AOH\F^ DK\KZ GKHK@FGFH \TZKTFIC

”Ditumis Vhtua Gfgfhubi \kmkb \ktu Tuiks Gktk Aumikb Gkhk`kgfh \trktfii‗

Dosfh ^fhikgpu 0 Moaot Gudk Bkrkbkp, \F., G.\i

Disusuh Omfb 0

AFMOG^OA ;

Efjry Yidik Hihisib 9;3<6;>>;2

Eitrikhi \ igjomoh 9;3:6;>>;>

^utri Fphur \ibotkhi 9;3:6;>>>2

\khtk erkhsisak jkrus 9;3;:;>>;2

^ZOIZKG \TVDC \; GKHK@FGFH

EKAVMTK\ FAOHOGC - VHCUFZ\CTK\ HFIFZC GFDKH

GFDKH

:>:;
 AKTK ^FHIKHTKZ 

^u`i syuaur skyk pkh`ktakh ktks afbkdirkt Tubkh Skhi Gkbk Fsk , ykhi tfmkb
gfgjfriakh rkbgkt dkh akruhik ykhi dimigpkbakh-Hyk afpkdk pfhumis, sfbihiik
dkpkt gfhyfmfskiakh gkakmkb ihi.

Kdkpuh ykhi gfh`kdi `udum Gkakmkb ihi kdkmkb AOH\F^ DK\KZ 

GKHK@FGFH \TZKTFIC. Gkakmkb ihi disusuh dfhikh bkrkpkh
dkpkt gfhkgjkb pfhiftkbukh dkh wkwkskh aitk sfguk.

@iak dkmkg gkakmkb tfrdkpkt jfrjkiki afskmkbkh dkh afaurkhikh

dkmkg
 pfhumiskhhyk, gkak afpkdk pkrk pfgjklk, pfhumis gfgoboh gkke sfjfskr-
 jfskrhyk ktks aorfasi “ aorfasi ykhi tfmkb dimkauakh. Bkm tfrsfjut sfgktk-
gktk kikr gfh`kdi suktu fvkmuksi dkmkg pfgjuktkh gkakmkb ihi.

Gudkb-gudkbkh dfhikh kdkhyk pfgjuktkh gkakmkb ihi dkpkt

gfgjfriakh
 jfrgkhekkt jkia jkii pfhumis gkupuh jkii pkrk pfgjklk.

Gfdkh, Kiustus :>:;

  Afmogpoa ;

:
AOH\F^ DK\KZ GKHK@FGFH \TZKTFIC

:
 DKETKZ C\C

AKTK ^FHIKHTKZ …………………………………… ii

DKETKZ C\C …………………………………………….. iii

JKJ ; ^FHDKBVMVKH

;.; Mktkr Jfmkakhi …………………………………… 4

;.: Zuguskh Gkskmkb ……………………………….. 6
;.< Tu`ukh ……………………………………………. 6
;.4 Gkhekkt …………………………………………... 6

JKJ : ^FGJKBK\KH

:.; ^fhifrtikh gkhk`fgfh strktfii …………………… 5

:.: Akrkatfristia gkhk`fgfh strktfii ……………….... 2
:.< Fvomusi gkhk`fgfh strktfii ………………………. 3
:.4 ^rosfs Gkhk`fgfh \trktfiis ……………………… ;>
:.6 Gfgkbkgi Aohsfp Gkhk`fgfh \trktfiis ;;
…………
:.5 Godfm Gkhk`fgfh Jfrjksis \ugjfr Dkyk ……….. ;:

JKJ < ^FHVTV^

<.; Afsigpumkh ………………………………………. ;5

<.: \krkh ……………………………………………… ;9

DKETKZ ^V\TKAK ……………………………………. ;2

AOH\F^ DK\KZ GKHK@FGFH \TZKTFIC

<
 JKJ ;
^FHDKBVMVKH

;.; Mktkr Jfmkakhi

Cmgu gkhk`fgfh bihiik skkt ihi tfrus jfrafgjkhi pfskt sfbihiik Cmgu tfrsfjut
gfgimiai jfrkikg lkjkhi dkh jfjfrkpk ak`ikh ykhi jfrsiekt abusus giskmhyk
ikmkb gkhk`fgfh afukhikh, gkhk`fgfh sugjfr dkyk gkhusik,
gkhk`fgfh
 produasi, gkhk`fgfh trkhsportksi, dkh guhlum ak`ikh abusus ykhi mkih ykitu
Gkhk`fgfh \trktfiis.

Dkmkg suktu orikhisksipfrkh gkhk`fgfh dikhtkrkhyk kdkmkb kikr

tu`ukh orikhisksi dkpkt dilkpki sflkrk fefatie dkh fefsifh. Gfhurut (^ftfr,
:>;:)fefatie  kdkmkb gfhifr`kakh pfafr`kkh ykhi jfhkr (doihi tbf riibt
tbihis), sfdkhiakh fefsifh kdkmkb gfhifr`kakh pfafr`kkh dfhikh jfhkr (doihi
tbihis riibt).

Gkhk`fgfh strktfiis gfrupkakh kativitks gkhk`fgfh tfrtihiii ykhi

jikskhyk disusuh omfb dfwkh dirfasi dkh dimkaskhkakh omfb LFOsfrtk
tig fasfautie  orikhisksi tfrsfjut. Gkhk`fgfh strktfiis gfgjfriakh krkbkh
gfhyfmurub uhtua 
 pfruskbkkh dkh tfrakit frkt dfhikh jidkhi pfrimkau orikhisksi.

