_/) Contents MODALS and SIMILAR EXPRESSIONS. 1. Inmak’s Dilemma 2. Inmak’s Worries $. Superstitions ... 4. Check Whar You Know 5. Leann These Phrasal Verbs ... TEST YOURSELF 1. ‘TEST YOURSELF 2... ‘TEST YOUR VOCABULARY ... YDS-VOCABULARY ‘TEST YOUR PREPOSITIONS ... 45 PRACTICE EXAM ¥(roa Verbs and an Expressions 1. Inmak’s Dilemma Read the passage below and then circle the choice which has the same meaning as the given sentence from the dialogue. Pay attention to the meaning of the modal in the context. Inmak is 17 years old and is coming to the end of her high schoo! years and trying to decide on what she will study at university. She talks to Yelz, a family friend who is 10 “years older than her, in order to get some advice about what to do. Inmak: 'm not sure what to study at university. What do you think I should do? Yeliz: Well, frst of all, you have to think about the things you'r interested in. What do you like? Irmak: I guess you must mean what subjects | like at school, right? Yellz: That's one thing to look at yes. Inmak: Well, \ike math and science, | suppose, especially physics. What could I do with those? Yeliz: There are lots of things! But would you rather do something practical with them, or something theoretical? Irak: Honestly? Yeliz: Well, obviously you've got to be honest with me! Irmak: Honestly, then, | would prefer to do something theoretical. But I'm sure | can’t make ‘any money doing that. Yeliz: Don’t be so sure! It limits your choices somewhat, but there are still alot of things you could do. For instance, there are opportunities in theoretical physics and mathematics. Irmek: Judging from that frown on your face, you must not be so certain .. Yeliz’ Well, to be honest, you might have a difficult time finding jobs outside of a university. Inmak: That wouldn't be so bad, though. What about the practical side of things? Yollz: Quite 2 few more jobs would open up. Engineering, for instance, Irmak: Yuck, engineering! | would rather be unemployed than be an engineer! Yeliz: Why's that? Irmak: Every engineer I've ever met has been a really asocial weirdo. Yeliz: And how many engineers have you met? Inmak: Um... three or four Yeliz” You know, you really mustn't judge all engineers on the basis of three or four. Irmak: Alright, alright, point taken, You don't have to give me a lecture about stereotyping, Yeliz: Don't worry, | won't. Is there anything else you're interested in? Irmak: Um... Love music, | guess. Yeliz: Almost everybody does, though. In what way do you love music? Irmak: ‘don't know. I've studied piano for quite a few years, and | just like the way different notes sound together. Even before | started playing, | used to just press random piano keys down to see what sounds might come out. | still do, actually Yeliz: Acoustics! Inmak: Yeah, the word means “sound”. Yeliz’ Nol |'mean, you could study acoustics. Musical acoustics. I's a kind of science that studies the physies of music and musical instruments. Inmak: That sounds great! But where on earth in Turkey do they offer that subject? Yeliz: That's a good question 1. What do you think I should do? 2. You have to think about the things you're interested in. A) Why don't you tell me what you think A) It is your interests that you must think about me? about B) Do you think 1 ought to do something? B) The things that interest you are €) In your opinion, what would it be a probably the best things to think about ) There must be many interesting things 2 CoM MU for you to think about, ae3. You must mean what subjects | like at school. A) You are talking about the school subjects that you think | like. B) Which school subjects | enjoy is surely what you are talking about. ¢) | wonder if you are talking about the subjects that | study at school. 4, What could | do with math and science? ‘A) What purposée do math and science actually have? B) What is it possible for me to do with math and science? ) Shall | do something with my math and science knowledge? 5. Would you rather do something practical or something theoretical? A) Is it something practical that you would prefer, or something theoretical? B) Is it possible for you to do something that Is both practical and theoretical? €) Do you think that itis better to be practical or theoretical? 6. Obviously you've got to be honest with AA) | doubt that it would hurt to be honest with me. B) Surely you are not being dishonest with me. C) Of course you must be honest with me. 7. Lwould profer to do something theoretical A It is very likely that | wll do something theoretical B) Something theoretical is what | would rather do. ©) | could possibly do something that is theoretical 8. I can’t make any money doing something theoretical. ‘A) There is only a small chance that | can earn money doing something theoretical B) Perhaps | will not be able to eam any money doing something theoretical C) Its impossible for me fo eam any money doing something theoretical. 9, You must not be so certain, A) Being so certain is not right. B) Perhaps you are not especially certain C) Itis certain that you are not particularly sure. 10. You might have a difficult time finding jobs outside of a university. A) Itis possible that you will experience difficulties finding a non-university job. B) You seem to have had difficulty in finding a job outside of a university. €) You can't possibly find non-university employment. 41. | would rather be unemployed than be an engineer. ‘A) | would sooner not have a job than have one as an engineer. B) The sooner | become an engineer, the sooner | will have a good job. ) itis likely that | will remain unemployed if become an engineer. 12. You mustn't judge all engineers on the basis of just three or four of them, A) It is not necessary to judge all tengingers on the basis of only three or four of them, B) Do not judge every engineer according to only three or four of them. C) It may not be a good idea to judge every engineer according to just three or four of them, 413. You don't have to give me a lecture about stereotyping. A) Itisn’t necessary for you to lecture me concerning stereotyping. B) You needn't have given me a lecture about stereotyping, €) I think that there is no use in giving me a lecture about stereotyping 14, Lused to press random piano keys down to see what sounds might come out. A) Itis my habit to press random piano keys down so that different sounds can come out. B) | got used to pressing down random piano keys so as to See what sounds were possible. C) In the past, | would press down random piano keys in order to see what sounds could occur, 15. You could study acoustics. A) You ought to study acoustics. B) Itis possible for you to study acoustics. C) It may be necessary for you to study acoustics eee- Inmak’s Worries Read the passage below and then circle the choice which has the same meaning as, the given sentence from the dialogue. Pay attention to the meaning of the modal in the context. mak has got into the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering at Dokuz Eyl University in Izmir, where she has been living for the past two months. She is calling Yeliz on the telephone to talk about her college experience so far. Yeliz: Hello? Irmak: Yeliz, it's me, Irmak. Yeliz: _irmak! How are you? How's school going? You must be enjoying your new freedom! Irmak: | suppose so, though I'm sure | could be enjoying it even more than actually am. Yeliz: What do you mean? Irak: mean that there's so much studying to do! | mean, | know college is for studying, but shouldn't | be enjoying myself more? Isn't this supposed to be the best time of my life or something? Yeliz: Maybe you ought to relax a little bit Irmak: Yeah, maybe. But I'm also starting to think | may have made a mistake in choosing this department. Yeliz: Why's that? Irmak; Because there's almost nothing but math and science, more math, and more science! Nothing about music or even acoustics! Yetiz: Well, what other program could you have decided upon? Irmak: Well, for example, they have a Department of Musicology here, and there's a music technology program in it Yeliz: And what's that program all about? Irmak: Ws about concert and studio techniques and such stuff Yeliz’ Would you have preferred to sign up for that program, then? Irmak: I'm still not really sure, but | guess | should have thought more before choosing. Now 'm really worried that | might be stuck in this department forever. Yeliz: Oh, don't be silly! You know, | changed my major four times in my first two years of college. Inmak: Really? That can't have been a very easy time for you. Yeliz: Actually, it wasn't hard at all. After all, you know, the first years of university are for exploring what really interests you, what you're good al, and what you want to do with yourself. As long as that's what you're doing, then you can't be doing anything wrong at all Irmak: | guess you're right. So, shail | just continue doing what I'm doing, then? Yeliz: Yeah, why not? You may as well. But take my advice and try to be a bit more relaxed and easygoing Irak: Right again. | do have to try to relax and enjoy life a bit more. After all, you only live once, right? Yeliz: Right! 4. You must be enjoying your new freedom. | _B) Its very likely that ! am enjoying A) It is necessary that you enjoy your new eet ver are fender C) Certainly itis possible for me to be B) I'am ceriain that you are enjoying your having even more fun new freedom, C) You seem to be enjoying your new 3. Shouldn't I be enjoying myself more? freedom. A) Aren't | supposed to be having more 2. V'm sure | could be enjoying myself fun? even more. B) Would you advise me to enjoy myself more? C) Shall | have more fun? A) Surely | might have had even more fun.4. Isn't this supposed to be the best time of my life? AN) Should this be the best time of my fe B) Why isn't this the best time of my life? G) Isnt it ikely that this will be the best time of my life? 5. Maybe you ought to relax a little bit. A) Itis possible that you are relaxing a litte. B) You will probably relax a litle bit. €) Perhaps it would be a good idea for you to relax some. 6 I may have made a mistake in choosing this department. A) Itis possible that | made a mistake when | chose this department. B) A mistake must have been made when {chose this department. ) | almost certainly made a mistake when I chose this department. 7. What other program could you have decided upon? ‘A) What other program would it have been better for you to decide on? B) On what other program was it possible for you to decide? 6) On what other program would you rather have decided? 