CHAPTER 8 - SECOND-ORDER CIRCUITS List of topics for this chapter : Finding Initial Values ‘The Source-Free Series RLC Circuit The Source-Free Parallel RIC Circuit Step Response of a Series RLC Circuit Step Response of a Parallel RLC Circuit General Second-Order Cireuits Second-Order Op Amp Circuits —<<——————___ FINDING INITIAL VALUES Problem 81 Given the circuit shown in Figure 8.1, which has existed fora fong time, find Voi(O)s Ve2(0), i11(0), and i,(0). 152 52), va _ e WW AW i . 5a Sa wat) Se ; Li Ly Figore 8.1 When a circuit reaches steady state, an inductor looks like a short circuit and a capacitor looks like an open circuit. So, use the following circuit to find the initial values. 15Q SQ. 4 va AW WW oe a 4 52 102 ‘+ . > 10A oF = wo iu Yin 127Use source transformations to simplify the circuit, 7.778 Q $Q Vo u ve + 2 v: AW Wy ++ 3 : S50 109 ‘ 44.44V C ava S102 = Yiu ina Now, it is evident that V3 Use nodal analysis to find v,, v,,andv, vy, 74444 vy -v aa ares aes 5(v; — 44.44) +7.778(v, v2) =0 ‘ 12.778v, -7.778¥, = 222.2 e At node 2: : At node 3: 10 2v5=0 vy, =0 volts ‘Substitute the equation from node 2 into the equation for node 1. 12.718 y, 7.778 = 222.2 8,889v, = 222.2 v, =25 volts M 2 The 2 en, =o 2.5 volts e@ 128‘Therefore, e Ve,(0) = 25 volts i,,(0) = 2.5 amps (0) = 12.5 volts i,,(0) = Oamps Problem 8.2 Given he circuit shown in Figure 8.2, which has existed for # long time, find i, (0) and vo(0). 102 52 > AW i 102 20v i, *> 101 L - Figure 82 e i,(0)=1amp ve(0) = 5 volts ‘THE SOURCE-FREE SERIES RLC CIRCUIT Problem 8.3 Given the circuit in Figure 8.3, which has reached steady state before the switch closes, find i(t) for all t > 0. 102 302 = 10H AM AW THE 10V a AR 120 F Figure 83 Use KVL to write a loop equation for t > 0 129aie 1 Ri() +L atc i) at=0 e Multiply by I/L and differentiate with respect to time. Rd) iQ 1. La * ar ticl)=0 Rearranging the terms and inserting the values for R,L, and C, Fi) di(t) a0 43 0 a” +2i(t Assume a solution of Ae*. s*Aet +3sAe" +2Ae* =0 (5? +38+2)Ac* Thus, (s+1Ns+2)=0 which gives real and unequal roots at s, = -I and s, =-2. Hence, jet FAje™ ' At t= 0°, the circui So, 1 i or Also, di(0) dt 7 and So, ' A, -2A, =-A,+2A, =A, Hence, e 130‘Therefore, i(t) =(-e* +e) amps V t>0 Problem 8.4 iven the circui switch closes, find i(t) for all t> 0. igure 8.4, which has reached steady state before the 109 22 10H AM AW TOON 10v “K 0 (©) AR MOF Figure 8.4 Att=0°, i(0-)=i(0*)=0 amps and_—_ve(0") = vo(0") =10 volts For t>0, $0) I fig ate 20i(t) +10 F- ag Jie at =0 Multiply by 1/10, differentiate with respect to time, and rearrange the terms. Fi), di) ae tae +i(t)=0 ‘Again, using a solution of Ae“, s?Ac® + 2sAe* + Act =0 (s? +28+1)Ae* =0 Thus, (+? =0 which gives a real and repeated root at $, = -1. A repeated root gives the following solution, i(t) = Aye* +A, te* Att=0, i@)=0=Ae"+A,Oe=A, or =A =O. 131Also, or and =A, Hence, Therefore, i(t)=(-te*) amps ¥ t>0 Problem 8.5 Given the circuit in Figure 8.5, which has reached steady state before the switch closes, find i(t) for all t > 0 109 2Q » 10H 10V Figure 8.5 a loop equation for t > 0 gives, . dQ) 20K) +10 +795 dt =0 Multiply by 1/10, differentiate with respect to time, and rearrange the terms. e ; 7 FO 280 rie =0 dt? Again, using a solution of Ae“, s*Ac* +2sAe" +2Ae" =0 (s? +2s+2)Ac =0 Thus, (s414 j(s+1-j)-0 which gives complex roots at 5, =-1F j Hence, we have a solution i(t) = Aye" + Aye" 132Att=0, e i(0) Also, Aye’ +Ae°=A,+A, or A, a0) ie -1- Aye? +14 j)A,e° Using A, =-A,, we get -1=G1-j) Ap +14 DCA) -1=(1-jt1- JA, =2iA, -l and lee w= Beton hon al i(t) = (-e* sin(t)) amps V t>0 o,- THE SOURCE-FREE PARALLEL RLC CIRCUIT. Problem 8.6 Given the circuit in Figure 8.6, find v¢(t) for all t > 0 t=0 10Q Wwe - + 20 ve() 75 1/10 F 10H Figure 8.6 > Carefully DEFINE the problem. e Each component is labeled, indicating the value and polarity. ‘The problem is clear. 