Gkhk`fgfh kdkmkb \uktu afkdkkh tfrdiri dkri prosfs ykhi dituh`uaakh omfb ikris
(mihf) gfhikrkb afpkdk prosfs pfrfhlkhkkh, pfhiorikhisksikh,
afpfgigpihkh, dkh pfhifhdkmikh, ykhi affgpkt prosfs tfrsfjut skmihi
gfgpuhyki euhisi gksihi-gksihi uhtua gfhlkpki suktu tu`ukh orikhisksi.

\fdkhiakh gkhk`fgfh strktfiis jfrjilkrk tfhtkhi ikgjkrkh jfskr. Chti

dkri gkhk`fgfh strktfiis kdkmkb gfhiidfhtieiaksi tu`ukh orikhisksi, sugjfr
dkykhyk, dkh jkikigkhk sugjfr dkyk ykhi kdk tfrsfjut dkpkt diiuhkakh
sflkrk fefatie  uhtua gfgfhubi tu`ukh strktfiis. Gkhk`fgfh strktfiis skkt ihi
bkrus gfgjfriakh eohdksi dkskr ktku pfdogkh uhtua pfhikgjimkh afputuskh
dkmkg orikhisksi. Chi kdkmkb prosfs ykhi jfrafsihkgjuhikh dkh tfrus-
gfhfrus. Zfhlkhk strktfiis orikhisksi gfrupkakh doaugfh bidup ykhi
sfmkmu diauh`uhii dkh afgjkmi diauh`uhii. Jkbakh guhiaih skgpki pfrmu
dikhiikp sfjkikigkhk suktu lkirkh
4
AOH\F^ DK\KZ GKHK@FGFH \TZKTFIC

4
akrfhk siekthyk ykhi tfrus bkrus digodieiaksi. \firihi dfhikh kdkhyk iheorgksi
 jkru tfmkb tfrsfdik, dik bkrus diiuhkakh uhtua gfgjukt pfhyfsukikh dkh rfvisi.

;.: Zuguskh Gkskmkb

Jfrdkskrak `udum gkakmkb ihi gkak dirugusakh gkskmkb ykhi kakh dijkbks pkdk
gkakmkb ihi kdkmkb0

;. Kpk pfhifrtikh gkhk`fgfh strktfii?

:. Kpk sk`k akrkatfristia gkhk`fgfh strktfii?
<. Jkikigkhk pfrafgjkhikh khkmisis strktfii jishis?
4. Jkikigkhk fvomusi gkhk`fgfh strktfii?
6. Jkikigkhk godfm dkh prosfs gkhk`fgfh?

;.< Tu`ukh

Kdkpuh ykhi gfh`kdi tu`ukh pfhumiskh gkakmkb ihi kdkmkb0 Vhtua gfgfhubi
tuiks gktk aumikb Gkhk`fgfh \trktfii, uhtua gfgkbkgi tfhtkhi
gkhk`fgfh strktfii, sfrtk uhtua gfhiftkbui ikgjkrkh gkhk`fgfh strktfii

;.4 Gkhekkt

Kdkpuh gkhekkt dkri pfhumiskh gkakmkb ihi kdkmkb0 Vhtua gfhkgjkb wkwkskh
ktku pfgkbkgkh tfrbkdkp pfhtihihyk gkhk`fgfh strktfii dkmkg pfruskbkkh

AOH\F^ DK\KZ GKHK@FGFH \TZKTFIC

6
 JKJ :
^FGJKBK\KH

:.; ^fhifrtikh Gkhk`fgfh \trktfii

\flkrk ugug pfhifrtikh ktku dfefhisi Gkhk`fgfh strktfii dkmkg

abkskhkb mitfrktur imgu gkhk`fgfh gfgimiai lkaupkh ykhi muks, dkh tidka
kdk suktu
 pfhifrtikh ykhi dikhiikp jkau. Ctumkb sfjkjhyk dfefhisi gkhk`fgfh strktfii
 jfrafgjkhi muks tfrikhtuhi pfgkbkgkh ktkupuh pfhkesirkh sfsforkhi.

Gfsaipuh dfgiaikh dkri jfrjkiki pfhifrtikh ktku dfefhisi ykhi dijfriakh omfb
 pkrk pkakr gkhk`fgfh dkpkt ditfguakh suktu afskgkkh pomk piair,
jkbwk gkhk`fgfh strktfiia gfrupkakh imgu ykhi gfhiikjuhiakh
euhisi-euhisi gkhk`fgfh dkmkg rkhiak pfgjuktkh afputuskh-afputuskh
orikhisksi sflkrk strktfiis, iuhk gfhlkpki tu`ukh orikhisksi sflkrk fefatie dkh
feisifh.

Gfhurut Erfd Z. Dkvid (:>>406), Gkhk`fgfh \trktfiia kdkmkb imgu gfhifhki

 pfruguskh, pfmkaskhkkh dkh fvkmuksi afputuskh-afputuskh mihtks euhisi
ykhi gfguhiaihakh orikhisksi gfhlkpki tu`ukhhyk.