8. Would you have preferred to sign up for that program? ‘A) Would you still like to sign up for that program? B) Is that the program you would rather have signed up for? ) Is it possible for you to sign up for that Program? 9. I should have thought more before choosing. {A) It seems likely that | thought a lot before making the choice. B) Perhaps I thought too much before t made the choice ) Thinking more before making the choice would have been a good idea TES Tie 10. | might be stuck in this department forever. A) | am definitely trapped in this, department forever. B) Perhaps | will be trapped in this department forever. €) | know | will never be able to leave this department. 41. That can’t have been a very easy time for you, A) It might not have been such a difficult time for you B) You shouldn't have gone through such a hard time. C) That must have been a very difficult time for you. 12. You can’t be doing anything wrong. ‘A) You probably aren't doing anything wrong B) You aren't able to do anything wrong C) Itis impossibie that you are doing anything wrong 13, Shall | just continue doing what I'm doing? ‘A) Ought | to simply keep doing what I'm doing? B) Do | need to continue doing what I'm doing? C) Is it possible for me to keep doing what I'm doing? 44, You may as well continue. A) You must have continued B) You should continue anyway. C) iis necessary for you to continue. 15. | have to try to relax. A) Itis necessary that | attempt to relax. B) | might attempt to relax. C) | must have attempted to relax. oaeS Tee 3. Superstitions [a Read the passage below and then choose the correct answer according to the passage. & ‘A superstition is a belief that specific things or behaviours can affect A the future. For example, astrology is a kind of superstition: itis the belief that the positions of stars and planets can influence a person's life and pefsonality. Superstitions are considered irrational because they are not based on empirical science. They are different from religious beliefs, although the people of one religion often con- sider other people's religious beliefs to be superstitious. Superstitions are also distinet from magic because they are generally passive, while magic is generally active Because of the world's many cultures, superstitions are ofien different—or even completely opposite—in different places. For instance, in the US and many European countries, itis bad luck if a black cat crosses your path; in Britain and Japan, however, the same thing is good luck. eed Some superstitions are restricted to very local areas, like the Tampa, Florida belief that seeing an alligator causes athlete's foot. People usually learn their culture's superstitions as children. In fact, ‘some superstitions are taught for practical reasons: spilling milk, for instance, is often said to be bad luck, because this might prevent children from wasting such a precious item by spilling i. Because they are learned when we are children, it can be difficult to get rid of superstitious beliefs, and even very rational people sometimes follow superstitions because they think that itis probably better to be safe than sorry. 41. Itis stated in the passage that 3. It is clear from the passage that superstitions ...... superstitions. A) are similar to religions in many ‘A) should be followed carefully in order to different ways keep out of danger B) have had a strong effect on empirical B) can be adopted by people who are science normally reasonable G) are a specific variety of astrology ) are more common in Florida than in D) can sometimes be very dangerous to the rest of the US believe in ) ought to be taught to children when £) can vary greatly from culture to culture they are very young E) must have originally arisen from religious beliefs 2. According to the passage, black cats | 4. We can conclude from the passage that the things that .... A) can often be found walking along fixed A) we learn at an early age tend to stay paths with us B) are not liked in most parts of the world B) are precious are quite easily spilled C) may sometimes be eaten by alligators €) cause athlete's foot are very often in Tampa, Florida deadly D) represent different ideas in Britain and D) are magical are based on empirical in the US science E) are the most common variety of cat in E) rational people believe are considered many different places safe belimae Try to guess the meaning of the following words from the passage without using ictionary. 1. specific A) particular B) imaginary) rapid Dyjtemriic ——-E) mature 2 influence A) examine —_B) affect C)occupy Dy explode -—_E) succeed 3.distinct A)proud ~—B) derived C) conscious) exhausted E) different A.restricted A) buried BB) elected ——C) suggested) limited ~—_E) migrated 5. practical A) patient‘ B) dangerous) accidental D) useful —_E) endless 6. prevent A) tell B) put C) keep D) set E) drop 7. precious A) noisy B) valuable) careless.) intense -—_—E) simple 8. get rid of A) abandon —_B) reach C) concentrate D) perform —_E) arrive Circle the choice which has the same mear 1g as the given sentence, 1. Superstitions are distinct from magic because they are generally passive, while magic Is generally active. A) Superstitions and magic are extraordinary because, often, they can be both passive and active. B) Usually, superstitions are passive, and it is this that makes them different from magic, which is active, €) Passive superstitions can be similar to active magic, but usually they are very different. 2. Spilling milk is said to be bad luck because this might prevent children from wasting such a precious item by spilling it A) Itis bad luck to spill milk because it can teach children that spilling milk is not wasteful, but a worthwhile activity. B) In order to try to keep children from wasting a valuable item like milk through spilling it, people say that itis bad luck to spill it. ) Children often think that itis bad luck to spill milk, which is valuable, but they should be taught not to waste their time thinking such things. 3. Very rational people sometimes follow superstitions because they think that it is probably better to be safe than sorry. A) tis ikely that the quite reasonable people who follow superstitions believe they are acting safely, but they will regret their actions in the future. B) Some people think that it can be very reasonable to follow superstitions because doing 50 leads to safety, and not to danger. ) People who are quite reasonable think being safe is better than being regretful, and so, at times, they follow superstitions eeeSTi D | In the following passages, find the missing sentence of the passage. 4. The “evil eye” is a common superstitious, belief in many parts of the world. Roughly, this belief states that one person's good luck can turn into bad luck because of other people's onvy. This is sometimes planned by the looker, and sometimes unintentional, but the results are the same. In order to defend against the “evil eye”, many cultures use protective objects of different kinds. A) "To give the evil eye" can sometimes mean "to stare at someone in anger” B) In Roman Catholicism, envy is the sixth of the seven deadly sins €) Its called the “evil eye" because, in many cultures, one person's look’ is, thought fo create the bad luck D) Blue eyes are not found very often in a number of different cultures E) In Turkey, itis called nazar, and derives from the Persian nazar-e shaytan, which means "Satan's glance’ 2. sss: «In East Asia, for instance, “4” is Generally considered unlucky because its pronunciation is the same as the word for “death”. The number "9" is unlucky in Japan because it sounds like “pain”, but lucky in China because it sounds like “enough”. Some people in Christian countries fear “13” because Jesus’ thirteenth disciple, Judas, betrayed him. On a more individual level, many people always choose the ‘same lottery numbers because they beliove that they are lucky. ‘A) The Chinese developed the concept of negative numbers sometime around the year 100 BC B) A number is an abstract thing that represents a count or a measurement €) The number system of the Mayas of Central America used a shell-shaped symbol for the number “0” D) Numerals are the symbols, like “4" or “IV", that are used to represent nunibers E) Different numbers have always had various superstitious beliefs attached {to them around the world em 3. In the West, some people will do almost anything to avoid walking under a ladder, because doing so is thought to bring bad luck. One explanation for this belief comes from medieval times. A ladder against a wall resembled the hangman's platform, and so walking under it might signal one’s own death. Another explanation says that the triangle of a ladder against a wall represented a sacred Christian symbol. . ‘A) Walking under the ladder, then, breaks the symbol, and can call up the Devil B) In the end, though, itis ridiculous to always try'to avoid walking under ladders ) Triangles are classed into six different types: equilateral, isosceles, scalene, right, obtuse, and acute D) Like all of the world’s religions, Christianity makes use of many symbols E) But the ladder might fall down onto a Person, and this could cause a bad injury According to some people, an umbrella should never be opened indoors. If you do 50, it is believed that bad luck might ‘come to everyone in the building. . Opening this item indoors might have been seen as a direct insult to the sun, which most societies considered sacred. Though few people see the sun as sacred now, and umbrellas are more often used against rain, the superstition has remained. A) Itis also believed that a single woman who drops an umbrella will never marry B) But some people always seem to have more bad luck than others C) Opening an umbrella outdoors, however, is often a very sensible thing todo 1) Many people throughout history have worshipped both sun and rain E) This superstition probably comes from the umbrella’s origins as a sunshade5, Because salt was once a very precious and expensive item, a lot of symbolism and superstition has been attached to it. Because of its use as a preservative, it became a symbol of life and the absence of decay. In Europe, however, this was not just considered a waste, but could also bring bad luck. To avoid this, the spiller was supposed to throw the spilt salt over his or her left shoulder, into the face of the Devil. A) The salt that people use at table is ‘composed primarily of sodium chloride B) Salt is necessary for the survival of all living creatures, including human beings ) As it was considered so important, itis not surprising that no one wanted to waste salt by spilling it D) Salt has, at certain times, had a powerful effect on the history of Europe E) There are generally four different stages in the decay of a living organism sentence? 