Handbook On Chemical and Biological Wast

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Handbook on chemical and

biological waste management
TECHNICAL REPORT · DECEMBER 2014
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10 AUTHORS, INCLUDING:
Simona Cavallini
FORMIT Foundation
18 PUBLICATIONS 3 CITATIONS
SEE PROFILE
Valentina Sabato
FoodLife International Ltd
8 PUBLICATIONS 4 CITATIONS
SEE PROFILE
Available from: Simona Cavallini

Retrieved on: 04 February 2016
Funded by the European Union
Handbook on
chemical and
biological waste
management
tŝƚŚƚŚĞƐƵƉƉŽƌƚŽĨ
ĐƟŽŶŝŵƉůĞŵĞŶƚĞĚďǇ
Funded by the European Union
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tŝƚŚƚŚĞƐƵƉƉŽƌƚŽĨ
ĐƟŽŶŝŵƉůĞŵĞŶƚĞĚďǇ
© UNICRI, 2014
All rights reserved. This document or parts thereof may be reproduced provided the source is referenced.
The document has been produced with the assistance of the EU. The information and views set out in this docu-
ment are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the official opinion of the European Union. Neither
the European Union institutions and bodies nor any person acting on their behalf may be held responsible for the
use which may be made of the information contained therein.
The contents of this document do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of the United Nations, UNICRI
or contributory organizations, or do they imply any endorsement. While reasonable efforts have been made to
ensure that the contents of this document are factually correct and properly referenced, UNICRI does not accept
responsibility for the accuracy or completeness of the contents, and shall not be liable for any loss or damage that
may be occasioned directly or indirectly through the use of, or reliance on, the contents of this publication. The
designations employed and the presentation of material in this publication do not imply the expression of any
opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the United Nations and UNICRI concerning the legal status
of any country, territory or boundaries. This publication has not been formally edited by UNICRI.
For further information please contact: FORMIT Foundation, Research and Innovation area, Via G. Gemelli
Careri 11 – 00147 Roma. Tel. +39 065165001
Authors and suggested citation:

Handbook on chemical and biological waste management - Cavallini S., Cerutti F., Costanzo P., Fotia G., Gis-
mondo M. R., Mastroianni M., Mugavero R., Sabato V., Vitale R., Vitali L.
For the CBRN Centres of Excellence Project “Knowledge development and transfer of best practices on chemical
and biological waste management in South East Asia”, implemented by Fondazione FORMIT and Polo Universi-
tario – Azienda Ospedaliera L. Sacco, 2014.
For further information on CBRN Centres of Excellence:

http://www.cbrn-coe.eu/
For further information on the CB Waste Management Project:

• www.cb-wastemanagement.org
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ϰ͘ϭ͘ŚĞŵŝĐĂůŽǀĞƌǀŝĞǁ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ ϭϯϯ
ϰ͘ϭ͘ϭ͘ƵƌŽƉĞĂŶhŶŝŽŶƉƉƌŽĂĐŚ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘!"'
ϰ͘ϭ͘ϭ͘ϭ͘ƵƌŽƉĞĂŶtĂƐƚĞ&ƌĂŵĞǁŽƌŬŝƌĞĐƟǀĞ͗
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ϰ͘ϭ͘ϭ͘Ϯ͘ůĂƐƐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶĨƌŽŵ^ĂĨĞƚǇĂƚĂ^ŚĞĞƚƐ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ ϭϰϮ
ϰ͘ϭ͘Ϯ͘hŶŝƚĞĚ^ƚĂƚĞƐƉƉƌŽĂĐŚ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ ϭϰϳ
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ϱ͘ϭ͘ŚĞŵŝĐĂůKǀĞƌǀŝĞǁ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘!("
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ϱ͘ϭ͘Ϯ͘ŚĞŵŝĐĂůtĂƐƚĞ/ĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘!('
ϱ͘ϭ͘ϯ͘ϯZ͛ƐƉƉƌŽĂĐŚƚŽŚĞŵŝĐĂů,ĂǌĂƌĚŽƵƐtĂƐƚĞDĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚ͗
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ϱ͘ϭ͘ϱ͘,ĂŶĚůŝŶŐĂŶĚƐƚŽƌĂŐĞ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ ϭϳϮ
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ϱ͘ϭ͘ϳ͘KƚŚĞƌƉƌĂĐƟĐĞƐ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ϭϳϴ
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ϱ͘Ϯ͘Ϯ͘Ϯ͘^ĞŐƌĞŐĂƟŽŶŽĨŝŶĨĞĐƟŽƵƐǁĂƐƚĞ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ϭϴϯ
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ϱ͘Ϯ͘ϯ͘>ĂďĞůůŝŶŐ͕ĐŽůůĞĐƟŽŶ͕ƚƌĂŶƐƉŽƌƚĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƐƚŽƌĂŐĞ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ ϭϴϳ
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The handbook has been written under the auspices of the European Union Chem-
ical, Biological, Radiological and Nuclear Risk Mitigation Centres of Excellence
Initiative (EU CBRN CoE).
The EU CBRN CoE initiative is funded by the European Commission and im-
plemented in cooperation with the United Nations Interregional Crime and Justice
Research Institute and the European Commission Joint Research Centre (JRC).
The European External Action Service is also involved in the follow-up of the
initiative. The initiative is developed with the technical support of relevant interna-
tional and regional organisations, the EU Member States and other stakeholders,
through coherent and effective cooperation at the national, regional and interna-
tional level. The initiative involves 48 countries in 8 regions of the world.
In line with the effort toward mitigation of and preparedness against risks related
to CBRN material and agents, the programme includes different activities related
to hazardous waste management.
In particular, the handbook is one of the outputs of CBRN CoE Project 6
“Knowledge development and transfer of best practice on chemical and biological
waste management”, carried out in South East Asia with the valuable participation
of representatives from Brunei Darussalam, Cambodia, Lao PDR, Myanmar, the
Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, Vietnam.
The Handbook is the result of a collaborative effort of experts working in two
different Italian institutions: Fondazione FORMIT (Rome), and Ospedale Luigi
Sacco – Azienda Ospedaliera Polo Universitario (Milan), that joined forces and
offered their expertise in the chemical and in the biological field respectively.
11
^çÃÃÙù
The Handbook is meant to represent a guidance document describing the several im-
plications that the multidimensional problem of hazardous waste management entails.
This is the reason why the reader will approach not only the knowledge of tech-
nical procedures for the management of hazardous waste, but also the basics for
understanding the legal framework that regulates the issue as well as the security
implications of the problem.
The Handbook is intended for a diverse audience. The guide can be profitably
read by public health managers and policy-makers, hospital managers, environ-
mental health professionals, and all administrators with an interest in and respon-
sibility for waste management. Beside these professionals that may benefit from
learning the basics of waste management, this guide is designed to help laboratory
supervisors and personnel classify and dispose of waste safely and in compliance
with international standards.
Moreover, the Handbook can be used for different purposes:

• as a planning and management tool
• as an educational tool to provide a comprehensive overview of safety, secu-
rity and health protection aspects of hazardous waste management
• as a reference document for site personnel.
Finally, it is necessary to say something about the structure of the book. Every top-
ic relevant to hazardous waste management has been treated separately from two
points of view: one coming from a team of experts in the chemical field and one
from a team of experts in the biological field.
This approach is reflected in the structure of the text that sees two separate
parts, one treating hazardous chemical waste and one treating biohazardous
waste, for most chapters of the manual.
13
EU CBRN RISK MITIGATION CENTRES OF EXCELLENCE INITIATIVE
However, for some topics a different approach has proved more useful: for ex-
ample, the discussions on the legal aspects of biological and chemical waste man-
agement have been integrated in order to accommodate to the similarities that the
two subjects present in this field.
The list of chapters is the following:

1. Waste management: general considerations
2. Legislation and guidelines on Hazardous Waste Management
3. Identification of substances
4. Waste classification
5. Waste handling general procedures
6. Risk management: first emergency response
14
>®ÝãÊ¥Ùò®ã®ÊÄÝ
ADR European Agreement concerning the international carriage of

Dangerous goods by Road
AIDS Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome
ASL Approved Supply List
ATE Acute Toxicity Estimates
AU African Union
BSC Biosafety Cabinet
BSL Biosafety Level
CAS Chemical Abstract Service
CDC Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
CEN European Committee for Standardization
CHW Chemical Hazardous Waste
COSHH Control of Substances Hazardous to Health regulations.
CQC Care Quality Commission
CW Chemical Waste
CWA CEN Workshop Agreement
DC District of Columbia
DDT Dicloro Difenil Tricloroetano
DEFRA English Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs
EA Environmental Agency (UK)
EBSA European Biosafety Association
EC European Commission
EDS Effluent Decontamination Systems
EEC European Economic Community
EFTA European Free Trade Association
EINECS European Inventory of Existing Commercial Chemical Substances
EPA Environmental Protection Agency (USA)
EU European Union
15
E-Waste Electronic Waste

EWC European Waste Catalogue
FAO Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
FP Flash Point
GHS Globally Harmonized System
HCF Health-Care Facility
HCW Health-Care Waste
HCWM Health-Care Waste Management
HELI Health and Environment Linkages Initiative
HEPA High-efficiency particulate air
HIV Human Immunodeficiency Virus
HOC Halogenated Organic Compound
HSE Health and Safety Executive
HSHW Hazardous Substance Hazardous Waste
HW Hazardous Waste
IFCS Intergovernmental Forum on Chemical Safety
ILO International Labour Organization
IMO International Maritime Organization
IMPEL European Union network for the Implementation and enforcement
of Environmental Law
IOMC Inter-Organization Programme for the Sound Management
of Chemicals
IPCS International Programme on Chemical Safety
JRC Joint Research Centre
LC50 median Lethal Concentration
LD50 median Lethal Dose
LDR Land Disposal Restrictions
LEL Lower Explosive Limit
LICs Low-Income Countries
LoW List of Waste
NGO Non Governmental Organisation
NIH National Institutes of Health, US
OECD Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
OAU Organisation of African Union
ODS Ozone-Depleting Substances
PAHs Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons
PBTs Persistent Bio-accumulative and Toxic substances
POPs Persistent Organic Pollutants
PPE Personal Protective Equipment
PVC Polyvinyl Chloride
16
HANDBOOK ON CHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL WASTE MANAGEMENT – LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
RCRA Resources Conservation and Recovery Act

SAICM Strategic Approach to International Chemicals Management
SDS Safety Data Sheet
SPREP Secretariat of the Pacific Region Environment Programme
SWDA Solid Waste Disposal Act
TSDF Treatment Storage Disposal Facility
UEL Upper Explosive Limit
UK United Kingdom
UN United Nation
UNDP United Nations Development Program
UNEP United Nations Environmental Program
UNICRI United Nations Interregional Crime and Justice Research Institute
UNIDO United Nations Industrial Development Organization
UNITAR United Nation Institute for Training And Research
USA United States of America
USDA US Department of Agriculture
WAPs Waste Analysis Plans
17
tÊÙ½®Ýã
Important note about the use of the concept “hazardous waste”(hw) in this
document
International and national health and safety legislations, aimed at promoting an
effective prevention and protection policy, are more concerned on the hazardous-
ness of waste than on its chemical or biological origin; for this reason most of the
official definitions (and related management procedures) of Hazardous Waste list-
ed in this manual, deal with chemical, biological as well as radioactive waste: for
example in the European legislation (i.e. European Waste Directive) waste can be
considered ”hazardous” by the presence of both biological agents and chemical
substances
For the purpose of this manual “Hazardous Waste” can both be referred to
Biological Waste and Chemical Waste; in the paragraphs titled “Chemical over-
view”, the use of “Chemical Hazardous Waste” and “Hazardous waste” must be
considered equivalent.
Biohazardous waste
Biohazardous waste includes public and private Health-care waste products which
may carry human pathogens or biohazards1. Biohazards are infectious agents or
hazardous biological materials that present a risk or potential risk to the health of
humans, animals or the environment. The risk can be direct through infection or
indirect through damage to the environment2.
Biohazardous materials include certain types of recombinant DNA; organisms
and viruses infectious to humans, animals or plants (e.g. parasites, viruses, bacte-
ria, fungi, prions, rickettsia); biologically active agents (i.e. toxins, allergens, ven-
1
“McGraw-Hill Concise Dictionary of Modern Medicine” The McGraw-Hill Companies, 2002.
2
Source: http://www.biosafety.ucla.edu.
19
oms) that may cause disease in other living organisms or cause significant impact
to the environment or community3.
Since biohazardous waste originates from health-care facilities and/or research
laboratories, it is to be considered as a subcategory of health-care waste.
Therefore manuals and scientific papers often refer to “health-care waste” as a
comprehensive expression for those descriptions that apply to biohazardous waste too.
Biohazardous Waste Management

Biohazardous waste management is the segregation, collection, transport, treat-
ment and disposal, managing and monitoring of biohazardous waste materials (see
Biohazardous waste).
The basic elements of minimal programmes of biohazardous waste manage-
ment are represented by the following basic actions4:
• assessment (quantitative and qualitative) of waste production;
• evaluation of local treatment and disposal options;
• segregation of biohazardous waste from general (or municipal) waste;
• establishment of internal rules for waste handling (storage, colour-coding,
collection frequency, etc.);
• assignment of responsibilities within the health-care establishment;
• choice of suitable-or better-treatment and disposal options.
Biosafety Level5
The designation of 4 levels of biosafety originated in the mid-1970s. There are four
basic biosafety levels as determined by Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
(CDC) and National Institutes of Health (NIH, US Department of State) which de-
scribe the microbiological techniques, lab practices, safety equipment, lab facilities and
waste management procedures necessary to protect workers and the environment.
The levels are designated in ascending order, by degree of protection provid-
ed to personnel, the environment, and the community. Standard microbiological
practices are common to all laboratories. Special microbiological practices enhance
worker safety, environmental protection, and address the risk of handling agents
requiring increasing levels of containment.
Biosefety Level 1
Biosafety Level 1 is suitable for work involving well-characterized agents not
known to consistently cause disease in immunocompetent adult humans, and
3
Id.
4 “
Safe Management of wastes from health-care activities”, 1st edition, WHO, 1999, p. 168.
5
“Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories”, 5th edition, CDC, 2009, p. 24.
20
HANDBOOK ON CHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL WASTE MANAGEMENT – WORD LIST
present minimal potential hazard to laboratory personnel and the environment.