Gfhurut Busfih Vgkr (;333025), Gkhk`fgfh strktfiia sfjkiki suktu sfhi dkh
imgu dkmkg bkm pfgjuktkh (eorgumktihi), pfhfrkpkh (igpmfgfhtihi) dkh fvkmuksi
(fvkmuktihi) afputuskh- afputuskh stkrtfiis khtkrk euhisi ykhi
gfguhiaihakh sfjukb orikhisksi gfhlkpki tu`ukhhyk pkdk gksk gfhdktkhi

(Lfrto, :>;>) gfhdfeihisiakh gkhk`fgfh strktfiis sfjkiki khkmisis, afputuskh,

dkh kasi ykhi dimkauakh pfruskbkkh uhtua gfhliptkakh dkh gfgpfrtkbkhakh
afuhiiumkh aogpftitie. Dfeihisi ihi gfhiikgjkrakh duk fmfgfh
utkgk gkhk`fgfh strktfiis. ^frtkgk, gkhk`fgfh strktfiis dkmkg sfjukb
pfruskbkkh
 jfrakitkh dfhikh prosfs ykhi jfr`kmkh (ohioihi prolfssfs)0 khkmisis,
afputuskh, dkh tihdkakh. Gkhk`fgfh strktfiis jfrakitkh dfhikh jkikigkhk
gkhk`fgfh gfhikhkmisis skskrkh strktfiis (visi, gisi, tu`ukh) sfrtk aohdisi
ihtfrhkm dkh fastfrhkm ykhi dibkdkpi pfruskbkkh. \fmkh`uthyk, pfruskbkkh bkrus
gfhliptkakh afputuskh strktfiis.

5
AOH\F^ DK\KZ GKHK@FGFH \TZKTFIC

5
Dkri pfhifrtikh ykhi luaup muks, dkpkt disigpumakh jkbwk gkhk`fgfh strktfiia 
gfrupkakh suktu rkhiakikh kativitks tfrbkdkp pfhikgjimkh afputuskh
ykhi
 jfrsiekt gfhdkskr dkh aogprfbfhsie, dkh disfrtki dfhikh pfhftkpkh
lkrk kpmiaksihyk ykhi dijukt omfb pigpihkh dkh `uik dimkaskhkakh omfb sfmurub
pibka-
 pibka ykhi tfrmijkt di dkmkg suktu pfruskbkkh dkmkg gfhlkpki tu`ukh
ykhi dibkrkpakh. Gkhk`fgfh strktfiia ihi `uik suktu sistfg ykhi diiuhkakh
sfjkiki sktu afsktukh dkmkg gfgimiai jfrkikg aogpohfh skmihi
jfrakitkh dkh gfgpfhikrubi khtkrk sktu dkh mkihhyk sfrtk jfrifrka sflkrk
sfrfhtka gfhu`u krkb ykhi skgk pumk.

Gkhk`fgfh strktfiis tfrdiri ktks \fgjimkh tuiks pfhtihi 0

;. Gfrugusakh gisi pfruskbkkh, tfrgksua pfrhyktkkh ykhi muks

gfhifhki gkasud, eimosoei, dkh skskrkh pfruskbkkh.

:. Gfmkauakh suktu khkmisis ykhi gfhlfrgihakh aohdisi dkh akpkjimitks ihtfrhkm

 pfruskbkkh.

<. Gfhimki mihiauhikh fastfrhkm pfruskbkkh, tfrgksua ekator pfrskihikh

dkh ekator aohtfastukm ugug mkihhyk.

4. Gfhikhkmisis pimibkh-pimibkh ykhi digimiai omfb pfruskbkkh dfhikh

lkrk gfhyfsukiakh sugjfrdkykhyk dfhikh mihiauhikh fastfrhkm.

6. Gfhiidfhtieiaksiakh pimibkh pkmihi gfhiuhtuhiakh dfhikh

lkrk gfhifvkmuksi sftikp pimibkh jfrdkskrakh gisi pfruskbkkh.

5. Gfgimib sktu sft tu`ukh `khiak pkh`khi dkh strktfii utkgk ykhi
kakh gfhibksimakh pimibkh pkmihi gfhiuhtuhiakh tfrsfjut.

9. Gfhifgjkhiakh tu`ukh tkbuhkh dkh strktfii `khiak pfhdfa ykhi

sfsuki dfhikh tu`ukh `khiak pkh`khi dkh strktfii utkgk ykhi tfmkb ditfhtuakh.

2. Gfhiigpmfgfhtksiakh strktfii ykhi tfmkb dipimib gfmkmui kmoaksi

sugjfrdkyk ykhi dikhiikrakh, digkhk pfhyfsukikh khtkrk tuiks afr`k,
gkhusik, struatur, tfahomoii, dkh systfg pfhibkrikkh ditfakhakh.

9
AOH\F^ DK\KZ GKHK@FGFH \TZKTFIC

9
3. Gfhifvkmuksi afjfrbksimkh prosfs strktfiis sfjkiki gksuakh
pfhikgjimkh afputuskh di gksk gfhdktkhi.

\fjkikigkhk diihdiaksiakh omfb afsfgjimkh tuiks tfrsfjut, gkhk`fgfh strktfii

gfhlkaup pfrfhlkhkkh, pfhikrkbkh, pfhiorikhisksikh, dkh pfhifhdkmikh
ktks

afputuskh dkh tihdkakh tfrakit strktfii pfruskbkkh.

