_@& 1 framed tat eee Ecce thap al oper ted eponiaetpa feather egos asin Ste eine kept ant mom Sie malar ‘tua tree sa eee Bob action ee mmc apne 4 dee fn ig Nhl (987i {ote orcs 4 Te a ob ew hs hrc phe Cee my ‘Mvelcetand ob conden peaking with im 1 “Cone sce ru one cero ree scart Seite tl ed ap contac re Sertich le eae oponton Yanan srk compan moe age ME, dlgnd ons empl anti whic Tee longo ngicomen oleate tea 8 Introduction Fr seems rrrrine wo taves paper show output in ole fo Haney Widdowaon Hey afer al the cons ares rel ht peep epg ‘oatig he ‘upothypohes asec iat ts apt ed ‘em and pode cite for. Se emer ‘chav aged thr ott nothing moce han ‘contig saute ths aay er le anda [atte to tl lei StA cep poly tron sare el) Seu be eer Ren 9h One cone ea Inoteascaine that producing lagsnge tren send angnoe ‘squ inseeral was, One enone prodcng he tap abn tees pectsng nat enone ey cat cond with eget {8 Ginesonsoflngue performance, aed skouph pte may fans heey, doe aoe ecu improve seurcy Es £98 Seisoa er fntions of eupt a econ language scion have een repose more sceurcy tha cacy tl outing hg [F=8 om the tun to oer the note Sal Pst ‘noted hat outur promotes nang Tat top spe ‘tenth ng nue roa or bree iermer nesp beeen wha she sot oy and ht hy casein ‘ME recipe wan acy ona kao ora ol purty Sikes wor under ome ccm the say of predate he ‘Ses ngsage may prompt sod lnguge amr tocol ‘cncsn fh pin peter mo bigot SExSoethig stepmother ai 90h Th Soy iger copie proce hich hn inguin ASTIN ar earn owe combate ter exing fsocnsnalpn pa ‘Record way nc roduc nguge may ee lange ee posh hyper Ta prouange eWht'ay owen hypsthe sous omelet a i Ua medent A connec by of evsch an the Emperor eed ue enn ‘SefShpaster hw helaene adeno te eater vps Cover s960) Stetina okettdacrenchcutadcnnen mos tepece ee "Fry a learner ref upon tei own ge nguage we, cout scrvesa meting fonction enabling theo conta irae gc Leow yumi presen St ‘cite nce comers dieters items op Howeve mayo that rel want tocomierit “geal mens wk weean care ae er Differences berween comprehension and ‘production: implications for the roles of output ‘efrexamining these three anton ofourpatin more dep woud Tietomake se preiunary comments about the diferenees bere ‘redaction and comprehension. The importance oearning of ouput ‘eal be thar ouput panes enners o proces lnpunpe more dep {th move menial flr) thon docs input Wh arpa helene la ‘Snel by focusing on ouput we may be foaringon way in wih {citer con pay move ate rerponibleolesin dee eoring tea Im speaking or wring, neers can ‘rec’ thee ntelangange ro ‘net communicative foal They might work towards linge inion ying ther mineral nee, oy te Fretherle olsen for oltonn fe tap Lena at well os "ntvespenerofcoue ean fake so torpeakncomprehnion at ‘he cannot do on the same wey a proton, ey ca pa he ‘cvs olf ss avingundentood se Hatkine 98a} 9 len demo ‘ted. Hawking shamed ha kare wold es clan toundesnd ‘hi imerocutrs whe, i fn they inc: Heres oped, leer ted odo somethings dey ned to crete ngs farm end ‘ang ins ing eicner wht hey can dena de. “Tone thissomewhat more sleganty the process involved pros" ducing ans can be ute differen hm hose voc nse ‘ding ngage lark and Cae (e977 57-79inaseco cape, ‘itv speakers uein comprehending The sates reprten a seo esi ean twee ee fh shy 30d fl ino two genera approach ymtacitdemantic Ia ‘icing the absmpuon tha leners make hen te of fonction vs hd tafe to male gue sbou ce probable ius turf what hey are bearing, Cn nd Clark point ot than sa ‘erch these rat the