CHAPTER 13 - MAGNETICALLY COUPLED CIRCUITS List of topies for this chapter Mutual Inductance Energy in a Coupled Circuit Linear Transformers Ideal Transformers ‘Three-Phase Transformers PSpice Analysis of Magnetically Coupled Circuits Applications MUTUAL INDUCTANCE Problem 13.1. Given the cirouit in Figure 13.1 and k =1, find I, and I, 0a pe 102 WW—— WW warv (*) noo B Binoo (*) 1020°V Figure 13.1 > Carefully DEFINE the problem. Each component is labeled completely. The problem is clear. > PRESENT everything you know about the problem. We know all values of the independent sources. We also know the values of all the elements, In order to find the equivalent circuit containing the induced voltages, we need to know the ‘mutual inductance, M. We know that the coupling coefficient is Pee VE Then, M=kyD,L; = Jib, 221> Establish a set of ALTERNATIVE solutions and determine the one that promises the greatest likelihood of success. e The three solution techniques that can be used are nodal analysis, mesh analysis, and basic circuit analysis. The goal of the problem isto find two currents. Hence, mesh analysis will be used. > ATTEMPT a problem solution. From the circuit in Figure 13.1, we can see that jooL, = joL., = j10 : ‘Thus, OL, =0L; =10 and L, =L, Hence, M= DL; =L and joM = jol. = j10 So, the equivalent circuit is 102 102 AM. MWN- 4 j102 j102 1020°V © h L C 10h j10h; Now, using mesh analysis, Loop 1: -10+101, + j101, - jlOT (10+ jlO)T, ~ j10T, =10 (+jI,-jl =1 10.20° V Loop2: - 101, + 101, +101, +10=0 = j101, +(10+ j10)1, =-10 -jl,+0+pL, =-1 Sale] [sj In matrix form, or 222Now, [asi _i_] [t} T+ 1472 ‘] APY i ti ba 1+j2 1+}2 ‘Therefore, 7 1 1Z0° N= Tepe Tepe” V5z0343° i+) -1__ 1Z180° 21+ j2 142 ¥5.263.43° = 0.44722-63.43° A = 0.44722116.57° A > EVALUATE the solution and check for accuracy. Use KVL to check the solution. ‘The equation produced by KVL of the left loop is -10+101, + j101, — 101, ‘The equation produced by KVL of the right loop is 10—j101, + jl01, +101, =0 Inserting the values for I, and I, results in valid equations. Thus, our check for accuracy was successful. > Has the problem been solved SATISFACTORILY? If so, present the solution; if not, then return to “ALTERNATIVE solutions” and continue through the process again. This problem has been solved satisfactorily. 1, = 0.44722 - 63.43° A 0.4472.2116.57° A Problem 13.2 //3.1/_For the three coupled coils in Figure 13.2, calculate the total inductance. 2H 4H 5H yo, oY 6H 8H 10H Figure 13.2 223Forcoil1l, Ly —Mz +My =6-442=4 Forcoil2, L3 ~ My -M,, =8-4-5=-l Forcoil3, Ls +My, -My, =1042-5=7 Ly =4-1+7=10H or Ly = 1, +L, +L, -2My-2M, +2My Ly =6+8+10—(2)(4)- 2)(5) + 2)(2) Ly =6+8+10-8-10+4= 10H Problem 13.3, For the frequency domain circuit shown in Figure 13.3, determine the value of Vag(t) for Vig(t) = 10c0s(377t) and a coupling coefficient k = 0.8. Figure 13.3 Before an equivalent circuit can be drawn, we must determine the value of @M . Using k = 0.8, x-_M LL, Because the circuit is in the frequency domain rather than the time domain, we know the value of oL rather than the value of L. So, transform the equation for k to include @. Then, oM k= VOL VOL) oM = kY@L,)OL,) = (0.8)(5)20) =8 We also need to transform the voltage source from the time domain to the frequency domain. Let's assume a reference of Hence, Acos(377t+ 4) Then, 020°. 