133,> PRESENT everything you know about the problem. The goal of the problem is to find v¢(t) for all t> 0 e There is a switch which opens at t = 0. So, there are two circuits. The first circuit, when the switch is closed, is used to find the initial values of the capacitor and inductor, Note that there is ade source. At de, a capacitor is an open circuit and an induetor is a short circuit ‘Thus, we have the following Y i 20Vv C . ve(0) Recall that the voltage of a capacitor cannot change instantaneously and the current through an inductor cannot change instantaneously. ve(0)=ve(O)=ve(0") and i, (0) =i, 0") =i,,(0") ‘The second circuit, after the switch opens, is used to find the final solution. ve e 110 F >5, 10H > Establish a set of ALTERNATIVE solutions and determine the one that promises the greatest likelihood of success. ‘The first circuit was simplified by applying the characteristics of capacitors and inductors with a de source. Ohm’s law should provide the answer you need when the circuit consists of adc voltage source and a resistor. For the second circuit, there is only one node or one loop. In this case, the use of KCL or KVL should provide the desired equation to find the solution to the problem. Because the ‘components are in parallel, the voltage across each component is the same. So, use KCL to find the currents in terms of the voltage Ve > ATTEMPT a problem solution. Begin by finding the initial values of the capacitor and inductor. 134Att= ‘ 20v § v(0) It is evident from the circuit that vc(0)=0 volts. Using Ohm’s law, i, (0) = 20/10 = 2 amps ‘After the switch opens, the circuit becomes ve ic iy 10F 10H Using KCL, igti, =0 1 d(ve-0) , 1 Aale“9 4 F fy, oat =0 io a ti Me Multiply both sides of the equation by 10 and differentiate both sides with respect to time. #ve Geren 0 but Ae* must be a solution. Substituting, ) anaes eT + Act =0 s?Ae™ + Ae* (+1 Ae" =0 Thus, 135Which gives complex roots at s,, 8, So, we have a solution volt) = Aye +A,e* ‘Now, to solve for A, and Ay. ve(O)=A, +A, or Now, ve(t)= Ae" —Aje* i¢(0) = -i, (0) = -2 amps 5 dye) ers iO) = TAO = Gave" +A") 2A, or Fas. Hence, =20_ -10 <== j10 Therefore, Volt) = jl0e* — j10e"* velt)=10[e*e* +e'e] velt)=10 fei 4 e509] Ve(t) =10[2cos(t +90°)] Ve(t) = 20cos(t+90%) volts Vt > 0 > EVALUATE the solution and check for accuracy. ‘The circuit must satisfy the conservation of energy. In this case, the energy supplied from ‘one component is absorbed by the other component. Recall, from Chapter 6 — Capacitors and Inductors, that the energy stored in a capacitor is, Cv? and the energy stored in an inductor is 136Thus, 1 1yl w=50 -(2 1S )eor = 20 joules = (Shame, = 20 joules and ‘These two answers match. ‘This circuit satisfies conservation of energy. > Has the problem been solved SATISFACTORILY? If'so, present the solution; if not, then return to “ALTERNATIVE solutions” and continue through the process again. This problem has been solved satisfactorily. V(t) = 20cos(t+90°) volts Vt >0 Problem 8.7 8.23] __In the circuit in Figure 8.7, calculate i,(t) and v,(t) for t> 0. 