue n t s tyl e an d th e n obl e th ought of th es e clas s ical

,

m as t e rs aft e r wha t th e y h ad b e e n t h rough No .

w on d e r th e y w e lc om e d th e m b ack with S i n c e r e d e
ligh t an d c rown ed th e m on c e m ore kings of l earn
i n g an d s ai n t s of lit e rat ur e .

I n th e civil s t rif e s an d d om e stic f e ud s i n which

s on r os e ag ai n s t f ath e r an d b roth e r agai n st b r oth e r ,

R aban us s till re main e d l oy al to L ouis an d aft e r h i s ,

d e ath to L oth ai r who r e c e iv e d th e i mp e ri al titl e

,
.

Aft e r th e b attl e of F ont e n ay i n 84 1 h e re s i gn e d , ,

h is abb acy an d re ti re d to P e t e rsb urg H e h ad .

g re at r e s p e ct an d re gard for L e wi s th e G e r m an ,

howe v e r an d h i s t e s ti m on y to t
,
h e h igh charact e r
of th e ki n g i s p e rhaps th e l e ast op e n to s uspicio n
, ,

of all th e t rib ut e s to th e m oral vi r t ue s of th e b e s t

of th e S on s of Lo ui s th e Pi ous h i s re p ut atio n b e i n g ,

s uch as to r e nd e r h i m s up e ri or to m e r e p olitical

1 “
An n . l
Fu d , an 8 5 9 ; M
. . . G
S S vol i , p 3 7 3 . . . . .

1
S e rv . L up . Ep 20 ;
. . q
uoted by Nean d e r , vol i ii . .
, p . 60 2.
n ote 2.
 I nfl uen ce o
f B i s ho
p s an d A bbots .
3 59

c on s i d e rati on s I n 847 at th e ag e of s e v e nty on e

.
,
-
,

h e was e l e ct e d to th e bi s h op r ic of M ain z an offi c e ,

which i n v olv e d th e spi rit ual s up e rvi s io n of all G e r

m an y e x c e pt th e d i oc es e of C ol og n e
,
Thi s offi c e .

h e h e l d un til h i s d eath i n 8 5 6 , .

T h e p os itio n of th e e p isc op at e atthi s ti m e was on e

of g re at i m po rt an c e T h e civil p ow e r was w e ak e n e d
.

an d d ivi d e d an d th e m ai n t e n an c e of l aw an d or d e r d e
,

p e n d e d al m oste n ti rely up on th e offi c e rs of th e ch urch .

T h e i n fl ue nc e an d th e autho rity of th e bi s h op s i n s e c
ul ar as w e ll as i n e ccl e s i as tic al affai rs w as w e ll n igh
, ,
-

s up re m e In th e d e cay of th e r oy al p ow e r th e ri s e of
.
,

fe udali s m an d th e e nc roach m e n t of th e p ap acy th e ,

pow e r of th e bi s hop s l oom s up i n a s ign ific an t an d de

ci s i ve m an n e r an d th e n um b e r of g r e at n am e s sh ow s
,

th e i n t e ll e ct ual an d a d m i n i s t rativ e ability with

which th e l ead ing p ositi on s w e re fill ed S uch m e n .

as Th e od ulf Ag obard R aban us M aur us an d Hi n e

, , ,

m ar e x e rci s e d an i n fl ue n c e i n g ui d i n g opi n io n s an d
cont r olli n g e v e nt s far b e y on d th at e x e r ci s e d by an y

l aym an of th e ti m e An e x t ract f rom on e of th e .

chi e f m i n i s t e rs of Ch ar l e s t h e B al d ill us trat e s th e

i n fl ue nc e of p r o m i n e n t e ccl e s i astic s i n affai r s of
"
st at e . B ut y e t h e s ays th e y re f e r th e m at
, ,

te r as is c us t om ary to th e bish op s an d pri e sts s o

, , ,

th at in wh at e v e r way th e d ivi n e auth ority m ay

p l e as e t o s e ttl e it acco rd ing to h i s will th e y m a y ,
"
ass e n t with a f r e e an d r e ad y m i n d Th us as w e .
,

h ave se e n th e i n fl ue nc e at F ul da w as b road e r an d
,

m or e i n spi ri n g th an th at at To urs S e rv atus L up us .

h ad b ee n s e n t to F e r r i ere s buti n 8 3 0 w e n t to F ul d a , ,

1
M ul li g p 1 5 6
n er , N i th a d u i v 3 M G S S ol
. .
1
rp 669 s, .
, . . .
,
v . . .
3 60 The Ag e
f
o Cha r l emag n e .

wh e re h e re m ai n e d for a S h ort ti m e an d th e n re ,

t urn e d to F e rri ere s as i n str uct or i n g ram m ar an d

rh et or ic .

M an y ch an ge s w e re b rought about by th e t r eaty

of V e r d un i n th e i n t e ll e ct ual as w e ll as i n th e p oliti
,

cal w orl d an d f urth e r ch an g e s w e r e m ad e in c ous e

,

q u e n c e o f th e p r o n oun c e d s y m p athi e s o f th e s e g r e at
t each e rs . H ow e ve r th e b on d un iti n g th e m to
,

ge th e r r e m ai n e d un b rok e n for th e i r i n t e re s t s w e re ,

un aff e ct e d by th e p oli tic al m achi n ati on s an d d i ffi

c ul t i e s of th e ti m e Lik e th e b on d s of s chol ar ship
.

an d of c om m e r c e to d ay th e y w e re ab ov e m e re
-
,

p arty li n e s an d s e cti on al i n te r es t s U n d e r Ch arl es .

th e B al d th e r ul e r of th e W e s t e rn Ki n g d o m th e
, ,

i n t e ll e ct ual lif e r e c e iv e d gre at e n co urage m e n t an d

s up ort I n h i s tas te s an d m e th od s h e w as m ore
p .

lik e h i s gran d fath e r H e w as a k e e n th e ol og i an

.
,

fon d of argum e n t an d d e bate but th e ti m e s w e re ,

v e ry e v il It i s t r ue th e s h ock of civil d i s c ord h ad

.
,

l arge ly p as s e d away b ut th e i n vasi on s of th e N orth

,

m en brought w oe an d d e s tr ucti on to m an y of th e
fai r e s t s eat s of l earni n g All th e m on as t e ri e s an d
.

pl ac e s al on g th e S e i n e w e re e i th e r d e p op ul at e d or
l e ft t e r rifi e d af te r h av i n g gi v e n up m uch of th e ir
”
w ealth . I n d e e d unlik e th e p re vi ous i n vas i on s
, ,

ch urch e s an d m on ast e r i e s s e e m to h av e b e e n th e
chi e f obj e cts of att ack Th e i r d e fe n c e l e ss con d i
.

ti on an d th e l arge a m oun t of w e alth which th e y

h ad acq ui r e d s e rv e d to i n vit e th e g re e d of th e bar
b arous an d s av age N or th m e n Th e i r ravage s b e gan .

abo ut 840 an d for m or e th an h alf a c e n t ury th e y

,

1
Prud T A n a 841 M G
. r ee . n v ol i n p 43 7
. . . . .
, .
3 62 The Ag e
f
o Cha r l emag n e .

Cic e ro Qui n tilia n Vi rgi l H orace T e re n c e Mar

, , , , ,

ti al ,
M ac robi us an d P ri s ci an an d th e us ual t e xt
, ,

b ook s of h i s ti m e H i s l e tt e rs al s o re v eal m uch re

.

gard i n g th e m e th od s an d d i ffi c ulti e s of lit e rary

w ork B ook s an d m an us c ript s w e re b orrow e d an d
.

l oan e d s e n t f rom on e m on as t e ry to an oth e r for

,

copyi n g ; b ut oft e n wh e re th e w illi n gn e s s e x i s t e d

th e d i ffi c ulti e s i n th e w ay w e r e gr e at
W
.

e are i n f orm e d th at a v ol um e of B e d e w oul d

n ot b e l oan e d to H i n c m ar b e c aus e it w as too l arg e ,

to hi d e i n th e coat or w all e t an d th e b e ar e r m ight ,

fall i n with a b an d of robb e rs wh o t e m pt e d by th e , ,

b eauty of th e m an us c ript w oul d s e i ze an d carry it ,

off . E v e n withi n th e m on as te ry b ook s w e re n ot

alw ay s s af e I f y ou k n e w th e s i tuati on of our
.

m on as te ry S e rvatus w r it e s to th e abbot of T ours

, ,

y o u w ou l d n o t h av e th o u ght of e n t r us ting y ou r

tr e as ur e to our k e e pi n g I will n ot s ay for lo ng b ut , ,

e v e n for th re e d ays for th ough acc e ss hith e r m ay ,

n ot app e ar e as y for th e s e pi r at e s y e t t h e monast e ry ,

i s so littl e p rot e ct e d by i ts s it uatio n an d w e h av e ,

so fe w m en cap abl e of op p os i n g th e m th at it i s ,
”
it s e lf a t e mp tati on to th e i r gr e e d H i s high e r .

i n t e ll e ct ual ac tivity an d h i s i n tim at e kn owl e d ge of

,

th e wi d e r vi e ws of th e cl as s ic al w r it e rs gav e him a ,

s t r ong d i s t as te for un p r ofit abl e th e olo ic al s p e c ul a

g
tio n Alt oge th e r h e app e ars as on e of th e m ost ‘

s ch ol ar ly m e n of th e n i n th c e n t ur a n d i a g oo d
y s ,

e x ampl e of th e high e s t an d b e s t i n fl ue n c e s of clas s i

cal l e arn i n g upo n t h e int e ll e ct ual lif e of th e tim e .

H e was h e l d i n gr e at e st e e m an d d i e d i n 8 62 , .

1
S v L up Ep 1 1 0
er .
qu
.o t. d b y M ull
. i g r p 1 69 e n e , . .
 A g oba r d an d Cla udi us . 6
3 3

T wo not e d S p an i ard s al s o show e d gre at i n te l l e c

t ual ability an d f re e d om of tho ught in this c e n t ury .

Ag obard a rchbi s h op of Lyo n s f rom 8 1 6 un til h is

,

d e ath i n 840 r e vi s e d th e lit urgy i n th e i n t e re s t of

, ,

p ure d oc tri n e an d of s cr ipt ural e xp re s s i on H e .

w rot e ag ai n s t i m age w orship an d s up e rs titi on an d ,

e v e n p rop os e d to s ub s tit ut e r ati on al inv e s tigati on

for th e h e ath e n m e tho d s of t ri al by c om b at an d by

o rd e al s which w e re s till re t ai n e d un d e r a Ch r i s ti an
,

for m Cl aud i us bi s h op of T uri n f rom 8 1 4 un til h i s

.
,

d eath i n 8 3 9 w as an e v en b ol d e r re f orm e r an d op
, , ,

p os e d m o st vig o r o us ly th e g r owi n g m at e r i ali s m

sh owi n g it s e lf i n th e d oct ri n e s of i m age s an d of th e

E ucha ri s t H e op po s e d p ilgri m ages to R om e an d
.

th e g rowi n g p ow e r of th e pap acy H e l ai d th e .

f oun dati on s of m o d e rn Prot e s t an ti s m i n h i s d octri n e

of g rac e an d of j ustificati on It i s c e rtai n that
.

f rom this m om e n t th e re wo ul d be alw ay s s om e

wh e re i n th e ch urch a p rot e s t agai n s t th e te n d e n cy
”
to m ate ri ali z e Christi an ity .

O n e of th e m os t s ignific an t c on t rov e rs i e s of this

c e n tury was b rought out by a t r e ati s e by Pas ch as i us
R ad be rtus a m on k an d f r om 844 to 8 5 1 th e abb ot
, ,

of Cor bi e .I t was e n titl e d O n th e S ac ram e n t of

th e B od y an d Bl ood of Ch r ist was wri tt e n i n 8 3 1 , ,

an d s oo n aft e r 844 s e n t to Ch arl e s t h e Bald i n a

p l f rm h t h m ight f vor its p d It i
'

p o u ar o t a e a s r e a s .

i m p ort an t as b e i n g th e firs t form al s tat e m e nt of

T ran s ubst anti ati on d e cl ari n g th at by vi rt ue of th e
,

c on s e c rati on by a m i racl e of al m ighty p ow e r th e

, ,

s ubstanc e of th e b read an d wi n e b e cam e conve rt e d

1
Am pere ,
v ol . i ii .
, p . 88 .
 6
3 4 Th e Ag e
f
o Cha r l em ag n e .

i n t o th e s ub s t an c e of th e b od y an d bloo d of Ch ri s t ,

s o th at b e n e ath t h e s e n sibl e outward e m bl e m s of th e ,

b re ad an d wi n e an oth e r s ub s t an ce was still p re s en t .

H ighly figurativ e l an g uag e i n re f e r e n ce to th e

p re s e n c e of Ch ri s t i n th e s ac ram en t of th e Lord s ’

S upp e r h ad b e e n e m pl oy e d f rom v e ry e arly tim e s ,

an d th e r e w as a s t ron g t e n d e n cy i n a lit e ral ag e to

co n v e rt th e s y m b olical an d m e t ap h ori c al l an guag e

i n t o a m e ch an ic al th e ory B ut th e ch urch h ad b ee n .

k e pt f rom a d e fi n it e f orm ul ati on of s uch a m i s co n

ce p ti on by t h e s pi rit ual i d e as cl ear th ought an d , ,

d e cisi v e l ang uage of A ug usti n e

’
.

T h e t re ati s e of Pas ch as i us th e r e f ore c re at e d at , ,

on c e a p rof oun d s e n s ati on Ch arl es th e B al d re .

f e r re d it to R atram n us (B e rtram ) an oth e r m on k of ,

C orbi e for h i s c on s i d e ration an d re ply T h e an s w er

, .

was a cl e ar fi r m an d at th e s am e tim e d e v out an d

, ,

s c ri pt ural d e n i al of th e d oct ri n e H e affi r m e d

Ch ri s t s pre s en c e i n th e s ac ram e n t n ot i n s ub s tanc e
’

, ,

b ut in s pi rit an d i n fl ue n c e sp i r i tual i ter ets ecun da m ,

p o te n ti a m i n a w o rk still,
r e
”
ad in E n gli s h .
’

T h e vi e w of Pas ch as i us was als o con d e m n e d by

R aban us M aur us J ohn Sc ot us an d Flo r us of , ,

Ly on s Still th e m y s tical and ap p are n tly p i ous

.

d oct ri n e which w as e asi e r of app re h e n s i on an d

,

se e m e d to c or re sp on d b e tt e r to th e sacre d w ord s ,

obt ai n e d i ts ad v ocat e s too an d it was eas y to s e e , ,

1
Nean der , i i i p 49 5
v ol . .
, . .

Ep i tl to B on i face , No 9 8 , ch i x N F
1
s e i ce n e
. ath e rs , fi rs t .

s er i es . v ol . i , p p 40 9 , 4 1 0
. . S ee a s o G iese l e r , vol i
.
p 43 5 l . .
, .
,

n ot e 1 5 .

1
B e r tr am , On th e B od y an d Blood of C h r is t .
”
S ee N ean d e r ,
v ol . ii i .
, p p 49 4 5 0
.
-
1 .
3 66 T he Ag e
f
o Cha r l emag n e .

d e r of h i s J ohn Sc ot us E rige n a H e forms th e

ag e , .

c on n e cti n g li n k b e tw e e n th e t raditi on s of th e p as t
an d t h e l ate r sch ol as tic phil osop h y of which h e h as ,

b e e n re gard e d as th e re al i n augurator With far .

gre at e r b old n e s s th an R aban us h e e m pl oyed th e art

of d i al e ctic an d c ar ri e d s p e c ul ati on to i ts utm os t
li m it H e was b orn i n th e firs t or s e c on d d e c ad e
.

of th e n i n th c e nt ury e d uc at e d p rob ably in Iri s h

,

m on ast e ri e s as i s s h ow n by his Gre e k l earn i ng an d

,

his C e ltic s ympathi e s but th e only t r us tworthy i n

,

f orm ati on regardi n g h i m conc e rn s his lif e at th e

c ourt of Ch arl e s th e B al d wh e re h e app e are d ab out
,

84 5 . H i s fav orit e m an ual was th e m uch m i s trust e d

treatise of M artian us Cap e ll a and h e was w e ll v e rs e d ,

in th e G ree k fath e rs e s p e cially i n O rige n wh o was

, ,

n o l e s s an obj e ct of s us pici on by th e ch urch In .

d e e d th e G re ek fath e rs w e re his c on s t an t st ud y
, ,

and th e G reek m e th od s of th ought an d p oints of

vi e w w e re h is own H e at on c e e st abli s h e d a close
.

an d s y m p ath e tic i n tim acy with Ch ar l e s th e B ald ,

whos e min d n at urally t e n d e d t owa r d s p hil os ophical

s ubtl e ti e s Ch arl e s th e B ald d i d for philosophy
.

what his gran d fath e r Ch arl es th e G re at did for

, ,

th eol ogy H i s fath e r Lo uis th e Pi ous h ad b ee n

.
, ,

fon d of th e m yst e ri e s of sc ri pt ural i n t e rpre t ation ,

and m i s t r us t e d all th at s av ore d of sp e c ul ati on or

show e d a n ew an d unt rad iti on al lin e of th ought but ,

Ch arl e s was th e p at ro n of al l scho ol s an d of all par

ti e s an d th e mo s t lib e ral b e n e fact or of l e arni n g i n
,

his ag e T h e v e ry n am e of his pal ace w as T h e

.

School . I n his re ign I rish s ch ol ar s fl ood e d th e

We s t ern Kin gdom Fon d of trav e l o f ad venture
.
, ,
 j oh n S cotus E r i
g en a . 6
3 7

an d of change th ey ap p re ciat ed th e w e lcom e which

,

th ey re c e iv e d at his c ourt .

T h e l earn ing of E rige na was f ully ap p re ci at e d by

th e king . H e was s e l e ct e d to t ransl at e th e Ps e udo
D i ony s i us a w ork on th e C e l e sti al H i e rarchi e s s up
, ,

pose d to hav e b e e n w ritt e n by D iony s i us th e Are op

ag it e wh o w as c onf us e d with D i ony s i us th e bishop
, ,

of P ari s or St D e ni s th e p at r on S aint of Franc e

. .
, .

A co p y of this w ork i n G re e k had b e e n s e n t by th e

E m p e ro r M ichae l to L oui s th e Pi ous in T he
transl ati on was w e ll don e an d E rige n a s h ow e d a ,

fairly c orr e ct an d at ti m e s e l e gant L ati n s tyl e H e .

al s o com p il e d a c om m e n t ary on M arti an us C ap e ll a ,

”
from wh om say s Pr ud en ti us of Tr oy e s
,
he ,
”
had imbib e d a d ead ly poiso n which s ee ms to hav e ,

b ee n S h own i n h i s p utting of reas on ab ov e author

ity an d us i h g d i al e ctic rath e r th an trad iti on in th e
,

inv es tigation of t ruth P e rh ap s th e m os t m ark e d

.

i n fl ue n c e s up on h i m w e re e x e rt e d by th e T i m e us
of Plat o an d th e C e l e s ti al an d E ccl e s i as tic al H i e r
ar chi e s att r ib ut e d to D i on ysi us H i s g re at w or k .

w as th e D e D ivi s io n e N at ure i n fi v e bo ok s , .

H e p osit e d as a f un d am e nt al p ri n cipl e th at true

th e ol ogy an d t rue phil osophy are only f orm ally
di ff e re nt but e ss en tially id en tic al
, T h e t ruth is .

e xpr e s s e d i n Sc ript ur e an d i n e ccl e si as tic al d ogm a ,

as in a s h e ll acc omm od at ed to m an s un d e rstanding

'

by figurativ e an d m e tap horic al ph ras e s R easo n .

strips off this s h e ll an d out e r c ov e ring an d by ,

m ean s of d i al ectic or s p e c ulati on rai s e s f aith to

kn owledge H is s ys t e m took on a p anth e istic col
. .

1 G ies el e r , vol . ii .
, p . 1 0 3 , n otes 1 4 an d 1 5 .
3 68 Th e Ag e
f
o Char l emag n e .

ori n g, but h e m ai n t ai n e d nd eavo ri n g th at h e was e

to afli rm Chri s ti an th e i s m G od hims e lf th e Ah .

,

s ol ut e is s up e rs ub s t an ti al above all th e cat egor i e s

,

of e xist e nc e T h e re as on of m an can s ee th e re fore

.
, ,

on ly th e m anif e s t ati on s of God not G od h i m s e lf , .

G od is cre at e d in thing s h e re aliz es h ims e lf in wh at

h e prod uc e s as our int e llig e nc e in our th ought s
, .

All things re t urn to h i m an d fi n d in him th e i r fin al .

end . E vil i s n ot p os i tiv e n or e t e rn al it ex ists but , ,

as a l ack a n egati on which m ust pass away wh e n

,

al l is re aliz e d an d attai n s p e r f e cti on In him are ,

th e ge r m s of th e wh ol e l ate r c ontrad ictio n s of S ch o

lastic an d m ystic .
’

H e was ha rd ly n otic e d i n his own ag e altho ugh ,

M auric e call s h i m th e m e t aphysician of th e ninth

c e n t ury on e of th e ac ut e s t m e t aphysici an s of an y
”
c e n t ury As All e n s ays
. J ohn Scot us on ly con
f us e d an d p uzzl e d h i s ag e h e s e em ed to be orth o
d ox b ut i n a fashi on h ard ly availabl e for p ract i c al
,

p u rpos e s Wh a t. c oul d s uch a n a g e as h i s d o with

a m an who talk e d abo ut e vil as a n egation as h av ,

i n g n o r e al e x ist e nc e or wh o d e fi n e d pr ed e stination ,

h e c onscio usn e s s of achi e vi n g on e s d e sti n y ?

’
as t

At a l at e r tim e th e j us tic e which h e fail e d to re

,

ce i v e i n his li f e ti m e was m e t e d out to him an d h e ,

"
w as c on d e m n e d as a h e re tic .

H e was s e l e ct e d h ow ev e r by H i n cm ar to und e r , ,

t ak e th e re f utati on of G ottsch alk in th e fam ous con

trov e rs y abo ut p re d e s ti n ati on Go tt s ch alk h ad .

sh ow n a re stl e ssn e ss an d un eas in e ss in th e m onas

1
M u ice vol i
a r p p 6 —
4 7 5 0 1 Am pere vol . ui pp 1 23 - 1 46
.

All pp 1 90
. .
, . .
, .
, ,
1
en , .
,
1 9 1 .
3 70 T he Ag of Ch
e a r l em a
g ne .

tio n . Inlity th e ch urch s y s te m was s e m i P elagi an

re a -
,

an d m us t h av e b e e n i n or d e r to giv e S c op e for i ts

op e rati on s It i s a f act fam ili ar to th e s t ud en ts of

.

ch ur ch hist ory th at fat alism i n th e ol ogy h as ge n e r

ally b e e n th e c r e e d of th os e wh o h av e r e b e ll e d m os t

s t ubb or n ly ag ai n s t e ccl e s ia s tic ty ran n y B ut Go d s

’
.

s e r vic e is f r e e d om fat ali s m i n thi s re gard t ak e s on e

out of m an s h an d s i n to Go d s h an d s an d s uch a
’ ’

th e ory h as always b e e n th e i n s pirati on of i n d e p e n

d e n t an d d ar i n g c on d uct It i s th e v e ry f oun dati on
st on e of Mah om e tan i s m an d was th e inspiri n g pri n
.

ci p l e of t h e Pilgrim F ath e rs .

R aban us M aur us w as n ot f r i e n d ly to Gottsch alk

op p os e d h i m in a t reati s e p ubli s h e d i n 840 an d p ur ,

s ue d hi m r e l e n tl e s s ly G ottschalk app eal e d in p e r

.

s on to M ai n z b ut w as c on d e m n e d
, s c ourge d an d , ,

h an d e d ov e r to H i n cm ar F e w w ill be d isp os e d to
.

call i n q ue s ti on th e c om m e n t of D um m i e r th at it ,

w as a h ars h an d un r ight e ous s e n t e n c e an d l eav e s ,

a s t ai n on th e r e p utati on of R aban us T reat e d as .

b ad ly by H i n cm ar i n th e W e s t c on d e m n ed d e
—
,

grad e d f om h i s ord e r an d sco urge d G ottsch alk

r ,
—

was c on s ig n e d to p e rp e t ual i m pri s on m e n t i n th e

m on as te ry of H autv i l l i e rs P e rs e c utio n s b e gan to
.

t ak e th e p l ac e of argum e n t in th e ol ogic al d i s c us
s i on s At thi s ti m e h owev e r th e sym p athy of
.
, ,

m an y w as ar ous e d an d a m ov e m e n t i n h i s fav or s e t
,

in . R atram n us t ook h i s s i d e P r ud e n ti us of T roy e s , ,

A m ol a an d R e m igi us of Ly on s wi th Fl or us a , ,

p re s byt er of Ly on s an d S e rvatus L up us H i n c
, .

m ar w as n ow at a d i s ad v an tage n ot havi n g m uch ,

ability in th e ol ogic al s p e c ulati on .

 Oppos ed by j oh n S cotus .
3 7 1

It was at th at J oh n Sc ot us E rige n a
thi s p oi n t
w as c all e d i n I n thi s d i s c us s i on h e shows th e
.

s t r ong i n fl ue n c e of t h e T i m e us an d th e P s e ud o D i o -

n y s i an w r itings N o i rre s istibl e om n ip re s e n t p ur

.

p os e w orki n g f rom al l e t e rn ity i s to be f oun d i n

th e T i m e us and th e p ur e ly n e gativ e ch aract e r of e vil
,

i s s e t f orth in th e Ps e ud o D ion y s i us Th e s e i d e as -
.

Joh n Sc ot us al s o t ook up m aki n g an ex t e n d e d us e ,

of d i al e ctic .H e fi rst l aid d ow n th e p r i n cipl e th at

phil os ophy an d re ligi on can n e v e r be at vari anc e ;
s e c on d ly h e rep rod uc e s as M ulli n ge r h as s o i n t e r
, ,

es t i n g l y p oi n t e d out th e p as s ag e f rom R aban us i n, ,

which h e s p eak s of th e val ue of d i al ectic to th e d e

f e n d e r of th e fai th an d th at it ought n ot to be l e ft ,

to th e oppo n e n t Thi s p romi n e n t us e of d i al e ctic

’
.

r ous e d opp os iti on , an d t h e un p op ul ari ty of H i n c

m ar t og e th e r wi th th e s y m pathy ex p re s s ed for
,

Gott s ch alk but e sp e ci ally th e p e c uli ar i d eas ad

,

v an ce d by J oh n Sc ot us d r e w m uch att e n ti on to ,

th e c as e . J oh n app e al ed to th e G r ee k f ath e rs an d
phil os op h e rs an d re f e rre d p arti cul arly to M arti an us
,

C ap e ll a T h e h os tili ty to H i n cm ar f rom Ly on s was

.

p artly d ue to th e riv al ry of th e two g re at e ccl e s i as

tic al c e n tr e s Rh e i m s an d Ly on s T h e p os iti on i s
,
.

ill us t rat e d m os t cl e arly i n P r ud en ti us R are ly are .

th e d og m ati s t as s e e n i n P r ud e n ti us an d th e rati on
, ,

ali s t as s e en i n J ohn Sc ot us to be f oun d i n s t ron g e r

, ,

c on t rast P rud e n ti us s ai d h e d e t e ct ed i n J ohn th e

.

P e l agi an t re ach e ry th e folly of O rige n an d th e m ad

,

n e s s of th e C ol ly ri an h e res y H e says th at J oh n ’
.

1
M ull i n ger, p 1 85 , n ote 1
bab ly the Coll y id i As ea
. .

1
Pro r ans . i n th e fourth ce n tur
y wh o
3 7 2 Th e Ag of Cha e l
r em a
g ne .

Sc ot us re mi n ds h im v e ry f orcibly of P e l agi us an d ,

h e s p e aks of th at C ap e ll a of y ours as th e s ourc e

of m an y of his e r ro rs I n s p it e of th e g re at n am e s
.

an d s t ron g f e e li n g c on n e ct e d with thi s controv e rsy ,

on e c an n ot e s ti m at e th e lit e rat ure v e ry highly .

T h e m ai n p oi n t s at i s s ue th e f un d am e nt al p ri n ci
,

pl e s w e re g ras p e d by n on e of th e d i s p ut an ts e x c e pt
, ,

p e rhap s by ,
J o h n Sc ot u s E r ig e n a a n d by h i m i n ,

s uch a w ay th at t h e y w oul d be s till m ore th or o ughly

c on c eal ed f rom e v e ry on e e l s e T h e d i s p ut e was .

on e of w ord s or rath e r on e of p e r s on al f e e ling an d

,

r i val ry .T h e d e cisi on s w e r e i n d e fi n it e an d, as ,

M ozl ey s ay s Th e re i s n othi n g i n th e l an guage

of Ki e rs y to which th e m os t r igid p re d es ti n arian
w ould n ots ub s c ri b e As i t was th e chi e f d e cision
.
,

w as re v e rs e d at V al e n c e i n 8 5 5 an d th e vi e w s ad ,

v an ce d by J oh n Sc ot us w e r e c on d e m n e d Am p ere .

s ay s of J oh n Sc ot us i n r e l ati on to H i n c m ar A
v e ry c onv e ni e n t ally b ut q uit e a d an ge r o us on e
, ,
”
who s e as s ist an c e h ad on ly s e rv e d to c om p romis e .

M e re l earn i n g an d s kill says M ulli n ge r could

, ,

n ot aton e for t h e e vi d e n t l ax ity of d oct ri n e of th e

brilli ant I ri s hm an O f th e l as t of h i s life littl e or
.
”

nothing i s k n ow n It i s c on j e ct ure d h ow e v e r th at
.
, ,

h e r e m ai n e d at th e F ran ki s h C ourt an d c onti n ue d ,

to be on e of th e chi e f orn am e n t s of th e p al ac e
s c h ool th ough Willi am of M al m e s b ur y s ay s that h e
,

w e n t to E n gl an d t aught at O xford an d d i ed as
, ,

s ee m to h ave tran s fe rr ed th e l
ce re m on i a of th e wors h i p of C e res
to th at of th e V
i rg i nMar y
Mll
.