224‘The circuit can be redrawn as Bina 52 AW 8 " pa Vou rozoeev (* q Using the dot convention, we can draw an equivalent circuit to incorporate the induced voltages from the coupling effects. 5Q BO-L) j0a wv) ve @ With this circuit, we ean use mesh analysis to find the answer inthe frequency domain, Loop #1 ~10-+ 51, +51, -1,)- BI, =0 Loop #2. 581, + 50, ~1,)— j8G, -1,) + j201, + Vou = ‘This is a system of two equations and three unknowns. We need a constraint equation, Due to the open circuit, it is obvious that 1, = 0. ‘Combining like terms and introducing the constraint, the equations become (6+ 55) and = j131, Clearly, 10 __1020° b= Soe = Se gee VAL AS? 5+j5 5V2245° ve and Voy ~ j131, = 13.290°)(V2.2- 45%) = 137.745" Using the reference assumed above, the voltage converts to the time domain as Vou (t) = 132 cos(377t + 45°) V 225Problem 13.4 _ Given the circuit in Figure 13.4, find the coupling coefficient, k, and the voltage across the 1-0 resistor. 1009 ae AM- 1020° V j100 og BZ iooo Figure 13.4 ENERGY IN A COUPLED CIRCUIT Problem 13.5 Given the circuit in Figure 13.5, V, = V; = 10volts, R, = R, =10ohms, @L, = OL, =10, and @M = 5, find the coupling coefficient, k, the currents in the primary and secondary circuits, I, and I, and the power absorbed. M Ry R2 AW AW “O () uBde On Figure 13.5 ‘The coupling coefficient is k = Ti Given values for @M , @L,, and @L.,, we need to modify the equation for k to be k oM V@L)@L;)” 5 Z ol 226To find the currents, begin by finding an equivalent circuit that takes into account the coupling @ 85 He. the induced volages, 102 102 WW AW ja joa >) h bh )\(*)wv ish ish Use mesh analysis to find I, and I. Loop 1: 10+ j10)I, — j51, Loop 2: -10 = -j51, + (10+ j10)I, 10+jl0 -j5 J[l,]_[ 10 -j 10+j10|[1,] | -10 where A = (10+ j10)(10+ j10)— (-i5)-i5) = 3200 + 25 = (25)(1 + j8). [i 10V, In matrix form, —0+j0_ -_ 5 100+ j100- 550 1 ]_| @5a+38) @sya+j8) |[ 10 ]) sas is) 1} | __5 __10#j10_|[ -10 | | §50-100- joo (25)(1 + j8) (25)(1 + j8) (25)(1 + j8) [ 602+) [ se 1 H (23+ 38) i 1, F) Gox2-) Lesa] [Tri | ‘Thus, 4412 _ 4.4721226.57° == = 0.55472 -56.31° A 1+ j8 8.0623282.88° 447212 -153.43° 8.0623 282.88° = 0.5547 2123.69° A 207‘Now, find the power absorbed in the circuit. Look at the power absorbed by each element. e Starting with the primary circuit, Py, =-V Ios (10)(0.5547) cos(0°— (-56.31°)) = -3.0769 W Pay =[Ti1?R, = (0.5547)?(10) = 3.0769 W Pp; =-(2.7735)(0.5547) cos(213.69° — (-56.31)°) = 1.5385c0s(270°) = 0 W where p, is the power absorbed by the induced voltage of L, . Ending with the secondary circuit, Py2 = V 1 cos@ = (10)(0.5547) cos(0°—123.69°) Pao =|12|?Ro = (0.5547)? (10) = 3.0769 W P, =-(2.7735)(0.5547) cos(33.69° — 123.69°) = 1.5385.c0s(90°) = 0 W where p) is the power absorbed by the induced voltage of L, . -3.0769 W ‘The voltage sources absorb -3.0769 watts, or deliver +3.0769 watts, the resistances absorb 0769 watts, and the