Machine Tools

Machine tool is defined as a device which shapes the

workpiece (metal/wood/other materials) by removing the
material.

Examples: Lathe
Drilling machine,
Milling machine,
Grinding machine.
Shaping machine

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 Functions of Machine Tools

 To hold and support job/work to be machined

 To hold and support the cutting tool in position

 To move the cutting tool, work or both in a desired direction

 To regulate cutting speed and provide feeding movement.

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 Lathe

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 Lathe – Working Principle
Work piece is held rigidly by a work holding device called
chuck. Cutting tool is held in the tool post / turret and fed
against a rotating work piece to remove the material in order
to produce required shape (circular objects)

Chuck
W/P Direction of rotation

Work piece

Cutting tool
Tool direction

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 Lathe Classification
Bench Lathe – Small & Precision work

Speed Lathe – Wood working, Polishing

Engine Lathe – General purpose lathe used in machine shop

Capstan & Turret Lathe – Mass production of identical parts /

operations
Tool Room Lathe – Small tools, Gauges, Dies & Precision
parts etc.,
Automatic Lathe – Mass production of identical parts
CNC Lathe – Programmed machining for precision
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Lathe – Block diagram

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 Lathe – Main parts

Bed – Rigidly mounted on bottom supports.

– Load carrying member and supports all other parts
– Top of the bed is formed by two precision guide ways.

 Outer guide ways – set of flat and

inverted V guide ways on which
Carriage assembly is mounted

 Inner guide ways – other set of flat and

inverted V guide ways on which Head
stock and Tailstock are mounted

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 Lathe – Main parts

Headstock – Rigidly mounted on the inner guide ways of

lathe bed at its left end.

• Houses spindle, chuck and drives such as

– stepped cone pulley
– feed gear box

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 Lathe – Main parts

Main drive
• Cone pulley, which drives the main
spindle is driven by the motor.

• Various spindle speeds can be

obtained by shifting the belt on
different steps of the cone pulley.

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 Lathe – Main parts

Tailstock – mounted loosely on the inner guide ways of the lathe bed

Can be moved to any position on the lathe bed and clamped to

support work piece of different lengths

Using tailstock, special operations like drilling and reaming can be

performed

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 Lathe – Main parts
Carriage assembly
To support the cutting tool
Moves on outer guide ways
longitudinally (parallel to lathe axis)
between headstock and tailstock.

Consists of
Saddle
Cross slide
Compound Rest
Tool post
Apron
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 Lathe – Main parts
Saddle
 H shaped casting that slides over set of
guide ways
 Serves as the base for the cross slide.

Saddle

Cross slide
 Mounted on the saddle
 Enables the movement of the cutting tool
across the lathe bed (⊥er to lathe axis)
Cross slide
by means of cross feed hand wheel.
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 Lathe – Main parts

Compound Rest - Mounted on the top of the cross slide

• Swiveled to any angle in the horizontal plane
• Facilitate operations like, Taper turning & Threading operations
• Supports the tool post.

Tool Post

Compound Rest

Tool post - Clamps the tool holder in the

proper position for machining operations
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 Lathe – Main parts
Apron
• Mounted on the front of the saddle
• Consists of Carriage and Cross
slide mechanisms

Apron
Apron Hand
Wheel

Three Jaw Chuck

holds cylindrical stock centered
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 Lathe – Main parts

Lead Screw and Feed rod - both mounted parallel to and in front
of the lathe bed to transmit power from headstock to the carriage for
power feeding of cutting tool to perform different operations

Lead Screw

Feed rod

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 Lathe – Main parts

Lead screw – Long threaded shaft engaged with carriage through

half nut
Rotation of the lead screw moves the carriage longitudinally to
perform thread cutting operation.

Feed rod – long shaft mounted parallel to and below the lead screw
Facilitates longitudinal movement of carriage for other operations
like turning and facing

On some lesser types of lathes the lead screw with key way is used for
power feeding of tool to perform both thread cutting and other operations

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 Lathe – Operations

 Turning
 Step turning
 Taper turning
 Thread cutting
 Facing
 Knurling
 Chamfering

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 Lathe – Operations

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 Lathe – Operations

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 Lathe – Specifications

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 Lathe – Specifications

1. Distance between centers

 Maximum distance between lathe centers
 Represents the maximum length of the work piece that can be
held between centers

2. Overall length of the bed – Maximum length of the bed starting

from the head stock end to tailstock end

3. Swing diameter over the bed – Largest diameter of the work

piece that can be rotated without touching the bed.

4. Swing diameter over a gap in the bed – Maximum diameter &

width of a work piece that can be mounted between the centers.

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 Drilling Machine

A machine tool used to produce holes.

Drilling machines may be classified as
 Portable drilling machine
 Bench or Sensitive drilling machine
 Radial drilling machine
 Pillar drilling machine
 Gang drilling machine
 Multiple spindle drilling machine
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 Drilling Machines

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 Twist Drill

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 Radial Drilling Machine

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 Radial Drilling Machine

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 Radial Drilling Machine

• Used for medium and heavy duty applications

• Consists of heavy, circular column mounted on a strong base

• Radial arm is mounted on the column and can be raised/

lowered, and can be swung around the column

• Drill head with drive & feed mechanism is fitted to radial arm

• Drill head can be moved horizontally along the guides of the

arm and can be locked at any desired position

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 Drilling Machine – Operations

1. Drilling

2. Reaming

3. Boring.

4. Counter Boring

5. Counter sinking

6. Spot facing

7. Tapping.

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 Drilling Machine – Operations

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