22 1m vy AW fis 7000 . t=0, note this is a + make before break aa 7 30V srr inductor curreat is . not interrupted. Figure 8.7 Att=0, 20 1H AM TOOT 30V VsO= seg G0) =24 and i,(0)=0 137For t > 0, we have a source-free parallel RLC circuit. a ist) TOD > + S82 vwyaR iar 1 1 1 1 =2 voa/4) Since 0: is less than ©,, we have an underdamped response with a damping frequency of 04 = for —a? = (4 (116) = 1.9843 and the natural response is Vv, (0) = (A, cos(o,t) +A, sin(o,t))e* 1 vic Use the initial values to find the unknowns. v,(0)=24=A, Also, i@=c#220 where oe =-a(A, cos(o,t) +A, sin(@,t))e + -a,A, sin(@yt) +0,A, cos(,1))e* So, se) 0=-0A, +0,A, Thus, A, = = WACO _ 5.004 Therefore, vq (t) = [(24c0s(o,t)+3.024sin(a,t))e"*] volts ¥ t> 0Problem 8.8 Given the circuit in Figure 8.8, which has reached steady state before the switch closes, find v(t) forall t > 0. 102 vi) 10H = >R120F 0000, 4A 4») Swo 4 Figure 8.8 v(t) = 40e* cos(t + 90°) volts V t > 0 + —= STEP RESPONSE OF A SERIES RLC CIRCUIT @ Probiems.9 8.25] A branch voltage ina series RLC circuit is described by @v dv Set tgetiy= 24 - dv(0) Ifthe inital conditions are v(0) = 0=F~ find VCO). Recall the general loop equation fora series RIC circuit dn. Lat Ritv=Vs where i=Cdv/dt. Then, : dv Rdv v _ Vs de? "Lat LC Lc ‘The complete response of this circuit has a forced response and a natural response. To find the forced response, realize that 8V, = 24 which means that V, =3. This is the forced response. ‘Now, to find the natural response, let V; = 0 and avy dv (s? +4s+8)v=0 139Thus, 8?+454+8=0 e tvi6-32 which gives complex roots at 5, = So, we have the solution v(t) = Vg +(A, cos(2t) + A, sin(2t))e7 Solve for the unknowns. v(0)=0=V, +A, =34A, or Ay=3 “ =-2(A, cos(2t) +A, sin(2t))e* + (-2A, sin(2t) + 2A, cos(2t))e™ BO 92-24, 424, or A, : Therefore, v(t) = [3-3(cos(2t) + sin(2t))e™] volts Problem 8.10 /8.31] Calculate i(t) for t > 0 using the circuit in Figure 8.9. 16 F e te v yi ' ~O er af t=o gisn Figure 8.9 Before t = 0, the capacitor acts like an open circuit while the inductor acts like a short circuit, i(0) = 0 amps and v(0) = 20 volts For t > 0, the LC circuit is disconnected from the voltage source as shown below. 1/16 F 140‘This is a lossless, source-free series RLC circuit. 1 1 "Tre Jaga * tjo, = 438 Since v. is equal to zero, we have an undamped response. Hence, i(t) = A, cos(8t) +A, sin(8t) where i(0) So, i(t) = A, sin(8t) To solve for A, we know that (0) = (-4)(20) = -80 which leads to A, =-10. ‘Therefore, i(t) = -10sin(8t) amps V t > 0 eee STEP RESPONSE OF A PARALLEL RLC CIRCUIT Problem 8.11 Given the circuit in Figure 8.10, find v(t) for all t > 0. t=0 L v(t) mo Smo 4a 5 130F nn) = f AW Figure 8.10 utv(t) = (120¢* —120e*) volts ¥ t> 0 Problem 8.12 Given the circuit in 4a 202 AR 130F Figure 8.11 o, ve(0)=0 volts and i, (0) =0 amps. Att=0", vy, x =0 volts So, the 4 amp current source must all go through the capacitor or ig(0*) = 4 amps. Hence, ig(0")=4 —* 2120 vols = dC 30 ee For t > 0, the circuit becomes 4A S150 ISH > 130F x where the 20 ohm resistor in parallel with the 60 ohm resistor is equivalent to a 15 ohm resistor. 142Using nodal analysis, 1 dv-0) ‘30 dt Multiplying by 30 and differentiating with respect to time yields ay dv 2 42ve wat! Substituting the solution of Ae* produces s*Ae" + 2sAc* +2Ac* = 0 (9? +2s+2)Ac* =0 Hence, s?