induced voltages absorb 0 watts. The induc jo not absorb power. Problem 13.6 [13.3] Determine the currents 1,, I,, and I, in the circuit of Figure 13.6. Find the energy stored in the coupled coils at t=2 ms. Take © = 1000 rad/s. k=05 e 3.290° A 2020° V Figure 13.6 Transform the current source to a voltage source as shown below. k=05 12290° A ) 2020? V 228or oM =k {(@L, OL) = (0.5)(10) = 5 Using mesh analysis, Mesh 1, 12 = (4+ jl0— 551, + j51, + i51, = (4 + j5)1, + j101, w Mesh 2, 0= 20+ (8+ jl0—j)I, +51, +5], -20 = j101, +(8+ j5)1, @ [2 te ole -20)°| jlo 8+j5 11, -60-j296, A, = 40—j100 From (1) and (2), 4 =107+ 560, A A A 462,272.18 A A 1 ae = 0,878.2 -97.48° A 1, = 1, -1, = 3.329.274.89° A i,(t) = 2.462cos(1000t + 72.18%) A i,(0) = 0.878 cos(1000t -97.48°) A Att=2ms, 1000t = 2 rad = 114.6° .462.cos(1 14.6° + 72.18%) = -2.445 .878c0s(114.6°~97.48°) = 0.8391 i,(2 ms i,2 ms) ‘The total energy stored in the coupled coils is w= 0.5L, i? +0.5L,i,° +Mii, Since @L, =10 and @ = 1000, L,=L,=10mH, M=05L,=5mH w = (0.5)(10)(-2.445)? + (0.5)(10)(0.8391)? + (S)(-2.445)(0.8391) w= 23.15 mIProblem 13.7 Given the circuit in Figure 13.7, V, = V; = 10volts, R, = R, = 10 ohms, @L, = @L, = 10, and @M = 5, find the coupling coefficient, k, the currents in the primary and secondary circuits, 1, and I, , and the power absorbed. Ri - R, WW WW OO) Bae OO» Figure 13.7 ‘As seen in Problem 13.5, oM 5 \@L, ol) J@oya0) 10 To find the currents, begin by finding an equivalent circuit which takes into account the coupling effects, ie., the induced voltages. 102 102 e Use mesh analysis to find I, and 1, Loop 1: 10= (10+ jlOyI, + j51, Loop 2: =10 = j51, + (10+ j10)I, ee is L 10 i 10+j10 11, }°L-10 where A = (10 + j0)(10 + j10)— (j5)({5) = j200 + 25 = (25)(1 + j8) In matrix form, 230f10+jl0 -js J a. ios " [eerie -10 oso i] F004 100% 550] 1 |_| (@sya+ 8) (25)(1+ 8) | 101 | esas) | 1, FF] = __10-+ j10_ |. -10 J) - 50-100- joo Sew Bar) aoe) | [ coe+9) [| (25) 58) 1] | soe 3) (25)(1 + j8) Thus, 2111256.31° .0623,282.88° 2111.2 -123.69° 8.0623282.88° = 0.89442 -26.57° A 7A7i6 2 1438 = 0.89442153.43° A Now, find the power absorbed in the ct suit. Look at the power absorbed by each element. Starting with the primary circuit, Py; =-V eos0 = -(10)(0.8944) cos(0°— (-26.57°)) =-7.9994 W Pri ={1/7R, = (0.8944)? (10) = 7.9995 W P, = (4.4720)(0.8944) cos(243.43°— (-26.579)) = 3.9998c0s(270°) = 0 W where p, is the power absorbed by the induced voltage of L, Ending with the secondary circuit, Pyz = VIcos0 = (10)(0.8944) cos(0 -153.43°) Pra =|I9l?R, = (0.8944)? (10) = 7.9995 W 2 = (4.4720)(0.8944) cos(63.43°—153.43°) = 3.9998cos(-90°) = 0 W where Pp) is the power absorbed by the induced voltage of L, . 9994 W ‘The voltage sources absorb ~7.9994 watts, or deliver +7.9994 watts, the resistances absorb 7.9995 watts, and the induced voltages absorb 0 watts. The inductors do not absor! re Problem 13.8 Given the circuit in Figure 13.8, V, = V, =10volts, R, = R; = 10ohms, 1, = OL, =10, and @M = 5, find the coupling coefficient, k, the currents in the primary and secondary circuits, I,and I,, and the power absorbed. 