words and clement that ne mos difcst Wes’ bids 73). Farchermore, i inteing and sv seeding, ‘ean and peapatc Information asi commas in wes sy iferemy in production in ha ey can crcarvent Liner ly Ino hot was per sng tn ‘Tyere ake ed pe a that a ‘ho an ec yc ike ‘nestle bee pepe aed ee ‘Rin sept nd pl sepa’ Les Atmel ten Reportar eicy oe pane eae terete cium yn cna iegaee (Clark and Clark 1977272) : ‘In coosading thei research report about an ESL program in New euniwick that was eel comprehension based, Lphtown sh Materti993ragh ste ta)Ina sees ei hardly suprising sat dens eon thi own ir langue purely from expoar to copechonte certo edelp with cen sion i ferent ftom the Kind ef paces dima for acgtion. St Seok tgs expedite ably deedelaatan Se the mening conveyed bya pela ‘apts which eae thar meals. Is sum, cup ay smaller to move bom the seman, feerended now determi sree poceeg proses ee rocenng need fo sca. ING gloticion. Guru, sn, would ssn ty Res aca ‘eine on the derlopment of yar and eevee ‘hac under hethree functonr of oupuc with whee ee eae med Three functions of output nerf thi rapes ited to dice hee antons of ure ‘hich hypothe lateta scuracy ater ha * the nacingtneing faction or what igh beveled tous : hrc etn 2 sh mealogite faction, ae what might be releced oa “reve rte ae Ins) Noticing ofthe thee proposed functions of he noticing oe ee, oc ex edback proved hear ‘ntedoettorabourpretlensin sheencase we were interested ering what students would do without ‘ether npr fom exten sources wheter they would yo work ‘irslations on ei ow, eS sl were at ete PS cape ppm a eh ped (Pes protla ler dnt: cmeered wh wong decid tes ferry or ncoreciy or simpy solved oa ter carey ot Inco withow having exp ented a= problem These ‘pices were cuegraed scoring the mental proces ‘hocnhe ware ces in the changes the aden made othe oo ut Oven about qe ofdec pods teens pastes ee et sso mand ng ers young antes do nde they roduc the Suse yo toe feeeeae taecicipt Cage le Ferman, en thee lene enesuntesifene in pode the target lingung, they engage in thovght proces of ert ‘which may playa olen cond language learning eo Curing ‘ape, a 12h The cone, proce ened pent [Ending Ux ngage tromicty to ced langage commer ‘Stent and fort nd texing hypothe sboutUnaie fra ners es fou easy Cove ante aareae Rear a emesae obs he ‘utpaan ctolae noting that rsa ener wens a np ii terete eg eaters eerie ee Foremost on ir oie rc ht are ber ‘Ting Enomegs tate frase or Cons “heicexirng knowl, Hapothesiteting “The second func f output ha | want acai pote (eng tle han ben srpued tat some eee which spent be3el lean writen and spoken production reveal hypotheses hel by Fie erence rede * poate hearers were nor eting hypothe, then change i thei opt ond nor be expected following fecdorce Howeree ecm search (oriole Pe, Hoda Lewis end Morgana: tos feashee = 1993) demossrats that daring the proces foegtaang stag letersi modify thee ourpet In pons iach conteretion| ‘More at casio req o condrmaton check: For exapl, ‘it ad ber colleges (989) ound sarin espana noone sone ety nt e eecet Topas hypocenitesing were jetta of fining more int weigh ee hrg seach inane of fn. hy soneinputisaken up andor ber inpu il nar het do wit ‘emprcherstiy, learneinenal factors te, beth canor tee stole story The fact that enn ol ther sph non he (ot ‘otal thr ueranes areal th tey ae oly ‘et some hing nd not othe thai utah deed oro ‘eynersenented hypoth thatthe urate esa fort repocene, warnce eran a eters riage {stop se Naboyoul end Ele 195), the