:.: Akrkatfristia Gkhk`fgfh \trktfii

Gkhk`fgfh strktfiis ihi suhiiub jfrjfdk dfhikh mkihhyk, digkhk gkhk`fgfh

strktfii ihi sfhkhtiksk gfhyiakpi dihkgiak tfr`kdihyk suktu pfrujkbkh
mihiauhikh sfbihiik jisk gfgpfhikrubi tfrbkdkp igpmfgfhtksi gkhk`fgfh itu
sfhdiri sfrtk
 jfrupkyk uhtua gfrfkmisksiakh tu`ukh ykhi tfmkb ditftkpakh dfhikh sf`kmkh pkdk
bkm tfrsfjut gkak jfriaut ihi kakh dituh`uaakh akrkatfristia gkhk`fgfh strktfiia 0

;. Gkhk`fgfh strktfiia jfrsiekt `khiak pkh`khi,

:. Gkhk`fgfh strktfiia jfrsiekt dihkgia,
<. Gkhk`fgfh strktfiia gfrupkakh sfsuktu ykhi jfrpkdu omfb
gkhk`fgfh opfrksiohkm,
4. Gkhk`fgfh strktfiia pfrmu digotori omfb uhsur-uhsur pkdk gkhk`fr tihiakt
 puhlka,
6. Gkhk`fgfh strktfiia jfrorifhtksi dkh gfhdfakti uhtua gksk dfpkh.
5. Gkhk`fgfh strktfiia sfhkhtiksk bkrus didorohi dkh diduauhi
dkmkg

 pfmkaskhkkhhyk omfb sfguk sugjfr dkyk faohogi ykhi tfrsfdik.

Vhtua gfhibkdkpi frk imojkmisksi faohogi gkak afiiktkh dkmkg jfruskbk juakh
sk`k dijktksi omfb mihiaup jktks hfikrk hksiohkm sfbihiik uhtua tihiakt pfrujkbkh
mihiauhikh sfrtk dihkgiak ykhi sflkrk mkhisuhi ktku tidka mkhisuhi
kakh gfgpfhikrubi gkhk`fgfh dkh afbidupkh pfafr`kkh afgudikh dfhikh
sfhdirihyk
 pkrk pfgigpih pfruskbkkh bkrus dkpkt gfhyiakpihyk dfhikh gfmkauakh
 pfhyfsukikh ykhi pfhub afji`kakh. Gkak sfbkrushyk sftikp pfgigpih dkmkg
 pfruskbkkh kakh gfmkaskhkakh gkhk`fgfh strktfiia jkii pfruskbkkhhyk.

2
AOH\F^ DK\KZ GKHK@FGFH \TZKTFIC

3
:.< Fvomusi gkhk`fgfh strktfii

(Buhifr, :>>3) `uik gfhumisakh jkbwk sfirihi dfhikh jfr`kmkhhyk

wkatu, gkhk`fgfh strktfiia jfrfvomusi sfjkiki jfriaut0

Tkbkp ;0 Jksil eihkhlikm pmkhhihi, ykitu pfrfhlkhkkh pfruskbkkh ykhi didkskrakh

 pkdk pfrfhlkhkkh afukhikh. \flkrk ugug disfjut sfjkiki sistfg gkhk`fgfh
 jfrdkskrakh judift. \istfg ihi gfrupkakh sistfg ykhi pkmihi trkdisiohkm,
dkh skhikt jfrorifhtksi pkdk `khiak pfhdfa, ykitu sktu tkbuh.

Tkbkp :0 Eorflkst-jksfd pmkhhihi, ykitu pfhifgjkhikh dkri sistfg di ktks, akrfhk

diiuhkakh uhtua pfrfhlkhkkh `khiak pkh`khi, kaijkt afmfgkbkh sistfg judift
ykhi tfrjktks pkdk `khiak pfhdfa. Di sihi gumki dipfrbituhiakh aohdisi fastfrhkm
dfhikh porsi mfjib jfskr. Jksishyk kdkmkb proyfasi pfruskbkkh di
gksk gfhdktkhi.

Tkbkp <0 \trktfiil ^mkhhihi, ykitu pfhifgjkhikh dkri eorflkst jksfd pmkhhihi,
dfhikh gfgpfrtigjkhiakh aohdisi pkskr dkh pfrskihikh. Di sihi
pfruskbkkh sudkb gfgpfrtigjkhiakh jkikigkhk lkrkhyk (strktfiihyk)
uhtua dkpkt gfgfhkhiakh pkskr. ^rosfs eorgumksi strktfii dimkauakh pkdk
`k`krkh gkhk`fgfh, sfgfhtkrk igpmfgfhtksi dkh pfmkaskhkkh dimkauakh
omfb `k`krkh pfmkaskhk.
^rosfshyk dimkauakh sflkrk top-dowh.