BSL-1 laboratories are not necessarily separated from the general traffic patterns
in the building. Work is typically conducted on open bench tops using standard
microbiological practices. Special containment equipment or facility design is not
required, but may be used as determined by appropriate risk assessment. Labo-
ratory personnel must have specific training in the procedures conducted in the
laboratory and must be supervised by a scientist with training in microbiology or
a related science.
Biosefety Level 2
Biosafety Level 2 builds upon BSL-1. BSL-2 is suitable for work involving agents
that pose moderate hazards to personnel and the environment. It differs from
BSL-1 in that: 1) laboratory personnel have specific training in handling pathogenic
agents and are supervised by scientists competent in handling infectious agents
and associated procedures; 2) access to the laboratory is restricted when work is
being conducted; and 3) all procedures in which infectious aerosols or splashes
may be created are conducted in BSCs or other physical containment equipment.
Biosefety Level 3
Biosafety Level 3 is applicable to clinical, diagnostic, teaching, research, or pro-
duction facilities where work is performed with indigenous or exotic agents that
may cause serious or potentially lethal disease through the inhalation route of ex-
posure. Laboratory personnel must receive specific training in handling pathogenic
and potentially lethal agents, and must be supervised by scientists competent in
handling infectious agents and associated procedures.
Biosefety Level 4
Biosafety Level 4 is required for work with dangerous and exotic agents that pose a
high individual risk of aerosol-transmitted laboratory infections and life-threaten-
ing disease that is frequently fatal, for which there are no vaccines or treatments, or
a related agent with unknown risk of transmission. Agents with a close or identical
antigenic relationship to agents requiring BSL-4 containment must be handled at
this level until sufficient data are obtained either to confirm continued work at this
level, or re-designate the level. Laboratory staff must have specific and thorough
training in handling extremely hazardous infectious agents. Laboratory staff must
understand the primary and secondary containment functions of standard and
special practices, containment equipment, and laboratory design characteristics.
All laboratory staff and supervisors must be competent in handling agents and pro-
cedures requiring BSL-4 containment. The laboratory supervisor in accordance
with institutional policies controls access to the laboratory.
21
Chemical Hazardous Waste

A chemical waste that due to specific parameter (e.g. quantity, concentration, phys-
ical and chemical properties) shows a real or potential hazard to human health and
the environment.
Chemical Substance
A “matter of constant composition best characterized by the entities (molecules,
formula units, atoms) it is composed of. Physical properties such as density, re-
fractive index, electric conductivity, melting point etc. characterize the chemical
substance”6.
Chemical Waste
Waste made of chemical substances (usually harmful); such general definition can in-
clude both chemical byproducts from large manufacturing facilities and laboratories,
as well as the smaller-scale solvents and other chemicals disposed of by households.
Health-Care Waste
Health-care waste includes all the waste generated by health-care establishments,
research facilities, and laboratories. In addition, it includes the waste originating
from “minor” or “scattered” sources - such as that produced in the course of
health-care undertaken at home (dialysis, insulin injections, etc.)7.
The concept embraces activities of diagnosis as well as preventive, curative and
palliative treatments in the field of human medicine. In other words, all the waste
produced by a medical institution (public or private), a medical research facili-
ty (public or private) or a laboratory (public or private)8, is to be considered as
health-care waste.
Risk Group9
Infective microorganisms are commonly classified into risk groups.
According to the WHO, the drafting of classification of microorganisms by risk
group, should always take into account:
1. Pathogenicity of the organism.
2. Mode of transmission and host range of the organism. These may be influ-
enced by existing levels of immunity in the local population, density and move-
ment of the host population, presence of appropriate vectors, and standards of
environmental hygiene.
Source: http://goldbook.iupac.org/C01039.html
6
“Safe Management of wastes from health-care activities”, 2nd edition, WHO, 2013, p.3.
7
8
“Preparation of National Health-care Waste Management Plans in Sub-Saharan Countries”,
UNEP-WHO, 2004, p. 8
9
“Laboratory Biosafety Manual”, 3rd edition, WHO, 2004, p.1.
22
HANDBOOK ON CHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL WASTE MANAGEMENT – WORD LIST
3. Local availability of effective preventive measures. These may include: pro-