arampton oe ae roc noteion ous Goad aera eae ‘ongeed by i and br callus (983) learnt a rating ‘hr outpr thyposeee about etc lange epee secon cd mn edo ae ‘eth arsine ethane found cad neh a Ihe gregh imenion dents daned shave mpi toe tepid erected eaten contest te “hsp ot ofthe oe madebyTroneandLia whee ‘aghivvaloe a thledyovaratonia he cuparaa Chincoy “otk yorsasheacquied Eg ne "Ts tom op tht scon, me hae een ha eee ay ede 3 bsehack may noc bef or lenoming dos oa cee ‘aluccthvigcxpeinened ihc nua en, Contcious reflection ‘antrum now o deus the thi fancton of oupe is meri { foncion, Ft wilerpnin what Tinea ye Sanction ofontput and poside an ascetic caooniene ring wih anerampe isthe entre of otgtaion af meng Fehon ‘hi Iwi consider wo stair in sone depth wlcecopt eee {or tend lng ening of connor seen she rg, eutat mite fered win the pacar dns coeds have stuied ia negra abourfoce ated thas anton of outptitocer hypothe cs ‘sted sath outptn steiypathee Tati cee ‘ses the earner bes puss at to hew somthing soni risen. acy ak lees what nce pacer a eee {afer them om the ouput ell Hower der et oe tiga ent wll not onl eve the pra ing lexners contol andineraace ‘Thus we ca look not only a ‘opurarshe hypothe tomehingleter sometimes doin der to lean bat at look at what explihypothesting dvs foresee ons ‘olin secondtanguage learn oer fovea wha eames mak xpi and how his con. ‘chutes to language developmen, we nes tas wiih tomer, {efeion on angngs form wheal ning ocemedte pri Ingato tnmostafterecarch ea thestdyafneracon ‘hiareecve proces lot demanded Teefocussiae ese, ison wharavenon i pricpaly octedon messager oom’ Nana 98:10). Ifac lifes int serine of commersation ss tha’ ‘Ss rather han on te lng cae tes ivofehae "here mut bea oc on me (ced in Nebuyosh sd lis neva leases eae eet pen rrr et ene come ace Sesser ae ‘Slanguege for and its elation tothe meaning tey ae tying to Merge en camer rite ‘tng onepalte abou fore. ena acerca canes ‘George, ae in prde eight lage thirteen of an arly French immersion pa ier plea Tee ae en eee ee apie eo oe creme aaa Siehapmenctcetnent ieatractocs ere eeeel hE eee erent Sintotetnaerercrapmiocauaed See neta amie ssaearentearacas Seen isan ee sae eeeeeeceeweepetee See eens Saas aite eee ae Amends une minute! Non, i's besoin du Bescherelle ISiegedton tk ene pe ee nda Ob ce fete n ene 0 Stace cotter ig isconjugated inthe same way and aimer isgiven as he 6 EF Lam I ve i vous pe reading om the ssl‘Le pa simple wows race nous aime (Kh iS ed esceton pr vero of eve which nites he wosdhehas wien ia hist bot able fd ont ey oeonce Puree ott Sit rine pa gue ea (eae who Aten are een pat ow tacase (bat Be bat ‘itn dowminkinnorr cveonstecauon? ‘by ronctten Ceson Ges roblbmes go nour wacasten (2 “tary po cep the ane ‘Sep: Gronate Oh orig rosea what or err Out? fo what) SFE Tene npecines quinoo aca. Likes pa) ‘eae pattie (pause He that concerns copa: wart Oukmaisenne es cpa gee et? Spa: Oconcss Tiassa ax un, cet pat on [pause 4 “anno uns ouracaewhe abasic seater Oa x poblene ulna taser: Done, 278 gushes un werk Co, aon J So ‘org: tenentem: Ubhuh. SE Kerr Denese geen? SFE Taba Noun Cece pn capo osc es mes, Cen passes panaue one: warrant peon pos “The olowingnotnonshave been se cy edie cdioralcommens addedby hears, Ellen ew addy he tronseriber toad comprehension ‘caret wraps made simulnca ‘Rowaland Swain, fotconin) J role bere ihat Keith a writen noos acne’ in i tt TRsdistersneecocpod wi sknawdge of eh hat when Moorheneral sve chendng oe verbo. Tica. ‘AeShowe Kei