Tkbkp 40 \trktfiil Gkhkifgfht, ykhi gfrupkakh pfhifgjkhikh dkri strktfiil

 pmkhhihi. Di sihi gksuakh dkri mfvfm jkwkb `uik dipfrtigjkhiakh. ^rosfshyk

tidka bkhyk jfraohsfhtrksi pkdk eorgumksi strktfii, hkguh `uik

dipfrbktiakh sflkrk sfaskgk prosfs igpmfgfhtksihyk. Akrfhk jfrdkskrakh
pfhikmkgkh dfhikh
gfhiiuhkakh strktfiil pmkhhihi, pfruskbkkh sfrihi akmi tidka gfhlkpki tu`ukhhyk
akrfhk tfrhyktk strktfii ykhi dieorgumksiakh tfrsfjut tidka
diigpmfgfhtksiakh sflkrk fefatie. Gfhurut pfhfmitikh (Zoutmfdif \lbumfr.
Z.\., :>;>), tfrhyktk aurkhi dkri ;>% strktfii ykhi dieorgumksiakh dkpkt
diigpmfgfhtksiakh sflkrk fefatie. Chi jfrkrti mfjib dkri 3>%
pfruskbkkh sflkrk aohsistfh ikikm gfhifasfausi strktfiihyk sflkrk
fefatie. (Zoutmfdif \lbumfr. Z.\.,
:>;>)gfhuh`uaakh jkbwk sftidkahyk 9>% pfruskbkkh ykhi

4
gfhibkdkpi gkskmkb, tfrhyktk pfrgkskmkbkh sfsuhiiubhyk juakhmkb strktfii

ykhi jurua,

AOH\F^ DK\KZ GKHK@FGFH \TZKTFIC

5
gfmkihakh fasfausi (igpmfgfhtksi) ykhi jurua. ^kdkbkm, kdk pfhfmitikh mkih
ykhi dimkauakh omfb (^ftfr, :>;:) gfhyfjutakh jkbwk pfruskbkkh dkpkt
gfhifmukrakh aurkhi mfjib V\$ ;>> gimykr uhtua aohsumtksi dkh pfmktibkh
gkhk`fgfh ykhi ditu`uakh uhtua gfhliptkakh strktfii ykhi jrimikh. Dfhikh
dfgiaikh, gkhk`fgfh strktf`ia tidka bkhyk gfhlkaup prosfs eorgumksi
sk`k, hkguh `uik prosfs igpmfgfhtksihyk.

:.4 ^rosfs Gkhk`fgfh \trktfiis

Jfrdkskrakh juau akrkhikh (Zivk–i, :>>4), tfrdkpkt suktu jkikh

ykhi gfhuh`uaakh prosfs gkhk`fgfh strktf`iasfpfrti pkdk ikgjkr; jfriaut.
Gfhurut
 jkikh tfrsfjut, dkpkt disigpumakh jkbwk prosfs gkhk`fgfh strktf`ia
sflkrk ugug dkpkt dijkii gfh`kdi < mkhiakb poaoa, ykahi0

;) ^fruguskh strktfii (Eorgumktihi strktfiy)

:) ^fhfrkpkh strktfii (igpmfgfhtihi strktfiy)
<) Fvkmuksi (fvkmuktihi)

Vhtua mfjib `fmkshyk kakh diimustrksiakh gfmkmui jkikh jfriaut ihi 0

Eorgumksi strktfii tfrgksua gfhifgjkhiakh visi dkh gisi, gfhiidfhtieiaksi

 pfmukhi dkh khlkgkh fastfrhkm pfruskbkkh, gfhfhtuakh afauktkh dkh afmfgkbkh

ihtfrhkm, gfhftkpakh tu`ukh `khiak pkh`khi, gfrugusakh kmtfrhktie strktfii, dkh

;
AOH\F^ DK\KZ GKHK@FGFH \TZKTFIC

;
gfgimib strktfii tfrtfhtu ykhi kakh dimkaskhkakh. Csu eorgumksi strktfii gfhlkaup
 jishis kpk ykhi digksuai, jishis kpk ykhi bkrus ditihiikmakh, jkikigkhk
gfhikmoaksiakh sugjfr dkyk, kpkakb bkrus gfmkauakh faspkhsi ktku divfrsieiaksi
 jishis, kpkakb bkrus gfgksuai pkskr ihtfrhksiohkm, kpkakb bkrus gfrifr ktku
gfgjfhtua `oiht vfhturf dkh jkikigkhk gfhibihdkri pfhikgjimkmibkh
sflkrk
 pkask. Akrfhk tidka kdk orikhisksi ykhi gfgimiai sugjfr dkyk tka tfrjktks,
 pfhyusuhkh strktfii bkrus gfgutusakh kmtfrhktie strktfii gkhk ykhi kakh
gfgjfriakh afuhtuhikh tfrjkhyka. \trktfii gfhfhtuakh afuhiiumkh aogpftitie 
 `khiak pkh`khi.

Cgpmfgfhtksi strktfii tfrgksua gfhifgjkhiakh judkyk ykhi

gfhduauhi strktfii, gfhliptkakh struatur orikhisksi ykhi fefatie dkh
gfhikrkbakh uskbk
 pfgkskrkh, gfhyikpakh khiikrkh, gfhifgjkhiakh dkh gfgjfrdkykakh
sistfg iheorgksi, dkh gfhibujuhiakh aihfr`k akrykwkh dfhikh aihfr`k
orikhisksi.

\uasfshyk igpmfgfhtksi strktfii tfrmftka pkdk afgkgpukh gkhk`fr

uhtua  gfgotivksi akrykwkh.