231Ri AW WW e vi(* h ug gu (*) *)y Figure 13.8 5 1, = 0.55472 -56.31° A I, = 0,55472123.69° A ‘The voltage sources absorb -3.0769 watts, or deliver +3.0769 watts, the resistances absorb 3.0769 watts, and the induced voltages absorb 0 watts. The inductors do not absorb power. M vi i Ly 2 lL (+) he Figure 13.9 OHI k 1.89442 -26.57° A 0.8944.4153.43° A ‘The voltage sources absorb ~7.9994 watts, or deliver +7.9994 watts, the resistances absorb 7.9995 watts, and the induced voltages absorb 0 watts. The inductors do not absorb power. 232LINEAR TRANSFORMERS Problem 13.10 //3.23] For the circuit in Figure 13.10, find (a) the T-equivalent circuit, (b) the TI-equivalent circuit. 15H Boon Figure 13.10 L,-M=10H L,-M=15H M=5H (&) LL, -M? =300-25=275 sly 233ceo @ IDEAL TRANSFORMERS Problem 13.11 Given the ideal transformer circuit in Figure 13.11, find Vjyq 092149 AW : 10.20° V g | 8 Vin 102 Figure 13.11 > Carefully DEFINE the problem. Each component is labeled completely. The problem is clear. > PRESENT everything you know about the problem. ‘We know the values of the independent source. We also know the values of all the elements, > Establish a set of ALTERNATIVE solutions and determine the one that promises the greatest likelihood of success. ‘The three solution techniques that can be used are nodal analysis, mesh analysis, and basic circuit analysis. Using either nodal or mesh analysis will produce two equations with four unknowns. In either case, we need to find two constraint equations. So, let's use mesh analysis for the initial attempt to find a solution. ‘Then, nodal analysis will be used to check the solution. > ATTEMPT a problem solution, We need to make some assumptions. First, assume that a positive voltage for the inductor in the primary circuit yields a positive voltage for the inductor in the secondary circuit. Second, assume that a positive (or clockwise) current in the primary circuit yields a positive (or i. The assumptions are shown in the following clockwise) current in the secondary cirei cireuit. 0.99 100° V L 234 102Mesh analysis yields, Loop: 10=0.91, +V, Loop2: V, This is a set of two equations and four unknowns. Two constraint equations are needed. From the ideal transformer, as shown, we know that V, = nV, and I, = nl, iin 1G “O) vB» O) [J ‘This implies that V, =10V, and which are the two constraint equations. ‘There are many ways to find the values of V,, V,, I,,and I;. Let's find I,. To do this, find V, in terms of I, and substitute into the equation for loop 1 V, =0.1V, = (0.1)001, oll, and the equation for loop I becomes 10=0.91, +0.11, 10=1, Hence, 1,510 V,=1V I,=1A V, =10V Therefore, Vea = V2 =10V EVALUATE the solution and check for accuracy. Using nodal analysis, V,-10 08 or —-V,-10+0.91 a Atnode 1, +1, Q) or -V,~101, 235Again, this is a set of two equations and four unknowns. Two constraint equations are needed. From the ideal transformer, we have e V, = 10V, @) 1, =101, @) From (2) and (4), V, =101, = (10)(/10)1, = 1, 6) From (1), (3), and (5), V, -1040.9V, = V, -10+(0.9)(10) V, = (1+ 9) V, -10=0 10V,=10 —>+ V,=1V Then, —-V, =10V,=10V 1, = V, =10A and 1; =(/10)1, =1A Our check