6. In tho United States, bad luck is Supposed to result when you step on a crack in the sidewalk, This belief is associated with a rhyme that children say while they are walking: “Step on a crack, break your mother's back.” In. order to avoid this unfortunate event, American children try not to step on sidewalk cracks. ...... For instance, during World War li, the rhyme was: “Step on a crack, break old Hitler's back,” and this encouraged children to step on cracks even more. A) The original shyme, from more racist times, was: “Step on a crack, and your mother wil urn bisck B) But in certain eras, they intentionally ried to step on all the cracks so as to hurt someone C) Over time, all sidewalks will develop Gracks because of weather and moving soil D) Some children say that the number of cracks that you step on will be the number of your mother's broken bones E) In sidewalks that are made of concrete slabs, the cracks are wide apart and evenly spaced In the following passages, one sentence in each passage doesn't fit well with the other sentences, and this prevents a smooth reading. Can you find the odd 1. (I) In the United States, wishbones are a common tradition at Thanksgiving, Christmas, and Easter dinners. (ll) The general ruie is that the wishbone is saved from the turkey or chicken dinner and then dried overnight. (Ill) The next day, two people use their pinky finger to pull on different ends of the wishbone and snap it while they are making a wish. (IV) The pinky finger is the smallest, and often the weakest, of a person's five fingers. (V) ‘After the bone has broken, the wish of the person with the larger bit is supposed to ‘come true. Ayi By cyill Div eV 2. (I) Because rabbits return in the spring, and spring is a time of fertlty, rabbits have often been considered lucky animals. (Il) Many rabbit species, but not all of them, hibernate during the winter. (if) In Europe for instance, a rabbit running through your yard might mean a good year to have children, or a good year for your garden. (IV) Also, because rabbits are such fast runners, their feet are often used as luck- bringing possessions. (V) Traditionally, the rabbit's stronger back feet have been thought to be especially iucky. Ayi By cyt Baas Sadi pV eV3 TERT {) Although spiders can sometimes be a bother, they have also been considered very lucky, (I) Ancient Egyptians, for example, thought spiders had the power to bring wealth and good fortune. (Il) They also believed that the cat and the dung beetle were sacred animals. (IV) In medieval Europe, people would trap a spider in a walnut shell and wear it around their neck to protect against illness. (V) ‘Among some Muslims, itis bad luck to kill a spider because a spider once helped to hide Muhammad from his enemies. A) Bi Ci «DIV. BV 5. (I) Most modern mirrors consist of a thin layer of aluminum placed onto a sheet of glass. (Hl) There are many beliefs and superstitions that involve mirrors, (il) The most common one, though, is that one should always try to avoid breaking a mirror. (IV) if one does so, seven years of bad luck are said to follow. (V) However, the bad luck can be avoided if one buries all the pieces deep underground, or throws them all into a river. Ay By cyl DIV EV (1) The superstition of the four-leaf clover is believed to originate with the Celtic Gruids. (Il) Apparently, hey thought the plant helped them to see evil spirits, and this made it easier to help people hide from those spirits. (IN) Later, this belief changed a bit, and it was thought that a person who found a four-leaf clover would be able to see fairies. (IV) And so, children would took for fourdeaf clovers and, if they found one, run off to look for fairies in the forests and fields. (V) However, clovers can have more than four leaves, and examples with up to eighteen leaves have been found By C)i DyiV A)! EV “rT 6. (I) Superstitions are very common in the sport of baseball, (ll) Many players and ‘coaches refuse to wash their clothes or bodies when the team is winning, as they think doing so may cause a loss. (Il) Also, some players perform the exact same ritual before every game or play in order to bring good luck. (IV) The great player Wade Boggs, for instance, awoke at the exact same time every game day, and ale fried chicken before every game. (V) Some restaurants have named their fried chicken specials "Wade Boggs’ Fried Chicken’ Ayi By Cyt DIV BV4. Check What You Know Bridges of Tunkey The Sevenan Bridge svar’ The Severan Bridge is located near the ancient cily of Arsameia in (1) ...... is now the Turkish province of Adiyaman. = Originally built in honour of the =, Roman emperor Lucius Septimius Severus in the Srd “4 century BC, the bridge is a “5 120-metre long, 7-metre wide arch bridge (2) ..... the Cendere Gay! creck. It consists of 82 stones, (3)... of which weighs approximately 10 fons. There were once four columns at the bridge's comers—dedicated to the emperor, his wife, and their two sons—but one of the columns was removed when one of the sons had (4) ...... son murdered. The bridge was restored in 1997 and is still in use today; however, only vehicles (5) ..... 5 tons are allowed fo cross it 1 A) that B) which C) how D) what E) where 2 A) having crossed B) to have crossed ©) crossing D) being crossed B} to be crossing 3 A) each B) all ©) some D) every E) many 4 A) another's B) the other C) others D) other E) the others, 5 A) down with B) up to C)inon D) off of E) out for Malabadi Bridge In southeastern Turkey, (6) ..... Silvan in Diyarbakir province and Talvan in Bitlis province, lies the ancient Malabadi |, Bridge. An arch bridge that spans the Batman River, it was constructed around AD 1146 by ‘Timurtag of Mardin, leader of the Artuk beylik. The bridge underwent restoration late in the 12th century, and then (7) ..... at the beginning of the 20th century. It was once the only bridge across the river in this area, and was in continuous use (8) ..... the 1950s, when a new bridge was opened upstream, The bridge is 150 metres long, 7 metres wide, and 19 metres high. Its central span is a pointed arch high over (9) ...... part of the river. The western support of the bridge is decorated with two carved figures. One of (10)... is standing and one sitting 6. A) along B) among ©) trom D) about E) between 7. A) again B) ever €) such D) yet E) already 8 A) between B) for C) uni D) since E) within 9. A) too deep B) the deepest C) as deep as D) deeper E) so deep 10. A) whom B) which C) them D) that E) theirsTI The Galara Bridges The first non-military bridge across Istanbul's Golden Horn was officially opened by Sultan Mahmud ton 3 September 1836. This bridge was built some distance from the waterway’s mouth ‘and was known as the Hayratiye at first, but only 9 years later its name became Gisr-i Atik, or "Old Bridge", {0 distinguish it (14)... the "New Bridge’—Cisr-i Cedid—constructed at the mouth of the Golden Hom. The Cisr-i Cedid, however, was a toll bridge, (12) the Cisr-i Atik. In 1875, a third bridge was constructed by the British firm G. Wells and was used for 37 years before it was pulled upstream (13)... the now genuinely old Cisr-i Atik. In this third bridge's place, the German firm MAN AG built a fourth bridge that lasted to 1992, in which year it was towed up the Golden Horn (14) ...... make, way for the current bridge, This fith and final bridge, completed by the Turkish firm STFA in December 1994, (15) ..... ram tracks added to it recently. n. A) from B) through €) between Dyat E) upon 12, A) unlike B) same ) different D) like E) alike 13, ‘A) to have replaced B) to be replaced C) being replaced D) to replace E) replace 14, A) wherever B) therefore €) due to D) in order that E) s0.as to 45. AA) is having B) will have C) has had D) had had E) would have ora limit Bay Bridge The lzmit Bay Bridge is a sg suspension bridge planned lo cross the Sea of Marmara al a point approximately 50 kilometres east of Istanbul. If = it were completed today, it (16) ..... the second longest suspension bridge in the world with a main span of 1,688 metres, beaten onl by the 1,991-metre Akashi- Kaikyo Bridge in south-central Japan. The bridge has had a troubled history, (17) ..... it was originally planned by a French firm, but the Turkish government cancelled these plans in 2001 (18)....... poliical reasons. But now it the bridge (20) ..... after all: looks (19) in early 2006, it was announced that onstruction of the bridge would be going ahead soon, 16, A) had been B) has been ) would be D) will be E) would have been 7. A) therefore B) yet C) accordingly D) though E) despite 18. A) around B) for C)to D) beside E) within 19. A) as if B) during ©) however D) like E) so that 20. A) will have built B) may be built ) should have built D) was able to be built E) is supposed to buildThe Bosphorus Bridge ‘The decision to build a bridge (24) ..... the Bosphorus was made in 1957 by then-Prime Minister Adnan Menderes. Actual construction, however, only began in 1970, and was completed three years later at a cost of $200 milion. At the opening ceremony, the ‘American comedian Danny Kaye—dressed as a clown—marched across the bridge with a {group of Turkish children following him. (22) .... @ huge crowd of people started to run after them, the bridge began (23)....... and the crowd had to be held back in order to avoid (24) ...... damage. The Bosphorus Bridge is a suspension bridge 1,510 metres long, 39 metres wide, and 169 metres high. The bridge's roadway is 64 metres (25) sea level. At full capacity, the bridge sags down about 90 centimetres in the middle of its span. 2 ‘A) among B) between ©) towards D) through E) over 22. A) Whereas C) Unless B) Despite D) For E)As 23, A) having been vibrated B) to have vibrated C) vibrate D) vibrating E) to be vibrating 24. A) any c) no B) many D) sucha E) most of 25. Ayat ©) above B) to D) up ) with, a ELSXDS Farih Sultan Mehmet Bridge ‘The second bridge across the Bosphorus, the Fatih Sultan Mehmet Bridge, was designed by (26) ...... British company—Freeman Fox & Partners—that (27) ...... the Bosphorus Bridge 15 years before. There is also (28) difference in the dimensions of the two bridges: (29) .... are 1,510 metres fong, 39 metres wide, and 169 metres high. Also, the two bridges have an identical clearance from sea level: 64 metres. This was done to allow passage to the aircraft carrier Enterprise and the ocean liner Queen Elizabeth I, which are the two tallest ships afloat. At $130 milion, the Fatih Sultan Mehmet Bridge was significantly (30) ...... he Bosphorus Bridge Construction was completed on 3 July 1988, 26. A) a different B) the same ©) whole D) alike E)a similar 2. A) has built B) would build ) was built D) had been built, E) had built 28. A) any B) some ¢) much D) no E) more 29. A) each B) both C) all D) whole, E) every 30. AA) cheaper than B) as cheap as C) so cheap that D) the cheapest ) such a cheapTEST 5- LEARN THESE PHRASAL VERBS Al] Complete the sentences using the phrasal verbs in the box below. Pay attention | to the verb form. 4. catch up with: reach the same level or quality as sb or sth else 2. cut out omit; eliminate 3. get over: recover from or overcome an illness or dificult situation 4. give up: uit; stop 5. make up: say or writé sth that is not true; invent 6. pass away: die T. put away: return sth to its proper place 8. put on: get dressed; wear 9. begin an activity or hobby 4 tost; use experimentally 1. Randolph has decided to Sugar from his diel, as he is convinced that it is the cause of his recent weight gain and rising blood pressure, 2. Not long after her grandmother . Melissa realized that she had never told her how much she loved her. 3. Because Maynard was never able to the other students, possibly owing to his many years of homeschooling, he began to doubt his intelligence. 