phylaxis by immunization or administration of antisera (passive immunization);
sanitary measures, e.g. food and water hygiene; control of animal reservoirs or
arthropod vectors.
4. Local availability of effective treatment. This includes passive immunization,
postexposure vaccination and use of antimicrobials, antivirals and chemothera-
peutic agents, and should take into consideration the possibility of the emergence
of drug-resistant strains10.
This manual adopts the WHO Risk Group classification system (see Table 1
below)
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ŝƐ ƵŶůŝŬĞůǇ ƚŽ ďĞ Ă ƐĞƌŝŽƵƐ ŚĂǌĂƌĚ ƚŽ ůĂďŽƌĂƚŽƌǇ ǁŽƌŬĞƌƐ͕
ZŝƐŬ'ƌŽƵƉϮ
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;ŵŽĚĞƌĂƚĞŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂůƌŝƐŬ͕ůŽǁĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƚǇƌŝƐŬͿ
ĞǆƉŽƐƵƌĞƐ ŵĂǇ ĐĂƵƐĞ ƐĞƌŝŽƵƐ ŝŶĨĞĐƟŽŶ͕ ďƵƚ ĞīĞĐƟǀĞ
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ƌŝƐŬŽĨƐƉƌĞĂĚŽĨŝŶĨĞĐƟŽŶŝƐůŝŵŝƚĞĚ͘
ƉĂƚŚŽŐĞŶƚŚĂƚƵƐƵĂůůǇĐĂƵƐĞƐƐĞƌŝŽƵƐŚƵŵĂŶŽƌĂŶŝŵĂů
ZŝƐŬ'ƌŽƵƉϯ
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;ŚŝŐŚŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂůƌŝƐŬ͕ůŽǁĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƚǇƌŝƐŬͿ
ŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂůƚŽĂŶŽƚŚĞƌ͘īĞĐƟǀĞƚƌĞĂƚŵĞŶƚĂŶĚƉƌĞǀĞŶƟǀĞ
ŵĞĂƐƵƌĞƐĂƌĞĂǀĂŝůĂďůĞ͘
ƉĂƚŚŽŐĞŶƚŚĂƚƵƐƵĂůůǇĐĂƵƐĞƐƐĞƌŝŽƵƐŚƵŵĂŶŽƌĂŶŝŵĂů
ZŝƐŬ'ƌŽƵƉϰ ĚŝƐĞĂƐĞ ĂŶĚ ƚŚĂƚ ĐĂŶ ďĞ ƌĞĂĚŝůǇ ƚƌĂŶƐŵŝƩĞĚ ĨƌŽŵ ŽŶĞ
ŚŝŐŚŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂůĂŶĚĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƚǇƌŝƐŬͿ ŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂů ƚŽ ĂŶŽƚŚĞƌ͕ ĚŝƌĞĐƚůǇ Žƌ ŝŶĚŝƌĞĐƚůǇ͘ īĞĐƟǀĞ
ƚƌĞĂƚŵĞŶƚ ĂŶĚ ƉƌĞǀĞŶƟǀĞ ŵĞĂƐƵƌĞƐ ĂƌĞ ŶŽƚ ƵƐƵĂůůǇ
ĂǀĂŝůĂďůĞ͘
It is possible to relate, but not to “equate” risk groups to the biosafety level of
laboratories (See Biosafety level) designed to work with organisms in each risk
group.
Waste
Waste includes substances or objects which are disposed of or are intended to be
disposed of or are required to be disposed of by the provisions of national law.!!
10
Id. p. 2
11
Basel convention on the control of transboundary movements of hazardous wastes and their
disposal (1989) p. 16.
23
^ÊÖÊ¥ã«ÃÄç½ÄÃã«ÊÊ½Ê¦ù
Correct and sound hazardous waste management includes a long and complex
cycle with several procedures.
Firstly, hazardous chemical and biological waste is produced, collected, trans-
ported, processed or disposed, managed and monitored within certain facilities
(public or private): chemical and biological laboratories, medical institutions,
medical research facilities, etc. This represents the first big step of the process.
After, hazardous wastes are subjected to a second phase of procedures outside the
facility before arriving to their ultimate destination for their final disposal.
We can therefore identify two phases within the cycle of waste management.
They are carried out in different places, with different procedures, by different
workers: the first phase is carried out “inside” the facility, while the second is com-
pleted “outside” it.
The aim of this manual is not to cover the entire hazardous waste management
cycle. Instead, the manual focuses its attention to every aspect of the first phase:
the waste management “inside” the facility. However, it is important to notice that
there is a close link between the “inside” phase and the “outside” phase: for exam-
ple, some of the activities performed in the facility are meant to be preparatory for
those actions that will be carried out “outside”. As a consequence, some mention
of this last type of activities is functional to the comprehensiveness of this hand-
book.
In light of these approach, some general terms related to the topic of our inter-
est shall be characterized as follows:
“Facility”, generally defined as place, amenity, or piece of equipment provided
for a particular purpose12, for the purposes of this manual shall mean “laboratory”.
Both expressions, “facility” and “laboratory”, have to be intended as including
(both public and private) chemical laboratories, hospital’s laboratories, veterinary
laboratories and research centres.
12
Source: http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/facility
25
“In-House Hazardous Waste Management” shall mean segregation, collection,

packaging, labelling, treatment, non permanent storage and (if allowed) disposal
of hazardous waste “inside” the Facilities.
“Out-of-House Hazardous Waste management” shall mean collection, pack-
aging, labelling, treatment, transport and disposal of hazardous wastes or other
wastes, including after-care of disposal sites “outside” the facilities.
The purpose of this manual is to present an overview of the international practic-

es on Hazardous Chemical and Biological In-House Waste management to raise
awareness on the safety and security concerns associated with toxic chemical and
bio-hazardous waste materials.
The choice to focus the attention on In-House Waste Management is due to
many reasons:
First of all, in order to properly discuss about hazardous waste, we need to
know how and through which procedures the waste has been produced. It is nec-
essary to analyze the characteristics of the facility itself as well as the handled mate-
rials and equipments. According to this approach, in order to study both biological
and chemical hazardous waste management, we certainly have to start from the
structure where potentially hazardous waste production takes place.
Secondly, the proper management of hazardous waste in the facility can de-
crease the amount of waste and the risk connected to handling the materials. Ef-
fectively, in some circumstances the entire “waste cycle” could be closed within the
facility itself through particular procedures and in other circumstances, we can at
least considerably decrease the amount of hazardous waste within the facility itself;
in such cases biohazardous waste (e.g. through special autoclaving procedures)
and chemical hazardous waste (e.g. neutralizing very strong acid or basic mixtures)
could be transformed in non-hazardous waste.
Thirdly, the study of the waste management cycle within the facility allows the
identification of roles and responsibilities of the staff.
Furthermore, a good waste management can contribute to the creation of a safe
and secure workplace within a sound safety and security management system. One
of the main results of this approach is that, if appropriate measures are taken, the
risk of incidents, which may involve not only workers but also the population and
the environment, will substantially decrease.
Finally, the choice of dealing with hazardous waste management “inside” the
facility aims at respecting the requirements of CBRN Centres of Excellence Project
6 Knowledge development and transfer of best practices on chemical and biological
waste management13 that gives rise to this manual. Within this framework, this
manual is intended as a tool for introducing the theoretical framework of Haz-
13
Source: http://www.cbrn-coe.eu/
26
HANDBOOK ON CHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL WASTE MANAGEMENT – SCOPE OF THE MANUAL AND METHODOLOGY
ardous Waste Management and identify some of the possible recipients of this
handbook as follows:
Laboratory Staff including:
• Laboratory Management Staff (e.g. head of a facility, in charge for the ac-
tivities planning, structure protection, implementation of National regulations or
practices)
• Laboratory General Staff (e.g. medical doctors, researchers, laboratory tech-
nicians)
Large scale practitioners meaning:
• Laboratory Support Staff (workers in support services like operators of
waste treatment equipment, and all operators involved in waste handling)
According to this approach, the manual doesn’t deal with Out-of-house transpor-
tation and disposal of procedures, but wishes to promote safe and secure practices
of In-House Hazardous Waste for all the above mentioned “In-House” worker
categories 1 and 2.
Despite the similar methodological approach to both chemical and biological
waste and the effort to highlight common issues, the chapters of this manual are
divided into two parts (chemical and biological), to reflect the inevitable differenc-
es (technical, legal, etc.) between the two areas and to facilitate a focused use of
the document.
27
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@<@<(,ĂǌĂƌĚŽƵƐtĂƐƚĞDĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚKǀĞƌǀŝĞǁĂŶĚĞĮŶŝƟŽŶƐ͗(
ĂŶ/ŶƚĞƌŶĂƟŽŶĂůWĞƌƐƉĞĐƟǀĞ
The United Nations Millennium Declaration emphasizes the will to protect the
future generation by protecting the environment: «We must spare no effort to free
all of humanity, and above all our children and grandchildren, from the threat of
living on a planet irredeemably spoilt by human activities, and whose resources
would no longer be sufficient for their needs»14.
Indeed, the need to protect the environment has always been a priority of the
United Nations.
Several environmental treaties and initiatives have been negotiated under the
aegis of the United Nations aiming at protecting the environment and find solu-
tions to help developing countries cope with the creation of new legal obliga-
tions15.
Due to its multifaceted implications, environmental problems and the relative
waste management issues are the subject of interest of many other international
organizations too.
This section provides the reader with an overview of some international,
regional and national organizations and agencies’ approach towards this criti-
cal topic. The following also introduces the definitions of “Hazardous Waste”
and “Hazardous Waste Management”, offered by the legal texts that repre-
sent the cornerstone of the same institutions’ strategy for the subject herein
analyzed.
14
Source: http://www.un.org/millennium/declaration/ares552e.htm
15
Source: http://www.cerdi.org/uploads/sfCmsContent/html/323/thebault.pdf
29
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!"!"!"!"#hŶŝƚĞĚEĂƟŽŶƐŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚWƌŽŐƌĂŵŵĞ;hEWͿ
UNEP was founded as a result of the United nations Conference on the Human
Environment (Stockholm Conference) in June 1972. It coordinates United Na-
tions environmental activities and assists developing countries in implementing
environmentally sound policies and practices.
Given this commitment towards environment protection, UNEP activities in-
clude efforts in the field of Waste Management.
The organization, particularly concerned about Hazardous Substance and Haz-
ardous Waste, developed the “Harmful substances and hazardous wastes sub-pro-
gramme”, whose object is assisting countries and regions in managing the life cycles
of chemical substances and waste that could pose a threat to the environment and
human health. UNEP’s work includes efforts to reduce risks from mercury, heavy
metals, pesticides, persistent organic pollutants (POPs) and other chemicals of
global concern as well as healthcare wastes and other hazardous wastes.
These include:
• Persistent, bio-accumulative and toxic substances (PBTs);
• Chemicals that are carcinogens or mutagens or that adversely affect the
reproductive, endocrine, immune, or nervous systems.
• Chemicals that have immediate hazards (acutely toxic, explosives, corrosives).
• Chemicals of global concern such as persistent organic pollutants (POPs),
greenhouse gases and ozone-depleting substances (ODS).
• Healthcare wastes.
• E-wastes.
UNEP has also facilitated the negotiations of a number of international treaties on