+2s+2=(s+1+ js+1-j)=0 1¥j. which gives complex roots at 5, So, we have the solution v(t)= Ae + Ae ODE Att=0, v(0)=A,e? +A, 0° =A, +A; or Also, dv(0) . 20 [as y]a,-[-a-p]a,=120 SATIAL A, “A, IA, A, = 22 60)= 600) and 23 Therefore, v(t) = 60e!e""** + 60ee"-" de fe Felt 0e* [2cos (t- 90°)] 120e" cos(t — 90°) volts V t > 0 v(t ‘The answer can also be written as v(t) = 1206" sin(t) volts ¥ t> 0 143,Ay 160 F Problem 8.13 Given the circuit in Figure 8.12, find v(t) for all t > 0. 160.2 t=0 v(t) a ‘ 800 80V = 492 © ©S30n 801 Figure 8.12 Att=0, i,()=0 amps and V¥e(0)=0 volts For complicated circuits that can be simplified using either a Thevenin or Norton equivalent, do so immediately! Solving for V,. Using nodal analysis, Vu -80 Vu -80i “ie * 80 (V,, ~80) + 2(V,, - 801) = 0 3V,, -80~ 160i = 0 where i= 80—Ven 160 Hence, 7 (o ) 3V,_ = 80+160| 55 144Solving for I... 1602 > WV i ' S00 80V vie *> 80: Using KCL, Hence, and Now, we can work with the following simplified circuit, v uf) 2 S400 3 won A 5 1/60 F The two 40 ohm resistors in parallel convert to a 20 ohm resistor, so we can simplify the circuit @ inter become 14saf S20 Zon Writing a single node equation results in 1 1 +55 feo arog Substituting the solution Ae*, we get s?Ae* +3sAe* + 2Ac™ = 0. (s? +384 2Ac* =0 Hence, e $7 +3s+2=(stI\(s+2)=0 Land s, =-2. which gives real and unequal roots at s, = So, we have the solution v(t)= Aye* + Ase Att=0, (0) =0 volts and i,,(0)=0 amps. i Since v(0)=0 volts, vq =0 volts and ig =0 amps. Hence, the entire 1 amp of current flows through the capacitor. So, we have ‘ dv(0) i¢(0)=1 amp and ig(0) = C5 Thus, av) oe Gr = CE O= TeqO)= 60 volssce dv) but ‘“ =-Aje”-2A,e" =-A, 2A, = 60 e 146Also, e v(0)=Aje° + A,e° =A, +A, =0 implies that A, So, =A, -2A, = 60 or A, +2A, = A, = 60 Hence, A,=60 and Therefore, v(t) 60¢) volts Vt > 0 ‘The power of using a Norton equivalent circuit is clearly demonstrated by this problem. — GENERAL SECOND-ORDER CIRCUITS @ vrobiem 8.14 Given the circuit in Figure 8.13, find ve (t) forall t> 0 302 10H WW ——T8H™ 30V = 1/20 F Figure 8.13 This is a second-order circuit with a forced response and a natural response. Solve for initial conditions. Att=0, 30 ve(0")=ve(0") = 0 and i, 0") =i, (0°) = 35 =1 amp. Hence, dye (0" i@")=C Vel e dt =1 amp 147dve(0" a °r deci aau/20 20 volts/see Solving for final values, ic(@)=0 amps and V¢(«0) = 30 volts which is also the forced response, Vc, =30 volts. Solving for the natural response, 309 10H MW i ve AR 120 F The loop equation is di L—. IHL HY So, we now have, dye dy, ROE + Lc a +V_ =0 Substituting for the values of R, L, and C 30dve 10d" 20 dt *20 at Simplifying and rearranging the terms, @ve at? dve +35 E+ 2ve =0 Substituting a solution ve = Ae* yields s?Act +3sAct +2Ae" = 0 (5? +3s+2)Ae* =0 ‘Thus, s?43s+2=(s+I)(s+2)=0 Land s, =-2 which gives real and unequal roots at 5, 148Hence, the natural response is e e, =e Be and the complete response is +c, =30+Aet +Be™ ‘Now, we need to solve for the unknowns, A and B. 30+ Ae? +Be® =0 30 or B=-A-30 Also, dy, (0) MeO) 94 cave! +(-2B)e" = Now, A+2B=-20 which leads to ° A+(2)-A—30) = -20 Hence, -A-60=-20 o = A=-40 @ inves, B 40)—30=10 Therefore, Velt)=(30-40e* +10e%) volts V t> 0 Problem 8.15 Given the circuit shown in Figure 8.14, find i, (t) for all t> 0 in) sa(#) = 1sa SH. 130F a" Figure 8.14 > Carefully DEFINE the problem. Each component is labeled, indicating the value and polarity. The problem is clear. 