4, When Patricia was asked why she had nat come to work the day before, she some story about how she had had to take her dying cat to the veterinarian, 5. After a number of different instruments and devices had failed to get the stuck cork out of the wine bottle, Jeremy thought a hammer might be worth 6. Annette has been trying for several months to ‘smoking, bui each one of her attempts has ended in miserable failure, 7. Roderick, preparing for the costume party, a lavender-coloured toga and ‘a mask that strongly resembled the face of Socrates. 8. It took several weeks for Priscilla to .. cece the awful flu virus that she ‘contracted while visiting her cousin in New York City. 9. Unfortunately, Edwin managed to break three of our fine porcelain dinner plates while he was attempting to them 10. As Stephanie is unsatisfied with her progress on the violin, and never much liked the instrument anyway, she is thinking of the cello instead Replace the italicized phrasal verbs with a verb from the list. Pay attention to the verb form begin die invent omit overcome quit test wear 4. Irish author James Joyce gid not completely make up ( ) the story of his novel Ulysses, but rather based it ioosely on Homer's Odyssey. 2. Aer thiry days of eating nothing but McDonald's fast food, filmmaker Morgan Spurlock was advised by doctors to give up ( ) the diet because he was beginning to suffer catastrophic liver damage. 3. Jazz singer Billie Holiday passed away ( ) on 17 July 1959, while she Was under house arrest in a hospital for possession of heroin 4. We tried out ( } a number of different soll types before we were able to find the one that enabled our potted tomatoes to flourish. 5, Because I have been feeling as if most of my spare time recently has been going to waste, Thave taken up ( ) writing haiku poems 6, Trumpeter Chet Baker never managed to get over ( ) his addiction to heroin, and his intially promising career suffered as a result. 7. For his appearance al the opening of the London surrealism exhibition of 1936, the Catatan painter Salvador Dali put on ( ) a full deep-sea diving suit 8, Iwas not until he finally eut ( } representation out in his art of the mid- 1940s and afterwards that Jackson Pollock found his style as a painter.Ren 10. ee ER Te Complete the sentences using the phrasal verbs in the box below. Pay attention to the verb form. 4. come up with: think of an idea, plan, suggestion, ete. 2. count on: rely on; trust 2 3. fill out: complete a form 4. go throug! experience sth difficult 5. hang up: tend a telephone conversation 6. fot down: disappoint 7. pull down: destroy or demolish a building 8. set up: ‘assemble; construct; erect 8. sort out: solve or fix a problem 10. think over: consider carefully Itis highly doubiful that we can Dwayne, judging from how often he has failed to complete his projects satisfactorily in the past. | was just about to inform Michelle that | had changed my mind concerning where the two of us ought to meet, and then she... Excuse me, Mr. Doré, but | wonder if you would mind just soon this medical history sheet before you go in to see the doctor. ‘As Dana seems to be having a hard time some of her personal problems these days, perhaps we should all get together and see if we can help her I've been trying to think of what subject to write about for Professor Parker's English 201 class, but | just haven't been able to anything good. Todd proposed to Rachel in a most passionate manner, but she nevertheless said that she ‘would like a couple of Weeks t0 ....... it Gottfried is ssn. 8 feally tough period these days, because of the loss of his job and his wife and his house and the majority of his friends. Itwas really too bad that Kara Ken by calling off their date, but she simply had to get her essay finished. The city council has unfortunately decided that it would be in the best interests of the city to the historic Terwiliger Plaza Because Darren proved incapable of ....... their new stereo system by himsetf, his girfriend Heather had to do it for Replace the italicized phrasal verbs with a verb from the list. Pay attention to the verb form. assemble complete consider demolish disappoint experience solve trust ‘The manager has assured me that she is going to be thinking over ( ) my idea while she is vacationing in Cozumel next week. When | was a child, | used to take great delight in setting up (. ) elaborate structures made of cards and then destroying them with a single breath. Having to go through (. her parents’ divorce at the age of only six had a very powerful effect on Cathleen’s personality Chuck felt really fet down ( }) when, after she had already agreed to sell their house, his wife Kelly changed her mind and decided that they shouldn't. Because I've always felt that | could count on (. ) Samantha no matter whai, it was a terrible revelation when she stabbed me in the back. My heart sank when I returned to my childhood home after 20 years, only to find that it had been pulled down ( 5) to make room for a freeway. It shouldn't have been so hard for me to sort out ( ) all the complicated figures on my income tax returns, as I'd done it dozens of times before. Once | had filled out ( ) all the bureaucratic papers necessary for me to receive my diploma, | took it and lef the building for the rest of my Ife. Bi ceases SiacissTEST YOURSELF 1 4,80, sorulatda,ciimlede biralatan slug uygun sekilde tamamlayan Bedey bac | think we ...... a few more things for the camping trip, because we ourselves in a difficult situation in case of emergency. {A) would have packed / could find B) might pack / should have found C) can pack / should find D) could have packed / may find E) ought to pack / might fing Kelvin's cousin ...... me in the face, but luckily, he decided not fo do so in the end. A) should be punching B) had to punch €) could have punched ) might be punching E) would punch When she suddenly became ill, Andrea the party early. A) must have left B) had to leave €) could be leaving D) has to leave E} can leave The population of Istanbul ...... of a much more various ethnic and religious mix, until the fall of the Ottoman Empire. AA) used to consist B) would consist C) should have consisted D) cauld consist E) must consist I'm sure José ...... married by now, as he had been dating Anna for eight years already when | last saw him three years ago. A) ought to get B) could be getting €) would get 1) must have got E) may have got Gossa but, for some reason, he didn't. ce 10. 4 ‘A) was supposed to call B) might have called ¢) should call ) has to call E} must have called As it takes Ruth about twenty minutes to walk home from here and it’s about twenty minutes since she left, she .. just about now. A) could arrive B) must arrive C) should be arriving D) has arrived EJ would have arrived Ronald Reagan ...... president in 1980 if so many people hadn't been dissatisfied with Jimmy Carter's mistakes. A) shouldn't become B) must not become C) can't have become D) might not have become E) didn't become. Professor Irzik, ..... you ...... Signing this document'saying that you've read and approved my thesis? A) would, B) would. ;mind ) would. like D) would. ‘prefer EJ would. sooner rather No matter what he’s told you, Samuel «..... 0 the concert tonight, because | know that he is going back to Phoenix this afternoon. A) couldn't come B) wouldn't come ¢) shouldn't have come Dj musin’t have céme E) can't be coming Of course, you ...... any of the classwork if you don’t want to, but please be aware that | am not obliged to pass you, either. A) aren't able to do B) needn't have done €) don't have to do D) can't be doing E) wouldn't do12. 13. 14. 15. 16. By snapping their large claw, pistol shrimp release a shock wave so powerful that it...... temperatures hotter than those on the surface of the Sun. A) ought to reach B) can reach ¢) must have reached D) has to reach E) may be reaching My teacher has told me that | tomorrow afternoon off so that | my sister's wedding. ‘A) ought to take / could be attending B) can take / must attend ) have to take / should attend D) could take / might have attended E) may take / can attend Antibiotics ...... regularly until the treatment is finished, or they won't be effective. A) could be taken B) is supposed to take C) may have taken D) should be taken E) had to be taken You ...... pretty soon; otherwise, you won't be able to arrive at the station in time to catch the last bus out of town. A) had better leave B) can leave ) could have left D) must have left E) might leave Perhaps, for their own good, neither Napoléon Bonaparte nor Adolf Hitler sv Russia, as it ultimately proved to be the downfall of both men. A) might invade B) could have invaded ) should have invaded 1D) must have invaded E) used to invade ATER Ot . nearly this much, even though | .. the same amount, so | guess my metabolism has slowed with age. Wd A) didn't use to weigh / was eating B) must not have weighed / had eaten C) won't weigh / ate D) couldn't weigh / have eaten E) hadn't weighed / would eat 18. Judging from how badly Cem speaks English now, I'd say that he ...... the language for a very long time. AA) isn’t studying B) wouldn't study C) must not be studying D) can't have been studying E) wor't be studying 19. Because Mehtap grew up in Istanbul and speaks almost no Persian, she only ...... with her relatives with her father’s help. ‘A) has...communicated B) might..communicate C)is...communicating D) should...communicate E) could...communicate 20. Abraham Lincoln ...... that it would be his last day of life when, on 14 April 1865, he walked into Ford's Theatre, where he was assassinated. ‘A) should not know B) must not have known ) need not know D) cannot know ) ought not to have known 24 You ...... the dishes this evening, my darling Drusilla, as have already done them. A) needn't wash B) didr't have to wash ) wouldn't wash D) couldn't be washing E) shouldn't have washed cee22, 23, 24, 28. 