Fvkmuksi strktfii kdkmkb tkbkp eihkm dkmkg gkhk`fgfh strktfiis. Fvkmuksi strktfii
kdkmkb kmkt uhtua gfhdkpktakh iheorgksi akpkh strktfii tidka dkpkt
jfr`kmkh.
\fguk strktfii dkpkt digodieiaksi di gksk dktkhi akrfhk ekator ihtfrhkm
dkh fastfrhkm sflkrk aohstkh jfrujkb. Tiik katieitks dkskr fvkmuksi strktfii kdkmkb
(;) Gfhih`ku umkhi ekator fastfrhkm dkh ihtfrhkm ykhi gfh`kdi dkskr strktfii skkt
ihi1 (:) Gfhiuaur aihfr`k1 (<)Gfhikgjim tihdkakh aorfatie. (Drulafr,
:>>2) gfhiktkakh pfafr`kkh utkgk dkmkg gkhk`fgfh strktfiis kdkmkb jfrpiair
gfmkmui afsfmurubkh gisi pfruskbkkh.

:.6 Gfgkbkgi Aohsfp Gkhk`fgfh \trktfiis

Aohsfp gkhk`fgfh strktfiis ykitu uhtua gfhlkpki dkh

gfgpfrtkbkhakh afuhiiumkh aogpftitie. Gkhk`fgfh strktfiis dkpkt
didfeihisiakh sfjkiki sfhi dkh imgu uhtua gfgeorgumksi, gfhiigpmfgfhtksi, dkh

;
gfhifvkmuksi afputuskh mihtks euhisi ykhi gfguhiaihakh orikhisksi dkpkt
gfhlkpki tu`ukhhyk. Tu`ukh

gkhk`fgfh strktfiis kdkmkb uhtua gfhifaspmoitksi dkh gfhliptkakh pfmukhi jkru

AOH\F^ DK\KZ GKHK@FGFH \TZKTFIC

;
ykhi jfrjfdk uhtua gksk gfhdktkhi1 pfrfhlkhkkh `khiak pkh`khi, sfjkmiahyk,
gfhlojk uhtua gfhioptigkmakh trfh sfakrkhi uhtuhi gksk gfhdktkhi.

\flkrk sihiakt, jfjfrkpk pfhumis sfpfrti (Lfrto, :>;>),(Lommis, :>>6), dkh (Dkvid,
:>;:) gfhiikgjkrakh gkhk`fgfh strktfiis sfjkiki mkhiakb-mkhiakb pkrk

 pfgigpih orikhisksi gfmkauakh jfrjkiki afiiktkh sflkrk sistfgktis. Mkhiakb-

mkhiakb tfrsfjut khtkrk mkih gfmkauakh khkmisis mihiauhikh orikhisksi
ykhi
gfgjfri ikgjkrkh gfhifhki pfmukhi dkh khlkgkh. Afgudikh
mkhiakb
 jfriauthyk gfmkauakh khkmisis afauktkh dkh afmfgkbkh orikhisksi dkmkg
aohtfas mihiauhikh ihtfrhkm. Afduk mkhiakb ihi dimkauakh dkmkg uskbk
gfhftkpakh visi, gisi, dkh tu`ukh orikhisksi.

^frhyktkkh gisi gfrupkakh bkm utkgk dkmkg mfgjkik ykhi jfrsiekt

gissioh drivfh sfbihiik khkmisis mihiauhikh mukr dkh dkmkg mfjib
dipfriuhkakh uhtua  gfhyusuh strktfii. Mkhiakb jfriauthyk kdkmkb
gfrugusakh strktfii sfsuki dfhikh afauktkh dkh afmfgkbkh orikhisksi ykhi
jfrkdk pkdk mihiauhikh ykhi gfgpuhyki pfmukhi ktku khlkgkh. Gfmkaskhkakh
strktfii gfrupkakh jkiikh dkri gkhk`fgfh strktfiis. ^fmkaskhkkh tfrsfjut kakh
dimkauakh jfrskgk dkmkg sistfg
 pfhifhdkmikh strktfiis uhtua gfh`kgih tfrlkpkihyk tu`ukh mfgjkik. \
flkrk afsfmurubkh aohsfp gkhk`fgfh strktfiis dkpkt dijkii gfh`kdi jfjfrkpk
jkiikh ykhi jfrurutkh0 khkmisis pfrujkbkh dkh pfrsikpkh pfhyusuhkh,
dikihosis afmfgjkikkh dkh khkmisis situksi, eorgumksi strktfii, pfmkaskhkkh
strktfii dkh
 pfhifhdkmikh strktfii.

:.5 Godfm Gkhk`fgfh Jfrjksis \ugjfr Dkyk

Lkrk jfmk`kr dkh gfhikpmiaksiakh prosfs gkhk`fgfh strktfiis kdkmkb

dfhikh gfhiiuhkakh godfm. \ftikp godfm gfrfprfsfhtksiakh sfgklkg prosfs.
Godfm dijkwkb ihi kdkmkb godfm aogprfbfhsie prosfs gkhk`fgfh
strktfiis ykhi ditfrigk sflkrk muks. Godfm ihi tidka gfh`kgih afjfrbksimkh,
tftkpi godfm tfrsfjut gfhuh`uaakh pfhdfaktkh ykhi `fmks dkh prkatis
uhtua gfgeorgumksi, gfhiigpmfgfhtksi, dkh gfhifvkmuksi strktfii.
;
AOH\F^ DK\KZ GKHK@FGFH \TZKTFIC

;
\flkrk prihsipim, sftikp godfm gkhk`fgfh strktfiia pksti gfmijktakh
kdkhyk skskrkh strktfiia (jkia dkmkg jfhtua visi, gisi, oj`fltivf,
gkupuh iokm), eorgumksi strktfii, igpmfgfhtksi strktfii, sfrtk pfhifhdkmikh
aihfr`k. \fjukb gkhk`fgfh ykhi jkia, bkrusmkb gfgimiai afgkgpukh uhtua
gfgeorgumksiakh strktfii ykhi jkia, sfakmiius `uik dkpkt
gfhiigpmfgfhtksiakhhyk. Jfjfrkpk godfm diafgjkhiakh uhtua gfgjkhtu
pfruskbkkh uhtua dkpkt gfgeorgumksiakh sfakmiius gfhiigpmfgfhtksiakh
strktfiihyk.