1
u i n g e r , p 1 89
. .
 C H APT E R XXX .

AC C E S S I ON O F L OU I S TH E P I OU W E AK NE S S O F
S —

TH E I M PE RI AL UN IT Y R E L ATI ON S WITH TH E
—

PA PA CY — R E G U L ATI ON O F TH E EM PIR E I N —

T R O D U C T I O N O F PRI M O G EN IT U R E H U M ILI A
—

TI ON O F L OU I S .

H E un ity which Ch arl e s h ad b uilt up an d

l e ft to h i s only s on L oui s l as te d th rough
th e p e ri o d of th e l att e r s r e ig n b ut th e
'

f orc e s of d i s un i on w e re p re s en t an d
g rowi n g al l th e ti m e W
e h av e n ot e d
.

m any of th e m alr e ad y an d h av e s e e n h ow s t ron g

,

th ey w e re for i n s pit e of th e un d e r lyi n g rac e un ity

,

of th e G e rm an p e op l e th e r e w e re b e tw e e n th e v ari
,

ous t rib es which h ad c om e to m ak e up th e e m pi r e

vas t d i ffe re n c e s wh ich s e e m ed to offe r we ll n igh -

i r re s i s tibl e ob s t acl e s to an y re al un i on Th e re we re .

d i ff e re n c es i n trai n i n g an d i n civi lizati on s om e ,

t rib e s b e i n g al m o s t c om p l e t e ly R om an iz e d oth e rs ,

which fi rs t l e arn e d of R om an i n s tit ut i o n s th rough

th e i r s ub m i s s io n to Ch ar l e s an d m any with m e m ori e s
,

of an e ar li e r i n d e p e n d e n c e of a t ri b al if n otn ati on al
,

p olitic al un i ty Th e re w e r e d i ff e re n c es i n laws an d
.

c ust om s fe w if an y h avi n g a w ritt e n c od e of for

, , ,

m al l aws but e ach h aving a m as s of tra d i t i on s cus

, ,

3 74
 Obs tacl es to U n i t
y .
3 75

t oms an d usages more or l e ss p e c uli ar to itse lf

, .

Th e re we re d i ff e re n c e s i n cli m atic an d geog rap hical

con d i ti on s with al l th at th es e i m pli e d Th e re w e re .

als o t h e outlyi n g fo e s th r e at e n i n g th e e m pir e at

e v e ry p oi n t ; t h e un c on q ue r e d un co n v e rte d D an e s
,

an d oth e r N or th m e n read y with th e i r w an d e ri n g

,

b an ds an d p i rate S hi p s to att ack an d d e vas t at e th e

n orth e rn b oun d ari e s an d th e w es t e r n c oast s th e ,

b arba ri an s avage Sl avs an d oth e r T uran i an h ord e s

th re at e n i n g c on tin ually th e wh ol e east e rn f ron ti e r ,

an d th e re w e re th e fi e r c e an d fan atic al S ar ac e n s in

Sp ain an d al on g th e African s h ore s of th e Me d i te r

r an e an as a c on s t ant m e n ac e on t h e S outh Nor .

w e re th e s e i m agin ary d an ge rs for as an ac tual fact ,

th e i n vas i on s an d ravag e s f rom all th e s e d i r e cti on s

b ega n b e fore th e mi dd l e of th e n inth c e n t ury n ay ,

s om e e v e n i n t h e re ign of L oui s hi m s e lf an d con ,

ti n ue d with i n c re as i n g vigor an d d e st r uc tiv e n e s s

un til aft e r th e m i d d l e of th e t e nth c e n t ury th us
’
,

m aking th e te n th c e n t ury th e d ark ag e p a r ex cel l en ce ,

th e s cecul um obs cur um of th e M i d d l e Age s F ur th e r .

m ore th e e l e m e n ts of f e ud ali s m form i n g as w e h av e

, ,

s ee n d uri n g th e p e ri od of th e w e ak or al m os t n on
,

e xisti n g c e n t r al syst e m p re c e d ing t h e C aroli n gi an

monarchy al th ough h avi n g for an obj e ct th e aff or d
,

i n g of th at prot ection to p rop e rty to r ights an d to , ,

life which th e c e n t ral auth ority was n ot s t r ong

,

e n ough to gi v e b ecam e m or e an d m or e s t re n gth

,

1
T h e fi rs t d e fi n i te attack of th e North me n took p ace i n th e l
sack an d b
urn i n g of R l l
oue n i n 840 , th e i r fi n a s e tt e m e n t taki n g
l
p ace i n Nor man d y i n 9 1 1 l
th e fi n a vi ctory ove r the H un s was
g ai n ed b y tto O iIn 9 5 5 w h i e th e Sla r acen s e g a n b y b
m ak i n g
l
.

th emse ves m as ters of S i ci y i n 8 3 7 l .

 37 6 Th e Ag e
f
o Char l emag n e .

e n ed ,stablish e d and organiz e d e xe rc i s ed an un

e , ,

d e rm i n i n g i n fl ue n c e an d w e re a c on stant m e nac e
,

an d obstacl e to an y c e n tral a uthority Charl e s it .

,

h as b e e n s e e n r e cogni ze d th e s e e l e m e nts and n ot

, ,

b e i n g abl e to b ani s h th e m us ed th em for h is p ur ,

p os e s but h e h ad n e ith e r c onq uer e d nor thorough ly

,

s ub or d inat e d th e m T h e i n s tit ut i on if s uch i t m ay

.
,

b e call e d gr e w stro n ge r an d m ore c ompl e t e ly organ

,

i ze d un til it b e c am e th e ri val an d for a tim e th e s uc

, ,

c e s s ful riv al of th e e m pir e an d t h e monarchy which ,

r eally h ad to pas s th rough an d d e ve l op out of it .

AS if al l this w e re n ot en ough th e re was in th e ,

v e ry imp e r i al p ow e r it s e lf as it e xi s t ed i n its G er ,

manic form th e root p r i n cipl e of its own w eakn ess

, .

This was th e T e uto n ic th e ory of th e inh e rit an c e of

ki n gly pow e r Agai n an d again th e unity of th e
.

M e rovi n gi an m onarchy h ad b e e n b rok en up by thi s

p rinci p l e of eq ual d ivisi on am on g th e S ons of th e
ki n g T h e Caroli n gian m ay ors of th e p al ac e h ad
.

b e en abl e to te e st abli s h a un ity which th e C aroli n

-

gi an kings Pippin an d Ch arl e s th e Gre at h ad b ee n

, ,

abl e to m aintain by f ort un at e c on ditions which th e y

did n ot mak e Pippi n s ol d e s t brot h er K arl m an n

.
'

, ,

h ad r e tir e d to a m onast e ry v ol untar i ly w e are l e d ,

to b e li e v e but v e ry f ort un at e ly for Pippin within

, ,

s i x y e ar s aft e r th e two b roth e rs had re c e iv e d from

t h e i r fath e r Charl e s M art e l th e powe r which h e
, ,

divi d e d b e tw ee n th e m Three y e ars aft e r a divi d e d

.

mo n archy had b ee n i n h e rit e d by Pippin s so n s ’

,

Ch arl es an d K arl m an n K ar l m an n had d i e d m ost ,

opport un e ly and Ch arl e s re c e iving th e all e gi an c e

, ,

of h i s b r oth e r s s ubj e ct s found hims elf re i gn ing

'
,
37 8 The Ag e
f
o Cha r l emag n e .

n ot to c on s i d e r ed i n s uch a d i v i s i on or as s o m e
be
thing p e rs on al to hi m s e lf O n c e agai n ci r c um .
, ,

s t an c e s ov e r which h e h ad n o c ont rol c on spi re d to

m ak e p os s ibl e th e l on g e r c on ti n uanc e of i m p e ri al
un ity .T w o of h i s th re e l egi ti m at e s on s h avin g
d i e d L oui s al on e w as l e ft to r e c e iv e th e un d ivi d e d
,

i n h e ri tan c e f rom h i s fath e r B ern h ar d h ow ev e r .

, ,

th e s on of Pi p pi n of It aly w h o d i e d i n 8 1 0 h ad , ,

r e c e iv e d h i s f ath e r s s h ar e i n It aly in 8 1 2 f r om th e
’

h an d s of Ch arl e s h im s e lf
’
.

L oui s on th e oth e r h an d s t art e d out with a n e w

, ,

p o licy u n d
,
ou b te d ly s ugge s te d by t h e p op e an d ,

on e wi th which w e our s e lv e s c an n ot f ail to s y m p a

th i ze . T h e chi e f d i ffi c ulty was th at h e b e gan too
s oon . H e d e t e rm i n e d to p r e s e rv e th e un ity of th e
i m p e ri al p ow e r an d to h an d it on un b rok e n an d
,

un d ivi d e d to on e of h i s s on s an d to gi v e to th e ,

oth e r tw o for h e h ad th r e e s on s L oth ai r Pi p pin

—
, , ,

an d Lo uis — ki n gd om s which t h e y m ight h ol d in

’

m ut ual d e p e n d en c e on th e i r ol d e r b roth e r H e .

th us d e p art ed from th e ol d G e rm an c us t om of co
e q ual d ivisi on an d i n t r od uc e d th e r ul e of prim o
,

g e n it u r e th e e x cl us iv e ri gh t of t
,
h e fi r s tb or n Thi s .
,

a p e c uli ar an d e s s e n ti al ch aract e ri s tic of f e ud ali s m ,

s h ow s th e i n fl ue n c e th at f e ud al p r incipl e s al r e ad y

h ad gai n e d T h e re s ult s of thi s att e m p t will app ear

.

as th e h i s tory p roc e e d s .

L ouis was in Aq uit an i a an d d i d n ot re ach Aix la ,

-

Ch ap ell e until a m on th aft e r his f ath e r s d eath ’

.

With th e un anim ous c on s en t of al l th e F rank s h e

1
Ein ha d r . V it K a ar o i ,l ”
ch . xi x .

1
Loui s , th e G e rm an , s om e ti m es ca ll d Lud wig
e .
 Z eal o
f L oui s .
3 79

as c e n d e d th e thron e an d at on c e t ook up th e afi ai rs ,

of St at e An i m p ort an t as s e mbly was h e l d i n

.

A ugust of this s am e y ear Wi th c om m e n d abl e ze al .

h e at on c e d isp atch e d m is s i to al l p art s of th e e m

pi r e to e s tablish his auth ori ty to ad m ini s te r j us tic e ,

an d to r e m e d y ab us e s H e s um m on e d to him h i s .

n e ph e w B e rn h ar d ki n g of I taly to r e c e iv e h i s f e al ty
, , ,

an d s e nt him b ack l ad e n wi th gift s an d as s ure d of ,

i m p e ri al favor an d s up p ort T o his s on s Loth ai r .

,

an d Pip p i n h e gav e ki n gd om s as h i s f ath e r h ad

,

gi v e n to h i m an d h i s b roth e rs L othai r h e e s tab .

li s h e d i n Bav ari a an d Pi p p i n i n Aq uit an i a H is .

thi r d s on L ouis w as too y oun g to re c e iv e an y ap

, ,

p oint m en t Amb assad ors an d d e p ut ation s s e n t ,

from m an y di ff e r e n t p e opl e s w e re r e c e iv e d an d d i s ,

m i s s ed A n ew e m p e ror L e o V h aving s ucc e e d e d

.
, .
,

to th e thr on e of Const an tin op l e i n 8 1 3 an d h avi n g ,

d e s p atch e d am bas s ad ors to th e c ourt of th e F ran k s ,

an alli an c e was m ad e wi th h i m I n th e N orth L oui s .

,

t ook up th e d e f e n c e of H arol d th e e x il ed king of ,

th e D an e s an d t h e S ax on s an d oth e r N orth e rn
,

t rib e s w e r e or d e re d to m ak e a cam p aign agai n s t th e

D an e s i n h i s s upp ort L oui s h ad gon e f urth e r an d .
,

h ad un d e rt ak e n to r e for m th e m orals of th e c ourt

’
,

which h ad b ee n far fr om p ure d uring th e r ei gn of

Ch arl e s but in s o d oi n g h e h ad r e m ov e d th e chi e f
,
‘

f ri e n d s an d advise rs of his f ath e r th us p e rmitti n g ,

th e b e gi n n i n g of an opp os iti on pa rty At th e h e ad .

of th i s p arty w e re A d al h ard abb ot of C or bi e an d , ,

1 “
E i n h ar d i An n . an .81 4 ; M . G . SS .
, v ol i.
,

1
B ore ti us , i pp 2.
9 7. 29 8 ; C ap . d e D i sci p . Pa l at .

A
.
,
'
ui s
qE in h ard , “
Vi t
a. c. x vi ii .
3 8 0 Th e Ag e
f
o Cha r l emag ne .

his broth e r C ount Wal a c ous i n s of Ch arl e s an d

, ,

gran dso n s of Ch arl e s M art e l th e i r f ath e r b e i n g B e rn ,

h ard Charl e s un cl e
, Three oi th e i ll egi tim at e
’
.

sons of Cha l e s D rog H g

r — o u o a n d T h e od e ri c — an d , ,

th e fi v e sist e rs of L ouis w e re ind uc e d to t ak e up

th e monastic lif e th e favo rit e r e sort for d e thron e d
,

sove re igns r oy al rival s s till d anger o us or p e rsons

, ,

wh os e p re s e nc e m igh t be d i sagre eabl e .

T h e r e l ation s of L oui s wi th th e p op e d i d n ot be
g i n a uspici o u s ly T h e R o m ans
. follow e r s pr oba , ,

bly of th e l e ad e rs i n th e re volt of 799 h ad t ak e n

, ,

ad van t age of th e d eath of Cha rl e s and th e re m oval

of imp e ri al prot e cti on to ris e against L e o an d th e ir ,

c on s pi racy h avi n g b ee n d i s c ov e re d th e pop e him ,

s elf s e iz e d an d p ublicly p ut to d eath all of th e pri n

c i p al offe n d e r s Wh e n thi s was r eport ed to L ouis
.

h e w as highly in d ig n an t T h e pop e h ad act ed .

’

wi th a p as s i on an d s ev e ri ty unworthy of h i m an d of
h i s h i gh ofli ce an d h ad al s o i n f ri n ge d upon th e i m
,

p e rial rights L oui s at onc e s e ttl e d th e affai rs of

.

Harold and of th e Sl av s r e t urn e d to h i s pal ac e at ,

F rankfort an d se n t his n e ph e w B er nh ard of Italy

, , ,

wh o h ad b e e n ai d i n g him i n his N orth e rn camp aign ,

to R om e to m ak e an inv e s tigation B e rnhard was .

t ak e n ill s o on aft e r h i s ar rival but sent b ack w ord ,

to th e e mp e ro r by Co un t G e rol d inf orming him of ,

all h e had l earn ed of th e affair G e rold was f oll owe d .

by th re e papal l e gat e s se n t to ex pl ain an d to j us tify

th e pop e s po s ition an d act s In conse q ue nc e of
’
.

th e s h ock and anxi e ty th e pop e who was n ow an , ,

ol d m an fe ll s e rio us ly ill
,
H is e n e mi e s n ow th or .
,

1
E i h ard i A
n n a 8 1 5 i M G s s u V OL
n .
, P 1n0 1. . .
3 8 2 Th e Ag e
f
o Char l emag n e .

n oun ce d r eas on s for h i s j ourn e y th e e xpl anati on

th e ,

of his p os iti on at R om e th e n e e d s of th e ch urch , ,

an d h i s d e s i r e for th e r e n e w al of th e c om pact of

f r i e n d s hip an d of s upp ort b e twe e n e m p e ror an d pop e .

Gif ts an d c ourt e s i e s w e re e x ch an ge d for th r e e

.

d ay s wi th f r e q ue n t c on f e r e n c e s re gard i n g th e r e
,

l ati on s of s t ate an d ch urc h an d prop os e d l egi s l a ,

ti on on th e s ubj e ct T h e f ourth d ay b e i n g S un d ay
.
,

aft e r c e l e b rati n g m as s th e p op e crown e d L oui s an d

th e e m p re s s I r m i n g ard h avi n g b rought an i m p e r i al

, ,

c row n for th e p urp os e f rom R om e L oui s h ow .

e v e r al re ad y h ad s ok e n of hi m s e lf as t h e E m
, p
p e tor A ug us tus by th e or d i n an c e of d ivi n e p rovi
”
d en ce an d i t i s d oubtf ul if this c or on a ti on w as
,

r e gard e d by h i m as an y thi n g m ore th an h is re cog

ul ti on by th e ch ur ch an d th e S ign an d s e al of th e ,

b on d of un i on b e tw e e n th e tw o Y e tin a c ap i tul ary .

of N ov e m b e r 8 1 6 i s s ue d j us t aft e r th e p ap al c or on a
, ,

ti on h e s ays
,
C row n e d by d i v i n e will r uli n g th e ,

R om e E m p i re ,
”
af te r which h ow e v e r h e re v e r t s , ,

to th e e arli e r form .

St e ph e n r e t urn e d to R om e w h e r e possi bly i n , ,

f ulfil m e n t of th e re q ui r e m e n t m ad e of h i m at thi s
ti m e h e as s e m bl e d a s y n od an d i s s ue d a d e cre t al or
,

d ai n i n g th at i n f uture th e p op e s s ho ul d b e e l e ct e d
by th e card i n al bi s h op s an d th e R om an cl e rgy in ,

th e p re s e nc e of th e R om an S e n ate an d p e opl e but ,

th at th e i r c on s ec rati on s h oul d t ak e p l ac e in th e
p re s e n ce of th e i m p e ri al a m b as sad ors At th e .
’

1
B or e tius , vol i , p 2 61 . C on s ti tutio p r i m a, AD 8 1 5
. .
,
. . .

1
I bi d , vol i , p 2 67 , C ap e g i ad d l
G Ai
. . . . . .

2 , r e fe r ri n g t
o rati an B eerot D i s t 63 , C an 2 8 ;
1
L ea , 4
p . . .

o
z g , v ol 1 i , p . 2 55
. .
 Th e Don ation o
f L oui s . 8
3 3

s am e ti m e th e e m p e ror h e l d a c oun cil at h i s p al ac e

i n C om pi egn e with his bish op s abb ot s an d c ount s , , ,

in which w e re drawn up c ap i tul ari e s s e tti n g f orth

th e d ue l for th e l aity an d th e j ud gm e n t of th e cross
for e ccl e s i as ti cs i n ord e r to s e ttl e c as e s wh e n w i t
,

n es s e s w e r e h op e l e s s ly c on trad ict ory .

’

St e ph e n h avi n g d i e d J an ua ry 24th 8 1 7 s h ortly , ,

aft e r h i s r e t urn f rom th e coron ati on of L oui s ,

P as ch al I was un an i m ous ly e l e c te d an d c on s e crat e d

.

on th e v e ry n e x t d ay H e at on c e s en t p re s e nt s to
.

th e e m p e r or with a l e tt e r of e x c us e i n which h e ,

re p r e s e nt e d th at th e h on or of th e p on ti fi cate h ad
b ee n th r us t upo n h i m n ot on ly i n th e fac e of h is ,

re f us al b ut i n s p it e of all h i s e fforts to re s ist it

,
.

H e al s o s e nt an e m b as s y to b e g th e e m p e ror to
r atify an d c on fi r m t h e alli an c e m ad e with h i s p r e d
a r e q ue s t which t h e e m p e ror grant e d
’
e ce s s or s , .

At thi s ti m e al s o L oui s i s sai d to h av e c on fi r m e d to

th e p op e an d to h i s s ucce s s ors th e city of R om e
wi th i ts d uchy th e ci ti e s of T us can y an d C am p agn a
, ,

th e e x ar ch ate of R av e n n a an d th e P e n tap oli s , ,

which h ad b e e n origi n ally re s tore d by h i s gr an d

fath e r Pi p p i n an d h i s f ath e r Char l e s ; th e d i s t rict
, , ,

of S abi n a as origi n ally p re s e n t e d by h i s fath e r

, ,

Ch arl e s ; pl ac e s i n L om b ard T us cany th e i s l an d s ,

of C or s ic a Sa rd ini a an d Sicily th e p at ri m ony i n

, , ,

B e n e v e n t o Sal e rn o C al ab ri a an d N apl e s grant

, , , ,

i n g al s o th e f re e c an on ic al e l e cti on of th e p op e .

R e gard i n g this d o n ati on L ea v e ry j us tly r e m ark s

H e t ook c ar e to r e s e rv e to hi m s e lf th e S ov e re ig n ty

1
B or eti us , vol i , p 2 68 , C ap l e g i add ch i
A MC
. . . . . .

1
Ei n h ard i nn , . an . 81 7 ; . . SS ., vol . i .
, pp . 20 3 , 2 0 4.
 8
3 4 The Ag e
f
o Cha r l emag n e .

of th e t e rrit ori e s wh os e us ufruct h e b e stowe d on

St P e t e r by th e cl aus e S aving i n al l things our
.
, ,

d om i n i on ov e r th e s ai d d uchi e s an d th e i r s ubj e c ti on
to us Thi s cl aus e an d a s ucc e e d ing on e by which
.
’

th e e m p e r or re s e r v e s th e r ight of i n t e rf e re nc e in
c as e of ty ran n y an d op pr e s s i on d i s p os e m e s t rongly ,

to re gard th e d oc um e n t as ge n uin e T h e abn e ga .

ti on of th e right to c on t rol th e p ap al e l e cti ons is

p robably an i n te rp ol ati on of a l at e r p e ri od as also ,

th e e xt e n s iv e d on ati on s of te rrit ory i n C e ntral an d

S outh e rn It aly which e ith e r was re t ain ed by th e
,

C aroli n gi an e m p e rors or e l s e n e v e r b e l onge d to

”
th e m .

T h e g e n e ral as s e m bly for th e y ear 8 1 7 w as h e l d

i n J uly at A i x l a Ch ap e ll e an d h e re L oui s c ar ri ed
- -
,

out wh at h ad p r ob ably b e e n h i s part of th e ar ran g e

m e n t s arriv e d at i n th e co n f e re nc e wi th St eph e n V .

i n th e pr e vi ous y e ar T h e e nti re G e r m an pri n cipl e

.

of i n h e rit an c e w a s rad ic ally ch an ge d th at of pri m o ,

ge nit ur e b e i n g ad opt e d i n its pl ac e an d f rom this ,

m ay b e trac e d th e b e gi n n i n g of th e civil s t rif e an d

di s c ord which fill e d th e re s t of th e p e ri od an d re ,

s ui te d in th e fi n al divi s i on of th e e m p i r e i n th e
tre aty of V e rd un in 84 3 l e avi n g th e titl e of e m
, ,

p e rot a m e re ly n om i n al on e F or at thi s a s s e m bly .

L oth ai r th e ol d e st s on was c rown e d by L oui s an d

, , ,

as s oci at e d with him i n th e titl e an d digni ty of e m

p e ror e ach of th e tw o oth e r son s rec e ivi n g on ly th e
,
’

titl e of king an d a li m it ed t e r rit ory T h e ar .

range m e nt e s t abli s h e d for thi s inh e rit anc e of th e

1
L e a pp 1 65 , 1 66 an d n ote 1 B oe h mer vol i pp 24 1 242 .
J
. .
, .
, .
, ,
1
ad e, vol i v , p 44 5 . Ei n h ar d i , Ep 7
. . . .
3 8 6 Th e Ag e
f
o Cha r l emag ne .

m ic s with out h i s p e rm i s s i on n or c oul d e i th e r m arry ,

wi th out h i s app roval If e ith e r of th e b roth e rs d i ed

.

l e avi n g h e i rs h i s ki n gd om was n ot to be d ivi d e d

,

am on g th e m b ut was to g o to t
,
h e on e wh om th e
p e opl e m ight ch oos e ; an d if e i th e r of th e broth e r s
d i e d wi th out h e i rs h i s ki n gd om w as to re v e rt to th e
,

ol d e r s urvivi n g b r oth e r
’
.

S e ve ral c ap it ul ari e s al s o we re p ut f orth p robably ,

at thi s sa m e ass e m bly r e gard i n g th e con stit uti on

,

an d c on d iti on of th e c h ur ch T h e B e n e d ic ti n e r ul e .
,

as re viv e d by B e n e d i c t of A n i a n e w as i m p os e d ,

an e w up on all m on as te r i e s an d th e c an on ical lif e , ,

acc ord i n g to t h e r ul e s of Ch rod e g an g of M e tz w as ,

auth or i tativ e ly e s t abli s h e d for all c ath e d ral cl e rg y .

I t w as al s o d e cl ar e d that ch ur ch p rop e r ty un d e r
L oui s an d h is s ucc e s s ors s h oul d s uff e r n e i th e r d ivi
si on n or di m i n uti on F re e e pi s c op al e l e c ti on s w e re
.

g ua ran t e e d th e ordi n ati on of s e rf s w as re g ul ate d

, ,

e p i s c op al a uth ority s us tai n e d an d th e s af e ty an d ,

ho n or of ch urch es up h e l d t oge th e r with m i n or re gu ,

l ati on s re ga rd i n g th e c on d uct of th e cl e rg y Th us ’
.

a s t rong politic al an d e c cl e s i astic al or d e r s e e m e d to

hav e be e n s e c ure d .

H ard ly h ad th e as s e m bly b e e n d i s s olve d h ow ,

ever , wh e n w ord c am e to th e e m p e ror th at his

n e ph e w B e rnh ard yi e l d ing to e vil c oun s e ls w as
, , ,

ab out to d e cl are hi m s e lf i n d e p e n d e nt to ov e rth row ,

L ouis and to us urp th e i m p e r ial p ow e r

, T he .

ca us e s of this c onspi racy we re sai d to h av e b ee n th e

mak ing of L oth air co e m p e ror an d th e fact th at in -
,

1
B oreti us , vol i pp 2 70 -
273 I
O rd i n atio m pe ri i ,
”
AD 81 7
M
. . . . .
, .

1
” , vol i , pp
. . . . 27 3 - 27 8 .
 ha r d R ebell i on
’
B er n s . 8
3 7

th e p r ovi s i on s of 8 1 7 B e r n hard w as n ot c on s i d e re d .
’

B ut th e re b e lli on re ally h ad a d ee p e r s ignific an c e

th an this It aly it is s aid was read y to c ast off
.
, ,

th e i m p e rial y ok e T wo gre at bi s h op s An s e l m of
W
.
,

M ilan an d ulfh ol d of C re m ona b esid e s m an y ,

n obl e s h ad giv e n him th e i r all egianc e as an i n d e

,

p e n d e n t sov e re ign and P op e Pas ch al hi ms elf w as

,

b e li e v e d to be fav orably d isp os e d L oui s i m m e .

’

d iate ly rai s e d a l arge arm y an d m ar ch e d t oward s

Italy . T h e pre m at ure e x p os ure of th e pl ot an d
th e d e t e rm in ati on and r es ol uti on on th e p art of th e
e m p e r or fill e d B e rn hard with d i s m ay an d h i s s up , ,

p ort e rs b e gi nning to fall away from h i m h e hi m s e lf ,

th re w d own h is arm s an d s urre n d e re d with his fol

l ow e rs E v en Th e od ulf of O rl e an s w as i m plicat e d
. .

By th e ge n e ral asse m bly th e nobl e s inv olve d in thi s

c onspi racy w e re cond e mn ed to d eath but by th e ,

c l e m e ncy of t h e e m p e ror th e S e nt e nc e w as com

m ut e d to blin d i n g from th e e ff e cts of which B e rn
,

ha rd d i e d i n thre e d ay s b e i n g th e n on ly nin e t ee n ,

y ears of ag e T h e bish op s wh o h ad t ak e n p art i n

.

th e p l an w e r e d e g ra d e d an d t og e th e r with th e e m ,

p e r or s nat
’
ural br oth e rs D r og o H u g o a n d T h e , , ,

od oric s e n t int o m onas t e ri es

, .

In O ct ob e r 8 1 8 th e E mpre ss I rm i n gard wh om
, , ,

L ouis had m arri e d in 79 8 di e d an d urged it was , , , ,

s aid by his n obl e s w h o f eare d th at h e m ight give

, ,

up th e re igns of gov e rn m ent an d r e tire to a m on as

te ry h e was in d uc ed to m ar ry ag ain T h e d aug h
‘

, .

t e rs of th e nobl e s w e re pres e n t e d to him an d from ,

1
C h ron. M
ois s an . 81 7 ; M . G . SS vol . i .
, p .
31 2 .

1
Ml i m an , bk v ,. . ch . ii .
3 88 Th e Ag e
f
o Ch a r l emag n e .

th e m h e l ct e d as his wife J ud i th th e be auti ft

se e rl ,

da ught e r of C oun t W e lf of nobl e lin e ag e I n 82 1

h e as s e m bly h e l d in M
.
, ,

at t ay of that y e ar at N i m e

gue n h e re p ubli s h e d th e R egulati on of th e Em

,
”
pi re m ad e i n 8 1 7 an d had it confirm e d by th e ,

oath s of th e n obl e s At th e as s e mbly h e l d in Thi on

.

vill e i n O ct ob e r l arge n um b e r s of th e Fran ks w e re

,

p re s e n t an d th e oath was t ak e n by th ose wh o had

,

n ot t ak e n i t i n Ni m e g ue n H e re th e m arri age of .

L othai r wi th I rm in gard th e d aught e r of C ount ,

H ugo of T ours was c e l e brate d An am n e sty w as

, .

d e cl ar e d for al l who h ad t ak en part i n th e up ri s ing

un d e r B e r nh ard am on g wh om was Th e od ulf of
,

O rl ean s an d th e i r p osse s s i on s w e re re st ore d to

,

t h e m Ad alh ard was al s o re call ed an d again e s tab

.

l i s h e d as abb ot of C or bi e I m port ant capit ul ari e s .

w e re als o p ut f orth reg ard i n g th e m is s i an d th e ir

d uti e s
’
.

In 8 2 2 ata c ouncil h e l d in At tigny L ouis e fl e cte d

, ,

a r e c on cili ati on wi th h i s n at ural br oth e rs D rogo , ,

H ugo an d Th e od oric wh om h e h ad force d to t ak e

, ,
”
th e t on s ure I n th e p re s e n ce of all th e p e opl e
.
,

s ays t h e ch roni cl e r h e m ad e a f ull c onf e s s i on an d

,

s ub m it te d to p e n an c e for thi s act as w e ll as for his ,

s e v e r iti e s ag ai n s t B e r n h ar d an d against th e brot h ers ,

Adal h ard an d C oun t Wala H e al s o with s cr up u .