and Googly coming to an understanding pein “epoch elaine pronoun) ite bit the yee eacanene nts at ot tpl aba oe {emf th very am ache open on eden te ening sce fete har el ont ek esctot hebesctal) snes npn plrloenon Siaverb mich docanendwihsoa Katha te bln erin eppesing oe wc ose paren ee ‘exponen Heher sree be peblen onde serveork on rang i Th cer fe oo bry dos nk Fret are Swett prvi tng we Kes permet eer ‘Sentra Aun oy, Gompe hat fech of undonsndng Tes trond how the word seed oon ster The af the ‘Sample shows Gens stoging witha exponen of i under endogotwty actu adtcinde teres parse s tu on ke ee pos sf andintmopes Mouse cet por iri arn Sonn. ns tert nese te poli ao Th expen {et perder ash wi tame gh hat Gorge a oak ‘eter tee theta en cg intiseupie Gmge bee messin te sel sii He ‘ators not ng menage a xp he teerenc metus oath cians Sih onatet tees ‘ively a mininon, woud arpa comereemac ol ‘oeetarammone re ena fr anon sd eninge inn tcc way tek waren ‘npr well ate pant ig os momento conte Yweentys pnpetne on he Inpro of ola ienten ‘eteding fo Vanhy (e980) copnte procs he isa aro teen dita For scope eo ‘sting pany ong ecg nena he ier pam Fame pose ef oro eet Sante inthe Sol apr coma wee pecarloe ‘celia idea one Sp sano hl prc ofsevcapmen, om nec cre meal ‘rv imporane pence fle. arse Demo ape 9k Sed Thefoctafaital sou." on staring eeouten tos)of conowletge and how tis coontescton process cele in lnganc change among an within ndculs dating in activi” “Ths procs becomes porary oberable for tngnage develop” ‘nen he harkens ar tage nivale refectingo het ‘language odtion thay when they ae engaged in ego ‘Muboatfanm Secondly, 1 Donato and Lana! 1990) pl out, [eet developmental process se loi derived ad cont fed they oan be seve dec in he lng interctions ‘Reva snc pak ashy partes in peolen solving ah {tapes the present conten this means hat what we we ora Sefin George outa ashe gale to nan hi wnderonding [ut the poser of econd language lensing Tat hough an ‘Eimntion what ares door ny hey eect on langue fn ‘haramempero products wearepven acest ning ores pecan becomes with Example ken rom thee ational etiag snc sabre Gs dro) ‘rec nt nancon es lng Seopment he dr ines ween te ae eect of Ei, hee Hake (oeiings pe we presuming a eee cobeermnon ae ee catenin a eee cee cota macs See eee sane a eee ae ee See peer eee Senate nena ta yp eres in she apcopiation of ings owe when ane the coment of creating meaning iemay hearse ee {ie compas o move beond The Ouse broaht show ‘trou he colabraine dog may allow learners the neces) ‘eppet outperform te competence and inthe pore deep theming. “ios are sgpiv of he ve of hi sor of nepiaon ‘eas form fo second ansag ksvig: One es sy by Dene {soa on colle eating. The ssa sly coma y {are (194 on vole of ep nd of cnlosrefeson on ‘up imecond langage ring Although theDente ey ‘ers spontancoul feud on form wheresin he LaPere 8) ‘hey wee aut odo so, inbot eudes rsdn prodoced guage snd talted about the lngurge they podoced. The question to com ‘dred here is whether there eience demontening ome cote ‘tence fr lnpune leanings stadt you lnguage a mae Ssoltheprheses that undelete lagoon Tle ‘oder bet eck of estes n or ‘As part o oc larger study on clare planning among ‘sen, Donato analaed seed potcse of tse sues he ‘ed wotked together cast ones pd ef en wel Thedons Inline sey wee tise stents of French on ‘Acticin nies. The data consi ot oe out seson i which ‘hestadent planned oan orlacviy hat oul pace thee ses cw imanded ht daring th enn eon te sons ‘hold