 (^ortfr, :>;:) Gfhiktkakh, tfrdkpkt jfjfrkpk godfm pfhtihi ykhi dituh`uaakh

uhtua gfhiikgjkrakh ihput strktfiis jkii mkhiakb suktu pfruskbkkh, dkh skmkb
sktu dikhtkrkhyk kdkmkb godfm jfrjksis sugjfr dkyk uhtua
proeitkjimitks tihiii (Ikgjkr <). Godfm ihi gfhiksugsiakh jkbwk tikp
orikhisksi gfrupkakh augpumkh sugjfr dkyk dkh afgkgpukh uhia ykhi
gfrupkakh dkskr uhtua  strktfii dkh sugjfr utkgk proeitkjimitkshyk. @uik
diksugsiakh jkbwk pfruskbkkh

gfgpfromfb sugjfr dkyk ykhi jfrjfdk sfrtk gfhifgjkhiakh afgkgpukhhyk

ykhi uhia. Akrfhkhyk sfmurub pfruskbkkh jfrskihi dkmkg ihdustri
tfrtfhtu
guhiaih tidka gfgimiai sugjfr dkyk ktku afgkgpukh strktfiis ykhi
skgk. Godfm ihi `uik gfhiksugsiakh jkbwk sugjfr dkyk tidka
tfrmkmu gudkb
 jfrpihdkb khtkr pfruskbkkh. ^frjfdkkh dkmkg sugjfr dkyk, ykhi tidka
guhiaih didkpktakh ktku ditiru pfruskbkkh mkih, sfrtk lkrk pfhiiuhkkhhyk
gfrupkakh dkskr afuhiiumkh jfrskihi.

\ugjfr dkyk kdkmkb ihput jkii prosfs produasi pfruskbkkh, sfpfrti

jkrkhi, godkm, afgkgpukh pkrk pfafr`khyk, pktfh, afukhikh dkh gkhk`fr ykhi
jfrjkakt. Vgughyk sugjfr dkyk pfruskbkkh dkpkt diamksieiaksiakh gfh`kdi tiik
aktkiori, ykitu godkm eisia, sugjfr dkyk gkhusik dkh orikhisksi. \ktu `fhis
sugjfr dkyk sk`k guhiaih tidka dkpkt gfhibksimakh afuhiiumkh
jfrskihi ykhi
 jfrafsihkgjuhikh.

;
AOH\F^ DK\KZ GKHK@FGFH \TZKTFIC

;
Tidka sfmurub sugjfr dkyk dkh afgkgpukh pfruskbkkh gfgimiai potfhsi sfjkiki
dkskr afuhiiumkh jfrskihi ykhi jfrafsihkgjuhikh. ^otfhsi ihi
dirfkmisksiakh kpkjimk sugjfr dkyk dkh afgkgpukh tfrsfjut jfrbkrik, mkhiak,
tidka dkpkt ditiru dkh tidka dkpkt diikhtiakh. \ugjfr dkyk (`uik gfhlkaup
afgkgpukh) kdkmkb
 jfrbkrik bkhyk `iak gfguhiaihakh pfruskbkkh gfhiiuhkakh afsfgpktkh
dkh/ktku gfhftrkmisir khlkgkh dkmkg mihiauhikh fastfrhkmhyk1 \ugjfr
dkyk disfjut mkhiak kpkjimk, `iak kdk, bkhyk digimiai omfb sfdiait pfskihi
ykhi kdk

gkupuh ykhi guhiaih kdk1 \ugjfr dkyk disfjut tka dkpkt ditiru

;
kpkjimk

AOH\F^ DK\KZ GKHK@FGFH \TZKTFIC

;
 pfruskbkkh mkih tidka dkpkt gfgpfromfbhyk1 sfrtk tidka dkpkt diikhtiakh `iak
tidka gfgimiai fquivkmfh ykhi strktfiis. Kpkjimk aritfrik-aritfrik
tfrsfjut dipfhubi, sugjfr dkyk dkh afgkgpukh gfh`kdi aogpftfhsi ihti dkh
dkpkt
 jfrmkau sfjkii dkskr afuhiiumkh jfrskihi pfruskbkkh, dkyk skihi strktfiis,
dkh afgkgpukhhyk uhtua gfhdkpkt mkjk diktks rktk-rktk.

;
AOH\F^ DK\KZ GKHK@FGFH \TZKTFIC

;
 JKJ <
^FHVTV^

<.; Afsigpumkh

Gkhk`fgfh strktfiis gfrupkakh prosfs ktku rkhiakikh afiiktkh pfhikgjimkh

afputuskh ykhi jfrsiekt gfhdkskr dkh gfhyfmurub, disfrtki pfhftkpkh

lkrk gfmkaskhkakhhyk, ykhi dijukt omfb pigpihkh dkh diigpmfgfhtksiakh omfb
sfmurub
 `k`krkh di dkmkg suktu orikhisksi, uhtua gfhlkpki tu`ukh.