26. 27. As | simply ...... the final episode of Cemberimde Gill Oya this evening, | with you to the restaurant. ‘A) have to watch / won't be able to come B) must watch / wouldn't have come G) ought to watch / don't have to come D) should have watched / mustn’t come E) can watch / shouldn't have come Excuse me, young Mr. Bates, but | believe that you ...... the third chapter of your history textbook rather than the comic book you've got in your hands. A) had been reading B) would have read C) might have been reading B) ought to be reading E) would read It’s rather unfortunate that the 19th- century poet John Keats ...... 50 young, as he ...... so many more beautiful and moving things. A) should have diediwrote B) must have died/had written C) would die/should be writing D) has diediought to write E) died/could have written Before the beach was bought and made private by the summer resort, everyone in the neighbourhood there whenever the weather permitted. A) should have swum B) had to swim €) used to swim D) could be swimming E) ought to swim Lewis had walked a long way through the dense forest before he realized that he ...... the path somewhere along the way. A) was losing B) must have lost C) should have lost D) would lose E) has lost I'm not sure where your glasses are, Jesse, but you ...... them out of the window while you were sleepwalking last night, as you sometimes do. 28. 29. 30, 34 32. ‘A) must be throwing B) could be thrown C) may have thrown D) might be throwing E) should have thrown Pat said that she ...... Ingmar Bergson's Persona than a silly romantic comedy, but in the end, she decided to go to the comedy with her friends. ‘A) would rather watch B) could be watching C) must have watched D) may watch E) would have been watching Frank ...... a lot lately to be able to suddenly speak Turkish so much better than he did before, A) should have been studying B) could have studied C) has to study D) must have been studying E) would rather study You .....- without pause for the last two hours, as you claim, or you would have exploded by this time. A) can't have been eating B) shouldn't have eaten C) mustn't eat D) don't have to eat E) wouldn't have been eating I need to phone my mother and say that |...... home until very late tonight, as we ...... the accounts. A) wasn't / could be checking B) wouldn't be / had to check ) am not going to be / have checked D) won't be / have to check E) can't be / were checking During the American Civil War, General Ulysses S. Grant ...... the Battie of Shiloh if reinforcements had not arrived during the night. A) hadn't won B) could not be winning ) should not win D) might not have won E) may not be winning33. Do you want me to help you carry anything, OF ..... I... Out of your way instead? A) shall,..stay B) would. rather stay C) would...prefer to stay D) should...have stayed E) might. .be staying 34. You ...... your eyes tested without delay if you ...... So many headaches recently. A) have / are getting B) ought to have / have been getting C) will have / should get D) can have / will get E) had to have / would be getting 35. It ..... Sylvester who was dancing with Cynthia last night, because he’s been in a coma since last week. ‘A) shouldn't have been B) mustn't be C) can’t have been D) hadn't been E) ought not to be 36. The origins of the Basque language remain a mystery, but some people think that it... from the earliest language spoken in Europe. ‘A) would rather descend B) used to descend €) shall descend D) should have descended E) may descend I wonder if |...... Arzu to come to the cinema with me, or do you think it .. better to just wait and see if she’s interested in me as well? 37. ‘A) would ask / should have been B) could ask / must have been C) need to ask / can be D) should ask / would be E) have to ask / had to be 38. In my opinion, Drew is the only member of the staff who ...... the building as well as it needs to be designed 39, 40, 41. 42, 43, A Dee A) could have designed B) should have designed ) might be designing ) cught io design E) can design The students ...... their reading for today, but, as only two of them actually have, the teacher is going to give them one more day to do so. A) will have had to complete B) must be completing C) could have been completing D) should complete E) ought to have completed Probably arnong the most learned of all English poets, John Milton ...... in at least eight different languages. ‘A) should be communicating B) would have communicated C) could communicate D) must communicate E) ought to have communicated You really ...... much more of this cough syrup than the label recommends, unless you want to get ill. A) wouldn't have drunk B) shouldn't drink €) couldn't be drinking D) can’t have drunk E) haven't been drinking Although Sheila says she ...... coming out to the bar with us, I know she’s feeling very depressed and ...... at home tonight. A) didn't mind / has to stay B) wasn't minding / can stay C) wouldn't mind / would rather stay D) won't mind / would have stayed E) mustn't mind / would be staying Judging from how quiet and empty their house has been for the past fow weeks, the Pazzo family ...... on vacation. ‘A) would rather go B) ought to be going ) could go D) should have gone E) must have gone44, 45, 46. 47. 49. IS Cine ‘There are a number of theories claiming that the Vikings ..... the first Europeans io discover the Americas, but none of them is very widely accepted. A) might not have been B) should not be C) would not have been D) would rather not be ) will not have been The bookshop across the street ...... down soon, since they don’t seem to have had any customers for weeks. |A) might have closed B) must have closed C) had to close ) could be closing E) ought to have closed We really want to go to the concert, but all the tickets ...... by now, I guess. ‘A) must have been sold B) will soll C) are being sold D) might have been selling E) have had to sell The house round the comer ....., 28 the “For Salo” sign on it... A) should be sold fis going to remove B) will be sold / will have been removed C) must have been sold fhas been removed D) might have sold/will have removed E) would have soldlis going to be removed A lot of people today ...... that Shakespeare and Cervantes died on the same day—23 April 1616—but, in fact, Cervantes died ten days earlier. A) would have believed B) may believe C) could believe D) have had to believe E) should have believed Trovor ...... to the interview on time, and, as a result, he lost his chance at getting the job. A) can't have got B) wasn't able to get C) wouldn't be getting D) couldn't have got E) didn't have to get ee 50. 51 52 83, 54, 58. The lecture ...... in the end, because not enough students had shown interest. A) would have cancelled 8) must be cancelling C) will be cancelled D) had to be cancelled E) was going to cancel |... got up very early every day for the last two weeks, and I'm looking forward tothe day when | ‘A) am having to / don't have to B) have to / won't have had to C) will have to / haven't had to D) had to / didn’t have to E) have had to / won't have to As a child, the Irish author Samuel Beckett often ...... among the branches of trees, causing his mother great worry and himself a few injuries. A) could have let B) would leap ) should be leaping B) must leap E) might have leapt Whenever I...... formally before a number of people, | like to relax my facial muscles first by contracting and then expanding them repeatedly. Ay ought to have spoken B) could have spoken C) would rather speak DB) have to speak E) could speak Nick ...... quitting his job, despite what he toid you, because just yesterday he assured me that he was quite happy there. ‘A) couldn't consider B) shouldn't have considered C) can’t be considering D) won't have considered E) didn’t have to consider There are so few people here at this, boring party that, unfortunately, we .. without drawing attention to ourselves. A) couldn't have left B) don’t have to leave C) won't be able to leave D) can't have left ) must not leave56. Human beings ...... underwater without breathing for more than four or five minutes; otherwise, brain damage starts to set in. ‘A) would not have stayed B) need not stay €) could not stay D) cannot stay ) must not be staying 57. 'm sure that Chris ...... an excellent physicist someday, but instead she chose to quit everything and live in the mountains of central Idaho. A) could have become B) will become ) might be becoming D) must have become E) should become 58. Since it’s about three in the morning back home in Chicago, | guess my parents ...... Now. A) must be sleeping B) have slept ) should have slept D) had to sleep E) were sleeping 59. Mary is not coming to dinner after all, so I...... 80 much food for her. A) ought not to cook B) wasn’t cooking C) needn't have cooked D) must not have cooked E) may not have cooked . writing my novel yet, and | think another two months or so. A) haven't finished/has been taking B) couldn't finish/takes €) don't finish/will have taken D) can’t finish’may have taken E) haven't been able to finish/might take "61-65. sorularda, cumleyi uygun_ ~~ gekilde tamamlayan ifadeyi bulunuz. 61. «...-2, $0 think we should do whatever Wwe Can to console her. A) She used to suffer from very severe depression B) She couldn't possibly have been in the building at the time 62, 63. 