,

l ous ze al m ad e e v e ry e ff ort to s e e k out an d to re m

,

e d y all t h e un j ust ac ts of th e s am e s o rt c om m itt e d

”
e i th e r by h i s fath e r or by hi m s e lf What e v e r .

m ay be sai d of th e re li g i ous n at ure of s uch an act ,

1
B or e ti us , vol i , p p 2 88- 29 1
A G
. . . .

1
E i n h ard i nn , an 8 2 2 ; . . M . . SS vol . i .
, p . 20 9 .
39 0 Tlze Ag of
e C/za r l emag n e .

th e re fore as i n th e c as e of L oui s h is f ath e r thi s

, , , ,

too c oul d s ig n ify on ly a c e re m on y of e ccl e sias tical

,

r e c ogni ti on an d s an c ti on. H owe v e r onc e m ore an

,

e m p e ror w as c r own e d i n R om e an d a s tr ong an d

,

i m p ortant p re c e d e n t was b ei n g e s tablish e d T he .

m otiv e s of th e p op e s are n ot far to s e e k an d th e i r ,

p urp os e b e gi n s al read y to ap p ear T wo thi n gs

.

w e re n e c e s s ary to s upp ort th e m in th e n e w an d ex

alt e d p os i ti on which th e C ar oli n gi an E m pire had

m ad e p os s ibl e for th e m . Fi r s t to m ai n t ain by

,

e v e ry m e an s th e ir alli an c e with th e n e w e m p i re

which h ad b e e n raised up it m ight app ea r for th e

,

v e ry p urp os e of th e ir prot e c ti on an d d e f e n c e an d ,

s e c on d ly
, to p re s e rv e th e unity of th at e m pi re as
far as p os s ibl e i n d e p e n d e nc e or at l e ast i n re li anc e
,

up on th e m .
 CH APT E R XXXI .

B IRTH O F C H ARL E S TH E B AL D D I S O R DE R I N —

A A
IT L Y TH E R OM N C ON S TIT U TI ON TH E TW O
— —

PA RTI E S R E B E LLI ON O F L O TH AIR TH E FI E L D

— —

O F LI E S DE PO S ITI ON O F L OU I S R E S T O R A
— —

TI ON R E C ON C ILI ATI ON O F L O TH AIR DE ATH

— —

O F L OU I S BA TTL E O F F ON T EN AY TH E
S TR AS S B U RG OA TH S TR E AT Y O F V E R DUN
—

FALL O F TH E EM PIR E .

O Wh ow
, v e r w e re ab out to app e ar th e
e ,

r e al d i ffi c ulti e s i n th e w ay of c arryi n g

out th e p l an s of L oui s an d th e fatal,

m i s t ak e whi ch h e h ad m ad e in b e gi n n i n g
too s oon h i s r e g ul ati on of i m p e ri al afl ai rs
'

O n J un e 1 3 th 8 2 3 a s on th e fam ous Ch ar l e s th e
, , ,

B ald was bo rn to L oui s an d h i s se co n d wif e th e

, ,

y oung b eautif ul acc om p li s h ed an d a m biti ous

, , ,

J ud i th an d th e p olitical aspi rati on s of th e m oth e r

, ,

th e ai m s an d int e re st s of th e ch urch an d th e j e al ,

ous y of th e oth e r s on s of L oui s b e gan to cl as h an d

to co m e int o op e n conflict L oth ai r wh o h ad j us t
.
,

r e t urn e d with t h e re p ort of wh at h e h ad att e m p t e d

an d partially acco m pli s h e d i n I taly s tood as g od ,

fath e r at th e b apti s m of th e infant pri n c e T he.

39 I
39 2 Tbe Ag e
f
o Ciza r l emag n e .

ne xt s t e p w as to p rovid e a kingd om for him as ,

Lo ui s h ad al read y d on e i n th e cas e of th e oth er

s on s Pi p p i n an d L oui s th e G e rm an L ot h air fi nally
,
.

agree d to h i s fath e r s e ar n e s t re q ue st an d to ok an
’

o ath th at wh at e v e r p orti on of th e r eal m Lo uis

m ight giv e Ch arl e s h e hi m s e lf wo ul d b e h i s guard
,

i an an d p r ot e ct or agai n s t all his e n e m i e s .

N ews n ow cam e to th e e m p e ror of s ti l l furth e r

d is ord e rs i n It aly T h e p res e nc e of Loth ai r i n
.

It aly his e n e rge tic c on d uct an d his d e ci s i on n ot to

, ,

s upp ort th e cl ai m s of th e p apacy ov e r th e p rivil eges

an d i m m un i ti e s of th e m on as t e ry of F ar fa had '

aro us e d th e h os tility of th e Rom an cl e rgy and at ,

th e s am e ti m e d rawn to his si d e th e e n e mi e s of th e
t e m p oral p ow e r m ore fre q ue ntly an d fi rm ly e x er
,

c i s e d by th e p op e Th us two parti es an imp erial

.
,

an d a p ap al w e re for m i n g in Rom e an d n e w occ a

, ,

s io n s of s trif e pr e s e n t e d th e ms e lv e s T w o of th e .

p ri n ce s of th e p apal pal ac e Th e o d ore an d his s on ,

i n l aw L e o h ad b e e n bli n d e d an d th e n b e h e ad ed at
-
, ,

th e L at e ran by ord e r or co un s e l of th e pop e i t ,

w as s ai d an d appa r e n tly wi th out an y t r i al on ac

, ,

co un t of th e ir un s w e rvi n g l oyalty to th e y oung e m

e r or L oth ai r
’
p ,
.

L oui s p re p are d to s e n d his m i ni Ad al un g abbot , ,

of S ai n t V e d as t an d H um frid c ount of Coire to

, , ,

m ak e a th orough i n v e s tigati on but b e fore th e ir d e ,

p art ur e th e p ap al l egate s J ohn bi s h op of Blanch e -

,

S lve
e an d B e n e d ict ar chd eac on of R om e a r riv ed
,
—
, ,

req ues ti n g th e e mp e ror to bani s h the s uspicion that

G reg orov i us , v ol i ii — 6
pp 44 4
An n G
. .
, . .

E 1 n h ar d i an . 823 ; M . . SS .
, vol . i .
, pp .
39 4 Tlze Ag e
f
o Clza r l emag n e .

og n i ti on of th e i m p e ri al r ight s H avi n g n ounc e d ‘

. an

h i s e l e c ti on to L oui s , th e e m p e ror s e n t L oth ai r as

his as s oci at e i n th e e m pi r e to ad j us t th e re l ati on s
with th e n ew p op e an d t h e R om an p e opl e by an
imp e ri al s t atut e .
’

H on orably re c e ive d by th e p e opl e L oth air e x ,

pl ai n e d h i s c om m i s s ion I n th e e v e n t s which fol .

l ow e d th e r e c oul d be n o q ue s ti on of th e e m p e ror s ’

s up re m acy i n R om e H e e x p re sse d h i s re gre t at

.

th e attit ud e as s e rt ed by th e p ap acy tow ard s th e e m

p e r or an d t o w a rd s R om e an d r e m on s trate d agai n s t ,

th e vi ol e n c e an d i n s ult s s uff e r e d by th os e w h o w e r e
f r i e n d ly to th e e m p e ror an d to th e Fran ks H e .

c en s ure d th e avaric e an d i n c ap acity of th e pap al

gov e rn m e n t an d th e ig n oran c e or i n d ol e nc e of th e
,

p op e s H e e x p r e s s e d h i s d e te rm i n ati on to re form
.

s uch ab us e s I t w as e vi d e n t th at th e al read y cor

.

r upt e ccl e s i as tic al s tat e which was n othi n g m ore ,

th an a g re at e c cl e siastical i m m un ity un d e r i m p e rial

”
p r ot e cti on d e m a n d e d a firm e r se ttl e m e n t
,
.

I n f ulfil m e n t of this p urp os e L oth air i s s ue d as a

c ap it ulary in N ov e m b e r 8 2 5 th e fam ous R om an
W
, ,
”
C on s tit uti on C on s ti tuti o R om an a
,
e h av e .

d e c re e d ,
i t d e cl ar e d th at all un d e r th e p rote c
,

ti on of th e p op e or e m p e ror s h all k e ep th e i r rights

in v i ol at e an y i n f ri n ge m e n t of th e m to be p un i s h e d
,

by d e ath No f ur th e r d e pre d ati on s c all e d con fi s ca

.
,

ti on s sh all be all ow e d wh e th e r th e p op e be livi n g

, ,

or d e ad an d p rop e r am e n d m e nt m us t b e m ad e for
,

l
Pau i con t R om ; . 85 . M . G . . L an g , p . 203 ; Bo h m e er , p . 281 .

Ei n h ard i an 8 2 4 ; . M . G . SS .
,
v ol i . .
, p . 21 2 .

G reg or ovi us , vol i i i , p 5 7 . . . .

 Th e R om a n Cons ti tuti on .
39 5

p as t m i s d e e d s .
3 It i s o
. ur will th at t o th e e l e c
tio n of th e p on ti ff n o on e m ay p re s um e to g o ,

n e ith e r f r e e m an n or s l av e w h o p uts an y obst acl e in

,

th e way of th e R om a n s to wh om al on e th e c ust om
,

of e l e cti n g th e p onti ff h as b ee n g ran t e d in accord

an c e with t h e re gul ation s of th e holy fath e r s If .

an y on e s h all p r e s um e to d o this against our or d e rs ,

l e t h i m be s e nt i n t o e x il e .

4 .I t i s o u r will th at tw o c om m i s si on e rs b e

app oi n t e d on e on our pa r t an d on e on th e p art of

,

th e apost olic l or d wh o s h all a n n ually a n n oun c e to us

,

how e ach d uk e or j ud g e ad m i n i s t e rs j us tic e to th e

p eopl e an d h ow th e y ob s e rv e our est abli s h e d l aw
, .

Th e s e co m m i s s i on e rs we d e cre e sh all b ri n g fi r st to , ,

th e n otic e of th e ap os t olic l ord all com pl ai n ts which

sh all ari s e by reas on of th e n eglige nc e of th e d uk e s
or of th e j ud ge s Th e n e i th e r d i re ctly by th e se
.

c om m i s s i on e rs th e n e c e s sary c orre c ti on s s h all be

m ad e or if n ot w e m us t b e n otifi e d by our com
, ,

m i s s i on e rs th at by our c om m i s s i on e r s un d e r our ,

d i r e cti on th e r e m e d i e s m ay be ap p li e d
,
.

All th e R om an p e op l e are to be ask e d un d e r

wh at law ( F ran k L om b ard Ro m an or oth e r) e ach
, , ,

will liv e an d e ach shall be j ud ge d accord i n g to that

,

l aw . I n regard to e ccl e sias tical prop e rti e s unj ustly

invad ed un d e r an y pre t ex t as if by lic en se of th e,

p o n t i ff,
an d in r e g ar d to th os e which h a v e n o t y e t
b e e n res t ore d an d y e t hav e b e e n unj us tly i n vad e d
,

by th e p ow e r of th e p on ti fi s it is our will th at cor

'

W
,

re cti on be m ad e by our com m i s s ion e rs e f orbid

.

f urth e r d e pre d ati ons and oth e r inj ustic e withi n our
t e rritori e s an d thos e which hav e b ee n c om m itt e d
,
39 6 T be Ag o of C/za r l om ag n e .

m us t b e m ad e good W
e or d e r al s o th at al l j ud g e s
.

or oth e rs by wh om j ud ici al pow e r i s e x e rci s e d i n ,

this ci ty of R om e m us t c om e b e fore us th at w e , ,

m ay k n ow th e ir n um b e r an d n am e s an d gi v e a
p e rs on al ad m on i ti on to e ach Las tly e ve ry m an .
,

w h o d e s i r e s G od s fav or an d our s m us t m an i f e s t
’

al l ob e d i e nc e an d r e sp e ct to th e p r e se n t p on
ti ff .

T h e oath to be t ak e n by th e R om an s bin d i n g ,

th e m to th e s upport of thi s co n stit uti on was as fol ,

lows I prom i s e by Al m ighty G od an d by t h e s e ,

f our h oly G os p e l s an d by thi s c r os s of our L ord

,

J e s us Ch ri s t an d by th e b ody of th e bl e sse d P et e r
, ,

p rinc e of th e ap ostl e s th at from thi s day I will be ,

faithf ul to our l ord s th e em p e rors L oui s an d L o ,

th air al l th e d ays of m y lif e acc ord i n g to m y

, ,

stre n gth an d un d e rs t an d i n g with out fraud or e vil ,

i n ten t savi n g th e fi d e li ty I h av e promi s ed to th e

,

ap os tolic l ord ; an d th at I will n ot co n s e nt to th e

e l e c ti on of a po n ti ff i n thi s R om a n S e e oth e rwi s e

th an can onically an d j ustly acc ord i n g to my st re ngth ,

an d und e rst an d i n g an d h e wh o sh all b e e l e ct e d by

,

m y c on s e nt sh all n otbe c on s e c rat e d p on ti ff un til h e

h as t ak e n by oath i n th e p re s e n c e of th e c om m i s
,

s i on e rs of t h e lord e m p e ror an d of th e p e opl e a ,

pl e d ge s uch as th e Lord P op e E uge n e h as tak e n i n

w ri ting of his own accord for th e p r e s e rvati on of
”
all.

It is p robabl e th at by L oth air s re gulatio n of '

”
B oretius , vol .
pp .
3 2 2- 2
3 4 ; C on s ti tuti o R oman a,
8 24 .

B ore tius , vol . i .

, p.
3 2 4 .
 T[to Ag e
f
o Cna r l em ag n e .

l dy prom i s e d as w e h ave se e n to gi v e to
a re a , ,

Ch arl e s wh at e v e r d ist ri ct of th e e m pi re his f ath e r

m ight d e s i re B ut n ow wh e n th e y oung favor it e s
’
.
,

p orti on th re at e n e d to di m i n i s h s o gr e atly th e p art

as s ig n e d to h i m in 8 1 7 goad e d on by h i s f ath e r i n
,
-

l aw an d by oth e r of his i n ti m at e f oll ow e rs h e be gan ,

to c on s id e r h ow h e c oul d ann ul wh at h e h ad d on e .

E v e n al th ough th e d ivi s i on an d form al s e ttl e m e nt

of 8 1 7 w e re n oty e t ab oli s h e d it s e e m e d i n th e vi e w ,

of th e oth e r b roth e r s on ly a q ue s ti on of tim e wh e n

thi s w oul d occ ur an d th at s oon e r or l ate r if L ouis
, , ,

re m ai n e d un d e r th e i n fl ue nc e which at pres e n t rul e d

h i m Ch arl e s was d e s tin e d to be his s ucc es s or in th e
,

gov e r n m e n t of th e e m pi re .
‘

Al re ad y tw o p arti e s w e re f orm i n g i n th e e m pire

th e p arty of th e y oun g e m p e ror L othai r an d th e , ,

p arty of th e e m p re s s an d h e r s on T o th e f orm e r .

b el on ge d by n at ural affi li ati on L oth ai r s tw o b roth ’

e rs, w i th th e i r i mm e d i at e re l ations and f oll ow e rs ,

an d th e c ouns e ll or s an d ad vi s e rs wh om L oth air h ad

gath e red aroun d h i m in a n ticip ati on of th e tim e

wh e n acco rd i n g to th e ex p re s s e d will of h i s fath e r
, ,

h e s h ould be s ol e e m p e ror T o th e oth e r b e l onge d

.

th e e m p res s an d tho s e up on wh om h e r fascin ati on s

had b e e n e x e rt e d no tably a c e rt ai n B e rn h ard c ount
, ,

of B ar c e l on a s on of D uk e Willi am of T oul ous e

, ,

w h o up to this ti m e had h e l d th e command of th e

Span i s h M a rk T h e e m p e ror hi m s e lf was un d e r th e
.

cont rol of thi s p arty T h e ol d e r s on s wh o for s o

.
,

long had regard e d th e e m p i re as s e ttl e d on th e m

s elv es w e re n at urally indignant and oppositi on was
, ,

“
An n M ett an 83 0 ; M G
. . vol i p 3 3 0 . . . .
, . .
 Tzoo Coun ter Meas ur es .
399

raise d agai n st th e e m p e ror i n which opp os iti on ,

H ugo Loth ai r s f ath e r i n law was q ui te p ro m in en t

,
’
- -
, .

D i s c ove ring th e pl ot s agai n st h i m th e e m p e ror or , ,

rath e r th e party un d e r wh os e i n fl ue nc e h e act e d ,

co n c e iv e d two c oun t e r m e as ur e s By th e fi rs t .
,

L oth air aft e r th e concl us i on of th e as s e m bly was

, ,

di s miss e d i n to It aly an d w e n ot e th at th e y e ars of

,

h i s r e ign are c ount e d from thi s ti m e By thi s act .

L oth ai r was co n fin e d to It aly an d e xcl ud e d from

a s h are i n th e i m p e ri al f uncti on s With thi s e x .
‘

cl us i on v an i s h e s for th e ti m e th e e s s e nti al e l e m e n t
”
of th e R eg ul ati on of 8 1 7 th e s upre m acy of on e ,

b roth e r ov e r th e oth e rs By th e s e cond D uk e .

,

B e rnh ar d was call e d to be Ch am b e rl ain of th e p alac e ,

th e y oun g Ch arl e s was pl ac e d un d e r his p rot e cti on ,

an d h e hi m s e lf w as rais e d to be t h e s e con d m an in
th e k i n gd om n e xt to th e e m p e ro r ; thi s l att e r ’
,

b e i n g a m e as ure which did n ot t e nd to e rad ic at e th e

s e e d s of d i s c ord but rath e r inc re as e d th e m
,
Y et .

Ch ri s tm as w e are t ol d by th e ch ronicl e r was c e l e

, ,

brate d wi th g re at j oy an d e x ul tati on I n th e s p ring

’
.

of th e n ex t y e ar B e r n h ard by h i s ow n ad vic e b e i n g, ,

se nt with th e wh ol e F ran kish arm y against B r itt an y ,

‘

it was urge d as a s e ri ous ch arge agai n st th e e m p e ror ,

th at agai n st th e Christi an r e ligi on an d in s pit e of ,

h is vow witho ut an y p ublic utility or real n e ce s

,

s ity, b ut d e l ud e d by th e co un s e l s of d e prav e d ad

vi s ors h e h ad ord e red a ge n e ral e x p e dition to be

,

m a d e in L e n t an d h ad h e l d an a s s e m bly on M aundy
,

”
afl é , vol iv pp 44 5 44 6 Ei n h ard i , E p 7
M
. . . .
.
, ,

Ei n h ard i an 8 2 9 . . G S S vol i , p
. . . . 21 8 .

I bi d
An n Bert G
.

. an . 83 0 M . . SS .
,
v ol . p 4 2
.
3 .
40 0 T be Ag of e C/za r l enzag n e .

Th urs d ay I n A p r il r e b e llion b rok e out th e i m

.
‘
,

m ed i ate caus e b e ing th e d om in an tp olitical i n fl uenc e

of th e e m p re ss H e r st e p s ons an d s om e of th e
.

n obl e s wi th th e m b e ing i n fl ue nc e d by h at e and

,

j eal ous y agai n s t h e r an d h e r own s on as th ey saw ,

th e c ontrol which s h e e x e r ci s e d ov e r th e i r f ath e r ,

fe l t th at th ey h ad s trong gr oun d for f ear th at Ch arl e s

m ight at l ast s ucc e e d as h e i r to h i s f ath e r s rul e
’
.

L oui s w as pop ul ar wi th his s ubj e ct s ge ntl e ,

m i n d e d an d for th e most p art a l ov e r of m e r cy an d

,

j us tic e as w e l l as ac tiv e an d brav e H e had b e e n

,
.

b ol d r es ol ut e fi rm an d wis e H e had iss ue d l aws

, , , .

for th e r e g ul ati on of th e s tat e an d for th e r e fo r m of

th e ch ur ch h e h ad s e n t his r oy al co m m issi on e rs to
ad m i n i s t e r j us tic e an d to d o aw ay with us urp e d

rights ; by r oy al auth or ity h e had i m po s e d up on

al l m onk s th e B e n e d ictin e r ul e r e viv e d by B e n e d ic

tus of A i n an e ; up on all c ath e dral cl e rgy th e rul es

of th e c an onical lif e i n s ti tut e d by Ch rod e gan g ; h e
h ad c r own e d h i s old e st s on as co e m p e ror an d h ad -
,

assign e d th e i r r ight s an d titl e s to th e oth e r t wo ;

h e h ad s upp re s s e d r e b e lli on an d ov erthrown th os e
oppo n e nt s w h o r e s ist e d h i m .

Th us wi th a m il d e r an d p ure r charact e r Lo ui s
s ee m e d t o k e e p up th e vigor of his fath e r 5 r ul e ,

an d to h av e i n h e rit e d his fath e r s pow e r and for

’

t un e N e v e r h ad th e bo un d ari e s of th e empire
.

b ee n s o e xt e n d e d or i ts auth ori ty app ear ed s o com

m an d i n g With out h i s fath e r s faults h e had '
.

r e ach e d to m or e th an e v e n his f ath e r s g r e atn es s

'
.

An n B e rt
. e tt Ex an ct
. M
orati o, . ch . i1 i M . G . SS vol . i ii .
,

p . 6
3 8 . S ee B
oeh me r , p 3 1 0 . .
40 2 Tli e Ag of e Clza r l emag n e .

m en ki n g th e i r ow n ad van t age rath e r th an yo urs

s ee ,

app e ali n g to y our go od nat ure ar e t ryi n g to p ur ,

s uad e y ou th at p utti n g aw ay t
,
h e pat e rnal c ouns e l
an d y our ob e di e n c e an d d ue al l e gi an c e y ou sh oul d ,

l e av e th e c oun t ry c om mitt e d to y our r ul e an d p ro

te cti on by y our m os t pi ous f ath e r an d s t riv e for ,

th at w hich i s agai n s t h i s c on s e nt an d e xpr e s s e d

ord e r an d re m ain n ear h i m alth ough it d oe s n ot
, ,

p l e a s e h i m. Wh a t m or e p e r v e r s e or d ish on orabl e

thi n g th an thi s c ould be c on c e iv e d S e e wh at s ort

of p e rs uas i on th at i s an d h ow e v i l l
, It e xh ort s
o u to d e s pi s e th at d ivi n e pr e c e pt which bi d s us
y
h on or our p are nt s an d p rom is e s l on g lif e as th e re
,

ward of k e epi n g th e c om m an d m e nt Th ey bi d y ou .

l ay as i d e y our ob e d i e n c e an d s ub s tit ut e r e b e lli on for

it an d c all up on y ou to ar ray y ours e lf with b oastf ul
,

p r i d e ag ai n s t h i m i n s ub m i s s i on to who m
y o u o ught
h um bly to act Th e y wo uld f orc e y ou to stifl e y our
.

fili al t e n d e rn e s s wi th c on t e m p t an d di s ob e di e nc e .

Th us ch ari ty d e s pi s e d di s c ord which n e v e r ought

, ,

to be n am ed b e tw e e n y ou incr e as e s m or e an d m ore
, ,

un til b e tw ee n thos e wi th wh om l ov e ought to be

h at red s p ri n gs fo rth May thi s n e v e r c om e to pas s
, ,

.
,

for I k n ow how g re at an abo m i n atio n in th e sight of

G od i s a s tubb or n an d di s ob e d i e nt s on s i n c e G od , ,

by th e m outh of M o s e s as w e m ay re ad in th e B ook
,

of D e ut e ro n om y c omm ands th at s uch a s on s h ould

,

be s t on e d by all th e p e opl e Wh e re f ore I d e e m it

.
,

r ight t o ad m on i s h y ou that by th e p r ud e nc e giv e n

,

y o u by Al m ighty G od y ou, may a voi d yo u r d a n g e r ,

for thi s divi n e s e n t e n c e c an n ot be d e s p is e d by an y

on e sinc e it i s on e out of many which our e ld e rs
,
 Tbe F euaa l
’
Cl er gy .
40 3

an d d oct ors h av e h an d e d d ow n as w e ll for p re s e nt ,

as for anci e n t tim e s to be ob s e r v e d by Ch risti an s

,

as w e ll as by J e w s G od k n ow s I l ov e y ou an d
.
,

th e re f or e I s o faithfully ad m on i s h y ou D o n ot .

r e g ard t h e i n s ig n i fi can ce of my p e r s on b ut r ath e r ,

”
c on s id e r th e wh ol e s om e n es s of m y c oun s e l .

B ut as E i n h ard s aid i n h i s l e tt e r L oth ai r w as oh ,

sti mat e an d h e adstron g an d th e r e b e l l i on we n t on

, .

Al r eady th e e m p e ror b e gan to ap p e ar as but on e of

m an y s ov e re ign s wi th an i m p e ri al ti tl e i n d ee d but
, , ,

with l e s s an d l e s s of th e s up r e m e auth ority Now .

al s o t h e c e n t ral p ow e r b e gan to be s til l f urth e r

w e ak e n e d by th e r ise of th e g re at fe ud al arist oc racy .

T h e archbish op s bi s ho p s an d abb ot s growi n g i n

, , ,

w e alth an d i n i n fl ue n c e f orm e d a gre at fe ud al cl e rgy

, ,

an d app e ar as th e g r e at ar bit e r s an d award er s of e m

pi re an d th e d epo s e rs of ki n gs I n this w e n ote .

’

on e of th e m ost i m po rtant as w e ll as ch ar ac te ri s tic -

fe ature s of th e ti m e th e i n c re as i n g p r om i n e n c e of
,

th e cl e r gy i n s e c ul ar affai r s a p r om i n e nc e which ,

b e c om e s e s p e ci ally n ot abl e d uri n g th e cl os i n g y e ar s

of th e re ig n of L oui s Thi s was d ue n ot on ly to th e
.

i n c re as e d w e alth an d i m p ort an c e ari s i n g f rom th e i r

fe ud al p os iti on an d p ow e r b ut al s o to th e i n c reas e d
,

prom i n en c e of th e ch urc h an d its ability to us e i ts

pow e rf ul an d c om pl e t e organ i zati on for th e f urth e r
anc e of i ts ow n e n ds an d p urp os e s .

T h e gre at l ay co un s e ll or s of Ch ar l e s th e G re at
w e re s ucc e e d e d by th e cl e rical c oun s e ll ors an d p oli
ti ci an s of th e l at e r e m p i re .

afl é , v ol iv Ei n hard i , Ep 7 , AD
'

. .
, p p 44 5 ,
. . . . 83 0 .

l
i m an , bk . v ch i i . .
40 4 Tbe Ag of e Cl mr l emag n e .

T he fi rs t op e n act of re b e ll i on w as th e re f usal of
th e f e ud al a r m y to e n gage i n th e w ar in B r itta n y to ,

which i n A p ril 8 3 0 it was s umm on e d it i s s aid

, , , , ,

by th e ad vic e of B e r n h ard I n s t e ad of p r oc ee ding .

’

to B r i ttan y L oth ai r of It aly an d Pippi n of Aq ui

, , , ,

t an i a w i th th e i r f oll ow e rs as s e m bl e d at P ari s an d
, , ,

ad v anc e d agai n st th e i r f ath e r with th e p urp ose of

ov e rthr owi n g h i m d e s t royi n g th e i r st epm oth e r an d

, ,

p utti n g B e rn h ard to d e ath B e r n h ard s ought s af ety .

in flight but th e e m p e ror ad van c e d to m ee t th e m

,

i n C om pi egn e wh e r e Pip p i n with th e approval of

, ,

L othair s e iz e d h is f ath e r d e priv e d h i m of h i s roy al

, ,

p ow er an d forc e d th e e m pre s s to t ak e th e v e il s e n d
, ,

i n g h e r to th e m on as t e ry of S ai n t R ad e gund i n ,

Poito u H e r b roth e rs C on rad an d R ud ul f th ey

.
, ,

c om p e ll e d to t ak e th e t on s ure an d e nt e r a m o n ast e ry .

Aft e r th e oct av e of E ast e r L oth ai r arr iv ed f rom ,

It aly an d h e l d an asse mbly at Co m pi eg n e in which ,

f urth e r v e ngean c e was visit e d up on th e m e m b e rs of

th e i m p e ri al p arty H e r ib e rt th e b r oth e r of B e m
, ,

h ard b e i n g blin d ed Lothair was j oi n ed by Pippin

, .
,

with wh om w e re th e chi e f m e n of th e e m pi re wh om
Lo uis h ad d i s c ar d e d for h i s n e w fri en d s At thi s .

ass e m bly th e e m p e ror was d e cl ared to h av e for f e it e d

th e r oy al p ow e r an d was r e ti re d to p rivat e lif e
, In
th e n e xt y e ar p eac e s e e m s to hav e b e e n r e s t ore d .

T h e b roth e rs r e cogniz e d i n th e fac e of th e st orm ,

of ge n e ral d i sa p probati on wi th which th e ir treat

m en t of th e ir f ath e r was re c e iv e d th at th e y h ad ,

gon e too far an d too f as t and accord ingly at th e , ,

asse m bly h el d in F e br uary 8 3 1 th e e m p e ror was , ,

S ee above , p 3 99
. . B oe h m e r , p p 3 1
. 1 -
31 4 .
40 6 T be Ag of Clu
e zr l ema
g ne .

re c e i v i n g r e p ort s of th e v igorous r e s ol uti on an d

l arge f or c e s of h i s f ath e r l ost c ourag e an d re t urn ed ,

to B av ar i a whil e m an y of h i s f oll ow e r s d e s e rt ed to
,

th e e m p e ror T h e l at te r c on ti n ue d his m ar ch be
.
,

h ol d i n g th e d e v as tati on which th e B avari an s ol d i e rs

h ad w rought i n Al e m an n i a p r oc e e d e d to A ug us t ,

b urg an d th e re i n 8 3 2 m e t L oui s an d forgav e h i m

, , , , .