149> PRESENT everything you know about the problem. ‘The goal of the problem is to find i, (t) for all t > 0 e@ ‘There is a switch in the circuit. So, we will need to look at two different circuits. The first circuit, when the switch is open, is used to find the initial values of the capacitor and inductor. Note that there is a de source. At de, a capacitor is an open circuit and an inductor is a short circuit. Thus, we have the following circuit Y iL) a SA @ S159 i § ve(0) ’ - Recall that the voltage of a capacitor cannot change instantaneously and the current through an inductor cannot change instantaneously. Ve) =Vve(O)=veO") and i, (0) =i, (0°) =i, 0") ‘The second circuit, after the switch opens is used to find the final solution. ‘L it SA 95 AK 130F @ 15H a > Establish a set of ALTERNATIVE solutions and determine the one that promises the greatest likelihood of success. This is a second-order circuit with a forced response and a natural response. ‘The forced response is the response due to the current source at steady state, The natural response is the response of the parallel RLC circuit without the current source. For simple resistive circuits such as the one used to find the initial values and final values, we will use observation and Ohm’s law. For the parallel RLC circuit, use nodal analysis. There will be only one equation with this technique versus three equations with mesh analysis. v ATTEMPT a problem solution. Solve for initial conditions using the circuit below. { iL(0) 2 5A S180 ve(0) 150Att=0, Ve(0") = vo (0°) = (S)(15) = 75 volts i, (0) =i, 0") =0 ¥,(0") = ve(0") = 75 volts ‘Thus, 8 ys 75 ampisee Solving for final values, the forced response, SA = 180 in) Now, solve for the natural response. roe 3 is 75 130 F Writing the node equation, he ais where v, = 15 So, Isai, |, 158 15 dt ~*~ 30 dt? Simplifying and rearranging the terms, ip ae di, +2 +21, =0 151v Substituting the solution i,, = Ae" yields s*Ac* +2sAc" +2Ac" =0 (s? +2s+2)Ae" =0 Thus, (5? +28+2)=(S414 (stl j)=0 which gives complex roots at 8, =-1¥ j. Hence, _ = Acti Belt ‘This means that the complete response is ae i, (0) =5+Ae? +Be? =5+A+B=0 A+B=-5 or B=-A-5 Also, di, O) TOO + I) AG) B=S -A-jA-B+jB=5 -A-jA-(A~5)+jCA-5)=5 -2jA+5~j5=5 S-54j5_-5 -3 Then, ‘Therefore, i, = 5465/20 + Cs/ayee i=s- se] 22] i, (t) = [5 -Se* cos(t)] amps V t > 0 EVALUATE the solution and check for accuracy. Check to see if the answer satisfies the initial conditions. i, (0) = 5—Se“ cos(0) = 5-5 = 0 amps 152‘This matches the initial condition that e@ i, 0°) =i, (0")=0 amps dig(t ao = 0-+5e" sin(t) + 5e cos(t) di, 0) Se” sin(0)+5e” cos(0) = 0+5= 5 amps/sec ‘This matches the initial condition that di,(0*) v0") _75 aL ag 7 amPer > Has the problem been solved SATISFACTORILY? If so, present the solution; if not, then return to “ALTERNATIVE solutions” and continue through the process again. This problem has been solved satisfactorily ix) =[s e cos(t)] amps ¥ t>0 = e SECOND-ORDER OP AMP CIRCUITS Problem 8.16 Given the circuit shown in Figure 8.15, find v, interms of v, ae 10 pF poe if jt 100 kQ 100 kQ > feces elene ah * zr . Yo a = Figure 8.15 Clearly, 153,and e where R,C, = (10°)00*) =1 Hence, Also, and where R,C, = (10°)(10") So, Therefore, Shy, dt? Circuits like these have many applications, especially in analog computers. 154