64, 65... STS ) It can't be too late to thank her for all her help D) The death of her husband must be terribly difficult E) Her thirtieth birthday party was supposed to be held this Friday Although Darryl has been working somewhat better lately, A) the company may stil fire him for his poor past performance B) his ability to do the job required of him has also improved ) this certainly cannot be his fault D) the boss must have praised him highly forit E) he should not have lost his job because of that ., we had better check and see if there is any online. A) Despite the possibility that we may have got the answer wrong B) As no news of the hurricane has been on TV for some time €) Since we don't have to do a lot of studying for the upcoming test D) No matter how lucky we may seem to be E) Even though we could probably have finished the project on time Because Cynthia isn't feeling well today, ...... A) it must have been her fault and not mine or yours BB) her steak might be very undercooked ) many people seem to be getting rather sick lately D) the illness could tum into an epidemic at almost any time E) she would rather not come out to the cinema with us tonight without thinking how they would affect the others. ‘A) You certainly shouldn't have said such nasty things B) Ronald probably won't be able to come to the dance this evening ) Almost as soon as we had arrived at the meeting D) Louise must be one of the sweetest people I've ever met E) We must not have made ourselves completely understood ea66. 67. TST 66-80. sorularda, verilen ciimlo) anlamea en yakin olan segenegi bulunuz. Philip believes that, in 200 years’ time, robots may have taken over the world. A) Philip supports the belief that the world willbe in robots’ control two centuries. from now, and he might be right. ) It is the opinion of Philip that it will only take 200 years for robots to be able to be in use all over the world ) Apparently, Philip supports the idea that not until two centuries from now will there be robots everywhere in the world D) The belief that robots will begin ‘conquering the world in 200 years’ time is something Philip finds interesting. E) According to Philip, is possible that robots will have gained control of the world two centuries from now. You couldn't have watched Dancing Days at the Chinese Theatre last week because it hasn't played there for nearly a month, A) As Dancing Days has never played at the Chinese Theatre, it must have been some other film that you saw there this past week. B) If you saw Dancing Days at the Chinese" Theatre last week, then it is not true that they stopped showing it a month ago. €) It must not have been the Chinese Theatre where you watched Dancing Days, since it was only there for a month, and last week they stopped it D) The Chinese Theatre stopped showing Dancing Days almost a month ago, so you can't have seen it there this past week, E) The Chinese Theatre hadn't played anything good for almost a month until they started showing Dancing Days, Which you watched there last week Be aoasaas sinc 68. 69, Would you mind holding these plates for a minute while | take these other things off of the table? ‘A) Would you rather help me take the other stuff off of the table or take care of these plates for me while I do so? B) Do you think it would be difficult to remove so many things from the table while also handling these plates? €) I'm going to remove the other stuff from the table, so do you think you could take care of these plates for a second? D) Can you help me to put these plates down on the table in place of the things that am going to remove from it? E) Were you the one who offered to hold these plates so that | could take all these different things off of the table? Annette was supposed to give an oral presentation today about William Shakespeare, but she couldn't come because of her illness. A) Today, Annette was able to come and present an oral report about Willa Shakespeare despite the fact that she was sick. B) Though Annette should be giving her oral report on Wiliam Shakespeare today, she might not come because she is il ) The teacher had assigned Annette to ive today's oral presentation Concerning Wiliam Shakespeare, but she cancelled it after becoming il D) As Annette got sick, she was unable to ‘come and present the oral report on William Shakespeare that she was scheduled to do for today. E) Because of her illness, i's possible that Annette won't be able to come and give her oral presentation on Wiliam Shakespeare70. Although it would be better for you to take no more than one of these pills per day, you may take up to two if the pain is intense. A) If your pain is really bad, you can have one extra pill per day, but normally you should take only one. B) Whenever there is a great deal of pain, [will allow you to take two pills in addition to the one that you would normally take. ) You should have taken only one of these pills every day, but because of the severity of the pain, i's okay that you took two, D) Though you have perhaps taken one more pill per day than you were supposed to, it should not be a problem because the pain was intense. E) It may be a better idea not to take more than two pills every day, because the pain could increase if you take more than that. 71. tt may be true that you don't have to attend university in order to be successful, but a college education certainly increases your chances. A) Although it is correct that going to university is not necessary for one’s, success, your chances definitely go up with a university degree. B) Studying at university can't be absolutely necessary for your succes but itis nice to have a university degree. C) Surely your chances of success have gone up since you completed your college education, although some people don’t believe in the necessity of such an education D) Success at university definitely prepares one for success in life, and 50 one ought to attend university so as to fully achieve success. E) Without a college education, your chances for success go down, so itis. probably not true that university is not a necessity for success 72. It’s possible that | did not correctly understand when | heard you say that you used to date Englebert. 73, 74, we [A) Englebert might not be a good person to date, because he seems to under- stand whatever you say incorrectly B) | have to say that | think your relationship with Englebert was based on a misunderstanding ) Hopefully I did not understand your words incorrectly when you said that you had been dating Englebert D) I thought that | heard you say that your date with Englebert turned out to be {ull of misunderstandings E) | heard you say that you were once dating Englebert, but | might have misunderstood your words, The new job pays quite well, but the applicants must have certain skills. A) The people that will accept the applications are quite skilled, so they receive quite a good salary. B) Only those who have a lot of skill will be able to receive the higher salaries that the new job offers. €) Specific talents are required for the new job, whose money is rather good, from those who apply for it D) There are many people applying for the new and well-paid job, and most of them are very skilled E) One has to be exceptionally talented to even think of applying for the new job, which pays good money. Which of these two films would you prefer to watch this evening: Glory or Driving Miss Daisy? A) Don't you think that Glory would be @ better film to watch this evening than Driving Miss Daisy? B) Are Glory and Driving Miss Daisy the only two films we will be able to watch this evening? C) | would rather see Glory tonight, but ‘would you prefer that or Driving Miss Daisy? D) Would you rather see Glory tonight, or would you prefer Driving Miss Daisy? E) Was Glory the film that we were going to watch tonight, or was it Driving Miss Daisy? eetRETEST 75. The collapse of Michael's marriage may have been the result of his selfishness. ‘A) Michael should have been a bit and then his marriage might not have collapsed. B) itis possible that it was Michael's self centered behaviour that caused his marriage to fall apart. €) Selfishness like Michael's in a marriage can only result in that marriage's falling apart. D) The selfish behaviour of Michael certainly contributed to the collapse of his marriage. £) Michael could have behaved less. selfishly, and that would have prevented his marriage from falling apart 76. Make sure that Tyler does not forget to bring his camera on the trek ‘A) You should have reminded Tyler before the trek to take his camera along with him, B) Do not forget to tell Tyler that you did not remember to bring his camera on the trek C) Tyler had better remember to take his, camera along with him on the trek. D) Tyler won't remember to bring his camera on the trek if you do not remind him. E) You must remind Tyler before the trek to take his camera along with him. You will be allowed to enter the conference room as soon as the manager has finished with her presentation. 77. A) The manager will be finishing her presentation very soon, and then you may go into the conference room, B) Now that the manager has finished presenting, you can enter the conference room ) The conference room will be closed to everyone as long as the manager is stil giving her presentation, ae 78. 79. ) Until the manager's presentation is done, you can't go into the conference room: E) It seems that the manager has not given her presentation yet, so you may siill enter the conference room: It could be that Denise is not particularly wise, but she must have some intelligence because she is an ‘engineer. A) Itis possible that Denise is very intelligent, since she is an engineer, but | do not consider her particularly wise, B) Denise can certainly be quite dumb on occasion, yet she is, in fact, very intelligent owing to her job as an engineer. C) Engineers like Denise are generally somewhat intelligent, even though, also like her, they are not always wise. D) Being an engineer, Denise is surely intelligent to some degree, although she may not be especially wise. E) Denise had to be very intelligent in order to become an engineer, but that does not mean that she is especially wise. Larry ought to get a job rather than spending so much of his time doing nothing except watching TV. AA) Larry would rather not find a job so that he can keep spending most of his time doing nothing but watching TV. B) Instead of watching TV and doing nothing else for such a large amount of his time, Larry should find employment. C) Larry does not do anything with his time apart from watching TV, and that is why he needs to get a job D) Larry could have found employment, but he preferred to spend his time watching TV and doing nothing else E) It is possible for Larry to find a job, but first he must stop spending so much of his time doing nothing but watching TV.80. During family picnics when I was a child, | would go off into the forest to ‘escape my annoying relatives. A) My relatives would always annoy me during the family picnics we had when was a child by taking me into the forest and leaving me there. B) My annoying family members would have family picnics when | was young, and | got used to escaping from them into the forest. ) | used to enter the forest when there was a family picnic during my childhood, so that | could get away from my irritating family members D) Family picnics when | was young used to always take place in the forest, but my family was as irritating there as they were anywhere else. E) My relatives used to get really annoyed when | went into the forest and hide during the family pionics we had during my childhood, 81-85" Soriilarday verilen ingilizce ciimleye anlamea en yalan Tiirkce ciimleyi bulunuz. 