L ouis p rom i s e d wi th an oath n ot to off e n d i n s uch a

way agai n T h e e m p e r or th e n r e t urn e d to M ainz
. .

C alli n g Pippi n to h i m l ate r h e re p ri m an d e d h i m for ,

h i s c on d uct an d ord e re d h i m to p roc e e d to F ran ci a

, ,

th e re to awai t h i s c om i n g b ut Pi p pi n di s reg ard e d ,

.

h i s fath e r s c om man d s an d r e t urn e d to h i s ki n g d om

’

of Aq ui tan i a I n th e f oll owi n g y ear 8 3 3 th e

.
, ,

b r oth e rs agai n b rok e out i n re b e lli on an d th e e m ,

r or w as oblig e d to s um m on h i s a r m y which h e
p e ,

d i d i n J un e an d ad v an c ed agai n s t th e m d e si r ing if
, , ,

p os s ibl e to w i n th e m ov e r by p e ac e abl e m eans but

, ,

d e te rm i n ed if th e s e fail e d to r e s ort to arm s

, T he , .

r e b e lli ous arm y w as d raw n up at R e d fi e l d an d wi th ,

it w e re L oth air of I taly wh o b rought wi th h i m

, ,

P op e G regory IV Pip p i n of Aq ui tan i a an d L oui s

.
, ,

of B av ar i a Th e n occ urr ed th at sad e v e n t which

.

ch an ge d th e n am e of th e plac e from R e d fi e ld to
L fi g e n fe l d th e Fi e l d of Li e s for by tr e ach e ry
, ,

an d d e c e it th e s ol d i e rs of L oui s w e r e w on ov e r to

th e s i d e of h i s r e b e lli ous s on s an d th e e m p e ror was ,

l e f t al on e O n c e agai n h e w as s e n t i n t o e xi l e an d
.
,

L oth ai r s e i zi n g th e roy al p ow e r all ow ed th e p op e

, ,

to r e t urn to R om e an d his b r oth e r s Pippi n an d , ,

L oui s to th e i r ki n gd om s B ut L oth air t aki n g h i s

,
.
,

fath e r wi th h i m we n t to S oi s sons an d th ere plac e d

,
‘

,
 Depos i ti on o
f tbe E m er or
p .
40 7

h i m un d e r guard i n th e m on as te ry of St Méd ard .

,

an d th e n t ook th e y oun g Ch arl e s an d s e n t h i m to

th e m on ast e ry of P r um m uch to th e g r i e f of h i s
,

fath e r I n O ct ob e r L oth ai r h e l d th e as s e m bly at

.

C om pi egn e an d th e re th e bi s h op s abbo ts c oun ts

, , , ,

an d all t h e p e opl e pr e s e n t e d to h i m th e an n ual gif ts ,

acc ord i n g to th e i m p e ri al c us t om an d s w ore fe alty ,

to h i m H e als o r e c e iv e d th e am b as s ad ors wh o h ad
.

b e e n s e n t to h i s fath e r wi th th e i r gif ts f rom Con

st an ti n op l e At thi s ass e m bly m an y c ri m e s w e re
.

ch arged agai n s t th e e m p e ror an d fore m os t am on g ,

h i s acc us e rs was E bbo archbi s hop of Rh e i m s s ai d

, ,

to hav e b e e n a fost e r broth e r an d f e ll ow d i s cipl e of

- -

th e e mp e ror L oui s was f or c e d to l ay as i d e h i s arm s

an d kingly garb and w as c ut off f rom al l i n t e r c our s e
,

with any exc e pt th e d ep uti e s of L oth ai r b ut e v e n

th e n Loth air fe arf ul th at h e might e s c ap e k e p t
, ,

him with h i m and fin ally b rought h i m to Aix la

,
-

Ch ap e ll e wh e re h e s p en t th e wint e r H i s b roth e r
, .

Lo ui s at a co n fe re n c e with h i m urge d a m il d e r
, ,

treatm e n t but L oth air p ai d n o h e e d an d L oui s

, ,

b egan to pl an for h i s fath e r s re sc ue T h e e m p e r or

’
.

b e i n g tre at ed m ore an d m ore c ruelly th e two b roth ,

e rs,
Pippin an d L ouis in 8 3 4 s um m on e d th e i r fol
, ,

l ow e rs to arm s against L othair who was f orc e d to ,

l eave h i s fath e r i n P ari s an d to s av e hi m s e lf by

flight T h e bish ops wh o w e re pre s e nt th e re b rought
.

ab out a r e c oncili ati on with th e e m p e ror in th e ch ur ch

of St D en is an d onc e m o re cl oth e d h i m in h i s
.
,

r oyal rob e s an d re st or e d to h i m h i s ar m s Wi th .

m uch rej oicing L ouis re st ore d h i s two s on s to his

F rod oa rd , p . 1 93 .
40 8 Tlze Ag e
f
o C/za r l emag ne .

fav or ,
havi n g e xp res s e d his gratit ud e to th e m
an d

an d to al l th e p e opl e h e d is m i s s e d Pippi n to h i s ki n g
,

d om an d t ook L oui s with him to A

,
i x l a Chap e l l e - -
.

H e re wi th his c oun s e ll ors an d chi e f m e n h e d i s c us s e d

th e p os iti on of L oth ai r M e sse nge rs we re s e nt to
.

all p ar t s of th e e m p i re an n oun ci n g h i s r e s torati on

an d cl ai m i n g th e all e gi an c e of al l M ean whil e .

L othair h ad fl e d to Vi e n n e an d th e re L ouis se n t ,

pro m i s e s of forgive n e s s c alli n g upo n Loth ai r to r e

,

t ur n . L oth ai r h ow ev e r re f use d an d it h av i n g
, , ,

b e e n l earn e d th at a pl ot was on f oot to m urd e r th e

e m p re s s s h e w as t ak e n fr om th e m on as te ry an d
,

b ro ught un h arm ed to th e e mp e ror T oge th e r wi th .

L oui s j oin ed al s o by his oth e r s on Pip p i n h e ad

, , ,

v an ce d agai n s t L oth ai r a n d fin ally i n d uc e d h i m to

,

s ub m i t offe ri n g to h i m t
, h e kingd om of I taly an d
agree i n g to p re s e rv e th e life and prop erty of h i s
f oll ow e rs .

Th us th e firs t st age of th e re be lli on was e n d e d ,

but E bb o th e a rchbish op of Rh e im s wh o h ad b e e n
, ,

th e p r i m e m ov e r in th e r e v olt m ad e a p ub l ic con ,

fe s s i on in th e ch ur ch d e cl ari n g th at th e e m p e ror
,

h ad b e e n un j ustly d e p os e d an d th at th e ch arge s ,

m ad e agai n s t him w e re fals e an d un f oun d e d Al l .

r ep aired to th e p al ac e wh e re E bb o i n f ull sy n od
,

c on fe s s e d hi m s e lf g uilty of a capit al c rim e p ro ,

cl ai m e d him s e lf un w orthy of his e p i s c op al offi ce an d ,

confi rm ed thi s i n w riting By a un anim ous d e ci s i on .

h e w as th e n d e p os e d F urth e r att e m pts w e re m ad e

.

to re c on cil e L oth ai r i n 8 3 6 an d h e was i n d uce d to ,

s en d as ambas s ad ors th e abb ot Wal a an d E b e rhard ,

th e s on of Co unt B e re n gar to t re at for a s e t tl e m e n t ,

4 1 0 T /ze Ag e
f
o C/ta r l emag n e .

My a L oth ai r w as r e c e ive d by h i s f ath e r an d fe ar ,

b e i n g ex p re s se d on acc oun t of th e ap p roachi n g old

ag e an d w e ak n e s s of th e e m p e r or h e was ur g e d to ,

m ak e a fi n al p rovi s i on for th e f ut ure T he em .

p r e s s
,
r e m e m b e ri n g th e p r om i s e m a d e by L o th ai r

at th e b apti s m of h e r s on p rop os e d to L oth ai r th e

,

d ivi s i on of th e wh ol e kingd om wi th th e e xc e p ti on ,

of B av ari a b e tw e e n hi m s e lf an d Ch arl e s
,
L oth ai r .

agr e e d to this an d i t w as c on fi r m e d by an oath

, .

A re c oncili ati on w as e ffe c ted wi th th e e m p e ror ,

an d L oth ai r f e ll at h i s f e e t an d as k e d t o b e r e s tore d
to h i s e ar li e r pl ac e T h e e m p e r or was i n d uc e d to
.

ag re e to thi s arran ge m en t m ad e b e tw e e n Ch arl e s

an d L oth ai r an d th e e m pi r e w as d ivi d e d i n to tw o
,

p art s an d L oth ai r give n th e ch oi ce O n e h alf i n

, .

cl ud ed I taly p art of B urg un dy an d th e c oun t ry

, ,

e ast an d n orth of th e Rh on e an d f r om th e r e al ong ,

th e M aas to th e s e a i n cl ud i n g Rip uar i a W orm s

, , ,

Sp e i e r Al s ati a Al e m an n i a Th ur ingi a S ax on y an d
, , , , ,

F ri e s l an d ; th e oth e r h alf i n cl ud ed B urgun d y th e ,

co un t ry w e s t of th e Rh on e al on g th e M aas to th e ,

s e a l an d b e tw e e n th e M aas an d t
,
h e S e i n e an d b e
tw e e n th e S e i n e an d th e L oi re with th e M ark of
W
,

B r it tan y Aq uitan i a
,
as c on i a, S e p te m an i a an d , ,

P r ov en c e L oth ai r ch os e th e f orm e r e as t of th e ,

M aas an d p rom ised to h an d ov e r th e oth er h alf to

,

Charl e s T h e b roth e r s w e re to c om e i n to c om pl e te
.

po s s e s s i on h ow e v e r only af te r th e i r fath e r s d e ath

, ,
’
.

In J uly L oth air r eturn e d to It aly with rich gi f ts h i s ,

fath e r bin d ing h i m wi th th e s tron ge s t oath s T o .

L o uis th e e m p e ror s e n t m es s e n ge rs c on firm i n g h i s

posse ssion o f th e t e rrito ry of B avaria an d c om m an d ,
 B ea t/t f
o L oui s tne P i ous .
4 1 1

in g h im n otp as s b e y on d i ts b oun d ari e s wi th out

to
h i s c on s e n t an d re q ui ring f rom h i m an oath to th at
,

e ff e ct. T h e r e f us al of L oui s to c om ply with th e s e

c on d i ti on s f orc e d th e e m p e ror to tak e arm s agai n st
h i s s on an d in 840 af te r h avi n g c e l e brat e d E as te r
, ,

at Aix l a Ch ap e ll e h e c r os s e d t
- -
h e Rhi n e an d f orc ed
,

L ouis i n t o flight R e t urni n g f r om thi s c am p aig n

.
,

h e was t ak e n ill at M ai n z an d d i ed on J un e 2 0 th , .

T h e d e ath of th e e m p e r or w as th e s ign al for a

great s tr uggl e b e tw ee n th e b roth e r s L oth air hav .
,

i n g l e arn e d of th e d e ath of h i s f ath e r h as t e n e d fr om ,

Italy i n t o G aul an d b oas ti n g of th e n am e of e m

,
”
p e ror ar m e d hi m s e lf agai n s t b oth of his broth e r s
, ,

L ouis an d Ch arl e s an d s ought b attl e with b oth b ut

, ,

n ot s ucc e s s f ully L oui s an d Ch arl e s on e on on e

.
,

si d e an d on e on th e oth e r s i d e of th e R h i n e p artly
, ,

by forc e p ar tly by th reats p artly by p r o m i s e s of

, ,

hon or an d by oth e r c on d i ti on s re c oncil e d an d unit ed ,

th e ir f oll ow e rs an d L oth ai r h avi n g at tack e d L oui s

, ,

at M ai n z c ros s ed th e R h i n e an d f orc e d h i m to r e
, ,

ti re to B av ari a H e th e n turn e d h i s ar m s agai n s t

.

Ch arl e s b ut wi tho ut s ucc e s s L oui s r e n d e ring ai d to

, ,

h i s br oth e r .

T h e y oun g n e ph e w Pippin cl ai m i n g th e i n h e r
, ,

i tan ce of his fath e r i n Aq uit an i a f oun d h i s cl ai m s ,

s light e d an d h i s p os s e s si on s s e iz e d by h i s un cl e

Ch ar l es .H e acc ord i n gly j oi n e d his f or c e s with

th os e of L othair wh o w as p re pari n g to m ee t th e
,

alli e d b r oth e rs i n a fi n al s t r uggl e It was said th at .

Ch arl e s an d L oui s w e re an xi ous to av oid a b attl e ,

b ut Loth ai r in s i s t e d cl ai m i n g th e e m pi re,
T he .

battl e was fo ught at F on te n ay n e ar A ux e rre in , ,

4 1 2 Tlze Ag e
f
o C/i a r l enzag n e .

Lowe r B urg un d y on J un e 2 5 th 843 an d e n d e d i n

, , ,

a c om pl e t e vic tory for th e G e rm an f orc e s un d e r ,

C h arl e s an d L oui s agai n s t th e Ro m an ic artn y of

,

Lothai r I n vi e w of th e i r s ucc e s s th e two b roth e r s

.

m e t at St ras s b urg an d e n t e red i n to a m ut ual agre e

,

m e n t bi n d i n g t h e m s e lv e s e ach to th e oth e r to re sis t

, , ,

th e d e m an d s of L oth ai r H e re for th e fi rs t.
,

tim e s ays E m e rt on
,
w e h av e a d isti n ct re cog
,

n i ti on of d i ffe re n c e of rac e an d l an g uag e as a bas i s

of p oli tic al acti on am on g th e Franks T h e ki n gs .

fi rs t ad d re s s e d th e p e opl e th at i s th e arm y ’

, ,

e ach i n h i s own l an g uag e .

Th e n Lo uis b e i n g th e e l d er t ook oath i n th e

, ,

l mg ua r oma n a as f oll ow s ,

Pr o D e o am ur e t p ro ch r i s ti an p obl o e t n os t ro
c om m un s al vam e n t d i s t d i in avan t in q uan t D e us
, ,

s av i r e t p od i r m e d un at s i s al v arae i o ci s t m e on
,

frad re K arl o e t i n ad i ud h a e t in cad h un a c os a s i ,

c um om p e r d r e i t s on frad ra s alv ar d i s t i n o q ui d il ,

m i alt r e si faze t ; e t ab L ud h e r n ul pl ai d n um q uam

r i n d rai ui m e on v ol cist m e on frad re Karl e i n
p q ,

d am no sit .

Aft e r thi s Ch arl e s re p e ate d th e s am e oath i n th e

G od e s m i n n a i n d in th e s ch ri s ti an e s fol ch e s
In
i n d un s e r be d h e ro g e al tn i s s i fon th e s e m o d ag e ,

fram m ord e s s o f ram s o m i r G ot g ew i zci i n d i m ad h

,

furg i bi t s o h al d i h t e s an mi n an br uod h e r s os o m an
, , ,

mit reh tu s i n an bruod h e r s c al i n thi u th az e r mig , ,

s os d m a d uo i n di mit L udh e re m in n oh h e i n i u thi n g

n e g e g an g o th e m i n an w il l on
, i m o ce s cad h e n
w e rbe n .
’
4 1 4 Tlze Ag e
f
o Cna r l emag n e .

em p e ror by th e p op e i n 8 8 1 was ackn owl e dged by

,

th e n obl e s of th e W e s t to be th e i r k i n g as w e ll an d ,

so onc e m ore th e e m p i r e w as un it ed un d e r on e r ul e .

T h e un i ty c oul d n ot l as tl on g A t re aty m ad e wi th
.

th e N or th m e n i n 88 6 which op e n e d to th e i n v ad i n g
,

b arb ari an s a way to th e r ich l an d s of U p p e r B ur

g un d y ali e n at e d an d offe n d e d th e s ubj e c ts I n 8 8 7
, .

th e e m pi r e on c e m or e b r ok e up an d s i x d i ff e r e n t
,

k i n gd om s app ear ed G e r man y It aly B urg un dy

—
, , ,

P rov e n c e an d in th e W e s t N e us tri a an d Aq uit an i a

, , , .

T h e l atte r un i te d i n to on e un d e r H ugh C ap e t i n 9 8 7 .
 CH APT E R XXXI I .

C HRI S TI AN M I S S I ON S AND M I S S I ONARI E S EBB O

AND TH E D ANE S— AN S GAR AND TH E S W EDE S
— O LA F AND TH E NO RW E G I AN S— M E TH OD I U S
AND TH E MO R AV I AN S— S E C U LARI ZATI ON O F
TH E I S H O S PO LITI CAL I N FL U EN C E AND
B P — '

DE ENDEN C E F EUD AL R E LATI ON S R E F O R M

P —

MO V EME NTS .

N spi te all this conf usio n an d dist urb

of
anc e Christianity was reaching out for
,

n e w victori e s Wh e n th e e m b assy c am e
.

to L ouis ask ing him to h e lp th e royal

,

p arty of th e D an e s i n t h e i r en d e avor to
m ai n t ai n th e ir ki n g H arol d on his th ron e L o uis
, , ,

t ook occ asio n to s e n d b ack with th em a m issionary

to intr od uc e Ch r istianity E bbo archbi s hop of
.
,

Rh e i m s und e rt ook this w ork at th e em p e ror s te

,
’

q ue st in 8 22 With him was associ at ed H al i tgar

.
,

th e bishop of C om bray So s ucc es s f ul we re th ey

.
,

th at in 826 wh e n Harold app eare d again at th e

, ,

co urt of Lo uis h e an d his wife w ere both baptize d

, ,

L oui s s tanding as godfath e r to Harold an d J udith

as god m oth e r to th e q uee n T h e pre se n ts and e n .

te rtai n m e n t which th e n e w c on v e rts r e c e iv e d w ent

4 1 5
4 1 6 Tli e Ag e f
o Cha r l emag n e .

far toward s m aki n g th e pl e of th e ki n g a p c p u

e x am

l ar on e to f oll ow Wh en h e re t urn e d An sg ar a
.
,

yo un g m on k of C orbi e b rought up und e r Pasch as i us

,

R ad bertus an d un d e r W al a th e ab bot of Ne w
, ,

C orbi e acc om p ani ed h i m an d c on ti n ued th e w ork

,

of c on v e r ti n g th e D an e s B ut th e p e opl e s us
.
,

i i ou o f th e F rank s an d of th e ir re li g io n a g ai n
p c s ,

d rov e out Harol d an d An s gar was oblige d to re ti re

, .

A way was op e n ed to h i m for a l arger w ork Ch ri s .

tian c aptiv e s h ad b ro ught th e i r re li gion to th e att e n

ti on of th e p e opl e i n Sw e d e n an d wh e n Swe d ish ,

e n v oy s ap p e are d at t h e co urt of th e e m p e r or th e y
as k e d for t e ach e r s of Christianity T h e D anish m i s .

s i on b e i n g p ut in c h a rg e of t h e m onk G i e s l e m ar ,

An s gar was s el e ct e d by Lo ui s for thi s n e w w ork

W
.

Ac com p an i e d by i tm ar a m on k of C or bi e h e e m
,
’
,

b ark e d for Sw e d e n i n 8 29 ; re tum i n g tw o y ears

aft e rw ard s L oui s d e ci d e d that th e ti m e h ad co m e
,

for c ar ryi n g out th e pl an s of Ch arl e s ; acco r dingl y

h e e stabli s h e d a m e trop oli tan at e at Ham b ur g as a
c e nt re for th e N orth e r n m issi ons an d Ansgar was ,

s e nt to R om e t o r e ce iv e th e papal c onfirm ation and

th e pall . G regory IV c on fi rm e d h i s w ork rais e d
.
,

him to th e archi e pi s c op al d igni ty an d c onf e rred ,

up on him t og e th e r wi th A r chbish op E bb o ch arge

, ,

of th e m i s si on s i n th e N orth .

I n att e m p ti n g to r e n ew h is w ork am ong th e D an e s ,

h e p urch as ed c aptiv e s th at h e m igh t t rai n a n ativ e

,

cl e rgy for a p e opl e too proud to r ec e iv e th ei r re lig

i on fr om f or e ig n e rs T h e d e ath of L oui s an d th e
.

divisi on of th e e mpire d ep riv e d him of a f ri e n d ly

protec tor an d th e c onq ue s t an d pill ag e of H amb urg
,
4 1 8 Tli e Ag e
f
o C/zar l emag n e .

turn e d to his own d ioc e se in 8 54 Ansgar was abl e .

to acc om plish mo re b ec ause h e and his mission ari e s

,

ask ed nothing f rom th e p eopl e s upporti n g th e m ,

s e lv e s by th e ir own l ab or or by vol un tary gi fts in

d e ed th ey mad e pre s e nt s to th e ki n gs an d nobl es
, ,

th us gaining p rot ecti on and s upport N ot th e l eas t .

of An s ga r s p ow e r s l ay i n h i s own e arn e st and re s o

’

l ut e but h umbl e an d Christlike s etti n g fo rth of th e

,

G osp el in his own life Rightly h as h e b ee n call ed .

th e Ap os tl e of th e N o rth Wh e n it was sai d of .

h i m as of oth e rs at th at tim e that his pray e r s

, ,

w rought m i racl e s i n h ealing th e s ick h e re pli e d ,

Co uld I d e e m mys elf worthy of s uch a favo r fro m

th e L o rd I w ould p ray h i m to vo uchsafe m e b ut
,

on e m iracl e th at out of m e by his grace h e wo uld

, , ,
”
m ak e a good m an .

Havi n g l ab ore d for n early thirty fi ve y ears am o n g -

th e se p e op l e of th e N o rth h e was s e iz ed by a s ev e re ,

ill n e ss f ro m which h e s uffe red for f our m on ths un til

, ,

at l ast h e e nt e red int o re st F ebr ua ry 3 d 865 atth e , , ,

ag e of s ixty f our y e ar s E rim be rt was h i s faith f ul

-
.

discipl e and s ucc e ss or in th e S e e of H am b urg

B re m e n b ut th e c on tin ue d invas ions of th e n i n th
,

an d t e n th c e n t uri e s d e l ay e d for l ong th e progr e s s of

th e w or k It w as n ot un til th e e l ev e n th c e n t ury
.
,

un d e r Cn ut in D e n m ar k un d e r O l af S k o
, tk on un g
, ,

i n Sw e d e n an d un d e r O l af th e H oly in N orway
, , , ,

th at Ch risti anity was fi n ally e stablish ed i n th es e

c ountri e s of th e far N orth .

E astward Christia n ity sp read by th e e ffo rts of

Arn o archbishop of Salzb urg un d e r Charl es th e
, ,

Nean de r , vol . 1 1 i .
, p . 2 8 7.
 E ccl es i as ti cal P oli ti ci a n s .
4 1 9

G reat an d of U rol f archbish op of Lo rch und e r

, , ,

Lo uis th e Pio us Th e ir work was tak e n up an d

.

e xt e n d e d am ong th e M oravi ans by two G re ek

monks Cy ril an d M e thodi us an d in 867 th e latt er
, ,

was co n se crat e d by Pop e H ad ri an I I as m e t ropoli .

tan oi Pannonia and M o ravia p r omising ob e d i enc e ,

to R om e .
‘

B utnot all th e bish ops w e re th us e ngage d or e v e n

int e re st ed T h e d iscipli n e of Charl e s th e G reat
.
,

tho ugh re info rc ed by L ouis in th e B e n edictin e te

form s an d by th e e st abli s hm e nt of th e canonical
life was re l ax ed
,
S e c ula r affai rs e n g ross ed th e
.

high e r e ccl e si astics an d ign oranc e b e gan to charac

,

te ri ze th e low e r cl e rgy T h e e l e cti on of bishops

.
,

in s pit e of laws an d att e mpt ed re forms cam e m ore ,

an d m or e und e r t h e c on t r ol of th e e m p er or an d
kings Me n lik e H i n cm ar ar chbi s h op of Rh e i m s
.
, ,

might stan d fi rm an d res i s t buth e was an e xc e ptio n in ,

many way s Ind e ed A m p ere s p eaks of h i m as th e

.
,
”
g re at e st politic al p e rso n age of th e n i n th c e n t ury .

I t so on b e cam e a c om m on thi n g for th e ki n gs to

.

app oi n t m e n from am on g th e cl e rgy of th e i r ow n

co ur t to th e m ore i m p ortant bishop rics T he .

bishop s th e m sel v es re c ogn iz ed th at it was to th e i r

int e rest to bring th e i r ch urch e s i n to d e p e nd e nc e
up on th e ir rul e rs Thi s t e nd e n cy was ca rri ed ev en
.

f urth e r an d fi rmly c ryst alliz ed in f e udali s m wh e re

, ,

th e l arge e ccl e si as tical e s t at e s and p r op e rti e s to ,

ge th e r wi th th e pow e r s p olitical as w e ll as e ccl e sias

ti cal ex e rcised by th e bish ops an d abbots forc ed ,

Nean d er i ii
v ol p 3 1 7, n ote I
Ampere
. . . .
, ,

,
vol ii i
. .
, p 9
. 2 .
4 2 0 Tlze Ag e
f
o Clza r l emag n e .

th em to b e co m e an i n t egral part of th e f e ud al ord e r .

I n c onn e cti on with th e c e re moni al att e ndi n g th e act

of ho m age to th e l ord an d th e c onfe rr i n g of th e
,

right s an d p r ivil ege s up on th e vas sal v ario us s y m ,

b ol s w e r e us e d to i n d ic at e th e di ffe re n t offi cial re la

ti on s of th e v as sals A s i m il ar c usto m cam e into
.

us e i n c on n e cti on wi th th e c ons e crati on of bishops

an d abb ots Already in th e fifth c en t ury th e pop e
.

h ad i n t r od uc e d th e c us t om of conf e rr i n g th e p all
up on d i s ting ui s h e d p r e lat e s as a m ar k of th e favor
an d a uth ori zati on of th e Ro m an S e e and of th e ir

all e gi an c e to it With th e d ev e l op m e nt and e xt e n

.

s ion of th e f e ud al r e l ati on bi s h ops an d abb ots at

, ,

th e ir c on s e c rati on w e re i n v e st e d with th e s c eptre

, ,

th e cr oz i e r an d th e r ing as sy m b ol s of th e i r o ffi ci a
,
l
auth or i ty an d p os iti on T h e obj e cti on abl e fe at ure
.

l ay i n th e fact th at th e s e s y m b ols re p re s e n ting ,

s p i rit ual n o l e s s th an te m p oral authori ty w e re con ,

f e r re d by th e s e c ul ar p ow e r n ot only s e e m i n g to ,

i m p ly th at th e civil r ul e r w as th e s ourc e of th e ir
a uth ority but also e mph as i zi n g an d ev e n inc reasing
,

th e ir d e p e n d e n c e up on h i m Th us a strong s e c u .

l ari zi n g t e n d e n cy b egan to e x e rt an almo s t i rr e s i s ti

bl e infl ue nc e F e w p re l at e s d isting ui s h ed b e tw ee n
.

th e ir sp i r it ual an d th e ir t e m poral int e re st s an d f unc

ti on s an d wi th v e ry m an y of th e m political an d
,

s e c ul ar affairs w e re th e m ost absorbing In th e .

st r uggl e s of th e ni n th c e nt ury th e great ch urch

p r e l ate s tak e th e pl ac e of th e s e c ul ar n obl e s i n p oliti
cal i n fl ue nc e an d c oun s e l E bb o an d l ate r H i n c
.
,

m ar of Rh e i m s A
, g ob ar
,
d of Ly on s Th,
e od u lf of , ,

O rl ean s are only a few of th e m ore p romin en t

,
4 2 2 T he Ag e
f
o Char lemag n e .

tury , an d th e Truc e of God tr ag a D ei in th e

, ,

l v en th w e re d ue to
e e , th e infl ue nc e an d activ e co
op e rati on of th e cl e rgy .

S ec ul ar obligati on s an d int e re sts bro ught with

th e m also i n t e r n al e vils an d c orrupti on s Simony .

an d lay c ont r ol am b i ti on aft e r pow e r g r e e d of ric h

, ,

rev en ue an d p rid e of birth all t e nd ed to low e r th e

, ,

stan dard an d to w eak e n th e pow e r of th e bishops

an d high e r cl e rgy M orality d eclin ed an d mann ers
.
,

s uff e r ed in c on s e q uen c e M arri ag e was commo n

.

am ong th e cl e rgy an d e ccl e siastic al p rop e rty was

,

d ivi d ed a m ong th e i r f am ili e s Th e re was d ange r o f

.

b uil d ing up a reg ul ar cl e ri c al cas t e Vic e of e v ery .

ki n d i n c r e as ed T h e archbi s h op of Cambray in
.
,

ord e r to d raw h i s cl e rgy f r om th e ir i n fat uation for

d ic e or to t urn i t i n a b e tt e r d i r e c ti on inv e n t ed for
, ,

h i s d i oc e s e an i n ge n i ous gam e of d ic e with s ton e s

n am ed aft e r th e Chri s ti an virt ue s .
’

As wi th th e b eari n g of arm s an d th e marriage of

pri e st s so in oth e r r e s p e cts th e ch urch laws of th e
Me n
,

e a rli e r ti m e s w e r e di s r e gard e d an d vi ol at e d .

w e re ord ai n ed ab s ol ut e ly th at i s wi th out an y fix ed
—
,

pari s h an d s o wi th out an y re sponsibility or cont rol

, ,

an d priv at e ch ap e ls an d t h e right of patronage still

f urth e r w eak e n ed auth ority and di s cipli n e .

Th e re w ere m ov e m e n t s for re form lik e t h ose o f ,

D unst an archbish op of C an t e rb ury Atto bishop

, , ,

of V e rc e lli an d P e t e r D am i an i bishop of O stia b ut

, , ,

th e ag e s ucc eedi n g Ch ar l e s th e Great wait ed f or a

H e nry I I I and a H ild eb r an d
. .

Nean der , vol . p 4 1

. 0 , n ot
e 3 .
 C HAPT E R XXXI I I .

E I AS TI CAL L E G I S LATI ON AND TH E C ON S TI

E CC L S
T U T I ON O F T H E C H U RC H I N T H E N I N TH
C EN T U R Y — TH E F O R G ED DE C R E TAL S O RI G I N
—
— DA T E PLAC E O B J E C T C ON TE N T S U S E
— — —
LAT E R m s r on v .