waste and hazardous waste, and hosts the secretariats of:
• Basel Convention
• Rotterdam Convention
• Stockholm Convention
• Global Programme of Action for the Protection of the Marine Environment
from Land-based Activities
UNEP official definitions (Basel Convention16)

Waste Management:
collection, transport and disposal of hazardous wastes or other wastes, including
after-care of disposal sites
16
Source: http://www.basel.int/Portals/4/Basel%20Convention/docs/text/BaselConventionText-e.pdf
30
HANDBOOK ON CHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL WASTE MANAGEMENT – GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS
Hazardous Waste:
(a) Wastes that belong to any category contained in Annex I17, unless they do not
possess any of the characteristics contained in Annex III18
(b) Wastes that are not covered under paragraph (a) but are defined as, or are con-
sidered to be, hazardous wastes by the domestic legislation of the Party of export,
import or transit
!"!"!"$"#dŚĞKƌŐĂŶŝƐĂƚŝŽŶĨŽƌĐŽŶŽŵŝĐŽͲŽƉĞƌĂƚŝŽŶĂŶĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ
;KͿ
“The mission of the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD19)
is to promote policies that will improve the economic and social well-being of people
around the world.
The OECD provides a forum in which governments can work together to share
experiences and seek solutions to common problems. OECD sets international
standards on a wide range of things, from agriculture and tax to the safety of chem-
icals”20.
In light of this commitment, OECD internationally promoted efforts in the
field of sound Waste Management. Within this framework, since March 1992,
transboundary movements of wastes destined for recovery operations between
member countries of OECD have been supervised and controlled under a specific
intra-OECD Control System for waste recovery.
This Control System, which is established by the Council Decision C(2001)107/
FINAL, aims at facilitating trade of recyclables in an environmentally sound and
economically efficient manner by using a simplified procedure as well as a risk-
based approach to assess the necessary level of control for materials. Wastes ex-
ported outside the OECD area, whether for recovery or final disposal, do not ben-
efit from this simplified control procedure.
Moreover, on 9 June 2004, the OECD Council adopted a Recommendation
on the Environmentally Sound Management of Waste [C(2004)100]. A Guidance
17
Id. pp. 52-54.
18
Id. pp. 56-59.
19
The Organisation for European Economic Cooperation (OEEC) was established in 1948 to
run the US-financed Marshall Plan for reconstruction of a continent ravaged by war. By making indi-
vidual governments recognise the interdependence of their economies, it paved the way for a new era
of cooperation that was to change the face of Europe. Encouraged by its success and the prospect of
carrying its work forward on a global stage, Canada and the US joined OEEC members in signing the
new OECD Convention on 14 December 1960. The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and
Development (OECD) was officially born on 30 September 1961, when the Convention entered into
force. Other countries joined in, starting with Japan in 1964. Today, 34 OECD member countries
worldwide regularly turn to one another to identify problems, discuss and analyse them, and promote
policies to solve them
20
Source: http://www.oecd.org/about/
31
Manual for the implementation of the Recommendation was published in Novem-

ber 2007 for governments and facility managers. 21
“Environmentally Sound Management (ESM) of Waste” has always been re-
ferred to in most OECD Council Acts related to trans-boundary movements of
wastes, as well as in other international, regional and/or national regulations,
where it is one of the underlying principles of waste management policies. In
OECD Acts, “environmentally sound management of waste” was considered to
be a basic condition for allowing or prohibiting an export/import of waste within,
as well as outside, the OECD area.
OECD official definitions (Council Decision C(2001)107/FINAL22)