81. A spokesperson for UNICEF has stated that some of the missing children may have run away, but some have been jidnapped by gangs. A) UNICEF ‘in bir s6zciisiiniin betintigine gore, kayip gocuklar ya kagmislar ya da ceteler tarafindan kaginimrslardir B) UNICEF'n bir sézotist, Kayip cocuklarn bazilarinin kagmis olabilecedini ancak bazilarinin ceteler tarafindan kaginld Gini ifade etmistic, C) UNICEF in bir sézciisi, bazi kayip ocuklarin kagmis oldugunu, bazilarin: {se getelerin kagirdigin: diigindiklerini agiklamistr D) Kayip cocuklanin bazilarinin kagmis olabilecegi, bazilarinin ise geteler tarafindan kacinldigi UNICEF'in bir sézciisii tarafindan dogrulanmistir E) UNICEF adina konusan bir sézci, bazi geteler tarafindan kaginimis olabilecegi digtiniilen gocukiarin asiinda kendi istekleriyle kagligin: séylemistir aT 82, Stress is one ofthe most important factors that invite infection by lessening the resistance of the body. A) Stres, viicut direncini azaitarak enfeksiyonlara davetiye gikaran en onemii etkenlerden biriir. B) Stres, vilout direncini azaltarak enfeksiyonlar icin gereken ortams yaratan en Gnemli etkendir C) Stres, vicut direncini azaltir ve boylece enfeksiyoniara davetiye cikarmis olur. D) Viicut direncini azaltarak enfeksiyoniara davetiye gikaran etkenlerin iginde en énemisi strestir E) Enfeksiyon kapmay kolaylagtiran en dnemiietkenlerden stres, viicutta direncin azalmasina neden olur. 83. Abraham Lincoln, the sixteenth president of the United States of America, stands out as a statesman of noble vision and virtue, A) Asil gdrisiti ve erdemii bir deviet adamt olarak dikkat geken Abraham Lincoin, Amerika Birlesik Devietlerinin 16. cumhurbaskanidir B) Amerika Biriesik Devietlerinin 16 ‘cumhurbaskant olan Abraham Lincoln, son derece erdemli ve asil gordsli biriydi C) Amerika Birlesik Devietlernin 16 ‘cumhurbagkant olan Abraham Lincoln asil gériisté ve erdemii bir deviet adam olarak géze carpar. D) Amerika Birlesik Devietler'nin 16, cumhurbaskani olan Abraham Lincoln‘tin en énemii 6zelligi, erdemli ve asil goriisli bir deviet adam olmasidir. E) Asil girigli ve erdemii bir deviet adam: olarak kabul edilen Abraham Lincoln, Amerika Birlesik Devletlerinin 46. cumhurbaskani olmustur.SSO 84, The Impressionists like Monet and Renoir tried to capture an immediate visual interpretation of their subjects by using colour rather than lines. AA) izlenimecilerden olan Monet ve Renoir, cizgiden cok renk kullanarak konularini tamamen gérsel bir dille anlatmay: secmislerdir. B) Monet ve Renoir gibt izienimciler, sizgilerden ziyade renkleri kullanarak konutarinin dogrudan gérsel bir anlatimini yakalamaya galismistardrr €) Monet ve Renoir gibi izlenimciter, konulannda gizgilerden ziyade renkleri kullanarak dogrudan bir anlatimi tercih eder. D) Konularinda gérsel bir antatim yakalamaya ¢alismis olan Monet ve Renoir gibi izlenimciler, gizgilerden ziyade dogrudan renkleri kullanuriardi E) Cizgiler yerine renkleri kullanan Monet ve Renoir gibi izienimciterin amaci konunun gorsel bir anlatimint dogrudan yakalamaktt 85. Sporting activities, which are funda- mental opportunities to liberate the imaginative capacity of children, also develop the habits of cooperation and sharing. A) Cocuktaki yaratie: giciin getismesini desiekleyen spor etkinlikler,isbirligi ve paylasma aliskanhiklarin: pekistirmek igin de cok gerekiicr. B) Gocugun yaratici giictind diga ‘vurmasini saglayan spor etkinlikler cocuda isbirligi ve paylasma aligkanhiklarint kazandhr. ) Gocuda isbirlgi ve paylagma gibi aligkanliklar kazandiran spor etkinlikleri, cocuklarin yaraticihinin gelismesinde cok énemli bir rol oynar. D) Cocugun isbirigi ve paylagma aligkanliklarini Kazanmasinda énemii clan spor elkinlkleri, cocuktaki yaratict gicti agiga gikanir. E) Gocuktaki yaratici giiciin agida gikmasi icin énemi firsatiar olan spor etkinlikier, isbirlifi ve paylagma aligkanliklarini da gelistir. ee 86. 87. 86-90. sorularda, veriten Turkce climiéye anlamca en yakin Ingilizce cfimleyi bulunuz, Yerel yénetimler arsa vurgunculugunu Snleyen kanunlar uygulamaya koymalilar, aksi halde, gelecek nesiller igin hig yesil alan kalmayabilir. A) Future generations may not have any green space unless local governments Stop land-grabbing by enforcing strict laws. B) If local governments do not enforce flaws that will put an end to land- grabbing, future generations will not have any green space. C) Local governments must enforce laws to end land-grabbing so that there will be plenty of green space left for future generations D) Local governments should enforce laws that prevent land-grabbing; otherwise, there may not be any green space left for future generations. E) Land-grabbing must be prevented by local governments, or else, there may bbe no green space left for future generations. Festival, gékyiiziiniin masmavi oldugu ve sicakligin bunaltmadig: gegen Pazartesi’den daha giizel bir giinde yapilamazdi. A) The festival couldn't have been held on a nicer day than last Monday, when the ‘sky was bright blue and the heat was, not oppressive B) The festival, which was held last Monday, could have been held on a nicer day, with a bright blue sky and less oppressive heat. ) There couldn't have been a better day than last Monday to organize the festival, as the sky was bright blue and the temperature was not too high. D) The festival couldn't be held last Monday, although the weather was very suitable, with a bright blue sky and a less oppressive heat. E) We couldn't have had a better day to hold a festival, as the sky was bright blue and the heat wasn't oppressive at all88, Lewis Pugh, Thames Nehri’ni boydan boya yiizen ilk kisi olmadan énce, bes okyanusta uzun mesafoler yizmeyi bagarmists. A) Lewis Pugh was a successful swimmer who had managed to swim long distances in five oceans before he became the first person to swim the entire length of the River Thames. B) Lewis Pugh, who became the first person to swim the entire length of the River Thames, also accomplished Jong-distance swims in five oceans. C) Before his successful venture of swimming the entire length of the River Thames, Lewis Pugh had managed to swim long distances in five oceans. D) Before he became the first person to swim the entire length of the River Thames, Lewis Pugh had already succeeded in swimming long distances in five oceans. E) After Lewis Pugh had completed long- distance swims in five oceans successfully, he became the first person to swim the entire length of the River Thames 89. Deniz kaplumbagast yavrulan, yumurta- larindan giktiklani andan itibaren giicliklerie kendi baslarina miicadele ‘etmek zorundadirlar. A) As soon as the offspring of sea turtles hatch, they are faced with a lot of hardships B) Itis a difficult process for the offspring of sea turtles fo hatch on their own, and from that moment on, they have to face even more difficulties, €) The offspring of sea turtles have to struggle against hardships on their own from the moment they hatch. D) The offspring of sea turtles learn to face all the hardships on their own as soon as they hatch. E) Just after they have hatched, the offspring of sea turtles have to lear how to face all the hardships on their ‘own, TES Ci 90. Bu alani gergek bir bilim dalina déniistiirmek amaciyla Dr. J. B. RI 1930'da ilk parapsikoloji laboratuvarim: kurmustur. ‘A) When Dr. J. 8. Rhine founded the first parapsychology laboratory in 1930, his aim-was to develop the field into a true branch of science. B) The first parapsychology laboratory was established in 1930 by Dr. J. B. Rhine, whose aim was to get the field accepted as real science. ) In 1930, Dr. J. B. Rhine founded the first parapsychology laboratory, where he aimed to develop the field into a true branch of science, D) When, in 1930, Dr. J. B. Rhine founded the first parapsychology laboratory, he was trying to develop the field into a true branch of science. E) Dr. J. B. Rhine founded the first parapsychology laboratory in 1930, with the aim of developing the field into a true branch of science.TEST YOURSELF 2 4-45; Sonularday/euimileds birakitan bositig uygun sekilde tamamlayan ifadeyi bulunuz. ‘ Due to a lack of definite information, some scholars believe that Homer ... the Odyssey, or even the Hliad. ‘A) wasn't supposed to write B) didn't use to write C) may not have written ) won't have written ) ought not to have written You .....0: a shave before you set off for the interview—you don’t iook very nice at all A) had to have B} used to have €) must have had D) would rather have E) ought to have The Vikings ....... the Americas before Columbus, as archaeologists have found the remains of their settlements. A) will have reached B) may reach €) ought to have reached D) had to reach ) must have reached In Turkey, both Turkish citizens and foreigners ....... their identification cards with them wherever they go. A) have to carry B) could be carrying C) would rather have carried D) used to carry E) may have carried Sa saes Seals No one ....... the party better than Michael—it was absolutely fantastic! ‘A) must be organizing B) should have organized ) ought to be organizing D) could have organized E) had to organize Before the 20th century, sailors in the navy ....... very difficult lives, judging from their poor accommodation, awful food, and unfair conditions of service. A) had to have B) must have had ) would rather have D) have had E) must be having That........ Nadia calling—she always phones me around this time in the evening A) had to be B) used to be C) would rather be 1D) has been E) must be Sean Connery ....... a labourer before he became an actor. ‘A) has been B) might be C) used to be D) could be E) should be In Greek mythology, Achilles decided that he ....... young and be remembered forever than live a long and happy, but obscure, life A) will have died B) can die ©) may be dying D) must have died E) would rather die10. n 12, 13. 