H E constit ution of th e ch urch h ad b ee n

s lowly f orm i n g its e lf in h ar m on y with

th e ev e nts which w e h av e th us far b e e n

d e scribi n g M ost of th e l egisl ation h ad
.

bee n th e work of th e local sy n ods un d e r ,

th e l e ad e rsh ip and guidan c e of th e archbishops an d

m e trop oli tans b ut as th e n e w p ow e r s of th e W e st
,

ar os e to t ak e th e pl ac e of th e old Roman E m p ir e ,

an d e sp e ci ally as t
,
h e k ing s an d chi e fs of th e s e n ew
p e opl e s gav e th e ir ass ent to Ch ri s ti an ity and w ere,

mo s t activ e in its spread s e c ur i n g its acc e ptanc e

,

amo n g th e i r p e opl e and s uppo rti n g its cl ai m s by

,

th e i r authority th e co n n e ction b e tw ee n ch urch an d

,

st at e b e ca m e e v e r cl os e r and more intimat e an d ,

th e ir int e r est s approach ed a great e r h arm ony an d

unity of p urpos e .

T h e filling of bi s h op r ics an d th e high e r o ffi c es

wi th nativ e e ccl esias tics th e increas e of ch urch lands
,

42 3
 The Ag of e Cha r l emag n e .

an d p rop e r ty an d th e f orm ati on of great e ccl e

,

s i as ti cal e stat e s wh e r e by th e s e offi c e rs w e r e b r o ugh t

,

i n to an d m ad e a p art of th e rapi d ly form i n g f e ud al

s y s te m,
still f urth e r t e n d e d to thi s s am e e n d T h e .

organ i zati on its e lf was chan g ing T h e p e rs on al

.

auth ori ty of th e bi s h op of th e chi e f ci ty ov e r th e

e s by te r s of t i trict t ki ng t h e pl ac e o th e
p r h e d s w as a
f
l oc al c oun cil w h il e th e bish op s w e re b rought un d e r
,

th e c on t rol of p rovi n ci al sy n od s an d of th e m e t r o
,

p olit an or archbish op th e bi s h op of th e m e trop oli s

,

or c h i e f ci ty of th e p r ovi n c e Th e s e m etrop olit an s

.

re c e iv e d al s o a civil autho rity w hich s t re ngt h en e d

, ,

alth ough i t t en d e d to s e c ul ari ze th e i r p os i ti on

’
.

M ore ov e r th e sy n od s c eas ed to be h e l d or b e gan

, ,

to l os e th e i r s ep arat e an d in d e p e n d e nt p owe r whil e ,

th e p oli tic al as s e m bli e s in which th e chi e f bi s h op s

,

an d abb ots s at as a p art of t h e t e rri to r i al n obility ,

r e g ul ate d e ccl e s i as tic al as w e ll as s e c ula r aff ai rs .

T h e hist ory of th e ch ur ch i n E n glan d p revi ous to

th e N orm an C on q ue s t f ur n i s h e s a cl e ar an d f or cibl e
ill ust rati on of thi s d e v e l op m en t It is s e e n als o i n
.

th e hist ory of th e F ran ki s h Ki n gd om T h e c onv e r

.

si on of Cl ovis wh o th e reaft e r wage d his wars of

,

c onq ue s t an d e xt e n si on h avi n g amo n g h is av owe d

,

obj e c ts th e s up p re s s ion of A r i ani s m an d th e c onv e r

si on of th e h eath e n to Ch r i s ti an i ty th e auth ori za
ti on by th e ch ur ch of th e ch an g e fr om th e M
,

e r ov i n

gi an to th e C aroli n gi an li n e an d th e co ,
r on ati on of

Pi p p i n by th e p op e w e re o n ly m o1 e m ark e d e v e n ts
,

al ong this sa m e li n e B on ifac e him s elf h ad sai d

.
,

W ith out th e p atron age of th e Fran kish rul e r I ,

H atch , pp . 2—
3 39 , 1 26—1 29 .
4 2 6 T he Ag e
f
o Cha r l emag n e .

L aw already e xist e d an d c oll e ction s of th e m

s ,

w e re w e ll k n own an d wi d e ly circ ul at ed Th e s e col . .

l e cti on s i n cl ud e d th e c an on s of ( E c um e nic al C oun

cil s an d of s om e of th e m os t imp ort ant an d w e ll
,

known loc al sy n o d s als o th e more f orm al an d

,

a uthorit ativ e l e tt e rs of d isti n g uish ed bi s h ops e s p e ,

ci al ly thos e of th e apostolic or mo r e i m p ortan t an d

,

w ell k n own s e e s an d th e can on ical law s of th e em

-
,

p e r or s p a rtic ul ar ly Th e odo s i us and J usti n i an

,
.

By far th e most i m portant c oll e c tion was th at

mad e ab out 50 0 AD by D io n ys i us E x i guus a
. .
,

Roman abbot wh o th us b ecam e th e f oun d e r of th e

,

W est e rn syst em of c an on l aw an d is al s o kn own as ,

th e or iginator of our practic e of n umb e ri n g y e ar s

f rom th e birth of Ch ri s t th e Christi an or D i on y s ia n
,

e ra.

I n th e s e v e nth c e nt ury anoth e r coll e cti on app eare d

i n Spain aft e rwa rds call e d th e coll e cti on of I s i d ore
, ,

b e i n g as c ri b e d ge n e rally b ut prob ably e r ron e ously

, ,

to Isidore archbisho p of S e vill e w h o di ed 63 6 AD

, , . .

S in ce th e n two c e n t uri e s h ad pass e d c e nt uri e s of ,

great and mo m e nto us h ist ory in which many ,

change s h ad b ee n w r ought n e w infl ue nc e s s et at ,

w ork n ew con d iti ons r ealiz ed and n ew n e e ds cre

, ,

at ed whi ch th e laws e nact ed un d e r s e c ul ar c ont r ol

,

e ith e r we re pow e rl es s to m e e t or o n ly agg rav at ed .

Att e mpts atre f orm w ere mad e by th e s yn od s h eld

und e r L o uis th e Pio us and his s ons and al s o by n ew ,

coll e ctions of laws Th es e l aws or capit ulari e s as

.
,

th os e p ut forth by th e Franki s h ki n gs w e r e c all e d ,

we re plac ed in a ge n ui n e c oll e cti on in 8 2 7 by , ,

An segi s abbot of Font en ell es which was i n cl ud ed

, ,
 Ps eudoI s i aor e
'
4 7
2
-
.

in a coll e ction m ad e abo ut twe nty y ears lat e r by

th e s o call ed B e n e dict L e vit e of M ainz who add e d
-
, ,

som e and co m po s e d many mor e from b oth ge n uin e

and s p urio us e ccl e siastical l e gislation th e whol e ,

b e aring th e titl e of th e C apit ulari e s of B e n e dic t

L e vit e A furth e r att e mpt was mad e in th e capit
.

ul ari e s asc r ib ed to A
, n g i l ram bish op of M e tz in
, ,

th e l ast part of th e e ighth c e nt ury but r e ally be ,

longing to a lat e r dat e .

It remain e d for him who took th e nam e of th e

re nown e d bishop of S e vill e al re ady id e ntifi ed wit h ,

th e famo us c oll e cti on of th e s e v e nth c e nt ury to ,

p u t f o r th th e m o st compl e t e most e ffe ctiv

, e and ,

m ost fra ud ul e nt coll e ction of all an d th e re fore call e d ,

th e Ps e udo Isidor e -
T h e f ull nam e which th e
.

a uthor ass um e d was Isidore M ercator (change d in a

few m an usc r ipts to Pe ccator which is th ere fo re ,

probably an e rr on eous form ) but th e latt e r nam e ,

s e e ms to be of unknown o rigin and m eaning tho ugh ,

possibly d e riv ed from a w e ll known writ er of th e -

fifth c ent ury .

’

T h e coll ecti on app ears in thre e parts T h e firs t .

contai ns th e pre fac e two l e tt e rs on e pre t e nding to

, ,

be from A ure li us of Carthage to P op e D am as us ,

as k ing th e pop e to se nd him th e stat ut es of all th e

p o n t i fl s from P e t e r to t h e b e ginning of his own
p o n t i fi c at e a
, r e q u e st which D a m as us in th e oth e r
l e tt e r grants . Aft e r th e ord e r for holding a co ua
’

H i n sch i us , p . ccxx x vi Ku t
r z , v ol . i .
, p .
51 2 ; Nean d er , vol .
i i , p 72 1
. . .

D amas us was bi s h op of Rom e from 3 66 to 3 84 AO The

l ll l
. .

g e n ui n e decre ta s , h e auth ori tati ve

as t p pa
a e tters ar e cal ed , be
4 2 8 T he Ag of e Char l emag n e .

”
cil in s e rted th e a p ocry p hal s o c all e d Ap os tolic
are -

Can on s int rod uc e d by a forge d l e tt e r from J e rom e

,
.

Th e n f oll ow th e d ec re tal s fi fty nin e l e tt e rs f rom

,
-

thirty p op e s be gin n ing with Cl e m e nt an d e n d ing

,

w i th M e lchiad e s bish op of R om e f rom 3 1 1 to 3 1 4

, ,

all with th e e xc e pti on of p arts of th e first tw o

, ,

which are an earli e r f orge ry th e work of Pse ud o ,

I s i d ore T h e s e c ond part c ontains th e acts of th e

.

principal co uncil s i n cl ud ing th e first f our ge n eral

,

an d s om e e a rly E as t e r n on e s as w e ll as th e p rincipal
,

Af ric an an d Spani s h c oun cil s Th e s e w e re inse rte d .

f rom th e earli e r Sp anish c oll e cti on in ord e r to gi v e ,

h i s ow n gr e at e r c ompl e t e n e s s an d v al ue an d al s o to ,

imp art to it a g re ate r s e mblanc e of e xactn es s i n

plac e s wh e re it c oul d be e asily t e st e d All are .

g e n u i n e a n d c or r e ctly c opi e d with o n e e xc e ption

th e li m i tati on of th e auth ority of co un t ry bi s h ops i s
m ad e th e d e cla rati on of th e s e v e nth can on of th e
se c on d Spa n ish c oun cil by t h e a dd iti on of th e word s
,
” ”
and co unt ry bishop s to th e w ord s p res byt ers
, ,

adding also all which things are kn own to h av e

b e e n p rohibit ed by th e Ap os tolic S e e Thi s .

change w oul d n ot be eas ily d e t e ct ed an d s e rv e d to ,

b r ing th e c oun cil i n t o agre e m en t with on e of th e

forg e d l e t te r s of L e o Th e re are two or th ree oth e r
.

pi e c e s chi e f am on g th em b e i n g th e e d ict or l e tt e r
,

of Consta n ti n e to P op e Sylv e s t e r givi n g an acco un t ,

of h i s c onv e rs i on bapti s m an d h e aling by Sylv e s

, ,

ter c oncl uding with th e famo us donation a forg ery

, ,

of th e prec eding c e nt ury .

g i n w i th S i ri ci us , Wh o was th e s ucces s or of D amas us . H en ce ,

th e s ig n i fi can ce of th i s feig n ed reques ti s eas i y seen l .
43 0 Th e Ag o
f e Char l emag n e .

es t— that is th e consid e ration of th e v er si on o f th e

,

Bibl e us e d by th e w rit e r in th e q uot ations h e mak es

f rom th e Sc ript ures U nfort un at e ly th e q ue stio n
.

is fra ught with many di fli c ul ti e s an d s ch ol ars ar e ,

by n o m ean s agr eed H e probably us ed th e V ulgat e

.
,

b ut h e d oe s n ot s ee m to q uot e p ass ag e s with v e r b al

acc uracy e xc ept i n th e Psalms wh e re it is agre ed
W
, ,

that h e us ed J erom e s transl ation ’

e th us fi n d .

p op e s of th e first f our c e nt uri e s q uoti n g from a

transl ation mad e l on g aft e r th ey w e re d e ad .

I n regard to th e v e x ed b ut i m portan t q ue stion

,

as to th e re lati on s b e tw ee n B e n edict s c oll ecti on ’

and t h at of Ps e ud o Isi d ore H i n s ch i us d e clare s it to

-
,

be his opini on that Ps e ud o Isidore us e d B e n e d ict s

’
-

coll e ctio n as th e s ourc e of h i s ow n an d s upport s ,

his th eory by s e v e ral argum e nts First B e n e dic t .

,

oft e n ch an g e d th e s our c e s which h e us e d an d th e ,

sam e t h i n gs which B en ed ict i n t erp ol at ed int o th e

ge n uin e so urc e s Ps e ud o Isi d ore also introd uc e d
,
-
,

butth e latt e r als o cha n g e d s om e pas s ag e s in which

B en e dict agr ee d wi th th e s ourc es S e c on d ly chap .
,

t e rs are f ound in B e n e dict s c oll ecti on compil e d from

’

d i fl ere n ts ourc e s al re ad y alt e r e d by B e n e dict Th e s e

'

sam e s en t enc e s occ ur i n P s e ud o I s i d ore with th e -

chan ge s of B e n e d ict an d with oth e r ch ange s al s o

,

di ffe ri n g f rom th e s ourc e still m ore than th e y d o

in B e n ed ict .C on s e q ue n tly B e n e dict i s in cl os e r
,

agre e m e nt with th e s ourc e an d s o n eare r to it th an

,

is Ps e ud o I s i d o re Thi r d ly i n som e chapt e rs B e n e

-
.
,

dict has compl e t e ly change d th e s e ns e of th e so urc e ,

and Ps eudo Isi d ore p uts forth th e sam e with oth er

-

ch an g es. Fo urt h l y t h er e may be f o und al so p as

,
 Date o h e D ecr et
f t a l s .
43 1

s ag e s in Ps e udo Isidore which hav e b ee n mad e up

-

out of s e v e ral in B e n edict and in which Ps e udo

,

Isi d ore has us ed not only th e t ext o f th e ch apt e rs ,

but th e ir titl e s as w ell Th es e argum e nt s s ettl e th e

.

v e x e d q ue sti on and so h e lp to fi x th e dat e o f th e

,

Fal s e D e cre tals as a ft er th e capit ulari e s o f B e n e

d ict for B e n e d ict e xpre ssly says
, O tgar who ,

was then archbi s hop of M ainz comman ding m e I , ,

”
compil e d th e three boo k s I nasm uch as th es e
.

li n es occ ur in th e pre face to h i s work th e words ,

”
was th e n sh ow that it m ust hav e b ee n writt e n
—
aft e r O tgar c eas ed to be archbishop that is aft e r ,

his d eath which too k plac e April z l s t 847 T h e

, , .

Fals e D e cre tals m ust hav e b een comp os ed afte r

that if as s ee m s to have b een prov ed th eir author
, , ,

us e d th e wo r k of B e n edict .

Th ey m ust als o have app e ared b e fore th e y ear

8 5 3 for th e first c e rtain re fe r e n c e to th e m was mad e
,

at th e synod h e ld at Soisso n s in th at y e ar .

T o th e s e c onsi d e rations H i n s ch i us f urth e r ad d s

I f h ow e v e r y ou tak e i n t o acc ount th e tim e n e ces
, ,

sa ry to ci rc ulat e th e c oll e cti on of B en e d ict an d to ,

writ e up an d circ ulat e th e d e cretals of Pseudo Isi -

d or e it will s ee m v e ry probabl e that th e l att e r com

,

l te d his w o rk abo ut 8 5 1 or 8 5 2 AD
p e . .

Franc e was unq ue stion ably an d prob ably Rh eims , ,

th e pl ac e of th e ir origin Th ey w e re cit e d fi rst by

.

Fran kish writ e rs an d i n Frankish co uncils conn e ct e d

w ith th e affai rs of Rh e ims th eir so urc es also are
,

l arge ly Frankish whil e th ey abo un d in G allicisms

, ,

using both expr e ssions and n am e s p e c uliar to th e

H i n schi us , p . cci .
43 2 The Ag e
f
o Cha r l emag n e .

W e s t e rn Kingd om butm ore than all th e c on t en t s ,

an d aim s of th e d e cre tal s h arm oniz e m os t p e rf e ctl

y
with th e his t ory an d c onditions of th e Ch urch of
F ran c e e v e n in s om e of its mi n ut e st d e tail s
, ,
T he .
’

ch an ge d c on d iti on s i n th e F ran kish Ch urch at th e

acc e s s i on of L ouis th e Pio us hav e b e e n m e nti on e d

al r e ad y e ar li e r i n thi s c h apt e r G reat e r e vil s fol .

low e d as w e hav e s ee n i n th e p re c e d ing chapt e r

, .
’

T h e att e mpt s at a d ivi s i on of th e ki n gd om am ong

h i s s on s th e r e b e lli on against th e i r fat h e r an d th e
, ,

civil st rif e am on g th e m s e lv e s b e fore an d aft e r h i s

d eath fill e d th e l an d with w oe s and mise ri e s of
,

e v e ry ki n d for b e s i d e s th e bl ood s h e d an d d e vas ta

,

tion alw ays wrought by war th e re arose wi d e spread ,

d e pravity an d s ac ril e g e th e cont empt of al l l aw an d

,

r e ligi on . T h e d e s e c rati on an d spoliation of ch urch e s

an d of e ccl e s i as tic al p r op e rty th e oppr e ssion of t he
,

cl e rgy an d th e i r s ubj e cti on to and d ep e n d e nc e up on

th e civil pow e r w e re th e in e vit abl e r e s ults All .

e ccl e siastic al disciplin e was failing T h e cl e rgy .

c e as e d to ob e y th e bishops and abb ots who c oul d

n ot or w oul d n ot h e lp th e m In too many cas es .

th e abbots an d bi s h ops th e m s e lv e s had t ak e n part

in th e ci vil s t rif e s with all th e fi e rc e parti sanship of
th e l ay n obl e s an d th e laity too oft e n saw in th e ir
,

bi s h op s and cl e rgy p ol itical oppo n e nts rath e r than

s pirit ual g ui d e s Th ey e v e n b ore arms and fought
.

for th e ca us e th e y h ad e sp ous e d Th us in a battl e .

,

i n 844 b e tw een Cha rl e s th e B al d and Pippi n

, two
abbot s w e re t ak e n p rison e rs an d two bishops w ere
W as s e rs ch l e be n ,p 3 75 C l ark e , p 3 69
bo
. . .

S ee a ve , ch xx x i
. .
43 4 Th e Ag e
f
o Char l emag ne .

an auth ori ty which wo uld c omp e l re sp e ct an d un i

v e rs al acc e pt an ce .

This go es far to e xpl ain th e ge n e ral syst e m of th e

Forge d D e cret als as w e ll as th e reason an d m e thod
,

of th e i r s ucc e ss . By th e d e v e lopm e nt an d i n creas

i n g i n fl ue nc e of f e ud alis m th e ch urch n ot o n ly h ad
,

b e e n brought int o cl os e r re l ati on s with th e s e c ul ar

p ow e r and int o wh at w e h av e se e n was p rac tically
,

a f e ud al s ubj e cti on to th e st at e but also h ad b e e n ,

v e ry m uch w eak e n e d an d d ivid ed i n its own i n te rn al

or gan iz ati on or to e xpr e s s it more acc urat ely its
, , ,

l ack of a stro n g unit e d an d e ve n c entraliz ed organ i

, ,

zati on had b ee n m ad e i n cre as ingly app ar e nt an d ,

th e n e e d of s om e thing of th e so r t dire ctly i n lin e

an d c onn e ct e d with its pr e vio us d e ve lopm e nt was

i n cre asi n gly f elt .

T h e th r e e gr eat obj e ct s to be so ught th e re f ore , ,

w e re fre e do m f rom th e s e c ul ar pow er establishm e n t ,

of th e e ccl e s iastic al hi e rar chy with a firm discipli n e ,

an d c e ntralizati on of organizati on up on w hich all ,

co ul d d ep e nd .

This thre e f old obj e ct s o p e rfe ctly adapt e d to th e

,

n eeds of th e ti m e i s th e ai m and p urp os e of th e

,

F orge d D ecre t als as app e ars f rom a car e f ul s t ud y

,

of th e ir cont ents It i s th ere f ore evi d ent that th ei r

.

a uth or wish e d to p ut forth not only a c oll e ction of

th e e ccl e si astic al s ourc e s which sh ould c ontai n th e
e ccl es ia s tical d iscipli n e as it was s e t f or th i n parti e n

lar c ouncils an d in ge n ui n e d e cre t als but als o s uch ,

d e cree s as h e d e e m e d n e c e ssary for resto r i n g th e

e ccl e siastical r t g i m e which had b e
,
e n corr u pt e d an d

alm ost d estroy e d by t h e civil war wage d by L o uis

 Ohj ect o
f h
t e Decr et
a l s .
43 5

th e Pi ous an d his so n s th e ref ore in th e fals e part ,

of his coll e cti on h e wish e d to acc om plish th at which

th e syn od s co uld not d o C on s e q ue ntly by th e
.
,

great est auth ority kn own to t e ch urch nam e ly

h —
,

t h at of th e Ro m an bish ops an d e sp e cially of th os e

,

wh o liv e d in th e ear ly ag e s of th e ch urch h e cor —

r oborate d that which e v e ry articl e of t h e d e c re e s of

th e Sy n od o f Paris an d of th e Con s tit uti on of
Worm s an d th e d eclarati on app e n d ed to th e Sy n od
,

of Aix l a Chap ell e as s e rt e d which B e n e d ict h ad p ut

- -
,

forth as drawn from th e c apit ul ari e s H e b eh e l d .

th e w oun d s inflict e d up on th e G allican Ch urch i n

th e t urb ul e nt tim e s of L oui s th e Pi ous an d of his
sons h e s aw th at L o ui s th e Pi ous h ad hast e n ed
,

with gr eat z eal to aid th e rui n e d ch urch and that ,

th e bish ops ass e mbl ed at th e C ouncil of M ea ux h ad

s et fo r th many canons for re f orming e ccl e siastic al

discipli n e and h e k n ew that th e earn estn e ss an d

,

l ab or of th e e mp e ror an d of th e bish ops e sp e cially

, ,

h ad b e e n r e nd e re d fr uitl e s s by th e n obl e s H aving .

al l th e s e t h ings in vi e w th e re f ore h e f orge d th e

, ,

de c r e e s by which h e s ought to p rovid e that th os e

thi n gs which up to th at ti m e h ad tro ubl e d th e
ch urch m ight be don e away with for e v e r ; h opi n g ,

p e rch anc e that if h e sh ow ed f orth to th e m e n of

,

his own ag e as in a mi rror th e d e cree s which e xhib

, ,

i te d th e laws obs e rv e d in th e earli e st Ch r isti an

ch urch e s th ey might at l e ngth be aro used by s uch
,

a m e th od to re for m th e e ccl e si astical conditi on .

’

As Al zog th e R om an Cat h olic hi s torian m ost

,

acc e ssibl e to Prot est an t r ead e rs rightly p oints out , ,

H i n s ch i us , p . ccx vn .
43 6 The Ag of e Cha r l em ag n e .

T he m aj o ri ty of critic s have con fi n e d th eir att e n

ti on al m os t e ntirely to ques tions of eccles ias tical l aw ,

s uch as th e p ri m acy th e r e latio n s of bi s h ops to th e

,

s e c ular p ow e r to m e tropolitans to provincial c oun

, ,

cils an d to oth e rs of a kin d re d n at ure as if th e

, ,

th r ee p a r t s int o which this coll e cti on i s d ivi d e d in

th e m ost a n ci e nt m an usc r ipt c opi e s c on tain e d only

s uch wh e reas th e ir s ubj e ct matt e r i n cl ud es dog matic
,
-

a n d mor al theolo gy l i t u rgy p

,
en i ten tia l d i s
,
cip l i n e ,

t eachi n gs on th e p r e rogative s an d d ignity of th e

R om a n Ch urch on th e right of app eal to R om e on
, ,
”
th e vari ous d e g re e s of th e hi e rarchy an d th e lik e , .

I n a si m il ar way Sch aff calls att e nti on to th e v ar i

’

et y of co n t e nts All
. th e s e doc u m en t s m ak e u p a

m an ual of orthodox d oct rin e an d cl e ri cal di s ciplin e .

Th e y giv e d ogm atic d e ci s i ons agai n s t h e re si e s e s p e ,

ci al l y A r i ani s m (which ling e re d l ong in Sp ain

) an d ,

d ire cti on s on w ors hi p th e s acram e n ts f e as ts an d

, ,

fasts sacre d rit e s an d c os t um e s th e cons e crati on of

, ,

ch urch e s ch urch prop e r ty an d es p e ci ally on ch urch

, ,

polity T h e work b re ath e s th r ough out th e spi rit

.

”
of ch ur chly an d pri es tly pi ety an d re v e re n c e .

T h e auth or l ays d ow n m ost firm ly as f un d a m e n tal

th e disti n cti on b e tw e e n c l e rgy an d l aity am ounting ,

to an absol ut e s e p arati on E xpre s s i on s in th e Ne w

.

T e s tam e n t ap plyi n g to th e re l ati on s b e twe e n Ch ri s

tians an d n on Chri s tian s h e appli e s to th e re lati on s
-

b etw e e n cl e rgy and l ai ty .

T o th e m e mb e rs of th e pri e sth ood ar e appli e d th e

phras e s which us ually h av e b e e n re f e rre d to al l
Ch ri sti an b e li e v e rs T h e p ri e st s th e cl e rgy ar e
.
, ,

Alzog ol , v pp
. 2 7 2 7.1 0 , S ch afl
. v o l i v p 2 69 , . .
, . .
43 8 Th e Ag e
f
o Char l emag n e .

ar chy an d th e r e l ati on of th e d i ffe re nt ord e rs of th e

cl e rgy . T h e or d e r of pri e s ts i s twof ol d p re sby ,

t e rs an d bi s h op s i n acc ord an c e with th e will of th e

,

L ord wh o app oint e d th e tw e lv e apostl e s an d th e n

, ,

or d e re d th e s e v e n ty d i s cipl e s to be ch os e n to ai d
th e m T h e bi s h op s h ol d th e plac e of th e ap os tl e s
.
,

an d th e p r e s byt e rs th e p l ac e of th e s e v e n ty d isci

pl es T h e bi s h op s are th e k e y s of th e ch ur ch All
. .

th e pr e s byt e r s ough t to ob e y in all things witho ut

d e l ay . Wh e r e f ore all th e f aithf ul an d e sp e cially ,

al l th e p r e s byt e rs an d d eac ons an d th e re st of th e

cl e rgy m us t giv e h e ed to th e m that th ey d o noth

, ,

i n g with out th e p e rm is s i on of th e ir own bish op ;

for th os e w h o ob ey th e i r bishops s e e m ind eed to , ,
”
c onf e r a fav or on G od .

T h e bi s h op ought to be or d ai n e d n ot by on e ,

but by m any bi s hop s an d to b e plac e d in an h on

,

orabl e ci ty n ot i n a s m all on e l e st th e n am e of
, ,

bi s h op be l ow e re d in d ign ity B ut th e rank of .

ap ostl e s is on e th ough th os e are p ri m at e s who h old

,

th e chi e f citi e s who i n c e rt ai n pl ac e s are c all e d p atri

,

archs by s om e Th os e m ore ov e r who hav e b een

.
, ,

e st abli s h e d by us i n a m e t r opolis by o rd e r of t he ,

bl e ss e d P e t e r an d of our p red e c e ssor Cl e m e nt can

, , ,

n otal l be pri m at e s or pa tr ia r chs b utth e oth e r ,

m e t rop oli tan citi e s h av e archbi s h op s or m e trop oli

tans B utthis s ac re d R om an Apostolic Ch urch h as
.

obt ain e d th e p ri m acy n ot from th e apostl e s but ,

f rom our L ord an d S avi our hi m self as h e s ai d to th e ,

bl essed Ap ostl e P e t e r Tho u art P e t e r an d upon

, ,

Ep i i i
. An acleti g 3 8 , Ep i C e me n tis ,
. l 3 6, 3 7 ; Ep iii . .
,

l
C e men tis , 5 70 ; H i n s ch i us , p p 8 5 , 4 1 , 5 7
. .
 H ea ds h ip o
f R om e .
43 9

this rock I will b uild my ch ur ch an d th e gat es of

h e ll sh all n ot pre v ail agai n s t it (S t M att xvi . . .

Th ere f ore th e fi rs t S ee by th e f av or of h eav e n i s th e

Ro m an Ch urch T h e s e c on d S ee at Al e x an d ri a
.
, ,

w as c on s e crat e d i n th e n am e of th e bl es s e d P e t e r
by M ark his d i s ci p l e T h e thi rd S ee i s at A n ti
, .

och wh e re th e bl e s s e d P e t e r liv e d b e for e h e c am e

,

to R om e an d h e ap p oin te d Ign ati us as bi s h op

,

th e re . Th e n th e bl e ss ed ap os tl e s s e t tle d i t
amo n g th e ms e lv e s that t h e bi s h op s of e ach n ati on
migh t k n ow wh o am o n g th e m was chi e f s o th at ,
’

th e ir gr eat e r care m ight be giv e n to h i m for e v en

am ong th e bl es s e d apo s tl e s th e re w as a c e rtai n d i s
tincti on an d th ough al l w e re ap os tl e s y e t i t w as
, ,

gran t ed to P e t e r by our L ord an d t h e y wi s h e d th e ,

v e ry s am e thi n g am on g th e m s e lv e s that h e s h oul d ,

h av e th e rul e ov e r all th e rest of th e ap ostl e s an d ,

— —
be C e phas that i s th e h ea d an d s h oul d h ol d th e
,

h ead ship ( p r i ncip i um) of th e apo s tl e ship who als o ,

han d e d d ow n th e s am e s y s te m to th e i r s ucc es so rs
an d th e r e st of th e bi s h op s An d thi s i s d e clared .

n ot on ly in th e Ne w T e s t am e n t b ut als o i n th e ,

O ld As it i s writt e n M os e s an d Aaron am on g
.
,
'
—
his p ri e sts (Ps xcix 6) that i s th ey w e re chi e f
. .
,
”
am on g th e m .

