University of Panama

Colon Regional University Center

English Department
Name
Dania Guerra
3 702 2123
Subject
Contemporary Comparative Literature
Teacher
Angelica Simpson
Final test
Postmodernism
Expressionism
Surrealism
 Postmodernism

Postmodernism is a broad movement that developed in the mid-to-late 20th century

across philosophy, the arts, architecture, and criticism, marking a departure
from modernism. The term has been more generally applied to describe a historical era
said to follow after modernity and the tendencies of this era.
 Postmodernism timeline

The term postmodern was first used in 1870. John Watkins Chapman suggested "a

Postmodern style of painting" as a way to depart from French Impressionism. J. M.

Thompson, in his 1914 article in The Hibbert Journal (a

quarterly philosophical review), used it to describe changes in attitudes and beliefs in
the critique of religion, writing: "The raison d'être of Post-Modernism is to escape from
the double-mindedness of Modernism by being thorough in its criticism by extending it
to religion as well as theology, to Catholic feeling as well as to Catholic tradition .

In 1926, Bernard Iddings Bell, president of St. Stephen's College (now Bard

College), published Postmodernism and Other Essays, marking the first use of the term
to describe the historical period following Modernity. The essay criticizes the lingering
socio-cultural norms, attitudes, and practices of the Age of Enlightenment. It also
forecasts the major cultural shifts toward Postmodernity and (Bell being an Anglo-
Catholic priest) suggests orthodox religion as a solution.

In 1949 the term was used to describe a dissatisfaction with modern architecture and

led to the postmodern architecture movement in response to the modernist architectural
movement known as the International Style. Postmodernism in architecture was initially

marked by a re-emergence of su rface ornament,

reference to surrounding buildings in urban settings, historical reference in decorative
forms (eclecticism), and non-orthogonal angles.
 Expressionism

 is a modernist movement, initially in poetry and painting, originating in Northern Europe
around the beginning of the 20th century. Its typical trait is to present the world solely
from a subjective perspective, distorting it radically for emotional effect to evoke moods
or ideas.
 Expressionism
1850, its origin is sometimes traced to paintings exhibited in 1901 in Paris by obscure
artist Julien-Auguste Hervé,
“An Expressionist wishes, above
Expressionist rejects) immediate
complex psychic structures...
that pass through ... people's
them of all substantial
essence [...and] are assimilated
forms, into types, which he
hand formulae and symbols.
which he called Expressionisms
all, to express himself... (an
perception and builds on more
Impressions and mental images
soul as through a filter which rids
accretions to produce their clear
and condense into more general
transcribes through simple short-

In 1905, a group of four German artists, led by Ernst Ludwig Kirchner, formed Die
Brücke (the Bridge) in the city of Dresden. This was arguably the
founding organization for the German
Expressionist movement, though they did not use the word
itself. A few years later, in 1911, a like-minded group of young
artists formed Der Blaue Reiter (The Blue Rider) in Munich.
The name came from Wassily Kandinsky's Der Blaue
Reiter painting of 1903.

In late 1939, at the beginning of World War II, New York City received a great number
of major European artists. After the war, Expressionism
influenced many young American artists. Norris Embry (1921–
1981) studied with Oskar Kokoschka in 1947 and during the
next 43 years produced a large body of work in the
Expressionist tradition. Norris Embry has been termed "the first
American German Expressionist".
 Surrealism

Surrealism was a cultural movement which developed in Europe in the aftermath

of World War I and was largely influenced by Dada. The movement is best known for
its visual artworks and writings and the juxtaposition of distant realities to activate the
unconscious mind through the imagery. Artists painted unnerving, illogical scenes,
sometimes with photographic precision, creating strange creatures from everyday
objects, and developing painting techniques that allowed the unconscious to express
itself. Its aim was, according to leader André Breton, to "resolve the previously
contradictory conditions of dream and reality into an absolute reality, a super-reality",
or surrealist.
 Surrealism Timelines

The word 'surrealism' was first coined in March 1917 by Guillaume Apollinaire. He
wrote in a letter to Paul Dermée: "All things considered, I think in fact it is better to adopt

surrealism than supernaturalism, wish I first used" [Tout

bien examiné, je crois en effet qu'il vaut mieux adopter surréalisme que surnaturalisme
que j'avais d'abord employé.

The movement in the mid-1920s was characterized by meetings in cafes where the
Surrealists played collaborative drawing games, discussed the theories of Surrealism,
and developed a variety of techniques such as automatic drawing. Breton initially

doubted that visual arts could even be useful in

the Surrealist movement since they appeared to be less malleable and open to chance
and automatism.

By October 1924 two rival Surrealist groups had formed to publish a Surrealist
Manifesto. Each claimed to be successors of a revolution launched by Appolinaire. One

bajo licencia CC BY-SA

group, led by Yvan Goll consisted of Pierre Albert -

Esta foto de Autor desconocido está

Birot, Paul Dermée, Céline Arnauld, Francis Picabia, Tristan Tzara, Giuseppe

Ungaretti, Pierre Reverdy, Marcel Arland, Joseph Delteil, Jean Painlevé and Robert
Delaunay, among others.