Waste Management:
collection, transport, treatment and disposal of waste, control, monitoring and
regulation of the production, collection, transport, treatment and disposal of
waste prevention of waste production through in—process modifications, reuse
and recycling.
Hazardous Waste:
(i) Wastes that belong to any category contained in Appendix 1 to this Decision
unless they do not possess any of the characteristics contained in Appendix 2 to
this Decision;
(ii) Wastes that are not covered under sub-paragraph 2.(i) but are defined as, or
are considered to be, hazardous wastes by the domestic legislation of the Member
country of export, import or transit. Member countries shall not be required to
enforce laws other than their own.
@<@<E<((C+/-&#".(.+F+.
!"!"$"!"#ƵƌŽƉĞĂŶhŶŝŽŶ
Hazardous waste management is regulated not only at international level but also
at regional level where regional organizations exist. European Union, thanks to
its high level of integration has developed its own hazardous waste management
policy.
The EU’s Sixth Environment Action Programme identifies waste prevention
and management as one of four top priorities.
The European Union’s general approach to waste management is based on
three principles23:
21
Source: http://www.oecd.org/env/waste/environmentallysoundmanagementofwaste.htm
22
Source: http://trade.ec.europa.eu/doclib/docs/2006/october/tradoc_130520.pdf
23
Source: http://ec.europa.eu/environment/waste/
32
Waste prevention the first step is reducing at the same time both the amount
of waste generated and the percentage of dangerous substances; such approach
will automatically make the disposal simpler.
Recycling and reuse – Second choice in the hierarchy, if waste prevention
isn’t possible, should be recovery and recycling: final goal being to reduce the
overall environmental impact. EU directives now require Member States to in-
troduce legislation on waste collection, reuse, recycling and disposal of these
waste streams. Several EU countries are already managing to recycle over 50% of
packaging waste.
Improving final disposal and monitoring – Third option, if recycling or re-
using isn’t affordable, should be safely incinerating, with landfill only used as a
last possibility. These technologies both need close monitoring because of their
potential for causing huge environmental damage.
The peculiarity of the European system, namely the production of the legally
binding measures, applies to the waste management policy too. As a consequence,
aiming at breaking the link between growth and waste generation, the European
Union has provided itself with a legal framework intended to cover the whole
waste cycle from generation to disposal, placing the emphasis on recovery and
recycling. The main instrument is Directive EGGHIJHIKL24 on waste. This Directive
establishes a legal framework for the treatment of waste within the Community.
Further details about the EU waste management legal framework are provided
for in Chapter 2.
EU Official definitions (Directive 2008/98/EC25)

Waste Management:
collection, transport, recovery and disposal of waste, including the supervision of
such operations and the after care of disposal sites, and including actions taken as
a dealer or broker
Hazardous Waste:
(a)waste classified as hazardous waste featuring on the list established by Com-
mission Decision 2000/532/EC (1) on the basis of Annexes I and II to “Waste
Framework Directive”. This waste must have one or more of the properties listed
in Annex III26. The list shall take into account the origin and composition of the
waste and, where necessary, limit values of concentration.
(b) any other waste which is considered by a Member State to display any of the
properties listed in Annex III.
24
Source: http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:32008L0098:EN:NOT
25
Id.
26
Id. pp. 23-24.
33
!"!"$"$"#ĨƌŝĐĂŶhŶŝŽŶ;hͿ
One of the most representative objectives of the African Union27 is to “cordinate
and intensify their co-operation and efforts to achieve a better life for the peoples
of Africa28”. Given this mission, the African Union has promoted efforts in several
areas, among which sound and safe waste management.
The main act of AU, regarding hazardous waste management, is the Bamako
Convention on the ban of the Import into Africa and the Control of Transbound-
ary Movement of Hazardous Wastes within Africa; it was adopted in Bamako,
Mali, on 30 January 1991 and entered into force on 10 March 1998. The objectives
of the Bamako Convention are to protect human health and the environment from
dangers posed by hazardous wastes by reducing their generation to a minimum in
terms of quantity and/or hazard potential.
The key provision are:
a) only States which are members of the Organization of African Unity (OAU)
can become a party to the Bamako Convention.
b) all Parties are obliged to prohibit the import of all hazardous wastes, for any
reason, into Africa from non-Contracting Parties (article 4.1).
AU Official definitions (Bamako Convention29)

Waste Management:
prevention and reduction of hazardous wastes and the collection, transport, stor-
age, treatment either for re-use or disposal of hazardous wastes including after-care
of disposal sites
Hazardous Waste:
(a) Wastes that belong to any category contained in Annex I30 of this Convention;
(b) Wastes that are not covered under paragraph (a) above but are defined as, or
are considered to be, hazardous wastes by the domestic legislation of the State of
export, import or transit;
27
The African Union was born in 2001 in substitution of the Organization of African Unity (OAU)
that was established on 25 May 1963 in Addis Ababa, on signature of the OAU Charter by represen-
tatives of 32 governments. A further 21 states have joined gradually over the years, with South Africa
becoming the 53rd member on 23 May 1994. The OAU aims to promote the unity and solidarity of
African States; co-ordinate and intensify their co-operation and efforts to achieve a better life for the
peoples of Africa; defend their sovereignty, territorial integrity and independence; eradicate all forms
of colonialism from Africa; promote international co-operation, giving due regard to the Charter of
the United Nations and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights; and co-ordinate and harmonize
members’ political, diplomatic, economic, educational, cultural, health, welfare, scientific, technical
and defense policies.
28
Source: http://www.dfa.gov.za/foreign/Multilateral/africa/oau.htm
29
Source: http://www.africa-union.org/root/au/Documents/Treaties/Text/hazardouswastes.pdf
30
Id pp. 23-25.
34
(c) Wastes which possess any of the characteristics contained in Annex II of this
Convention;
(d) Hazardous substances which have been banned, canceled or refused registra-
tion by government regulatory action, or voluntarily withdrawn from registration,
in the country of manufacture, for human health and environmental reasons.
!"!"$"%"#^ĞĐƌĞƚĂƌŝĂƚŽĨƚŚĞWĂĐŝĮĐZĞŐŝŽŶŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚWƌŽŐƌĂŵŵĞ;^WZWͿ
The Secretariat of the Pacific Regional Environment Programme (SPREP) has
been charged by the governments and administrations of the Pacific region with
the protection and sustainable development of the region’s environment. SPREP
activities are guided by its Strategic Action Plan 2011-2015. Developed through
extensive consultation with Members, Programme Secretariat Staff and partner
organisations, the Plan establishes four strategic priorities:
• Climate Change
• Biodiversity and Ecosystem Management
• Waste Management and Pollution Control
• Environmental Monitoring and Governance
The third priority, Waste Management and Pollution Control, represents the topic
of our interest. Increasing volumes of hazardous wastes due to globalization issues
(e.g.: international trade), are a big menace to the environments and sustainable
development of the Pacific islands.
The lack of controls on imported chemicals and the lack of capacity for managing
pollutants increase the risk of coastal and marine pollution on Pacific Island area.
SPREP is charged to take provisions in order to support environmentally sound
and sustainable waste management and reduce pollution.
SPREP’s most relevant legal act to cope with Waste management topics is the
2001 Waigani Convention (Convention to Ban the Importation into Forum Island
Countries of Hazardous and Radioactive Wastes and to Control the Transbound-
ary Movement and Management of Hazardous Wastes within the South Pacific
Region).
SPREP official definitions (Waigani Convention)