14. Even though 1 know We srw wes Stay in tonight—1 want to watch Melekler Adasi. A) don't have to let's B) can't / we must C) needn't / we had to D) won't /I used to E) mustn't / 1 could Adolf Hitler ....... to hate Jews because he hated Ludwig Wittgenstein when they were both at school together—but the evidence for this is weak. ‘A) must have started B) may have started ) has started D) used to start E) was able to start Melbourne ....... the capital of Australia until the government decided to move it to Canberra A) used to be B) should have been ¢) may have been D) would rather be E) needed to be Franz Kafka....... his writing during the night because his full-time job meant Fe au during the day. A) used to do / won't have B) ought to have done / needn't have C) must have done / can't ) had to do / wasn't able to E) must do / might not have Jeremy ...... the guitar well, but he is too shy to do so in front of anyone but me. A) will have played B) must play C) can play D) should play E) used to play 15, 16. 17. 18, 19. SOLIS I know that you want to watch TV, but | the evening reading poetry with you. ‘A) have spent B) would rather spend ) must have spent D) spend E) used to spend Only citizens of Turkey, Slovenia, Macedonia, and Japan ........ a visa in order to visit Iran. A) shouldn't have got B) couldn't be getting C) don't need to get 1D) would rather not get, E) may not have got Sir Richard Burton ....... on the Hajj, even though he wasn't a Muslim, by 1g to be a doctor from South ‘A) was able to go B) must go ¢) would rather go D) may be going E) is supposed to go In the future, because of global warming, temperatures around the world... hotter on average than they are now. A) are B) would rather be C) have been D) need to be E) willbe Nell... at 8 o'clock this evening, but he didn’t finally turn up until after 10. A) used to come B) must have come C) might have come D) was supposed to come E) will have come eae20. People in London ....... more afraid of travelling on the Underground now than they were before the bombings there. ‘A) must be B) can be C) were D) should have been E) used to be 21. John ....... a copy of A Discourse on Inequality, as the library had a copy of it that he could borrow. ‘A) must not buy B) needn't have bought C) didn't use to buy D) cannot buy ) should not be buying 22, Just before the actual day, the match aus when the stadium was discovered to be unsafe. A) has been cancelled B) has to be cancelled ) was cancelled D) must have cancelled E) was supposed to cancel 23, It ...... a long time for drivers to cross the Bosphorus before the road bridges were built across it. A) used to take B) has taken C) should have taken D) was able to take E) ought to take 24, Neslihan ....... to Gazi Kagkii tomorrow, but we want her to come with us today, when it won't be so crowded. ‘A) must have gone B) can go C) must be going D) has been going E) was going to go eee 25. 26. 2. 28. 29. Wftwere you, I... Russian language and literature at university—but the choice is yours, of course. ‘A) used to study B) must have studied C) was studying D) would study E) could have studied John Stuart Mill was a remarkable child, a he ...... Plato and Demosthenes in Greek, and comment on them, at the age of 10. ‘A) would sooner read B) was able fo read C) must have read D) could have read E) ought to read Conchita ....... over tomorrow, but it's not certain, as she ...... late at the clinic. ‘A) must come / would have worked B) will come / must work ) may come / is supposed to work D) has had to come / must be working E) might come /is able to work William Thesiger concluded that he his time sharing the hard life of the Bedouin in the Rub’ al-Khali than work and live in Britain. A) would rather spend B) has to spend C) used to spend D) spends E) could be spending Sevi up early next Sunday, because her bus to Mus leaves at 7 in the morning. A) might have got B) is able to get ©) used to get D) has got E) has to get30. Eleni ....... how much the dinner cost before she ate it, and then she wouldn't have had to pay so much money for it A) used to ask B) must have asked C) may have asked D) should have asked E) could be asking 31. Countries around the world........ their ‘own time systems, until a standard global system came into use in the first half of the 20th century. A) ought to have had B) will have had €) would sooner have D) used to have E) must have 32. Jeff's sister is fluent in three languages, but Jeff... barely .. his own language correctly. A) must...speak B) can...speak ) should. speak D) might...have spoken ) has...spoken 33. With current population trends, Indi the world’s most populous Country by 2030. A) would sooner become B) needs to become C) should become D) has become E) used to become 34, this report on the company finances finished before tomorrow, or | my job. A) would rather get / should have lost B) could get / may lose C) must get / might lose D) ought to get / could have lost E) have been able to get / lose 36. It... that cat that killed that bird— see! He has a feather and blood in his mouth. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40, A) had better be B) may have been €) used to be D) was able to be E) must have been Canan attended an intensive language course last month, and since then, she English a little more fluently. A) could speak B) has been able to speak C) may have spoken D) will have been speaking ) is speaking I don’t think the blue sofa looks very nice—....... buy the green one. A) let's B) why don't ©) Idan't mind B) Id preter E) Id lke | ue the Aztec and Mayan ruins of Mexico than go on vacation to Britain A) would preter to explore B) will be exploring C) used to explore D) must explore E) may be exploring Even though there is an official death certificate proving that he died, some people sfill think that Andy Kaufman e still A)is able to be B) can be C) may be D) will be E) would rather be You ....... that much money from the bank unless you are sure that you really ‘A) have not borrowed / are supposed to B) would sooner not borrow / will C) didn’t use to borrow / can D) had better not borrow / have to E) couldn't have borrowed / must44 42, 43, 44. 48, Abu Dhabi....... a tiny pearl-diving town, but nowadays it is one of the most modern metropolises in the Middle East. A) should be B) used to be C) needed to be D) could be E) will have been Yves ....... the electricity bill before 7 November, but he forgot all about his electricity was cut off. so ‘A) was supposed to have paid B) used to pay ) would rather have paid D) must have paid E) may have paid After a decision of Sultan Selim Il in 1566, the Janissaries no longer unmarried while in service. A) had to remain B) must have remained ) would sooner remain D) could have remained E) will have remained Daniel Tammet, who is autistic, .. mathematical calculations faster than a calculator, and speaks seven languages. A) needs to perform B) must be performing C) has to perform D) should be performing E) can perform In Singapore, people ....... public toilets after using them, or the police them, ‘A) have to flush / used to arrest B) may flush / might arrest €) must flush / can arrest D) can flush / have arrested E) need to flush / would rather arrest Banca inci inv birakilan 46:55, sorularda) arin’ famalayan as it is against the law there. ‘A) You don't have to eat pork in Saudi Arabia B) You can bring your Barbies to Russia ) You needn't speak badly about the Thai monarchy D) You mustn't smoke in bars in Ireland E) Let's not read The Da Vinci Code on holiday 47, As people have been living there for around 4,000 years, A) Stonehenge used to be Britain's most mysterious tourist attraction B) the Egyptians were able to go to war against the Nubians €) the Sumerians used to be the most powerful people in Mesopotamia D) the Achaeans had to invade and conquer Greece E) Aleppo may be the oldest continuously inhabited city in the world 48. Although Natasha Demkina claimed she had X-ray vision, ‘A) she was unable to see a huge metal plate in someone's skull B) she said she was able to see the organs inside people's bodies C) some people must believe that she's telling the truth D) she doesn't need special equipment to make a diagnosis E) she may have gained this amazing” ability early in her life 49, To get rid of your headache, A) it must be a migraine B) you should take an aspirin ) you must have been very stressed D) it might just go away on its own E) you'd rather do some serious studying50. 52... 53. Visitors from Turkey can get confused on roads in Cyprus, ..... A) though the British must have designed the system B) and they are able to communicate easily as well C) because they are supposed to be on holiday D) since they must be using Turkish currency E) as there they have to drive on the left- hand side . than deal with the causes of war. AA) The Sri Lankan peace process may permanently end the hostilities B) Western countries should stop interfering in the Middle East ) Governments around the world would sooner spend money on weapons D) The United Nations Security Council ought to include more members E) Any attempt to promote peace must examine both sides of the issue ., but they had sold out by the time | got there. A) Iwas supposed to buy some bread from the bakery B) | could have paid your heating bill for you ) I must have watched this Cem Yilmaz DVD a hundred times D) I had to work in the shop for the whole afternoon E) I couldn't find any good tangerines at the market Instead of going to a café, ‘A) a cappuccino must be very expensive there B) we always travel to work by minibus C) Id rather go somewhere for a cup of coffee D) let's spend the afternoon by the sea E) | have enough money to pay for it TDL but now he is a celebrated novelist. ‘A) Kazuo Ishiguro prefers to produce works of fiction B) Julian Barnes can speak French fluentiy ) Colm Téibin used to be a magazine editor D) JIM. Coetzee may have won the Nobel Prize for literature E) Achmat Dangor must have read Franz Katka ., but she had no birth certificate, ‘so nobody knows for certain. A) Amelia Earhart must have died somewhere over the Pacific Ocean B) Katrina Cuaresma Sapal may have been the oldest person on earth €) The singer Tina Tumer used to have the name Anna Mae Bullock D) The British government preferred to deny a visa to Leila Khaled ) Women may live for a longer time on average than men 56. Sonia was supposed to have taken her laptop to work this morning—she must have forgotten it. AA) Itis probable that Sonia accidentally left her laptop here, as she had to take it to work this morning, B) Sonia may have gone to work with her laptop, or she might have forgotten to do 0. ) Sonia possibly forgot that she had to take her laptop with her to work this morning, D) Sonia may not have remembered to bring her laptop to work this moming, although she should have done so, E) Sonia really needs to remember to bring her laptop with her to work this morning. eae