Fro m all th e s e q uotation s which h av e b ee n give n ,

th us f ully i n ord e r that a fair an d compl et e i d ea

m ay be gain e d regarding th e g e n e ral cont e nts of th e
F orge d D e c re tals it w ill be readily s e e n that th e
,

author s m ain obj e ct was to fre e t h e cl e rgy from

’

S ee S t M att x 1 1 2 5 26 ; x xiii 8- 1 2 St Ma k i
r x —
33 35
An acleti —
. . . . .

—3 3
.
,

Ep i i . . an d ii i , 26 H i n s ch i us , pp 79 84. .
440 Th e Ag of e Cha r l em ag n e .

th e c ular pow er and to estab lish th e h i e rarch y

se , ,

m aint ai n i n g th e c oe q ual auth or ity of all bi s h ops ,

th ough th ey m ight d i ffe r i n i m p ortan c e placing th e ,

R om an S ee at th e h e ad p os s e s s i n g all p owe r an d ,

auth or i ty d e riv e d n ot as t h e oth e rs from th e ap os

, , ,

tl e s but f rom Ch r i s t hi m s e lf th rough St P e t e r

, ,
.
,

wh om h e h ad app oi n te d an d wh om th e oth e r apos

tl e s ack n owl e d ge d as th e i r chi e f .

T h e a uth or ity of th e bi s h op s h ad d iminish e d

greatly an d th e m e t rop olit an s an d pri m at e s th re at
,

e n e d to r iv al th e p ow e r of R om e h e r s e lf M any .

bi s h ops h ad b e e n acc us ed an d d epri v ed of th e i r

s ees by th e s e c ula r auth ority Sp e ci al att e n tion .
,

th e re f ore w as giv e n to th e m ann e r of bringing

,

ch arg es agai n s t th e bi s h op s an d of p roc eed ing to

tr ial Th e s e acc us ati on s an d t rials w e re m ad e as
.

d i fli cul t as p os s ibl e ; i m p os sibl e i n d e e d for th e

‘
, ,

s e c ul ar p ow e r an d e v e ry opp or t un ity was giv e n for

,

an ap p e al to R om e T h e j udge s w e re to be v e ry
.

ca re f ully ch os en an d man y re q ui rem e n t s w e re de

,

m an d e d i n each cas e T h e chi e f obst acl e lay r e ally

.

i n th e f e ud al re l ati on of th e bish op s to th e e mp e ror ,

by wh om th e y w e re p romot e d to th e e p i s cop al rank ,

an d f ro m wh om th e y re c e iv e d th e i r t e mporaliti e s .

A c om pl et e r e f ormation of th e e ccl e s i astical co n di

t ion w oul d h av e d e m and e d th e re fore th e s urre nd e r , ,

of o th e r right s of th e e m p e ro r b e si d e s that of j udg

m e nt e sp e ci ally th e right of co n f e rri ng bishop ri cs
, .

This h ow e v e r was n ot atte m p te d till th e H ild e

, ,

bra n di n e e ra for i n th e p e r i od of wh ich w e are

,

w r iti n g n o oth e r re l ati on than th e f e ud al was

tho ught of or c onc e iv e d an d it was only in th e ,
44 2 Th e Ag e
f
o Cha r l emagn e .

m ust h ave b ee n wri tt e n f rom an i n ti m at e kn owl e d ge

of E bbo s affai rs for if th e y h ad b e e n in e xi s te n c e at
’

th e ti m e h e w oul d h av e us e d th e m i n his d e f e nc e .

U p on L oth ai r s acc e s s i on to th e thron e in 840

’

E bb o was re st ored to his ar chbish op ric by an i m

p e ri al d e cr ee s ig n e d by tw e n ty bi s h ops a sm all e r ,

n umb e r th an h ad sign e d his d e p ositi on T h e c an on s .

d e cl are d th at a bi s h op d ep os e d by on e sy n od c oul d
be r e s t or e d on ly by a l arge r on e It was th e re f ore .
, ,

d e cl ared by th e F orge d D e c r e t als that Ath an as i us

was r e s tor e d by th e c oun s e l an d d e cr e e of a s m all e r
n umb e r of bi s ho p s th an d e p os e d h i m I n reality .
,

Ath an as i us was res t ore d by th e im p e r i al d e cre e

al on e b ut thi s d i d n ot c orr e sp on d cl os e ly e n ough
,

with E bbo s cas e ’

.
’

Wh e n Ch arl es th e B al d gain e d th e th ron e of th e

W e s t E bb o agai n l os t h i s s ee an d fl ed to L oth air i n
,

I taly Th en in th e y ear 844 h e re c e iv e d th e bi s h op

.

r i c of H il d e s h e i m from L ouis th e G e rm an but as

h e h ad n e v e r giv e n up his cl ai m to Rh e ims h e c am e ,

int o n ew opp os iti on to th e c an on s which all ow e d a ,

ch ange of s ee s only wh e n abs ol ut e ly req uired for

th e goo d of th e ch urch an d th e n on ly by a d e cre e ,

in s yn od H e re agai n P s e ud o I si d ore d e clare s it

.
, ,
-

p e r m issibl e for a bishop to ch an ge h i s s ee wh e n

f or c ed by n e c es si ty or urged by sp e ci al ad vantage ,

b ut e s p e ci ally it is alw ays p e rmi tt e d wh e n a bish op

h as b e e n d riv e n from h i s s e e an d m ore ov e r th e , , ,

d ecree of a syn od is n ot at al l Th us

Decre ta J
ul i i 3 ; H i n sch i us , P 47 1 Cf P “ 3 “
Wh , 1 ,

e re he d i ed , i n 8 5 1
Ep i i Pel ag ii I I $ 2 ; H i n s ch i us , p p
. . 1 5 2 7 27
, .
 Def en ce o
f th e B i s ho
p s .
43

all thi n gs d on e against E bb o w e re d e cl ared by

Ps e ud o Isi d ore to be unl awf ul but wh at ev e r h e d i d
-
,

c ont rary to e ccl e s i as tic al l aw s was d e cl ar e d to be

l awf ul .

M uch of th e wo rk of th e Fo rge d D e cre t al s cen

tred th e r e f or e ab out th e bi s h op s wh o w e re d e
, , ,

f e n d ed n ot on ly again s t th e s e c ul ar p ow e r but al s o ,

against th e i r own m e t rop olitans by m aking a ,

bish op s t rial m ore d i fli c ul t as w e h av e se e n an d

’

, ,

by e st ablishing th e righ t of app e al to th e p r imat e ,

or to R om e at an y ti m e as all great e r that i s , , , ,

e pisc op al c ase s w e re d e cl are d to be un d e r th e

, ,

dire ct s up e rvi s i on of th e R om an S e e Acc usati on s .

are m ad e d i fli c ul t if n ot i m p os s ibl e n e ith e r l aity ,

n or l ow e r cl e rgy can b ri n g acc us ati on s an d e v e n

’
,

for th e high e r cl e rgy th e t e s t i s v e ry v ag ue an d i n

d e fi n it e I f th e acc us e d s us p e cts his j ud g e s (th at
’
.

is if h e fears c onvic ti on ) h e can app e al to th e p ri

,

m at e or to th e p op e H e m ay ch os e h i s tw e lv e
’
.

j ud ge s T h e wi tn e ss e s agai n s t h i m m us t hav e th e
.
’

sam e q ualificati on s as are re q uire d in acc use rs an d ,

’

m ust be s ev enty two i n n um b er A p p eal to R om e -

.
’

m ay be m ad e d uring th e tri al or aft e rwa rd s for no

’
,

1
Ep i i . F bia an i , 1 3 ; Ep i i . S te p han i I .
, g 1 0 ; H i n s ch i us ,
pp 1 62 , 85
1
I
. .

iii , J ; Ep S te ph am 5 H i n s ch i us . p p
p
ul n , . 1 2 . 1 2 .

6 8
4
2
1
Ep i i Evaras ti 1 0 ; H i n s ch i us p 9 2
b
. .
. . ,

Ep ii i . Fa i an i , 29 ; Ep ii C or n e l i i ,
.
5 ; Ep i Felici s ,
. . .

go3 ; Ep . i i , Fe l icis ,
. 1 4 ; H i n s ch i us , pp 1 68 , 1 7 4 ,
1 8
9 , .

E p . i Z e p ph e ri n i , 5 ; H i n s ch i us , p 1 3 2 . .

Ep . i1 .
, C al i x ti, 1 7 ; H i n s ch i us , p p 1 40 , 1 4 1 . .

Ep . i . Z e pph e ri n i , 2 ; H i n s ch i us , p 1 3 1 . .

Ep . ii Eutych i an i , 7 ; H i n s ch i us , p 2 1 1 . .
444 The Ag e
f
o Cha r l emag n e .

fi n al s e n t e nc e can be re n d e re d with out th e will an d

k n owl e d ge of th e Ap os t olic S ee .
‘

T h e bish op s w e re to be pr ot e ct e d also from t h os e

wh o w e r e s p e ci ally riv alling an d un d e rmini n g th e i r
p o w e r ,
b r i n gi n g w e ak n e s s an d c on f usi on i n t o th e

e ccl e si as tic al organ iz atio n Th e se w e re th e c ount ry

.

bi s h ops wh o h ad b ee n ap p oint e d at fi rst for l arge

,

outlyi n g d i s t r icts which h ad n o p r o m in e nt city or

t own In m any cas e s th e y b e cam e a s ort of irre
.

spon s ibl e b od y s om e ti m e s b e ing us e d as as sistant s

,

by reg ul ar ci ty bish op s wh os e d i oc es e s th ey un d e r
,

t ook to rul e us ually wi th g reat d isa d vantag e an d

,

l oss w hil e th e re gul ar bi s h op was away at c ourt or

,

e ls ew h e re . O ft e n th ey w e re plac e d in ch arge by ,

th e s e c ul ar p ow e r d ur i n g a vacancy i n a d i oc e s e
, ,

th at its r eg ul ar i n c om e m ight be s e i z e d an d m i s ap
p pr o r i a t e d .T h e r e s ul ts h ad b ee n co n f usi o n n e g ,

l e c t an d th e s e i zure of ch ur ch l an d s an d p rop e rty by

,

b oth cl e rgy an d l aity Thi s was e s p e ci ally marke d

.

in th e provinc e of Rh e i m s which h ad b ee n in th e ,

c are of c ount ry bi s h op s f rom th e d ep o s iti on of E bbo ,

in 8 3 5 to th e el e cti on of H i n cm ar in 84 5 with th e
, , ,

e xc e p ti on of on e short int e rval U n d e r on e of .

’

th es e s ubstit ute s Ch arl e s th e B al d h ad s e iz e d an d

d i s t rib ut e d am ong h i s vas sal s a g re at part of th e
p o s s e s s i on s of th e ch u r ch which H i n c m
,
a r r e c ov e r e d
only i n part an d with th e gr e at e st d i fli cul ty An .
’

o th e r i n ch arge for a ti m e was th e on e wh o had

, ,

ord ain ed G ottsch alk wh os e d octri n es c onc e r ni n g

,

pred es ti n ati on h ad shak e n th e whol e G alli can Ch urch .

W as s ers ch l e be n , p.
3 7 1 0 Frodoar d p , . 21 4 .

’
1 654? pp . 2 20 -
225 .
446 Th e Ag e f
o Cha r l emag n e .

r ovin c e s as alr e ad y d ivi d e d b e fore th e coming o f

p
Ch rist No a rchbish ops or m e t rop olit ans are call e d
.

pri m at e s e xc e pt t h os e w h o h ol d th e p ri n cipal citi es ,

wh ose bi s h ops an d th e i r s ucc e ss ors h av e b ee n regu

l arl y ap p oint e d to b e p atri archs or p r i m at es unl e ss ,

s om e p e op l e i s l at e r c onv e rte d to th e faith for ,

wh om it i s n e c e ssa ry th at a pri m at e sho ul d be ap

p oint e d on acc oun t of th e m ultit ud e of bishops .
’

Wh en n e c e ss ity aris e s th e bi s h op s m ay app e al to

th e p ri m at e saving th e auth ori ty of th e Ap os tolic
,

S e e th e fin al s en t e nc e b e i n g r e s e rv e d to R om e
’
.
,

T o th e p ri m at e th e m e t rop olit an s ar e to be ob e d i
e n t alth ough re v e r e n c e an d r es p e ct are to be pai d
,

to th e m e t r opolit ans by th e bi s h op s
’
.

As to th e oth e r m att e rs i n tr od uc e d an d s ubj e cts

d i s c us s e d m oral s rit ual an d b e li e f th ey m ay b e
— —
, ,

r egard ed e i th e r as f alling in with th e ge n e ral p urp os e

of re form ati on an d d i s ciplin e or as t e n d ing to m ak e ,

th e w ork m ore n at ural an d to giv e it gr eat e r val ue ,

an d m or e ge n e ral acc ept anc e Th ey ar e n e ith e r of so .

m uch i m p ort an c e nor of s uch i n t e re st As an e x .

am pl e of th e f als e m oral t e aching c om ing int o v og ue ,

h e d e clare s th at s e i zi n g ch ur ch p rop e rty is s ac ril e ge ,

an d that s ac ril ege i s a g re at e r sin th an an o ffe nc e

E p i C e m e n ti s l 2 8 29 ; E p 1 1 i ii , n acl et i, 2 6, 29 A
Ep A
. .
, , , . .

. n i ci ti , 3 D ec re ta J uli i , 1 2 ; H i n s ch i us , p p 3 9 , 79 , 8 2 , .

8 3 . 1 2 1 . 469
Ep . V
i ctori a, 6 ; Ep S te p h an i I . 1 0 ; E p S ix ti ,
.
, . II .

2 3 ; ,
e cre t Da Fe l i c i s I I 4 1 2 ec re t a am as i -
8 9 D D , ,

H i n s ch i us , p p 1 2 8 1 2 9 1 8 5 , 1 9 0 4 7 — 4 8 8 5 0 2 5 0 3 B ut com
9
A
.
. . .
, , ,

p a r e E p i . Pe l g
. ii,
I l ; E p i ,
.n ac e t1 5 1 5 ; H .i ns
. c h i us , p p 7l24, , .

7 3 a n d p re fa ce p ccx i v
I
. .
, ,

Ep i l
C e m e n ti s S§ 2 8 29 ; Ep i i , S te p h an i 9 ; Ep
A
. . . .
, .

.
g
Luci , 5 5 ; Ep n i ci ti , 2 ; H i n s ch i us , pp 3 9 , 1 3 5 , 1 76, 1 21 . .
 R el a ti on to the P apacy .
44 7

g i t on e of th e te n c om m an d m ents
a a ns In d og .
’

m atic affairs h e confin e s hi m s e lf to d e cisi on s of th e

e arly c oun cil s Th e re is n o all us i on for e x am pl e
.
, ,

to th e G ott s ch alk c on trov e r sy d ue prob ably to h i s ,

d e sire to app e ar orth od ox an d to avoi d th e olo g ic al

e nt angl e m e n t M an y oth e r q ues ti on s in d isp ut e at
.

th at ti m e an d which c am e up for d i s c uss i on in th e

,

c oun cil s w e r e l e ft un n otic e d by h i m sh owi n g b e

, ,

y on d a d oubt th at we h av e f ully c on si d e re d what

s ee m e d t o him th e m os t i m p ort ant m att e rs for r e
f orm an d th at h i s c oll e cti on aft e r al l w as d raw n
, , ,

up to acc om pli s h a fe w b ut v e ry i m po rt ant thi n gs , .

H e p re f e r r e d to m ak e s ure of s ucc es s i n th os e p ar
ti cul ars by c on tin ue d re it e rati on r ath e r th an to ,

att e m pt s o m any d i ff e r e n t things th at t h e e n e rgy

an d f orc e of h i s wo rk w oul d be d i s sip at e d .

It h as b e e n s ai d s om e ti m e s an d it i s s uppos e d ,

q uit e g e n e r ally that th e m ai n obj e ct of th e d e c r e t al s

,

w as to e n h anc e th e s up r e m acy of R om e b ut this ,

vi e w i s n ow giv e n up by al l th e b e s t an d m os t r e
c e n t sch ol ars .

I n th e fi rs t p l ac e m os t of th e arg um e nts for it,

h av e b e e n d i re ctly d i s p rov e d T h e F orge d D e cre .

t al s w e re n ot c om p os e d by th e p op e s n or w rit te n ,

at R om e Th e y w e r e n ot fi r st kn ow n to th e p op e s ,

n or fi r s t us e d by th e p op e s in d ee d w e re us e d v e ry ,

littl e by th e p op e s un til aft e r th e t e n th c e n tury ,

wh e n th ey h ad b e c om e i n c orp orat ed int o th e g e n

e ral e ccl e s ia s tic al l e gisl ati on Th ey giv e r e c ogn iti on
‘

to th e auth or ity of p ap al d e cr e tal s which h ad al re a d y ,

b egun to be s h own i n th e D i ony s i an c oll e cti on an d ,

Ep i i
. .
, Pi i I .
, 5 9 H i n sch ius , p . 1 1 9 Nean der ,
v ol . ii i .
, p 348
. .
448 T he Ag e
f
o Cha r l emag n e .

h ad b ee n greatly incre as e d by G re gory th e Great .

T h e p ow e r s asc rib e d to th e R om an bi s h op w e re v e ry
e vi d e n tly g ran t e d for th e fre e i n g of t h e ch urch fr om
s e c ula r cont r ol an d for p rot e cti n g an d inc re as i n g
,

th e pow e r of th e bi s h ops .

If th e a uth or h ad h ad i n vi e w th e ad v ant age s an d

p rivil e g e s of th e R o m a n S e e i n an d for i ts e lf h e ,

m us t h av e p ai d s om e at te n ti on to th e p at ri m on y of
St P et e r th e gift s of l an d s rights an d p ow e rs of
.
, , ,

w hich th e p ap al l e tt e rs of th e e igh th c e nt ury w e re

f ull T r ue th e D on ati on of C on s t an tin e i s ins e rt ed
.
, ,

but th at was a f org e ry al re ad y in e xi s t e nc e It .

f orm s an i s ol at e d i n st an c e in his c oll e cti on an d th e ,

fav orabl e op p or tuni ti e s to uph ol d an d stre ngth en i t

in th e p ap al l e tt e rs of th e f ourth an d fifth c en t uri es
h e d oe s n ot e v e n n otic e I n d e e d th e p ositi on ,

giv e n to th e p ri m at e s an d th e m e re m e nti on of p ap al
vic ars i n on ly f our pl ac e s are regard ed by H i n
, ,
’

s ch i us an d ot h e rs as sh owi n g th at P s e ud o I s i d ore -

w as m ore i n t e n t on f ree i n g th e bi s h op s f rom th e

m et ropolitans th an on e xt e n d i n g th e pow e r of th e
’
o
p p e s

T he l at e r hi s to ry of th e d ecret als th rows m ore .

light on th es e q ues ti on s As w e have s ee n th e fi rs t .

,

d i s ti n ct re f e r e n c e to th e m w as at th e C oun cil of
S oi s s on s i n 8 5 3 wh e n q ue sti on s c am e up re gard i n g
, ,

th e vali d i ty of th e ord inati ons m a d e by th e d e p os e d

E bb o In 8 5 7 th ey w e re q uot e d at th e C ouncil of
.

Ki e rs y an d it is e vi d e nt th at th ey w e re fi rs t k n own
,

W as s e r s ch l e be n , 371

g II
. .

Ep i . .
,
M a c ll i
r e Ep V ictor i s
2 ; . , 5 ; E p . i.
, S i x ti 2 ;
De cre ta J ul ii , 1 2 i n s ch i us , p p 2 24, . 1 2 8 , 1 9 0 , 467 .

H i n s ch i us , pp . ccxx v cx cix , cc . .
45 0 The Ag e
f
o Cha r l emag n e .

g e h
t e r wi th th e ir g en e ral ab s orp ti on i n poli tic al
afl ai rs ,
b rough t th e un r e s i s ti n g ch urch i n to com
p i e t e d e p e n d e n c e up on th e p ow e r of R om e an d an ,

n ull e d th e e ar ly i n d e p e n d e n c e an d n ati on al in d ivid

ual ity . I t was th e r e fore th os e ge n e ral e ccl e sias ti
cal p oli ti cal
,
an d m oral c on ditio n s which bro ught
,

ab out thi s re s ult whil e th e fo rge ri e s al on e n e ve r

,

w oul d h av e m ad e it p os s ibl e .
’

T h e s am e s hi e l d un d e r which P s e ud o Isi d ore -

f ought for th e p rote c ti on of th e bi s h ops against

m e t rop olit an s an d sy n od s th e p rim acy of Ro m e , ,

was th e s am e with which th e Ch ur ch of R om e

cr ush e d th e m In thi s way th e F orge d D e cre tal s ,

in co m p l e te op p os i ti on to th e i r origi n al p urpose ,

b e c am e a l e v e r for rai s i n g an d s upporting th e pow e r

of th e p ap acy .
’

J us t as Pi p p i n an d Cha rl e s th e Gr e at i n c on n e c ,

ti on with th e i r c oron ati on s h ad ascrib e d to th e pop e

, ,

for th e ir own b e n e fi t an d ad vanc e m e nt a powe r ,

which h e was only too r e ad y to us e wi th s uch e n

d ors e m e n t an d which h e n e v e r aft e rward s fo rg ot
, ,

s o d id P s e ud o I s i d or e as c r ib e to t
-
h e p ap al s e e for ,

th e p rote c ti on of th e bish ops p ow e rs w hich it ,

sp e e d i ly w e n t on to realiz e and to us e for its own

sak e I f all thi s is tr ue i t wil l be s e e n that th e i n
.
,

fl ue n ce of th e Fo rge d D e c re tals b as e d on a m isc on ,

cep ti on of th e i r c on t en ts an d hi s to ry h as b e en v e ry ,

m uch ov e res timat e d but th e r e i s n o d i ffi c ulty in

,

acc epti n g th e st at e m e n t of Al zog .

T h e c ompil e rs of th e d e c re t al s by st ating as
facts what w e re only th e opi n i ons or th e t e n d e n ci e s
Nean de r , vol . i tt , p 3 5 0
. . . W as s e r s ch l e be n , p 3 80 .
.
 f of th ei r F a ls i t
P r oo y .
45 1

of th e ag e , by giving as an ci e nt an d auth e n tic d oc u

m e nts s uch as w e r e s upp os ititi ous an d m od e r n an d ,

by p utting forward as est abli s h e d right s an d l egal

p re c e d e n t s cl ai m s e ntire ly d e s tit ut e of s uch war
r ant d i d i n m att e r of f act has t
, ,
en th e d e v e lo p m e nt
,

an d i n s ur e th e tri um ph of th e v e ry i d e as an d princi

p l e s th e y a d v oc at e d s ig n ally
, cont r ib ut e d to t h e

growth of th at s p i ri t of fr e e d om am on g th e bi s h op s
which m ad e th e m i n d e p e n d e n t of th e s e c ul ar p owe r ,

an d g av e a n ew i m p ul s e to t h e i n cre as i n g i n fl ue n c e
of th e h e ad of th e ch urch (ep is co p u s u n i ver s a l i s
) ,

e s p e ci ally in i t s re lati on s t o m etr o p o l i t

a n s a n d p r o
v i n ci a l sy n ods .

D own to th efif te e n th c e nt ury b e li e f in th e ir g e n

ui n e n e s s was q uit e g e n e ral on ly a fe w v oic e s b e i n g
,

rai s ed again s t th em P e t e r Com e s ton i n th e tw elfth

.
,

c en t ury St e ph e n of T ournay i n th e thirt e e nth

Mars i l i us of Pad ua i n th e fo urt eenth C ardi n al
, , ,

, ,

N ich ol as of C us a i n th e fift e e n th an d E ras m us i n

, , ,

th e s i x t ee n th q ue s ti on e d th e ir ge n ui n e n e s s b ut i t
, ,

r e m ai n e d for t h e M ag d e b urg C e n tur i ators th e g r e at ,

P rote st ant hi s t or i an s of th e s i x t e e n th c en t ury to ,

giv e f ull p roof of th e i r s p uri ous n e s s whil e s h ortly ,

af te r, in 1 62 8 D avi d Blo n d e l i n a m as te rly work

, ,

ag ai n s t th e J es uit T ur ri an w h o h ad m ad e on e m ore
,

att e m p t to d e f e n d th e m fin ally d e ci d e d th e q ue s
,

tion of th e i r fal s ity which to d ay n o on e d oubt s

,
-
.

Alzog ,
vol . ii .
, p . 2 74
.
 CH APT E R XXX I V .

TH E H E I G H T O F TH E PAPAC Y N I C H O L AS I — .

H AD RI AN 1 1 J O H N VIII E ND O F TH E C AR O
— .
— .
-
v

L I NG I AN LI NE I N IT ALY — I N GE R MANY I N
—

F RA NC E — DE G R AD ATI ON O F TH E PAPAC Y .

S a re s ult of th e i m p e tus an d s up p ort

giv e n by th e e arly C ar oli n gi an s e s p e ,

ci al ly by Ch ar l e s th e G re at an d th e ,

s p i ri t whi ch was or h ad w ork e d i n th e

fi rs th alf of th e n i n th c e n t ury an d which ,

-
i ts c om p l e te s t e x p re s s i on i n th e F orge d
D e c re tal s th e h e i g h t of th e p ap acy was re ach e d
,

i n th e th r e e p op e s wh os e p on ti fi cate s c ov e r a l i ttl e
m ore th an th e thi rd q uar te r of th e n in th c e n tury
( 5
8 8 — 8 8 2 )— N ich o l a s I . H a
,d r i an I I an d J
. oh,
n

VI I I N ich ol as I w as th e gr eat e s t of th e p op e s
. .

b e tw e e n G re gory 1 an d G r e gory VI I ( Hil d e b ran d )

. .
,

a m an of r e s ol ut e d e te r m i n ati on of cl e ar i n s igh t
, ,

an d of k e en i n t e ll e c t H e was s up p ort e d by a
.

s t r on g p ublic op i n i on ,
an d w as abl e to t ak e ad v an

tag e of th e p oli tic al c on d i ti on s of h i s ag e In th re e .

great c on t rov e rs i e s h e s h ow e d at on c e h i s m oral

great n e s s an d th e wi d e i n fl ue n c e which his p osi ti on
aff or d e d as w e ll as th e s tr e n g th of th e p ap al organ i
,

z ati on as i t h ad g r own up un d e r h i s p r e d e c e s s or s
'

4S2
45 4 T he Ag e
f
o Cha r l emag n e .

H is s ucc e ss or H ad ri an I I c ontin ue d th e s tr ug
, .
,

g l e ,
and finally Loth air hi m s e lf w e nt to Rom e an d ,

t ook a s ol e mn oath th at h e h ad b e en innoce nt of

an y w r on g aft e r t aki n g b ack T h i e tbe rg a T h e p op e .

a cc ord i n gly ad mi n i s t e r e d t h e s acram e nt to h i m b ut ,

on h i s w ay hom e h e d i e d i n 869 , .

T h e s e co n d a ffai r was i n rel ati on to Con s t an ti n o

p l e a n d th e E a s t e r n Ch u r ch Ignati us th e p a tr i .
,

ar ch h ad b e e n d e pos e d an d b ani s h e d for e x com m u

,

n i cati n B arbas t h un cl e of t h e E mp e ror M ich ae l

g e ,

I I I an d rege nt of th e e m p i re who h ad b ee n livi n g

.
,

i n op e n sin Ph oti us f orm e rly co m mand e r of th e

.
,

i m p e r i al f orc es w as p ut i n his pl ac e and ap p e al e d

, ,

to N ich olas to s upp ort h i m N ich olas s en t two .

l egat e s who in 861 d e ci d ed against Ign ati us H e re

, .

agai n N ich ol as w h o h ad m ad e ind e p e nd e nt i n q ui ry

, ,

d e p os e d h i s ow n l e gate s r e v e rs e d th e i r acti on an d , ,

d e cl ar e d i n f av or of Ig n ati us Ph oti us c al l e d a .

s y n od in 8 67 an d acc us e d th e Ch ur ch of R om e of
,

m an y int ol e rabl e h e re s i e s At th e re q ue s t of th e .

p o p e an abl e r e ply was w r itt e n by R at ram n u s o f

C or bi e In th e sam e y e ar M icha e l was m urd er ed
.
,

an d B asil h i s m ur d e re r b e c am e his s ucc e s s or an d

, , ,

s up p or t e d t h e ca us e of Ign ati us app e ali n g to H ad ri an ,

I I I g n ati us was re s t ored by a syn od at Con s t an ti

.

n op l e i n 8 69 r e gard e d by th e R oma n s as t
,
h e e igh th
ge n e ral co un cil Ph oti us b ore his d e f e at wi th
.

p a ti e n c e b e cam e r e c on cil e d to Ign ati us an d w h en

, ,

th e latt e r d i e d in 8 7 8 Photi us was re st or e d to th e

, ,

patriarch at e H e was d ep ose d agai n i n 8 86 by a

.

n ew e mp e ror L e o VI an d d i e d in monas tic e xil e

,
.
,

in 89 1 .
 Vi ctory o
f j oh n VI I ] .
45 5

T he third s t ruggl e was m uch m ore s e ri ous an d of

great e r i m port an c e to th e organ i zati on of th e ch ur ch
an d to t h e cl ai m s of th e p ap al p ow e r i n v olvi n g as ,

it d id a st r uggl e with th e l ead i n g ar chbi s h op of th e

W es t an d th e p ractic al ov e rth row of an y i n d ep en
,

d e n t e p i s c op al auth ority H i n cm ar ar chbi s h op of

.
,

Rh e i m s h ad d e p os e d R oth ad bi s ho p of S oi s s on s
, , ,

i n 8 61 . R oth ad app e al e d to th e p op e on th e g roun d

of th e rights c on f e rr e d by th e S ard i can c ano n s an d ,

aft e r a l on g an d s e v e re st r uggl e N ich ol as s e c ur e d

h i s r e i n s t at e m e nt in 8 65 A si m il ar c on t est to ok
.

p lac e u n d e r H ad r i an I I H i.n cm a r d e p os e d h i s o w n

n ep h ew ,
H i n cm ar of L aon an d H ad ri an i n 869
, , ,

to ok up th e si d e of th e n ep h e w but th e m e t rop oli ,

tan gain e d th e vict ory .