dvd on what happens bewce a hse anne whee the wife dcover her ttand har prchased fa confor set ‘roman The studens had ber old hate cul ewe ter ‘hor preseaton, nor wre thy to memoras he sear ba they ‘ald note while preparing hey wah Dons examined the wasp of planing son for xan ples sealing a station wher, in socal ncracton» cl ‘gable part can erent, by mews f speech, eppor ‘dion In which the novice oa pispae in end een aren shi and knowiedg ohipher leva compete (Donato 199 42:4B stn, sear example, Wood res and Row 1996) ogubgpe- Examples show these new ef French mata ennrucingn sete foench eter perormanee toample Sencar de marae ‘A ATEAnan ts Transmenu, "youremembered”™ Ae TTEANEE febrile? TAP Steacen ts Abyss sone ‘hg sruacen 3: Obsiemuen an hen ay a a ie = ‘or should I say mom anniver- iar At yh nt pity pe ne tN el oti sree yk et Seat h Patines Sipe ener ‘rghescmt an aeraag welcome fare aren te sirheeemcmrct yea eb vanakctg cee ant ew en sping ae moe ten nist hone oy Sten aatrersceawaaet ‘Sean ory whch argues that nda! Knowle esc Shalopcally dered the pees of which an be obacrred diel FA aktctone among spskes during problema (benno n996 3) % i rihe second sud I would like to review has been conducted by SLU MCA; nny, Dona Late (3994) oth ny wa Input that tects ir work neceseed spec Reece {tes keliood hat anggs ering would be eilanced stone, ‘het wocig in pain than among coe wering nde {nk Adonaly was hypothe when Karr eee longa they pone, sng wold et ‘Thetad need thee rade eaten canes vera fied of saat s month the tak war tar oe ane oe Groce nd Kc ened ic Begone Price nes dns workin pl tracts eager lr ofthe testo eapuresome chee ‘sgn occtredy« point which wleeumielonog : ‘Thesecond poten, tha when meee on he ag they mode, ering wou ely wasted by mens of ie ‘ie rad speci pos a. Thesepadspeicguetons er eae of sly. They were developed roth sone ‘be saen alka they reconsucied he pegs From ee noe ‘hed they sey nd arene Tevrtldarericele ace rete snl fon ad ried oy eerie wel eed {rcs to the rlevanedyad-specie question; Seman, whee he Senet ligueae form and fonction borne atari ‘eth wold respond incorrectly othe eevanedyadpec gees cathe they wouldve eee be efor ae Eiri corer tne? trv Oneeagryvohed eon erect Slee ion ndash wares Ne f basteo Seen CE anes per lomeriehn Sper sguntenig nr el cent re Ute ari lected ensreeer Sates cert mai ea Ss Sey uae ee ‘eeeretieurh they mache the soon he pis had cried “These resules suggest that talk a oa forint comer fa mee int Sopeeeieenamteanecie i roan ma "cinta eat saeco a ae sient tes Retort Geeionlccpas ct teal Se ce ‘searcher ares at een aT egca keer edict om Saundra ‘etn nc reine se ‘aemingtec taken place her wil Conclusions woud keto make four comments-The frit Oa celta hat ourptscres lea hes fonctot taal neuemsas ears In econd langage lnring beyond tht of enhancing faeney. These ‘ete noticing function, the hypathensetig foncion nd ae {tecve (etalnguini)fanctn’ I want ta make le leat tat ho ‘ism sbelng made that ay oll of there funesons peste whenever lennes produce the target language Te wll be one of the take 9f Se earh die watson thy oes ‘My second comment relates fo ange pesagesy The hes fn sont of ourgurthat have sutined the paper hr, belenes the poretalofpematingaceoracy an ine of casera any second Fengunge eddctors The see has rented in ar falar ay emer Inginteres on "ous. fom Research such at that conduct Mooteal in imesive ESL progms with highy eomannicatvly- ‘ented curscuum (lor empl, lghbown an Spaca Toye, Spas {nd