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Tutorial 33290 Highway Design and Analysis 2016

Civil engineering (University of Salford)

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UNIVERSITY OF SALFORD CRN: 33290

School of Computing, Science & Engineering

SEMESTER TWO EXAMINATION

PROGRAMMES:

BEng (Hons) Civil Engineering

MEng Civil Engineering

BLOCK CODES:

E/CI/F2 ME/CI/F2

HIGHWAY DESIGN AND ANALYSIS

May 2016

Instructions to Candidates

The duration of this examination paper is 2.5 hours.

There are FOUR Questions in TWO Sections.

Answer ALL parts from Section A (Compulsory)

Answer any TWO questions from Section B.

For Question 4, the desk number should be clearly written on the attached handouts
and submitted with the answer books.

For any missing information, make and state clearly any necessary assumptions.

Calculators may be used but NOT in text storage mode.

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SECTION A – STATISTICS IN CIVIL/TRANSPORT ENGINEERING

Q1 (COMPULSORY QUESTIONS)

(a) Explain the meaning of the following terms:

(i) mutually exclusive events;
(ii) exhaustive events;
(iii) independent events.
Ans: (refer to definitions of these terms as shown in the lecture notes and provide examples to
explain each one).
(10
Marks)

(b) In order to test the accuracy of the manufacturer’s laboratory, one test sample of the
manufacturer’s product was taken every day over a period of 6 days. Each sampled
product was halved and labelled appropriately. One half was tested in the
manufacturer’s laboratory (A) and the other in an independent laboratory (B). The
results are as shown in the table below:
Table Q 1b
Sample Number 1 2 3 4 5 6
Laboratory A 18.7 16.7 19.4 14.7 17.7 16.9
Laboratory B 18.2 17.7 19.4 16.7 16.8 16.7

Is there a significant difference between the test results of the two laboratories? (Make
any necessary assumptions).
Ans:
Ho: µD = 0
-1.364 < µD < 0.898
Therefore Ho is not rejected.
(20 Marks)

(c) From an earlier grading analysis of a bituminous layer used at a particular site, it has
been found that the percentage by weight passing the 14 mm sieve has mean 70.2 and
standard deviation 5.93. The specification requires the percentage to be between 58
and 82. Assuming the percentage to be normally distributed,
i) estimate the probability that a particular delivery of aggregate fails to
meet the specification.
Ans
i)  0.043
(10 Marks)
ii) what is the probability that 3 successive deliveries of the same quality
aggregate all fail to meet the specification?
Ans
ii)  0.0001
(10
Marks)

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SECTION B – HIGHWAY DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION

(ANSWER ANY TWO QUESTIONS FROM SECTION B)

Q2. HIGHWAY SAFETY ENGINEERING

(a) The following formula is applied in the design of vertical crest curves:

L = S2A/200(a+b+2√a√b)

Explain clearly the meaning of all terms represented in this equation and discuss how
the formula above is derived by considering the safety implications at crest curves.
(There is no need to include a first principle derivation of the formula).
(12
Marks)

(b) For a particular circular curve of radius 120m, the road surface has a sideways force
coefficient of friction of 0.25. Determine the speed (in km/hr) at which sliding will
occur for each of the following conditions and comment in principle on the possibility
of vehicles overturning in these situations. (Assume g = 9.81m/s2).

 The road surface has an adverse crossfall of 2.5%.

 The road surface is flat.
 The road surface has 6% superelevation.
(7 Marks)

(c) Explain how the standards ensure that sight distance is maintained at a safe distance
for stopping in the context of horizontal curve design. As part of your answer, make
clear your understanding of the terms design speed, stopping sight distance and
central offset dimension.
(6 Marks)

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Q3. DESIGN OF HIGHWAY INTERSECTIONS/PAVEMENT CONSTRUCTION

(a) Sketch the layouts for taper merging and parallel merging with an auxiliary lane.
Discuss how an auxiliary lane improves traffic safety.
(4 Marks)

(b) Discuss (with the aid of diagrams) the difference between a junction and an
interchange and, discuss (with diagrams) how a junction layout could be upgraded to
a compact grade-separated layout in order to improve the safety performance on high
speed roads.
(8 Marks)

(c) The provision of secondary and recycled materials for road construction is described
in the Design Manual for Roads and Bridges HD 35/04. Such materials include
recycled aggregates, recycled asphalt, blast furnace slag, …etc. Provide a list of at
least three main advantages and three disadvantages of using such materials
specifically in road construction and maintenance.
(7 Marks)

(d) Briefly, describe the main types of transverse joints used in highway pavements.
(6 Marks)

Q4 PAVEMENT DESIGN

(a) In a summary table, provide a list of the main surveys used in the UK for the routine
assessment of the road network and clearly show the method or device used for each
of them.
(5 Marks)

(b) A 3.4km section of a 3 lane motorway is in need of urgent maintenance. Site reports
suggest that the subbase is still in a sound state and is capable of taking the predicted
loads over the next 40 years. The soil tests on the subbase suggest that it consists of
Foundation Class 3 in most parts with occasional Foundation Class 4. Provide a
detailed design of the maintained section of this motorway (using a clear detailed
sketch of the embankment). The following information is made available to the
designer (with some requirements by the client):
- Predicated AADF of 50,000 vehicles with 2400 commercial vehicles per
day using the motorway in the busiest direction.
- The percentage of OGV2 type vehicles is at least 70%.
- The central reservation is at least 1.5m separating the two directions of
traffic with some newly laid concrete barriers.
- The use of EME2 and Porous Asphalt (PA) is required.
Make clear any other assumptions you have made.
(Clearly mark and identify all the design charts that you have used in your
answer and submit all design charts and tables with your answer book).
(20
Marks)