for accuracy was successful, > Has the problem been solved SATISFACTORILY? If so, present the solution; if not, then return to “ALTERNATIVE solutions” and continue through the process again. ‘This problem has been solved satisfactorily. Vion = 10V Problem 13.12 /13.33] For the circuit in Figure 13.12, find V,. Switch the dot on the secoridary side and find V, again, 10 cos(5t) V Figure 13.12 1 1 C= 0.02 F becomes = = Gg 236We apply mesh analysis to the circuit shown below. {102 ae 3:1 cD AM +d Le ae) (“) vi el 5 (*) 2a Sy, Using mesh analysis, For mesh 1, 10=101, -101, +V, oO For mesh 2, V, =21, =V, Q) For mesh 3, 0=(10- j10)1, -101, +V, -V, 8) At the terminals, V, =nV,=V,/3 @ I, =nl, =1,/3 ©) From (2) and (4), V,=61, © Substituting this into (1), 10=101, ~101, o ‘Substituting (4) and (6) into (3) yields 0=-101, 41, +(0)0- Ds ®) From (5), (7), and (8), li 03330 Js] 0} 10 6 10 J I; =| 10 [a -4 10-j10 ia all Switching the dot on the secondary side affects only equations (4) and (5). V, =-V,/3 o 237(10) From (2) and (9), v, 61; Substituting this into (1), 10=101, -101, 61; = (23-j5)1, ay Substituting (9) and (10) into (3), 101, +41, +(0)- jl, (12) From (10) to (12), we get i 0333 «60 «71, ] fo] w. -6 -10 |1, [=| 10] [to 4 10-j0L1, [ | A; __100-j100 Fe ogg gy = 14822 -147.1° A -20+ 593.33 a 2.9632 -147.1° V THREE-PHASE TRANSFORMERS Problem 13.13 [13.53] In order to meet an emergency, three single-phase transformers with 12,470/7200 V rms are connected in AY to form a three-phase transformer which is fed by a 12,470-V transmission line. Ifthe transformer supplies 60 MVA to a load, find : (a) the turns ratio for each transformer, (b) the currents in the primary and secondary windings of the transformer, (©) the incoming and outgoing transmission line currents. (a) Consider just one phase at a time. 238() © in A B | 20mva Load c new 72001 © ¥BV,, 12470 ‘The load carried by each transformer is 60/3 = 20 MVA. 20 MVA, 12.47kV Hence, = 1,604 A 1, =20MVA a apy 2,778 A ‘The current in each incoming line a, b,¢ is 31, = V3 x1603.85 = 2,778 A ‘The current in each outgoing line A, B, C is 239—— eo + © PSPICE ANALYSIS OF MAGNETICALLY COUPLED CIRCUITS Problem 13.14 [13.63] Use PSpice to find V,, V,, and I, in the circuit in Figure 13.13. 162 j8Q 40260° V 300° V Figure 13.13 ‘The schematic is shown below. Ra In the AC Sweep box, we type Total Pts = 1, Start Freq = 0.1592, and End Freq = 0.1592. After simulation, we obtain the output file which includes FREQ IM(V_PRINTI) ~__1P(V_PRINTI)_ 1.592 E-O1 1.955 E01 ___ 8332 E+0T FREQ IM(V_PRINT2) TP(V_PRINT2) T592E-O1 6847 E¥O1 4.640 +01 FREQ ~__IM(V_PRINTS) IP(V_PRINT3) 1502 E-O1 4.434 E-01 9360 EOL 240Thus, I, = 443.42 -92.6° mA APPLICATIONS Problem 13.15 [13.73] A. 4800-V rms transmission line feeds a distribution transformer with 1200 turns on the primary and 28 tums on the secondary. When a 10-02 load is connected across the secondary, find (@) the secondary voltage, (b) the primary and secondary currents, (©) __ the power supplied to the load. @ No 28 Rey, (25 jaano)= 1r2v © where n= 28/1200 28 1 (2 11.2) = 261.3 mA © — p=|t,/R=(1.2)°00)=1254 W