Waste Management:
prevention and reduction of hazardous wastes and the collection, transport, storage,
and treatment or disposal, of hazardous wastes including after-care of disposal sites
Hazardous Waste:
(a) Wastes that belong to any category contained in Annex I of this Convention,
unless they do not possess any of the characteristics contained in Annex II of this
35
Convention;
(b) Wastes that are not covered under sub-paragraph (a) above, but which are
defined as, or are considered to be, hazardous wastes by the national legislation of
the exporting, importing or transit Party to, from or through which such wastes
are to be sent
@<@<M<((EĂƟŽŶĂůůĞǀĞů
Hazardous Waste Management is of course regulated also at national level, usually

within the framework of environmental protection.
Here following are reported examples of Governmental Agencies devoted to
regulating waste management related topics and to providing definitions.
!"!"%"!"#ŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚĂůWƌŽƚĞĐƟŽŶŐĞŶĐǇ;WͿ
In the United States, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) 31 is the govern-
mental agency in charge of hazardous waste regulatory and enforcement measures.
The mission of EPA is to protect human health and the environment for the
following purposes:
• People are protected from significant risks to human health and the envi-
ronment
• Federal laws protecting human health and the environment are enforced
fairly and effectively
EPA encourages States to assume primary responsibility for implementing a
hazardous waste program through State adoption, authorization, and implemen-
tation of the regulations. EPA’s main tool to achieve such results is the Resource
Conservation and Recovery Act — commonly referred to as RCRA, that was
passed by the United States Congress on October 21, 1976.
EPA official definitions (RCRA)

Waste Management32: the systematic control of the collection, source separation,
storage, transportation, processing, treatment, recovery, and disposal of hazardous
waste.
Hazardous Waste: a waste with properties that make it dangerous or potentially
harmful to human health or the environment.
31
EPA was established on December 2, 1970 to consolidate in one agency a variety of federal re-
search, monitoring, standard-setting and enforcement activities to ensure environmental protection.
32
Source: http://www.epa.gov/waste/laws-regs/regs-haz.htm
36
@<@<N<((56,,"78(2"%.+
Following scheme shows the relevant international conventions about hazardous waste man-
agement ordered by decreasing number of Parties (updated 15/04/2013).
D&F+7#-#/ Q+"7
O",+ KƌŐĂŶŝǌĂƟŽŶ WĂƌƟĞƐ 3&:-)
P=&$8 K#")2+$IK#
ĂƐĞů hEW;hŶŝƚĞĚ ŽŶĨĞƌĞŶĐĞKĨ ϭϵϴϵͬϭϵϵϮ ϭϴϬ dƌĂŶƐďŽƵŶĚĂƌǇDŽǀĞŵĞŶƚƐ

ŽŶǀĞŶƟŽŶ EĂƟŽŶƐ ƚŚĞWĂƌƟĞƐ ŽĨ,ĂǌĂƌĚŽƵƐtĂƐƚĞƐĂŶĚ
ŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚĂů ƚŚĞŝƌŝƐƉŽƐĂů
WƌŽŐƌĂŵŵĞͿ
^ƚŽĐŬŚŽůŵ hEW;hŶŝƚĞĚ ŽŶĨĞƌĞŶĐĞKĨ ϮϬϬϭͬϮϬϬϰ !)$ dƌĂŶƐďŽƵŶĚĂƌǇDŽǀĞŵĞŶƚƐ
ŽŶǀĞŶƟŽŶ EĂƟŽŶƐ ƚŚĞWĂƌƟĞƐ ŽĨWKWƐ;WĞƌƐŝƐƚĞŶƚKƌŐĂŶŝĐ
ŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚĂů WŽůůƵƚĂŶƚƐͿ
WƌŽŐƌĂŵŵĞͿ
ZŽƩĞƌĚĂŵ hEW;hŶŝƚĞĚ ŽŶĨĞƌĞŶĐĞKĨ ϭϵϵϴͬϮϬϬϰ !#% dƌĂŶƐďŽƵŶĚĂƌǇDŽǀĞŵĞŶƚƐ
ŽŶǀĞŶƟŽŶ EĂƟŽŶƐ ƚŚĞWĂƌƟĞƐ ŽĨƉĞƐƟĐŝĚĞƐĂŶĚŝŶĚƵƐƚƌŝĂů
ŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚĂů ĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐďĂŶŶĞĚŽƌ
WƌŽŐƌĂŵŵĞͿ ƐĞǀĞƌĞůǇƌĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚ
>ŽŶĚŽŶ /DK KĸĐĞĨŽƌ ϭϵϳϯͬϭϵϳϱ ϴϳͬϰϯ /ŶƚĞƌŶĂƟŽŶĂůŽŶǀĞŶƟŽŶĨŽƌ
ŽŶǀĞŶƟŽŶͬ ;/ŶƚĞƌŶĂƟŽŶĂů ƚŚĞ>ŽŶĚŽŶ ϭϵϵϲͬϮϬϬϲ ƚŚĞWƌĞǀĞŶƟŽŶŽĨWŽůůƵƟŽŶ
>ŽŶĚŽŶ DĂƌŝƟŵĞ ŽŶǀĞŶƟŽŶĂŶĚ ĨƌŽŵ^ŚŝƉƐ
WƌŽƚŽĐŽů KƌŐĂŶŝǌĂƟŽŶͿ WƌŽƚŽĐŽů
KŽƵŶĐŝů K K ϮϬϬϮͬϮϬϬϮ "' dƌĂŶƐďŽƵŶĚĂƌǇŵŽǀĞŵĞŶƚƐ

ĞĐŝƐŝŽŶ ;KƌŐĂŶŝƐĂƟŽŶ ŽƵŶĐŝů ŽĨǁĂƐƚĞƐƚŽƉƌĞͲĐŽŶƐĞŶƚĞĚ
;ϮϬϬϭͿϭϬϳͬ ĨŽƌĐŽŶŽŵŝĐ ƌĞĐŽǀĞƌǇĨĂĐŝůŝƟĞƐ;ŽŶůǇ
&/E> ŽͲŽƉĞƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚ ďĞƚǁĞĞŶKƉĂƌƟĞƐͿ͘
ĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚͿ
htĂƐƚĞ ƵƌŽƉĞĂŶhŶŝŽŶ ƵƌŽƉĞĂŶ ϮϬϬϴͬϮϬϬϴ %) 'ĞŶĞƌĂůĨƌĂŵĞǁŽƌŬŽĨǁĂƐƚĞ
&ƌĂŵĞǁŽƌŬ ŽŵŵŝƐŝŽŶ ŵĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚƌĞƋƵŝƌĞŵĞŶƚƐ
ŝƌĞĐƟǀĞ ĂŶĚďĂƐŝĐǁĂƐƚĞ
;KƌŝƌĞĐƟǀĞ ŵĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚĚĞĮŶŝƟŽŶƐĨŽƌ
ϮϬϬϴͬϵϴͬͿ ƚŚĞh͘
ĂŵĂŬŽ h;ĨƌŝĐĂŶ ŽŶĨĞƌĞŶĐĞKĨ ϭϵϵϭͬϭϵϵϴ %" /ŵƉŽƌƚŝŶƚŽĨƌŝĐĂĂŶĚƚŚĞ
ŽŶǀĞŶƟŽŶ hŶŝŽŶͿ ƚŚĞWĂƌƟĞƐ ŽŶƚƌŽůŽĨdƌĂŶƐďŽƵŶĚĂƌǇ
DŽǀĞŵĞŶƚĂŶĚ
DĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚŽĨ,ĂǌĂƌĚŽƵƐ
tĂƐƚĞƐǁŝƚŚŝŶĨƌŝĐĂ
tĂŝŐĂŵŝ ^WZW ŽŶĨĞƌĞŶĐĞKĨ ϭϵϵϱͬϮϬϬϭ !" /ŵƉŽƌƚĂƟŽŶŝŶƚŽ&ŽƌƵŵ