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Handouts for – Highway Design and Analysis CRN: 33290

December 2015
Statistics Formulae
Mean, variance, coefficient of variation, skewness and kurtosis

1
n∑ i
mean: x = f

2
variance: s =
1
n -1 ∑ f i ( xi - x ) 2 =
1
n -1 (∑ f i x 2i -
( ∑ f i xi )
n

skewness = 1/ n ∑ f i
s(
xi - x

[ ( )]
kurtosis = 1/ n ∑ f i
xi - x 4
s
−3
Coefficient of variation = [(standard deviation) / (mean)] x 100%

Estimation of Covariance

If X, Y are random variables and (xi, yi) for i =1 to n denote n pairs of observations of the
variables, then the covariance of X and Y is estimated by

[ ]
n n

n
(∑ xi ) (∑ yi )
n
1 1 i=1 i=1
cov ( X ,Y ) =
n−1 ∑ ( ( x i−x )( y i − y ) )=
n−1
( ∑ x i y i )−
n
i=1 i=1
If Z = X + Y
var(Z) = var (X) + 2cov (X,Y) + var(Y)
If Z = X - Y
var(Z) = var (X) - 2cov (X,Y) + var(Y)

Laws of probability
If A and B are any two events
P(A or B) = P(A + B) = P(A) + P(B) - P(AB)
P(A and B) = P (AB) = P(A) P(B/A)

Binomial distribution
If n independent trials are made of an event with a constant probability, p of success
in each trial:
n (n -1)(n -2) . . . ( n −(r-1)) r
P(r successes) = n C r p r (1-p)n − r = p (1-p) n −
(1 )(2 )(3) (r )
mean number of successes = np;
variance of number of successes = np (1- p)

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Poisson distribution
If the average number of occurrences of a random event in unit time is m:
P (r occurrences in unit time) = e-m mr / r!
Mean number of occurrences = m
Variance of number of occurrences = m
The probability of a time interval t between successive occurrences is me-mt dt; the
mean interval is (1/m); the variance of t is (1/m)2.

The z and t distributions

In the following: n = sample size; x = sample mean; s2 = sample estimate of
population variance. Parent population is normal.

z = (x - ) / 

where  and  are the population mean and standard deviation, respectively.

If population mean = ,
x− μ
t=
s / √n , is distributed as Student’s t ( n - 1) with (n - 1) degrees of freedom

Estimation of population mean

100 (1 - a)% confidence interval for µ is given by

s s
x − z a/2 < μ < x + z a/2
√n √n where za/2 is the Standard Normal Deviate

s s
x − t(a/2n−1) < μ < x + t(a/2n−1 )
√n √n
Estimating the difference between two population means (µ1, µ2)

100 (1-a)% confidence interval for µ1 – µ2 is given by

√ √
σ 2 σ 2 σ 2 σ 2
1 2 1 2
( x 1 − x 2 ) − z a/2 + < (μ 1 − μ 2 ) < ( x 1 − x2 ) + z a/2 +
n1 n2 n1 n2

[or replace z by t for small samples].

For paired observations:

s s
d − t ( n−1 ) D < μ D < d + t (n−1 ) D
a/2 √n a/2 √n
where d represents the difference between paired observations and d is the difference in
population means.

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The F test
If population variances are equal, F = (s 12) / (s22) is distributed as the variance ratio
with DF1=n1-1 and DF2=n2-1.

Note: For use of most F tables, the larger estimate of variance must be in the
numerator of the ratio.

Note also: F(1-a)(DF1, DF2) = 1 / F(a) (DF2, DF1)

If s12 and s22 are the estimates of variance derived from a particular pair of
independent samples, a 95% confidence interval for 12 / 22 is given by
¿
F . 025 ( n2 − 1, n1 −1 )
¿
¿
s σ s
( )
2 1 2 2
1 1 1
≤ ≤ ¿
s 2 F . 025 ( n1 − 1, n2 −1 ) σ 2 s 2
2 2 2
¿

The Chi2 (χ2) test

(n - 1) s2/σ2 is distributed as χ2 (n – 1) if the sample is independent drawing from a
normal population.

Goodness of fit: If Or, for r = 1 to n, denotes the observed frequency in the r th class
and if Er denotes the corresponding expected frequency based on some specified
hypothetical distribution, then

χ2 = Σ [(Or – Er)2 / Er] is approximately distributed as χ2 (n-k-1), where k is the number

of parameters required to be estimated from the observed data in order that the
expected frequencies may be estimated.

In a m x n contingency Table, the number of degrees of freedom is (m -1) x (n -1).

Note: All Expected frequencies should be ≥ 5.

To estimate a 100 (1-a)% confidence interval for 2 is given by:

2 2
χ (n−1 )
2 χ (n−1)
(n−1 )s / ≤ σ 2 ≤ ( n-1) s2 /
(1-a/2) (a/2)

Choice of sample size

The following equations are used to estimate the minimum sample size (n) required to
estimate population means, proportions, …etc.:

n=[
z a/2 ]2 [σ/d]2 for infinite population size

where d ≥│ x− μ │

For proportions: n = [(
z a/2 ) / d]2 [p (1 - p) ]
where d ≥│p - ˆp│

Assuming parent population is of size N:

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n = no / [1 + (no -1) / N]

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Extracts from the Design Manual for Roads and Bridges

Note: Insert your desk number on the Design Charts and submit them with your answer
book.

Student’s Desk Number …………………………………………………….

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