J oh n VI I I th e l ast of th e three pop es an d th e

.
, ,

last gr eat p op e b e fore th e w eak n e ss an d c orr upti on

of th e n e xt two c e n t ur i e s s e e m e d to h av e att ain e d
,

a c om pl e t e victo ry ov e r th e t e m p oral p ow e r H e .

s ucc e e d e d i n f r e e i n g th e p ap al ch ai r al m os t com

p l e t e l y f r om th e i m p e r i al auth ori t y Aft e r th e. d e ath

of th e e m p e r or L oui s I I
,
h e s up p ort e d th e cl ai m s
of Ch ar l e s th e B al d wh o app e are d i n R om e an d
, ,

was c row n e d by h i m on Ch ri s t m as D ay 8 7 5 b ut , , ,

as w e h av e s e e n thi s s up p ort w as p ur ch as e d by
,

Ch arl es at th e pric e of great conc es si on s H i n cm ar .

an d his cl e rgy m ad e a d e t e r m in e d p rot e st an d at ,

th e syn od i n 8 7 6 a vi ol e n t c ont r ov e r s y aros e Nor .

was e ith e r th e p op e or th e e m p e r o r s atisfi e d ; i n

d e e d th e p op e h ad fre e d th e p ap acy fr om th e i m
,

p e r i a l p o w e r on ly to l e av e it un p r ot e ct e d t o t h e

s port an d p assions of nobl e s an d party f ac tions in

45 6 The Ag e
f
o Char l emag n e .

an d a b out R om e an d h e d i e d in 8 8 2 app are n tly

. , ,

by th e h an d of an as s as s in H i n cm ar d i e d in th e .

sam e y ear an d th e gl ory an d i n d e p e n d e nc e of th e

,

F ran ki s h arch bi s h ops d i s ap p e ared for a ti m e .

I n th e c or r up ti on an d d i s or d e r that e n s ue d th e ,

p pa a c y , s e p a rat e d f r o m t h e e m pi r e b e c a m e t h e
,

s p or t an d r e y of t h f ac ti o o f I ta li a n n o bl a d
p e n s e s n ,

s an k i n to w e ak n e s s an d c on f us i on which l ast e d un til ,

th e Sy n od of S ut ri i n 1 0 46 , .

T h e e m p i r e d i vi d e d by th e s t rif e an d s truggl e s
,

of th e s on s an d s ucc e s s ors of L oui s th e Pi ous ,

th ough unit e d for on e b r i e f m om e nt un d e r th e w e ak

an d ig n om i n i ous r ul e of Ch arl e s th e F at fi n ally f e l l ,

ap art i n 8 8 7 n e v e r to be r e un it e d
,
.

T h e C arolingi an li n e d i e d out in Italy i n 89 9 i n ,

G e r m an y i n 9 1 1 an d i n F ran c e i n 9 8 7 T h e e m p i re
,
.

which O t to I c r e ate d i n 9 62 w as th e H oly R om an

.

E m p i r e of th e G e rm an p e op l e but of th e v as t ,

d om ai n s of Ch ar l e s th e G r e at i t co m p r i s e d on ly
G e r m any an d It aly Th us for a tim e th e w e ak e n
.

i n g of th e e m pire an d th e d ivisi on of th e i m p e rial

forc es h ad s e e m e d to ai d th e p apacy to r e aliz e th e
p o s i ti on a n
,
d to e x e r ci s e t h e p ow e r s gain e d by t h e

i n fl uen c e of Ch arl e s th e G reat but i t ov e r re ach e d ,

it s e lf an d th e final c oll ap s e of th e imp e ri al p ow e r

,

l e ft i t with out an ythi n g on which to l ean for s up

p o r t
. Lik e th e a i r t o th e flyi n g bi r d was t h e im

p e r i a l p ow e r t o th e p a p a cy a n d th e w
,
e a k n e s s o f th e

e m pi r e w as f oll ow e d i n thi s as in e v e ry instanc e , ,

by p ap al d e moralizati on .
45 8 I n dex .

An l ram bi s h op of Metz cap i t An tebat d uk e 1 88

giri es of 427 429 Avars 23 6 s 298
.
, , , ,

u
An i an e monas te 281 Avi tus to C ov is 45
. .
, , ,

An oin tin g 1 20 1 1 Ay mer

.
,
.
, ,

87 8
As eg is abbot of Fon tenelles
. .
, , ,

ni zb
, ,

Bal d wi 87 8 n,
An se is son of Arn ul f 42
.

Ba b a i a s 1 0
r r n S ee un d er sep a
Anseg l
. .
, , ,

m 88 7 rat
e i tes
t
Ans g ar miss i on ary 41 6 mi s l l III
. .
,

b u o f M i ch ae B
a
n
i f
, , s , c e
s i o n d es t r o y ,ed 41 7 see o f s ‘

B rem e n , s uccess , 41 7 B é murdere bf M i ch ae I II r l

fl
41 7
A p o s t e o f l th e N o r t h 4 1 8 ‘ a ,

A Fl
.
.

nt i och , at fi ar ch ate, 1 8 i n B aug ii l f, a otof u d a, 3 38 bb

fi
.

P se ud o i d ore, 489 av ar i a, av ari ans 88 ; oni B B B

bl
.
,

95 face amon g , 7 0 , 7 5 re e l i on ,
A
.

l f
Wl
p o s to i c C a n o n s ( a l s e) 4 28 1 1 0 s q
Aq
. .
.

ui tan i ans , s u mi ss i on , 65 re b ede 20 ; on miss i on of i li B

b ll l ,

e i on , 1 1 0 , 1 61 re vo t on rod , 5 9 ; on B i s cop 81 4 b .

P
d eath of i p p i n , 1 68 work , 8 1 4. 8 1 5 , 81 7 on s tudy
Ab Ab
.

r a i a, r a s 64 con t es t s wi t h of G reek 884

l M l
, . .

Ch ar es art e , 64 s q , 1 0 1 e g a, d au h t er of Pi p i n , 42 B
g g
.

con fli ct s wi t h Ch ri s ti an s , 29 8, B e 1 s ar i us , efcat s V an s in, 26

29 4 M S ee an om tr con n es t
'
s , 92
A
. . .

rd g ar, h erm i t , 41 7
3 1 3 1 3 1 ct, arc hdeacon of R ome,
A A 56
5
.

r i ans , ri an is m , 80 , 3 1 , 44, 5 1 ,
5 2 68 , 48 6 en ed i ctB is cop , 81 2, 8 1 3 , 8 1 4 B
A
. .
,

ri ch i s , d uk e of en e ven t B
o S ee e n ed i ctLev i t e , 287 427 , 480 B
A
. .
,

B E N EV E NT O en ed i ctof ni an e, 268 , 28 1 , 886, B

A l l
.

ri s t ote, s tud y of, i n C h ar es s

’

ti me, 820 en ed i ctof Nurs i a, 5 4 B

A
. .

ri t hm eti c, i nICharl es s ti me, 886

’
e n ed i c t , R ue
of, 280 , 28 1 , 886, B l
A
.

rn o m i ss i o n ary , 41 8 400 ; en forced at fi rs tG erm an

A l
.
,

r n u f, bi sh o of M et z, 8 , 41 , 49 sy n o d , 1 05
A B l
. .

st r n omy , l C h ar es s ti me,
’
en edi ct i n es 5 8 , 5 4 B
g
, .

83 B e n efl ces , 85 , 62, 1 05
A
.

th a1 g is , s on of Des i d eri us , 1 9 1 , en e ven t o, d uke of, 1 25 , 1 5 2, B

53
l g7 1 90 , 1 97 , 28 6, 287 , 29 0 ,
A l F
,

th an as i us , re at i on to or ged 3
D ec re ta s , 442 l er n h ard , coun t of arce ona B B l
A b V ll
. .

tt o, i s h op of erce i 422 8 98 , 899 , 40 4

A l
. .
,

n et i n a. E n g li s h m iss i on ary , e rn h ard , ran ds on of C h ar es , B

r 296, 87 8, 7 9 re at i ons toL e o, l
Aug us ti n e, s tud i ed by Ch ar es , 880 , 8 81 cons p i racy , l
8 86,
1 9 , 226 ; a afas tT r ans ubs t an 88 7 s urren d er , 887 death ,
ti ati on , 86 887 , 888
A l l l
.

ure i us of C ar th a e, 427 er n hard , un c e of Ch ar es . 284, B

A
.

W
us tr as i a 82, 84 , att l e of T ea
t ry , 42 p o w e r , 5 9 p e ace B e rn h a r i u s ,
i s h op o f o rm s . b
un der i pp i n , 1 22 P .270 .
 I n dex .

B e rtrad a ueen of q i p p i n 1 1 8, P , B m dio

re 1 89
en , cese , .

B tw ld Ofi 29 2
,

1 88 , 1 69 1 7 0 re a a, a,
B u h i lda 40 5 5
. .
.

B ese r, i n fl uen ce on L eo 8 4 r n
l
. .
, , ,

B
B iscop , en edi ct, 8 1 2 8 1 8 , 8 1 4 , . Br cc on coron ati on of Ch ar es ,
B is h op s , p os i ti on of, 20 21 , 46 ;
m etm p ol i tan s y s te m, 2
,

W
7 8 sq ; B urabur , bi s h op rl c, 7 6
l gb
. .

e ec t i on , 27 7 ; i n fl uen ce , 27 8 B urcha“ is h op of ur z urg , b

sq . 28 4 s u ord i n at
°
e, 27 9 ; b 1 1 7 .

m poral p ower 284 ; un de r ,

B urg un d i ans ur g un d y 31 , B ,

Louis , feud ali s m an d q

con uered , 8 8 ; p ar t of M e ro
l
sec u ari z ati on , 4l 9 aq . 428 s q vi n gi an m on arc h y 8 4 ; con ver
F
.

efl ee tof org ed Dec reta s on , l s i on , 44 ; recon ue red , 65 q

l
.

427 s q , 448 B ury , on coron ati on of C har es ,

Bl
. .

e ra, occ up i ed by L i ut p ran d , 222, 228 .

1 26 ; res tored , 1 28 .

B l i d ul fus , 87 8
Bl Fl
.

on d el D avi d , on a se D ecre Caaci li us t aun tof Ch ri s t i ans, 88

l
.
,

ta s . 45 1 l b
Ca a ri a 1 24
l
. .

B bb
o i o. mon as te 5 6, 845 . C an on i ca li fe 28 0 , .

B oe th i us , 820 8 8 , Can on s , D i on s i an 283 . .

B oh em i ans , 29 8 C an on s , S ard can , 28 7

ll
. .

B om ar zo occ up i ed by L i ut , Cap e a, Marti an us , 820, 87 1 .

p ra n d , 1 26 ; re s to r ed , 1 28 . Cap et H ug h 41 4 , , .

B on i fac e, 20 , 5 7 ; on is h op s b C ap i tul ari es S ax on , 1 7 7 s q ; of

l M l l
.
.

un d er Ch ar es ar te , 61 ; on C h ar es 229 s 244 s , 25 5
A F
,

l
Ch ar es Marte 67 ; l ran for t 27
“
os tl e sq ; of of
A
,

Louis 28 1 , 8 5 4 888 ; of n
.
,

of G e r man y , 68 ; l i fe,
”

m
sq
I
.
, .

oath to S t et er, 7 1 ; i mp or
. P g i l r a , 42 9 o f s i dore an d
°

tan ce of w ork , 7 8 s q 99 , 1 08 , . oth e rs 426 s ,

1 1 0 ; arch i s h op , 7 5 ; b ap a l l
Caro i n g i ans , 25 ; en d , 41 8,
leg at e , 7 5 , 1 09 , am on g va 41 4, 45 6 S ee un d er n ames of.

ri an s 7 5 ; d i oces an s y s tem i n m on archs

F
. .

r an k i s h ce n t res 7 6, 1 0 7 , 1 08 , . Cass i od orus ,

at fi rs tG e rm an s y n od , 7 6, 1 0 4 ; l
C h a ced on , Coun ci of, 847 l
l b l
.

se t tes at M ai n z 7 7 1 08, 1 09 ; l C h al on s, atte of , 29

Fl l
, , .

mon as te ry of u d a, 7 7 ; se C h ar emag n e S ee Om m s r a n .

cures con d em n at i ons of is h b G R EA T

l M l
.

o s 7 7 ; n o p ar t i n
. i p pi n s
’
P Ch ar es ar t e 8 , 42 60 ; re a , , l
p ots , 7 8 ; l ett er t oC uth ber t, 7 8, ti on s to Ch urch 60 3 76 . ,

1 08 ; res i g n ati on , 7 9 ; m ar ty r 1 0 1 ; v i ctory over ah ome

d om , 7 9 ; power un d er K ar l tan s 64. 65 ; recon q uers B ur
F
.

man n , 1 08 ; cons ecrates is h b n dy , 65 ; att acks r i es i an s ,

ops oi R ouen , R h ei ms, an d gg S ax ons 65 ; con ti n ues
l Ab
,

Se n s , 1 06 , con n ecti on w i th st r ug g e ag ai ns t ra s 65 ,
A
,

Pi p p i n s s y n ods , 1 0 7 ; n ot p ri d i fli c ul ti es , 66 d i i ves
’
rabs
°

m ate oi al l G erm an y, 1 08 ; to far Sout h 66 p eace 66

l III
, , ,

i n fl uen ce over G reg ory of ap p ea ed t o by G reg ory .

U trech t, 1 86 , on S turm , 1 87 ; a ai ns t Lom ards , b

p a tro n a g e o f ki n g , 1 6 ; d eath, 1 02 ; d i vis i on of
4 60 I n dex .

k i n g dom , 1 08 v i e w of C h urch rot

ecti on of 205 ; i n L e o,
p p
r o e r t 8 1 0 m e ag ai n , 205 , 28 6 ; coro
l Bl
.

Ch ar es t e ad 29 7 ; ch arac n at i on 20 7 th eori es concern

l
, ,

teris t i cs , 860 861 , 866 E uch a i n g , 21 0 s q re at i on s toEas t,

l l
.
,

tiet i e con trovers y , 8 64 f ri en d 21 4 s et t er t o Mi ch ae ,

sh i p for S cotus , 8 66, 867 21 7 me n oth is h om e 224
i m p erial s u remnoy , 225 fond
,

b i r th 8 9 1 ; k i n g dom , 8 9 7
A
,

n ew d i v is i on , 40 5 ; s en t to of u us ne, 226 227 ; G en ,

mon as te ry , 407 fres h attem p t eral mon i ti on , 227 s q th e

l
.

to e n ar g e t ory , 40 9 ; te
e rri t ocracy , 28 1 s q ; S p an i s h
l bl
.

cei ves k n i g h ty e t an d t e rri p s i 1 1 . 23 8 s q at avia, 285

. P
tory 409 ; attack ed by L oth ai r cap t ul aries , 285 , 244 s q , 25 5
Al
.
, ,

41 1 ; vi c tory , 41 2 ; com p act s q ; m ee t s cui n , 286 ; con

A ll
.

w i th Loui s 41 2 ; treaty of q u e rs v a rs 2 3 6 s q ; a e
V l
. ,
.

e rd un , 41 8 ; re at i on s to E h g l a n c e o f e n B
e v e n t o 286 287
T l
, ,

bo, 442 to H i n cmar 444 45 5 b

s u d ues ass i o, 28 7 ; t h ree
Bl l
.
, ,

Cha es th e o d , accep ts c row n , fo d n ature of h is work , 241

22 rl sq ad m i n is t rat i on of overn
l
.

C h ar th e Fat, 41 4, 45 6
es men t, 242 8 q n at i on s ass em
l l bl
. .

C h ar es t he G reat ti te to g reat i es an d sy n od s , 249 s q ;

l
, .

n ess 2, 8 , 6 7 , 1 7 0 s q , 240 i con oc as ti c con trovers y , 25 9

F l
.
, .

s q , 87 7 ; t h e e ra, 8 ; creates sq our Caro i n e ooks ,

’
B
A
. .

l
Caro i n g i an e m p i re , 2 ; over
5
261 d op ti on i s m con d emn ed ,
th rows Lom ard s , 27 ; mee t b s 268 8 Fl
i i o ue , 269 s q ;
q
III
.

S tep h en 1 84 ; coass era V en Creator , 27 1 ; attemp t

’

bl l
, .

ti on , 1 88 Patri ci an of th e to es t a is h m et ro o i t an cen
p
°

R om an s 1 3 8 1 89 , 202, 204 ; tres , 277 no mi n ati on an d e ec l

l
, .

et te r f rom H ad r i an I , 1 5 7 , 1 9 8 ti on of b
i s h op s 27 7 27 8 ;
l l
.

Can on i ca Li fe 280 B on y
,

s q , 282 ; c rown ed at No
”
y on
l
.
, .

1 68 ; re ation s to Karl m an n s i an can on s, 288 ; s acramen

T l
,

1 69 ; over tures to ass i o an d tary of G reg or 28 8 ; m arri ag e

Des id e ri us , 1 69 d is owns w i fe l aws, 288 ; t th es , 283 ; eu
j l
,

1 7 0 ; takes up h i s g reatwork , p me ud g e of c erg y , 284

re
1 70 s q ; s k etch of i fe, 1 7 1 l l
c os i n g y ears , 288 s 29 7 s q
l l
. .

sq . r e at i on s to C h urc h , 1 7 1 , re vi s i on of aw s 289 ; re ,

1 7 2 226, 28 1 s 425 ; w ars l ati on s to M ah om etan s 29 0 ;

,

w i th S ax ons , 1 7 s s ubj e c p a p a ls upp o r t 2 9 0 f r i e n

, d y
,

l
ti on of S ax on s . 1 7 s q , 1 82 ; to forei g n ers 29 2 ; p rotects
V
.
,

mass acre of erd en , 1 80 f res h Louis ag ai ns tcorr up tad m i ni s

r e vo t l
s , 1 82, 1 88 ; fi n a con l trafi c a, 294 ; d i s tri ution of b
q ues t, 1 84 E n i g h ten er of l ki n doms
g 29 5 ; tak es fi e d
, l
th e S ax ons , 1 85 s q ; re at i ons l ag ai ns t D an es , 29 6 ; con fe rs
l
.

to miss i on aries 1 85 s q mar crown on Louis 29 8 ; as ts i ck

l
. . .

r i ag e, 1 9 1 sq et te r f rom . n ess an d d eat h , 29 9 ; can on

t wul f, 1 9 4 L om ard w ar , b i zed , 299 ; s um mar 800 s q
l
.

1 95 , 1 96 ; e n t e rs R ome , 1 9 6 ; sch o os 80 8, 804 ; n tel lectual

l l
,

K i n g of th e Lom ards , 1 9 7 b i fe an d d e ve op m e n t, 808 s q

” °

n otc row n ed w i t h i ron c row n 826, 880 s q re at

“
. i ons to i l A
1 9 8 D on ati on , 1 96, 200 , 20 1 c ui n , 822 sq ; D e L i tteris
.
4 62 I n dex .

Di ony si an can o 288 426

ns , , . Emerton, on dis ti ncti on of race
Di on y s i us E x t us 426 1 1 1 lan g uag e amon g F ran k s
l 21 5
.
, ,

D onati on of har es , 1 96, 200 ,

zol En l Ch urc h of, ti me of
an d,
Donati on of Cons tan ti ne 89 1 5 5 , , l
h ar es 8 1 1 s q ; p re v i ous to
,
.

sq 448 Norman con ues t 424 q

l
. . .
, ,

Donati on of i p p i n 1 86 sq P ag i s h , con v e rs i on of, 20

A
.
,

D orne r , on d op ti on is m 264 265 , . . nn o di us , is h op of Pa m , use b

eg an g , abbotof J
”
D rc zh t umi ég es , of w ord 23 footn ote
g pe .
. ,

l 3 Ep hes us Coun ci of, p rim acy of

, l
D rog o 880 887 888
, , , . Pe t e r at 22 f oot n ote , , .

D un s tan arch ish op of Can te r

, b Ep is cop ate S ee B rs n or s . .

bury 422 Eras m us , on F org ed D ecretals

l
.
, ,

Dy oth e eti c S y n od , 264 .

b
E r f urt is h op r i c 7 6
A
. , .

E ard ulf 290 Eri c of ux er re 8 7 3

J l
. .
, .

Eas t e r d is ut e 3 46, 847 , . E ri c of ut an d , 41 7 .

E as t e rn h urch and E mp i re Eri g ena S ee S cor es

l
. .
.

st r ug g e wi t h R ome , 4 ; re a l Eri m be rt, 41 7 41 8

l
.
,

ti on of Char es to, 21 4 s q , Es ti n n es , Coun ci at, 1 05 l

Fl lb
. .

222 ; i i oq ue con trovers 269 , E the ert arch is h op of Y ork , , b

S ee E m c e e ; on 3 1 8, 822 .

c aam e ; L ao I I l . E uch aris t, 265 868 sq , .

E ai l ald , arch is h op of Y ork , b Eudes , 65

é II
.

aé E ne 8 9 8 p eacef ul rei g ,
n
ggg
.
,

bb
E o, arch i s h op of R h ei ms , 1 7 4,b
footn ote , 40 7 408, 420 ; w ork E utychi an s 265 . .

th e Dan es, 41 5 s q
,

amon g E xarchs , Ex arch at e, 88 9 8 , 95 ,

F l
.
,

b eari n g of or g ed Decreta s 1 27 , 1 28 , 1 80, 1 3 1 1 3 2, 1 3 9 . ,

on , 44 1 s q . 20 8. 204 .

b
E erh ard 408 , Ex i g uas , Di ony s i us , 426
. .

Ed i ctof 61 5 , 40
Fl
.

Eg b rt, archbis h Op of Y ork , 81 7 , a se Decre t al s , 23 , 28 7 , 425 , 426

lg
.

a 427 s q
F
.

E gy p t M ah ometan , 64 ar fa, m onas t er 892

Fl
. .
.

E ic hs tad t is h op ri c 76 b e i x of U rg e h eres i es con

l
.
, ,

E i nh ard , on Kar l m an n , 1 1 2 ; on damn ed by C har es 28 1 , 268,

F bl
.

up p etki n gs , 1 1 5 on ran k 267 s q e i ef , 266 ; meets

p Al A
.

h s up p or t of p ap acy 1 8 6 ; cu i n 269 re f uted by l , ,

on war w i th S ax on s 1 7 8 s q cui n 3 5 0
l F
. .
, ,

on c oron ati on of Ch ar es , 21 2 eud a i s m , 5 , 21 , 85 86 40 , 46 l , , ,

on d ou e em rors h i bl 21 7 47 65 , 25 8 284 800 80 1 , 30 2 , , . , .

on H ar oun a B o s ch (1 an d 87 5 . 87 6. 87 8, 408 , 41 9 s q , 428

l l
.

Ch ar es , 29 1 on Ch ar i e s i n
’
s
q
t el lec tual att ai n me n ts , 826 on F 1 cld of Li es , 406
l
.

R aban us , 85 6 ; ett er t oL oth ai r Fi i oq ue c aus e , 269 sq l l

Fl l
.

and deat El us , ter f rom S t et P

égg
h, 401 nt try , on et
a
e r, .

h bis h op of T oedo, 264, 5

gg Fl
.

orus of Ly ons , Euchari s t i c con

 I n dex . 6
4 3

trov ers y , 864 p red es ti n ati on G erm an S y n ods i rs t , F ,

con t rove rs y , 8 7 0 . Secon d , 1 05 .

Fold rad , abb otof S t Denis , 1 1 7 . G erm an us, at rlarch of Cons t an

1 88 , 1 47 , 1 5 9 t i l e, ep
F ab l
.

on tan a , 5 5 G ero , r ot h er-i a law of Ch ar es , -

F
.

on ten ay , 5 5 , 41 1 28é
bl l
.

F r k fort, assem y of, 25 5 , 268 G ero d coun t , 88

0
a
gs
.
,

G erun 88 9
F f or t cap i tul ari es
.

ran k of, 27 5 G ew i ll ch 1 09
l T
, . , .

F r an k s , th e, 5 , 25 , 27 Catho i cs , G ibb on on h eodor i c, 9 2 ; on

l
.

44 h e l p from Ch urch 45 ; te m p ora p o w e r 1 5 9 ; on

l
.

d i fferen ce etween thei r ki n g b Ch ar es 240 ,

.

d om and oth er G erman ki n G i es l emar mon k 41 6

l l
, .
,

d oms , 5 8 ; res ti g e es tab is h G is a s is te r of C h ar es 1 70, 1 9 1 l

bl
.
, ,

1 00 ; re e i ons af t er d eat h of G oths 26 80 ; con vers i on 48

l
.
. , ,

C har es , 1 1 0 s q s i n i fi can ce G ottf ri ed 3 78

l
. .
,

of P
i p p i n s coron aton 1 1 8
’

, , G ott sch a k , on red es t i n ati on , P

1 1 9 ; d on ati on of i p p i n , 1 3 6 P 3 68 s q
l
.

sq ; b
oun d to p a acy 1 5 1 G r
r mar, ti m e of Ch ar es , 335 ,
l gg
.
,

coun ci of V e rmeu , 1 62 s q l s
l
.

dis ti n cti ons of race and l an G rat i an , con fers p ap a ri g h ts

g ua e, 41 2 S ee un der names up on D amas us , 28
g ll l
. .

of k n s G reece, i n t e ec t ua i n h eri tan ce

F
.

red eri c I , can oni zati on of f rom , 8 9

l
. .
,

Ch ar es , 29 9 G reek Ch urch See E x am aN

F
. .

b
rei s i n g , is h op ri c 7 5 C a nn on
I l
. .
,

ri d oli n , ris h miss i on ar y , 5 5 G reek , s t ud y of, ti me of Char es ,

F
.

ri es i an s , 5 9 65 , 69 , . g
F rod oard 87 3 G re orovi u on con ues t of q
g
s,
Fl I
.
,

u d a, 7 7 . 1 87 8 5 4, 85 9 , . utp ran d , 1 00 ; on cono

F ulr ad S ee F OL D B AD
. . cl as m , 1 28 .

G reg ory l g reat n ess , 24 9 7 , 9 8 ,

ll q ui
.

G a es e , ac si ti on of by G reg 1 24 ; on i m a wors hi p , 8 2 ;
oy
r 1 25 c h eck s L om i ards , 97 , I
ll u ll l
.
,

G a s , foun d er of S t G a 56 Mi m an on ,
II
. .
,

G auzbe r t , mi ss i o n ary , 41 7 G reg ory , ai d s on i face, 69 ; B

l
.

G e eral ad mon i t i on , 227 s q o i o

t w a d L o 8 7
;
p cy r s e , s q .

8s 1 28 ; ch eck s L i utp ran d 1 00 ;

G en t ll
i y , S y n od at, 269 . d eat h, 1 0 1 ; pro ab e attem p t b l
,

G er berg a d aug h t er of B es i de atcon fed erat i on 1 56

III
.
, ,

r i us , 1 9 1 G reg ory re at ions to on i l B

C F
.

G e r m an Ch urch See ONI F A E . B . face, 7 5 ; to ran ks ,

G er mans . i n heri t ors of R om an 1 26 ; d eath , 1 0 2, 1 27 ; d ecrees
p o w e r a n d c i v i li zat i on 1 8 25 a al as t con o I
c as t s , 1 28 ; con l
l
, ,

sq res u t s of mi g rat i on s an d c t wi t h L eo, 1 24 ; i n p os

ll
.

con ues t q s , 48 S ee Ow n s ; s ess i on of G a ese , 1 25 ; re a l

C m ns s T H E n e ar ; Ma n o t i ons to L om ard d uk es 1 25 , b
b bl i
,

V I NG I A NB FB A NKB , and names p ro a e f al s i ty o f t ra d i t on of

of sep arat e t ri es , b vis i tt o Ch ar es Marte , 1 88 l l .
 6
4 4 I n dex .

G reg ory I V 89 7 406 ; mi ss i ons ,

H
e 3 s i an s , Bo i fa n ce amon g , 71 ,

i n th e Nor th 41 6 73
VI
.
,

G reg ory 3 78 l
H i d eg ard 1 93
VII
. . .
, ,

G reg ory e n forces us e of .

, H i ld e l i d i s , 3 1 5 .

28 footn ote ;
“ ”
word p o e, H i ld i bald . 274 29 9 878 88 1
l l F b
, , , , .

sch o ar of un y , 3 7 3 ; org ed
‘
H i ld i g ar, i s h op of Co og n e 1 8 4 l
l A
, .

D ecre t a s , 449 H i n cm ar on G e n eral ss e m

l
.
,

G reg ory of ours on C ovi s , T bli es 25 0 ; p ower 27 6 85 8 ,

l , , , ,

82 ; soc i a p os i ti on 45 ; on 3 5 9 , 41 9 420 ; re ati on s to l

G l l
. ,

Chi lp eri c , 47 48 , f ootn ote on ott s c ha k 8 7 0 ; to C har es

l ll Bl
, ,

ear n i n g 809 on C ape a 821

. , . th e a d , 444 ; to Nich o as l
G reg ory of U t rec h t , 1
8 0 , 1 87 449 45 5 ; d efen ds T h i etbe r a
G
.
,

G reg or th e reat See G R E G . 45 8 ; rel ati ons t o H ad ri an I

on r 45 5 ; d eath 45 6
b ll
.
,

G r i fo 1 08 ; re e i on 1 1 8, 1 1 4 ; H i n cm ar of L e on 449 45 5
I
, , , . .

ll
k i ed 1 1 4 footn ote 1 8 4 ; ter
, , ,
H i n s ch i us , on Pse ud o s id ore ,

ri t ory , 29 7 . 429 s q , 448 449 S ee DO NA

.
, .

G ri m oal d 42 r1 oN or CO NST A NT I NE
'

l
. .
,

G ui zot on Ch ar es , 24 1
, on as H i rsc h au m on as tery 85 7 , , .

se m bl i e s 25 4 on cap i tu ari es ,
,
l y l
H o R oman Em p i re 224, 45 6 . .

25 5 25 6 H on k of utan d 41 7 J l
l
. .
, ,

G ii n th er of Co og ne 45 3 H 0 , f at h er i a l aw of Loth ai r ,
g9
- -
.
,

I l l l
.