Liphibown #993) and in Tench immersion programe aces (Canada with tina eputaton fora commune cuson foc example, Hatey tg; Day tnd Shapeon 9915 lye 1993), ‘a shown que cles chat a comamoniativalystetedinpur eek ‘tvtonment dows tot provide al the neces) Conon fo second {itgmge action, and tat = focus om for within hese comma ‘tive sing cago enbance performance, (Onc of the pesagagie questions ang from such revnech how so ‘aca fot ins manger tha il rls rom the alc os foots on ‘saning. The output ord studies the the of Donate (2990) od {we (ga) provide important evidence forthe unefelncs sca lahratve taht led earners to veflet on thir swe langunte po ‘ction they atempr io cene meaning Such tata would upp seta timlateouputa ein neaneo foc tenon ‘teat hypotheses, bu they seo provide opportniie for ouput to Feneion ra mecingseroe, PO ‘My third comment latest th tre we te nessun lneing Sp concer here tno about the natu ef te tn but ther abot Ihecoment of the text Inthe LaPeee rdy ono he et wed wad “iloremade’ That its based on wha lide! ps of exncs ‘edad taed about they nveracted wae Based owt eames aly dot on whe the researcerasumed nnn demands would Tead learners to focus‘ Although the tack did {prowag students to fay attention vo accuracy stl ormdoncson ‘ish sudetseealished thir wn nara ot tealoom-bsed sd wing simile tsk, bat onside prior cavtroom time reve Inger tenes an sgn of the conten of the language enon ‘vealed tha ely approsimately 16% of them had nyt and ‘Swain, forthcoming The Later ody withowe + dcispecie tx the ive been thar tere were no differences among the experinental eeSopat hghy unvaranedcondaion The preperation of lene Specie tens may sv kes Souning tk forte esercet bu eet capture henge lenning that 0c eceuiatediterscion, ‘bach commen resto the data ews roinform ourerecl ease copstve posts Inrospectve data have recent es ‘Sonics wth mony sac igh I elev thar another sour id pethape' more dct source ofcopntie proces da, may bein the dilores themselves ea wih the taehers one serps ‘och Inning ran sty tha cers in and trough aon ‘Socopment occur tron the ttenpaychologial plane dough sec coning i op rc tn Siri iducay eveaing mental process. The nic fanaa singe learning and it snocaed proces may therfore ote frotabl be the dsogue norinputor output alone Acknowledgements “This paper i a reve version of a Plenary given a the Second Tanptage Reeich Forum (SURF) in Montreal in October 19961 ‘woul ie vo thane allowing peone or thei uel nd ipa ‘omments on eaier dat of thi paper: Hugo Bastns Beads ‘Amite Caen, Aiser Cumming, Kees de Bor, Rick Donato, Jan ‘Sindeconie ig Harley, Ere Kellerman, Jim Lately Sharon Lapkin, Hea Moore and Eline Toone, T woul alo Uh "2Ekttiedpe fading fem. the Socal Scenes and Hmenes baal Ar Counc of Camda ran t0-9)-040) whlch sported inphe fan andLaphin pp) anise ape ttn Appendix “ianlaion of Example cs etm Wo ine No 1 ted «Behera eh telrence book). este ope the Bessel the pout BOK: telnet) OR ook or “a otha trac EGi.ciocon Nope are More 363: Shonen: Very sanded amc epte oo ‘tq: atrt Lec selec reading rhe pg) Le pest spe, maws races ne seth ye fod fictreon plana eve ehh ont ee |, inewee ar iennine ar vnae Eerie tendo ‘oer tanetten ivihepeablm tha are worrying (elibertl ‘Soc deety giving the sneer q ‘Noustracatons. (26; Gronot: Oh begining orelize whats happening) Sho: ket Yeh (Seka) ‘ft: Chonee: The problems which are worrying ws: Like the (Ghose te problons (autres ors: nestie Ye bur case ase? (oableroaracalatewhathehardacorredh bs]