Chti dkri gkhk`fgfh strktfiis kdkmkb gfgfhkhiakh pfrskihikh.

Akrfhk gkhk`fgfh strktfiis sfmkmu jfruskbk gfgfhkhiakh pfrskihikh, gkak
gku tidka  gku pfruskbkkh bkrus sfhkhtiksk gfhikhkmisis diri dkh
gfgpfrjkiai diri kikr  tkgpim mfjib jkia dkri pfruskbkkh pfskihi.

Gkhk`fgfh strktfiisgfgimiai Akrkatfristia sfjkiki jfriaut 0jfrsiekt `khiak

 pkh`khi dkh dihkgis, jfrakitkh frkt dfhikh gkhk`fgfh opfrksiohkm,

sfmkmu digotori omfb uhsur-uhsur pkdk gkhk`fr tihiakt puhlka,jfrorifhtksi gksk
dfpkh,
dkh dkmkg pfmkaskhkkhhyk diduauhi omfb sfguk sugjfr dkyk faohogi ykhi
tfrsfdik.

^rosfs gkhk`fgfh strktfiis tfrdiri ktks tiik tkbkp0 ;. Eorgumksi strktfii,

:. Cgpmfgfhtksi strktfii, <. Fvkmuksi strktfii.

Jfjfrkpk godfm gkhk`fgfh strktfiis ykhi sfrihi gfh`kdi klukh dkri

top gkhk`fgfh pfruskbkkh kdkmkb godfm gkhk`fgfh strktfiis jfrjksis sugjfr
dkyk

uhtua proeitkjimitks tihiii. Godfm ihi gfhiksugsiakh jkbwk tikp

orikhisksi gfrupkakh augpumkh sugjfr dkyk dkh afgkgpukh uhia ykhi
gfrupkakh dkskr 
uhtua strktfii dkh sugjfr utkgk proeitkjimitkshyk. @uik diksugsiakh jkbwk
 pfruskbkkh gfgpfromfb sugjfr dkyk ykhi jfrjfdk sfrtk
gfhifgjkhiakh afgkgpukhhyk ykhi uhia. Akrfhkhyk sfmurub pfruskbkkh
jfrskihi dkmkg ihdustri tfrtfhtu guhiaih tidka gfgimiai sugjfr dkyk ktku
afgkgpukh strktfiis ykhi skgk. Godfm ihi `uik gfhiksugsiakh jkbwk
sugjfr dkyk tidka tfrmkmu gudkb

;
 jfrpihdkb khtkr pfruskbkkh.

AOH\F^ DK\KZ GKHK@FGFH \TZKTFIC

;
^frjfdkkh dkmkg sugjfr dkyk, ykhi tidka guhiaih didkpktakh ktku
ditiru
 pfruskbkkh mkih, sfrtk lkrk pfhiiuhkkhhyk gfrupkakh dkskr afuhiiumkh jfrskihi.
\ugjfr dkyk kdkmkb ihput jkii prosfs produasi pfruskbkkh, sfpfrti
jkrkhi, godkm, afgkgpukh pkrk pfafr`khyk, pktfh, afukhikh dkh gkhk`fr ykhi
jfrjkakt. Vgughyk sugjfr dkyk pfruskbkkh dkpkt diamksieiaksiakh gfh`kdi tiik
aktkiori, ykitu godkm eisia, sugjfr dkyk gkhusik dkh orikhisksi.\ktu `fhis
sugjfr dkyk sk`k guhiaih tidka dkpkt gfhibksimakh afuhiiumkh
jfrskihi ykhi
 jfrafsihkgjuhikh.

<.: \krkh

;. ^krk pfgjklk abusushyk gkbksiswk bkrus mfjib gfhihiaktakh

 pfhiftkbukhhyk tfhtkhi gkhk`fgfh strktfii

:. Di bkrkpakh gkakmkb ihi dkpkt jfriuhk jkii aitk sfguk dkmkg

pfgjfmk`krkh Gkhk`fgfh strktfii

<. Di bkrkpakh gkakmkb ihi dkpkt gfh`kdi pfgjfmk`krkh jkii tfgkh-

tfgkh sfguk akrfhk gksib jkhyka bkm ykhi pfrmu aitk pfmk`kri dkmkg
prosfs
 pfhtihihyk gkhk`fgfh strktfii dkmkg suktu pfruskbkkh.

;
AOH\F^ DK\KZ GKHK@FGFH \TZKTFIC

;
 DKETKZ ^V\TKAK

Suhus, Fddy. :>;5. GKHK@FGFH \TZKTFIC\. Soiykakrtk0 Khdi Oeesft.

 Hkzkrudih, G. B. :>:>. GKHK@FGFH \TZKTFICA. ^kmfgjkhi0 HofrEiari

Oeesft.

Tkueiquroabgkh. :>;5. GKHK@FGFH \TZKTFICA. @kakrtk0 Ekaumtks Cmgu

\osikm dkh Cmgu ^omitia Vhivfrsitks ^roe. Dr. Gofstopo Jfrkikgk.

AOH\F^ DK\KZ GKHK@FGFH \TZKTFIC