H ad ri an ett to C h ar Hu s on of Ch ar 880. 887 ,

é
er es , ) , es ,
1 57 1 9 8 s q 28 2 ; p o i c
. 1 95 .
,
l
Don ati on of C h ar les 1 6, 20 0 H um f ri d coun tof Coi re 89 2
l
.
, , , ,

20 1 re at i on s to Eas t , 21 4 ; H uns 26, 29 8 7 5 , footn ot

, e , .

s en d s cop y of i on y s i an c an on s D
to Char es , 28 8 ; al s o cop y ofl Ib l as , etter to M aris . 847
G Ab
.

S ac ram e n tar y of re g ory , 288 I bn al r a i , g overn or of S ara

II
-
.

IMAG Wo
H ad ri an 449 , 45 4, 45 5 g oss a 284
IV I l I
.
, .

H ad i an c ai m t o re an d , l c on o l
c as m S E n
g
, . . ee
1 5
H ad ri an , m i ss i on ary , 8 1 2 8 1 5 , . I g i u p t i h of Co t
n at s, a r arc ns an
H l i tg ar i s h op of Cam bray b tni op l 45 4
a
e,
Il ly i um t l t d to p t i
.
, ,

1 5 r c ran s a e a r
l l
.
,

b
H am ur ecc es i as ti ca j urisd i c of Co t ti op l
Im g Wo h i 8 1 q 9 9
arc h ate 24 n s an n e, 1 .

ti on s 75 a e rs s ;
l A i o ol m
. . .
,

H an o d , d uk e of q u i t
a n i a ns c n c as 8 7 88 d e
III
, , , ;
1 68, 1 69 c rees of G g o 1 2 3 re r
ou i l of f
. .
, ,

l
H aro d K i n g of D an es , 3 7 9 , 41 5
, . 1 24 ; c i f o nc ees n av r
H aroun al R as ch id , 29 1 of 21 4 25 9 q Co t i o s n s an t n
Al p ol i t
.
. , .

H aur éau on c ui n 3 3 4 d od m d t
an ecrees c n e ne a
II F k fo t 25 5
.
,

H en r E n g an d g ran t of l ran r
I m m u i ti 284 28 827
.
, ,

I re an d , 1 5 8 ; can on i zati on of n es , 5.

l I g l h i m d i tof 287
.
,

Ch ar es 29 9 n e e e
I o t 24 g t 98
. .
. , .

b
H er ert, 40 4 nn ce n rea n ess ,
I l d l i 5 4 d lop
. .

H ers fl eld , m on as tery , 1 87 3 5 7 re an zea n ; ev e

l m t of l
.
, ,

H ertford , Coun ci of, 7 0 . en g i 8 1 0 q earn i n n, s .

,
4 66 I n dex .

Lom b ards 25 , 27 ; con vers i on , ear ly 29 8, 29 4 ; ki n g

caree r ,
,

44 ; aid C h ar es Marte , 66 ; l l d om , 29 5 g i v es
°
d u c h y o f
ti m e of L eo , 88 s q ; a n III . . M ai n e to h is son , 297 ; c osi n g l
ears of his f at h er s l i f e , 297
J
arch y , 9 8 ; i n vas i on , 9 5 s q
’

hi s tory s k etch ed , 96 ch ec k ed oi n te m p erors hi p w i th fath er ,

by G reg ory , 9 7 , 9 8 ; by G reg l
298 trans ati on of Sc ri p tures ,
ory II
, 1 00 ; fi
n a e fl ort s, 1 5 5 ; l 85 2 ; n o en courag emen t to
ll I
.

marr i ag e a i an ces w i th l
ri s h s ch oo , 3 65 ; n ot s pecu
F ran k s 1 90 s q , w ar w i th . l ati ve 866 f orces of d is union
l
Ch ar es , 1 9 5 , 1 96 ; con ues t i n k i n g d om , 87 4 s q , 884
A
.
,

1 97, 1 98 S ee mm u l
e ar y career on t hr on e, 8 7 8
l
.

Pn AND . 879 ; r e ati ons w i t h L eo, 880

Loren z , on ed ucat
i on in ei g h th w i th S te p h en V , 88 1 crow n
.

cen tur 80 5 , 888 ed , 882 ; d on at i on to 1 1

£n
.
,

Loth ai r c rown ed i n R ome, 888 ; Loth ai r crow n

224, 85 8, 87 8 crown ed at i x A Re l ati on of th e Em i re,
’

l a Ch ape e, 884, 88 5 ; m ar
-
ll 885 gg
8 ; re e i on of
, b ll m .

r i eg e , 888 i n l tal y an d R om e, h ard , 38 6, 3 87 ; p en an ce for

38 9 ; g od f ath er to Ch ar es the l se veri t i es , 888 ; sen ds Loth air
Bl a d, 89 1 ; p rotec tor, I l
to ta y , 889 ; i n v es ti g at i ons
st ren g t h , 89 2 ; sen t to in t I l
a y 89 2 s q un d er i n fl u
l bl
.
.

re at i ons w i th E ug en e I I , e n ce of q ueen , 89 7 s re e
l l
.

s up reme i n R ome 394 ; R0 , i on i n f ami y , 89 8 , 0 char

man cons ti tuti on , 8 94 s q en act eris ti cs , 400 , 40 1 con
l
.

c roach m e n t s of Ch ar es th e uered by s ons , 404 ; reti red ,

Bl a d , 89 8 a ai ns t Louis , 8 9 8 4 res t ored , 405 ; re be i on ll
con fi n ed t o ta y , 89 9 ; etter l l of Loui s , 405 . 40 6 ; f res h re
f rom Ein h ard , 40 1 s q h ead . ll
h e i ons of s ons , 406 s q .

st ron g , 40 8 ; Op en re e l i o n, bl Louis an d Pi p pi n tothe res cue ,

404 res tores f ath er to r i g h t s, 40 7 ; s ubm i ss 1 on of Loth ai r ,

404, 405 n e w d i vis i on o f ter 408 ; terr i tory of C h ar es , 409 , l
r it ory 40 5 ; s up reme, 406, 41 0 ; arms ag ai n s t Loui s an d
l
,

407 rot b
h ers p ot ag ai n s t d eath , 41 1 p a t r on of m iss i ons .
hi m, 407 ; s u mis s i on , 408 b 41 6 s q cas e of E
. o 441 bb , .

d i vis i on of em p i re w i th Loui s , son of Loui s th e i ous , P

l
Ch ar es , 41 0 arms ag ai ns this d is p ute as to s uccess i on af t er
b rot h ers , 41 1 oi ns w i th Pi pj d eath , 224 ; p ri m o c u ture, l
p i 4 1 1 d f at a t F o t a 87 8 3 7 9 ; recei ves vari a
g
n e e n en
V
, , ,

41 2 ; treaty of e rd un , 41 8 85 ; s i des w i th Loth ai r , 898

cas e of E b o 44 1 , 442 b n ew d i vi s i o n of t ory , 405
err i t
II
.
,

Loth ai r , 45 3 , 45 4 . . l
rebe l i on , 40 5 , 406 ; t o res cue
Louis th e Pi ous , coron ation , 21 8 of h is f ath er, 40 7 ; s u m is s i on b
ne ver at R om e, 224 ; K i n of of Lothai r, 408 ; f res h p ots l
Aq ui tan i a, 286, 29 8 ; adm n i s 409 ; p oss ess i on s con fi rmed
trati on of di s tri ct s un d er , 248 , 41 0 ; attac k ed b
father, 41 1
25 4 25 5 ; e ecti on of is h op s , l b com p act w i t h h ar es , 41 2 l
V
,

27 7 p os i ti on of i s h o s un d e r, b treaty of e rd un , 41 8 ; ofl ers
27 9 Can on i ca L i e , 28 1
”
l see of remen t B o ns g ar, 41 7 A
cap i t l
u ari es , 28 1 , 8 4, 88 8 ;
5
re at l
ions to E o, 442 bb .
 I n dex . 6
4 7

Louis II b othr er Of Loth ai r IL 81 d eca °

Of p ow er, 3 4
z
sq
3
, . .
,

224, 455 . 4 fall , 2 .

Louis the G erm an See LOU I S , M eth od i us G reek monk 41 9

Mt op oli ta
. .
, ,

S ON or L O U ts T H E Pi ous e r n sy s tem , 27 6 s q
Fo g d D t l 486 488 440
.

L ud wi g th e G erman See LOUI S , . r e ecre a s , , ,

S ON or L OU I S T H E i ous P sq 45 1
l i ti l p o i tio 27 6
. . .
,

L ii gen fel d , 406 M t

e z, ecc es as ca s n,
Mi h l I m p o l ti o to
. .

L ui d g er , mi ss ion ary , 1 86, 1 88 c ae e er r, r e a ns

Ch l
. .
,

L ui tp er g a 1 9 0 21 7
ar es ,
l Mi h l III mp o 45 4
. .
,

L ul , s uccess or of oni face, 7 9 , B c ae .

, e er r , .

Mi l m an on G reg ory 9 8
W
274
Mi rfa con ferred on Ch urch
. .
, ,

Lup us , d uk e Of as con i a, 1 69 1 29
Ma i D omi
.
, , .

L up us , S er vatus , 85 7, 85 9 , 861 x 248 s q n i ci , .

sq 449 M is s i on ary wor k , 6, 58 s

l
. .
,

Lutti ch , un der H il di bal d 27 4 un der Ch ar es 1 84 s q

l
, . ,

L ux eui m on as tery , 5 5 , 845 sq am on g D an ce, 41 5 s q

A
. . . .

L ux ovi um, m onas tery , 5 5 i n S wed en 41 6, 41 7 S ee NS

A
. .
.

G A COL U MB ANU S
W
B ; aNO
Macchi avelli T B O N IF A E C
F R I D O LI N
W
on h eod ori c, 9 2 u
M
. .

ag d ebur Cen turi ators , 45 1 I L L EH AD

M g l
. .

ah ome t, dah omet ani s m , i n fl u Moiss ac , of, on coron a

c h ron i c es
en ce on C h urch , 4 ; v i ct ori es ti on O f Ch ar es , 20 8 s q l
M b l
.

an d ro g 68 p o w er om er t, s tory a outH i d eg ard , b

p
8
%
ress
ll l
, ,

68 , 6 at di et of ad er born , 1 9 8 ; on i n te ec tua g reatn es s

283 , 284 i n S p ai n 264 ; rel a . Of Ch ar es , 83 0 s q l .

ti ons toCh ar es , 290 ; confli c t s l Mon as ter ies , p os i ti on of i n th is ,

w i th Ch ri s ti ans 29 3 , 29 4 p re , era, 6, 21 un i ted un d er en e B

d es ti n ati on , 8 7 0 i n vasi ons , d i et, 5 4 i mm un i ti es 28 4, 28 5 ; .

87 5 h i s tory s k etch ed , 80 7 , 808

M M
. .

ai fi el d , ay fi el d 1 44, 1 62, 1 7 6, Mon op hy s i tis m , 84 8 5 , 264

M
. . .

249 “ , 25 4, 25 5 l
on oth e i tis m 8 5 , 264
M 5 Al
. .
,

ai n e , n eb y O f 296 M ul li n g er, on c ui n 8 3 5 85 0 ;
l l
.
, , ,

M ai n z ecc es i as ti ca cen tre , 27 4 ; on ep i sc op a sch ool s , 8 5 8 ; on l

j
,

uri s d i cti on , 27 5 , 276 R aban us , 8 5 5 ; on S cotus , 87 1 ,

M M
.

a or d om us S ee AY OB s OF . 87 2 .

AL AC E
Ma fi ld MA
.

r e S ee I F I EL D Narses over throws Os trog oths

Mari ol atry 8 1 9 2 ; rel ati ons
. .
, ,

27 con q ues t
. s
o Lom bards 96
, ,

Mar ri ag e l aws of 283 t

M ars i li as Of Pad ua on Don ati on Nean der on Adelbert 1 07
.
, , , .

Fo g d , , .

Of Cons tan ti n e, 1 5 8 on r e Nef ri d, b is h op Of Narbon n e 268

Decretals
, .

45 1 Nes tori us Nes toriani sm , 264

l
.
. , .

M aur us R aban us S ee R ABANU s , Neus tri a 82 84 ; batte of T ea

MAmu l
.
, ,

t s try , 42 un d er C h ar es M ar tel
l
.
,

May ors Of th e p a ace , 88 sq .

, 59, 60 ; un d er Pi p i n 1 22 ; af ter ,

1 1 4 sq d eath of Pi p n , 1 68
l
. .

M arti an us Capel a 820 87 1 i cep h orus , 1 7

l F l
. , .

Meaux Coun ci of, 48 5

i ch ol as org ed Decreta s ,
l
.
,

M erovi n g i an s , 8. footn ote, 29 449 ; g reatn ess . 45 2 ; re at i ons

468 I n dex .

to L ot
hair H 45 3 ; to Eas t
ern Pat i of the R om ans , 1 88 ,
r ci an
C h urch , 45 4 1 89 , 202 204
F
. . .

Ni h ol as I I , org ed D ecretals . P
ga
ch , S t. 5 4, 848 , 8 44. 8 78.
a
. a .

g
l
Ni ch o as Of Cus a, on Donati on Paul I 1 89 s ucces s i on , 1 52 ;
F l
. ,

Of Con s t an ti n e, 1 5 8 ; on org ed etters o

t Pip pi n. 1 53 ; on R o
Decreta s , 45 1 l m an s up remae 28 3
Pauli i
. .

a, conferred on Ch urch
ng
82
c an s , ,

Pauli u f Y o k 8 1 6
n s, O r
Pauli us patriarch of Aq ui l ia
, .

North al bi n gi ans 1 88 . . n , e ,

268 828
M Fl Paul the Dea o 823 824 888 ;
.
,
”
Oc tavi us Of i n uc i us e ix , c n,
o C ha l e 240 241
. ,

88 8 4 n r s.
l P ul u Di a o u S ee PAU u m
, .
, .

Odo O f C ug n y 87 3 a s c n s L
l
.
, .

Odoacer the H eru i an , 27 29 , , DR AG O N .

91 over th row n 92 av s c e P i a i of 1 46 1 96
l
, ,
.
, , .

B
O fl a, retwa d a 29 2 840 e ce
"
Pa he 421
l , , . .
,
.

O af Of S weden , 41 7 Pecock on Don ati on of Con

l
, .
,

O af S k Otk on un g 4 1 8 st an t i ne. 1 58
l
, . .

Ol af th e H oy 41 8 e ag i us I . 8 46 Pl
Pl F
, . . .

Ommi ads , overthrown 1 65 e a i us I L , on

g rank s , 9 7
l l M
. .
,

Or ean s . sc h oo at 85 3 ers1 a. ah omet

,
an , 64 . P .

Orte, occ up i ed L i utp rand , et er Com es t b on , on F org ed D e P

1 26 ; res tored 1 cre t als , 45 0
, .

Os trog oth i c ki n g dom 8 1 ; con et er D am i an i , 421 , P .

P
W
vers i on 44, 5 1 52 , et er of Pi s a, 828. 824
, . .

O tf ri ed of e i sse n ber 85 7 et ers urg , m ous at a 85 7 . P b .

O tge r arch bis ho Of, ai n z, 48 1 h oti us , m l ati ons to i ch ol as I , . P .

O tti l o d uk e of , vari ans , 1 1 0 .

O ttoI , 224, 87 5 , footn ote. 45 6 Pi p p i n D on ati on of, 1 86 s q

l
. . .
,

Pi p in , fath er O f Ch ar es , 5 7, 7 6 ,

P b
ader or n , d i et Of, 288 ; un der 1 1 03 ; s y n od at S oissons .
M ai n z. 27 4 1 06 ; con uers avari ans , 1 1 1 ; B
Pl
.

a es t i ne. M ah ometan , 64 defen ce O Neus tri a, 1 1 1 , 1 1 2 ;

P ll
.

a i um , t h e. 22. 27 6 recei ves K ar l m an n s ki n g d om,

’
.

P ap acy S ee R oam , Carm en or 1 1 2 ; re ati ons to G ri fo 1 1 8 ; l

l l
. .
,

P ar is Coun ci of, 40
, p uts dow n S ax on re vo t 1 1 8 .
,

P ar is U n i vers i ty of, 80 8 3 04
. coron at i on , 1 1 7 s q c h arac t er , . .

889 i n ves ti ture of Loui s, 89 2 i s ti cs, 1 22 ; ence of un i t ed

sC ki n g dom s 1 2 ; re ati on s to l
h
,

P as h al I , 888 88 7 d eath , 89 8 S te ph en I I I 1 82 sq fres h re

l l
. . .
,

P ascha I L , 449 v o tof S ax on s , 1 88. 1 84 meet

l
.

P ascha , an t i p ope c an on i zati on -

i n g wi th S tep h en 1 84, 1 85 ;
, ,

Of C h ar es , 299 l p ro m i s e
.s a i d 1 8 5 ; c o ns ecr a ,

Pasch as i us R ad b er tus 266 ; ti on , 1 88 ;

”
at ri c i an Of the , P
e uch ari s t i c con trovers y , 3 68 R oman s , 1 88 1 89 over tured ,

sq by Karl man n , 1 40 ; orders h im

i en n e, 1 41 ; attack s A V
.

P ass au, bi s h op ri c 7 5 to is
l
, .

P
at ri arch ,
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ti te 23 , footn ot e l
tul f, 1 41 ; f res h ap p ea s f rom
, .
470

Cons tan ti n op e, 4 ; i n creasi n g l S ee B

I S H OP ; CH A R LES THE
w ar, 4, 5 , 1 9 s q , 9 8 s q , G REA T ; CH A R L ES M AR T E L ;
I
. .

36, 1 46 1 58 sq stat es of G RE G O R Y L ; G R E G O R Y L ;
III I
.

t h e Ch urn an d tem p oral p ow G R EG OR Y ; HA D RI A N . .

er, 5 , 98 s q , 1 47 s q feud al re Loni s T m i ous ; S TEP H E N P

ll
. .

l ati ons , 3 6, 87, 41 9 s q a ian ce I II ZA OR A RiA s

F
. . .

w i th ran k s 45 ; conn ec ti on R ome ci t attacked by L om

ards 1 2 y
. .

w i th s tate 46 s q , 9 8 sq de b
l l
, . . , ,

m ora i zati on , 5 2 s q re at i ons R ome, d uk e of, 1 28 , 1 38

l l
. .

to Char es M arte . 60 sq , 67
W
Rome, em p i re l eg acy to n ew
l
.
,

st ren g t hen ed M ah ometan b p pe o es O f the es t 8 s q rea , .

con q ues t Of as tern at ri sons for d i sor an i zat i on, 1 0 s q .

arch at es 64 1 00 ; os Of R ome, p atri arc ate 1 8

bl
.
, , .

B oni f ace. 7 1 72 f rom ti me of R ome. R ep u i c Of, 1 5 0

T
.
,

h eod ori c 9 3 s q , 99 ; s i g uin

. . R othard , D uk e, 1 88 .

can ce O f P
i pp i n s coron ati on ,
'

R oth ard of S oiss ons , 449 , 45 5 .

fi rs tan oin t in am on g R oth rud et r ot b

h ed to Cons tan
F
.

rank s , 1 21 ; i n de an en core t i n e, 21 2 261

l l
, .

s u tO f cl as hi n val p owers , ado p h rot b

h er Of udi th , 404 J
l
.
,

1 24 i con oc as tc con trovers y g l p h , s ucces s or of R a an na, b

gg
,

1 24 ; li ti cal i n t e res t s. 1 25 ;
Don a on of i p p i n , 1 86 s q P . R ug iana. con vers i on , 44 .

P at ri ci an of t h e R omans}
1 88, 1 89 ; f oun d ati on Of te m b ll
S a e i an is m , 264 .

p o r al ower, 1 47 s q Don a S acramen tary of G re ory , 283

ll
. .

ti on 0 Cons tan ti n e, 1 5 5 s q . S t G a , mon as tery , 6, 7 7 , 845

.

f acts reg ard i n g te m p oral p ow S ai n ts ven erat i on of, 8 1

l
.
,

er 1 5 8 s q res u t s 1 5 9 . 1 60 ; l S a i an s , 27 , 28
l l lb
, . . .

re at i ons w i th Ch ar es , 1 7 1 b
S a z urg , is ho ri c, 7 5 ; ecc l e
1 72, 290 ; effec t Of ran k is h F s i as t
i cal j ur i cti on , 27 5
’

ll
.

b
L om ard marri age a i an ces , Sarabi an s , 29 8
l l
.

1 90 D onati on Of Ch ar es , Saracens . 26 5 1 occup y S i ci y ,

M
,

1 9 6, 0, 20 1 ; oun d up i n b 21 8 See AH OM ET A NS
l
. .

n ew em p i re, 21 8, 21 9 ; m et ro Sar a oss a, Char es at. 284

l l
.

p o i t
a n s y s te m 27 6 s q e t te r S ard can can ons , 22, 28 7
l
. .
,

Of H ad r i an on s u m ac 282 S axon s , attack C h ar es M artel ,

P lI
au on s ame, ‘ s o owl gge a 65 , 66 ; oni face amon B 71 ;
b l
.

ed ed as cen t re an d h ead re el i o ns . 1 1 0, 1 1 3 , 1 1 61 ;
l l
,

uence Of Char es , 800, 30 2 wars w i th Ch ar es, 1 7 2

p ow e r o f hi er arc h y , 8 77 e l ec b
s u j ec t i on , 1 7 6 s q cap i t ua .

ti on of p es 882 ; D o n at i on ri es . 1 77 s q s urre nder , 1 8 1

gg l l bj
.
,

of Loui s , 8 ; g r owth of r i va f res h rev o ts an d s u ecti ons

l
i m p eri a an d p ap a arti es, 892 l 1 82, 1 88 fi na overth row , 1 84 l
R oman Cons tuti on , 89 4 mi ssi ons am on 1 84 s q
d
sq
l F
. .

sq feud a is m , 41 9 s q S chafl , on orge Decreta s 486 l

F l l
. . ,

org ed Decre t as 287, 425 , , S cotand . con vers i on , 5 5 .

426, 427 sq , 447 8 . 45 0 ; J

S cotus , oh n , e uch aris ti c con tro
h ei g h t Of p ap ac 4 2 veray , 864 w on der O f age,
b
s u seq uen t we n ess , 865 . 866 b
ooks , 867 p h il oso
 I n dex .
47 1

p yh 86 7 8 6 8 ; p re d es ti n a ti on b
S tra o, W
al afri d , 824 85 7
l
.
, , ,

con t rovers y , 868 s q c o s i ng . b

S tu bs , on E bgert 8 1 8 . .

d ay s. 3 7 2. 8 7 8 S turm , miss ion ar y 1 86. 1 88

l
.
. ,

cri p tur es , trans ated un d er S ue vi con vers i on , 44

,
.

Loui s. 85 2 . S utri , g ran ted to G regory , 1 00 .

S eren us , b is h op Of M arsei es , on ll S utri , sy n od Of, 45 6 .

i m ag es , 82 . S weden , mis s i on work i n 41 6, ,

S erg i us I , 69 41 7
lb
. . .

S e rg i us, i rari an . 89 8 S y ag r i us , 29
ll
. .

S erg i us , p ap a eg ate , 1 1 1
T i k 64
.

S ervan t O f the S er van ts of ar

T i lo o f Otti l o 1 1 4
.
,
”
G od. 28, footn ote . ass , s n O , , 1 69 ,
S er vatus L up us , 85 7 , 85 9 , 861 1 90 1 9 4 23 7 290 298
T tull i 1 9 , .
, , ,

3 7 0. 449 er an ,
q
s . .

S 1 0 1 y , 1 24, 21 8 Tee b ttl of 42 a e

o of Ch l
. , .

S ig ul fus , 878 . Th i er c, s n ar es , 880 ,

S lavs, i n vas i ons , 87 5 88 7 888
l Th odo
. , .

S oiss on s . counci at, 1 06, 1 07 , 448 . e hbi h op f C

re, arc s O an t
er
a i C h u rc h o f 26 8 26 4 bur 69 , 7 0 , 888
p
M
n
l
. .
, , ,

S p ai n , eitp ed i ti on of C har es i n to Th ore O f op s ues t i a, 8 47

T l
.

238 s q heod ore , p ri n ce of p ap a p al

l
.

l
S p o e to, d uk e of, re ati ons to ace , 892
T l
.

p p y
a a c , 1 25 , 1 26 1 28 , 1 5 2 , 1 5h eod ore, th e p h i os op h er, 3 1 2
8 , , ,

3 ; attac k ed by L i utp ran d , 8 1 5 ; S ax on ch ron i c e on 8 1 6 l

3
.
,

T h eod oret. ag ai ns tC ril , 847 .

S tates of th e Ch urc h , 5 Th eod ori c, 27 , 80 1 , 88 , 9 1

II
.
,

S tep h en , 1 81 Ki n of th e R omans , 92 ;
III l A
. .

te hea , re at i ons to is tulf , d eat 92

g T IV
. .

1 l sq , 1 40 8 q tO Pi pp i n , 1 82 h eod ori c , 1 0 , 1
8 1 4
Al
. . . .

sq cros s es
.
p s , 1 88 ; m eet h eod u f , is h op of r eans , T l b Ol
i n g w i th Pi p i n , 1 84 1 85 ai d 840 , 849 85 1 3 5 3 , 3 5 9 , 88 1 ,
, , ,

p rom i s e d b y p p i n 1 8 5 ; co n 88 7 88 8 4 2 0
T l
, . , .

secre t i ons , 1 38 ; con fers ti tl e h eop h an es , on re at i ons Of

P
ri ci an Of t h e R om ans on harl cs to Eas t. 21 6, 222, 268,
g
Of at
ki i s , 1 38. 1 89 , 202 ; th reat o
ég A
is tul f, 1 41 , 1 42 ; T berga, wi fe of Loth ai r I I ,
h
igg
en by
l
.

f res h app ea s to i p p i n , 1 42 P
l T
'

sq et ter from S t et er , 1 45 T hi e t g a u t OfP r eves . 45 3

A ll
. . .
,
on is tt l f 1 5 2 death , l hi on vi e, s n od , 441 T
i
w raih at ro s d
g T
' .

S tep h en I ed h ur i n gi a, 70
F i T
.

m arri age Of r an k s h an d i th es , 288

l Fl T
.

b
Lom ard fami i es , 1 70 ; a s e oto, d uk e, 1 60
l T
.

Dec reta s, 449 rans u s t

. an t i at i on , 265 . 868 s q b .

S tep h en V , 88 1 crowns Louis, T l l

ggg
r e, ecc es ias t i ca p os i ti on ,
l
.

882 ; e ecti on of p op es . 882 ;

d eath , 388 ruce Of G od , 422 T
T F Fl
. .

St ep h en of ourn ay , on orged T urri an , a s e Decretal s . 45 1 .

D ecretals , 45 1
l
.

S ti i ch o, 28 . Ul fl l as . 80. 48 .
47 2 I n dex .

Urb an l Wld d 45 8
W h l b o Fo g d D
c ai m o Cors i ca, 1 5 7
t . a ra a, .

of Lorch . 41 9
'

Urolf, rch bis h c assers c

fii ldi b l d
it . e en , n r e e
Utrech t
W mou h mo y 3 1 8 3 1 6
, un d er a , 27 4 . cre tl 449
a s, .

Wd Mo y 1 88
ear t n as ter
V l , d f t d by b b i
, , , .
“
a ens e ea e ar ar ans , er en. n as t
er
26 Ai w it ou i l f 5 6 7 0 8 1 1
, .

ai
44 r an , by c nc O
V l ti I 897
.
, , , , ,

Wi lf id 81 6 81 7
a en ne
V l ti i d i tof 1 28 ,
. .

Wi ll h d mi io y 1 86 1 89
a en n an , e c r
V ll L m ti u o Do tio
.
, , , .

Wi lli m f Ml m bu y o 8
a e, a en s, n na n e a , ss n ar , , .

of Co t ti 1 58
n s an n e, a O a es r n 00
V d l 26 co i o 44
.
,

Wl li od mi d o y 9 60
an as, ; n vers n, u 872
t s,
V o i 55
. .

ég q
asc n a. s n ar 5
V ti G i p o i o 21 8
.
, , , ,

Wi f i d S B AC
en e a. rec an ssess n,
V i C to S p i i tu 27 1
Wi ig i 881
”
en rea r r s, n r ee O NI F E
V d m
. . .

Wi m mo k 4 6
er en , 1 80 ; u dass acre, n er nn s, .

M i
Wi k i d 1 7 6 1 80 1 81 b p
27 4
a n z, t er , n 1
V d u t ty 860 41 8
. .
,

er n, rea tte n a
V ui l ou i l 1 62 , . .
, , ,

Wulfhold 887
ern e , c nc , . i d 1 82
tze , .

fP t
Wi bu g bi hop i 76
”
Vi car O 24 foot ot e er , n e
Vi ll d ig b ttl 294
, .
, .

e a n e, a e, i rz r s r c,
Vi gi wo h ip of 8 1
. .
,

r n, rs
Vi goth 26 29 8 1 Ai 44
.
,

si s. r an , Y arrow. mon as tery 81 8 3 1 6

M l
, . , , , .

51 F ard oli n amon g 5 5 ; a ,

Y or k sch oo of, 8 1 6 s q
, arch .

h ome tan con ues t of , 64 ; or q bis h op r i c , 8 1 7 .

t h od ox , 264 .

l
V i ta i an , p op e, 7 0 Zach ari as p op e , 78 ; on secon d
l
.
,

Wif
G erm an sy n od . 1 06 ; r ep y to
a ar , s on of H un o d , 1 1 2, 1 1 4, l P i p p i n s q ues ti on 1 1 7 ; e e va
'

, l
Wéé
1 61 1 68
, . t i on and charact i cs 1 27 ;
e ris t ,

a t z, on coron at i on Of Ch arl es , treat y w i th L i ut p ran d 1 28

M
, ;
i rfa an d Norm a
Wl
l recei ves
bb 1 29 ; renoun cemen t Of Kar l ,

W
al a, a ot, 408
l
.

W
a a coun t 880 , 888 889 , 898 m an n an d R ach is , 1 29 ; re a
l l A
.
, , ,

al afrid , on C h ar es , 824 u
p p i lsi ons to is tulf, 1 80 ; d eat h,
Of R aban u s , 85 7 . l al