ŽŶǀĞŶƟŽŶ ƚŚĞWĂƌƟĞƐ /ƐůĂŶĚŽƵŶƚƌŝĞƐŽĨ
,ĂǌĂƌĚŽƵƐĂŶĚZĂĚŝŽĂĐƟǀĞ
tĂƐƚĞƐĂŶĚƚŽŽŶƚƌŽůƚŚĞ
dƌĂŶƐďŽƵŶĚĂƌǇDŽǀĞŵĞŶƚ
ĂŶĚDĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚŽĨ
,ĂǌĂƌĚŽƵƐtĂƐƚĞƐǁŝƚŚŝŶ
ƚŚĞ^ŽƵƚŚWĂĐŝĮĐZĞŐŝŽŶ
ZZ;ZĞƐŽƵƌĐĞ dŚĞŽŶŐƌĞƐƐŽĨ W;h^ ϭϵϳϲĂŶĚ ! ^ǇƐƚĞŵĨŽƌĐŽŶƚƌŽůůŝŶŐ
ŽŶƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶ hŶŝƚĞĚ^ƚĂƚĞƐŽĨ ŶǀŝƌŽŵĞŶƚĂů ϭϵϴϰ ;ϱϬ ŚĂǌĂƌĚŽƵƐǁĂƐƚĞĨƌŽŵƚŚĞ
ZĞĐŽǀĞƌǇĐƚͿ ŵĞƌŝĐĂ WƌŽƚĞĐƟŽŶ &ĞĚĞƌĂů ƟŵĞŝƚŝƐŐĞŶĞƌĂƚĞĚƵŶƟůŝƚƐ
ĂŶĚ,^t ;tĂƐŚŝŶŐƚŽŶ͘͘ ŐĞŶĐǇͿ ^ƚĂƚĞƐͿ ƵůƟŵĂƚĞĚŝƐƉŽƐĂů
ŵĞŶĚŵĞŶƚƐ h^Ϳ tĂƐŚŝŶŐƚŽŶ
;&ĞĚĞƌĂů ͘͘h^
,ĂǌĂƌĚŽƵƐĂŶĚ
^ŽůŝĚtĂƐƚĞͿ
37
Summary of more relevant international conventions and legislative act dealing

with hazardous waste management
The following summary table collects definitions from mentioned conventions.
O",+ tĂƐƚĞDĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚ ,ĂǌĂƌĚŽƵƐtĂƐƚĞ
ĂƐĞů ĐŽůůĞĐƟŽŶ͕ ƚƌĂŶƐƉŽƌƚ ĂŶĚ ĚŝƐƉŽƐͲ ;ĂͿtĂƐƚĞƐƚŚĂƚďĞůŽŶŐƚŽĂŶǇĐĂƚĞŐŽƌǇĐŽŶƚĂŝŶĞĚŝŶŶͲ

ŽŶǀĞŶƟŽŶ Ăů ŽĨ ŚĂǌĂƌĚŽƵƐ ǁĂƐƚĞƐ Žƌ ŽƚŚĞƌ ŶĞǆ/͕ƵŶůĞƐƐƚŚĞǇĚŽŶŽƚƉŽƐƐĞƐƐĂŶǇŽĨƚŚĞĐŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝƐͲ
ǁĂƐƚĞƐ͕ŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĂŌĞƌͲĐĂƌĞŽĨĚŝƐͲ ƟĐƐĐŽŶƚĂŝŶĞĚŝŶŶŶĞǆ///
ƉŽƐĂůƐŝƚĞƐ ;ďͿtĂƐƚĞƐƚŚĂƚĂƌĞŶŽƚĐŽǀĞƌĞĚƵŶĚĞƌƉĂƌĂŐƌĂƉŚ;ĂͿďƵƚ
ĂƌĞĚĞĮŶĞĚĂƐ͕ŽƌĂƌĞĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌĞĚƚŽďĞ͕ŚĂǌĂƌĚŽƵƐǁĂƐƚĞƐ
ďǇƚŚĞĚŽŵĞƐƟĐůĞŐŝƐůĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞWĂƌƚǇŽĨĞǆƉŽƌƚ͕ŝŵƉŽƌƚ
ŽƌƚƌĂŶƐŝƚ͘
^ƚŽĐŬŚŽůŵ ^ĞĞĂƐĞůŽŶǀĞŶƟŽŶ !""ĂƐĞůŽŶǀĞŶƟŽŶ
ŽŶǀĞŶƟŽŶ
ZŽƩĞƌĚĂŵ ^ĞĞĂƐĞůŽŶǀĞŶƟŽŶ !""ĂƐĞůŽŶǀĞŶƟŽŶ

ŽŶǀĞŶƟŽŶ
^/D ^ĞĞĂƐĞůŽŶǀĞŶƟŽŶ !""ĂƐĞůŽŶǀĞŶƟŽŶ
>ŽŶĚŽŶWƌŽƚŽĐŽů
K ĂͿ ĐŽůůĞĐƟŽŶ͕ ƚƌĂŶƐƉŽƌƚ͕ ƚƌĞĂƚͲ ;ŝͿtĂƐƚĞƐƚŚĂƚďĞůŽŶŐƚŽĂŶǇĐĂƚĞŐŽƌǇĐŽŶƚĂŝŶĞĚŝŶR:S

ŽƵŶĐŝůĞĐŝƐŝŽŶ ŵĞŶƚ ĂŶĚ ĚŝƐƉŽƐĂů ŽĨ ǁĂƐƚĞ͕ :+#$-?(ϭƚŽƚŚŝƐĞĐŝƐŝŽŶƵŶůĞƐƐƚŚĞǇĚŽŶŽƚƉŽƐƐĞƐƐĂŶǇ
;ϮϬϬϭͿϭϬϳͬ ;ďͿĐŽŶƚƌŽů͕ŵŽŶŝƚŽƌŝŶŐĂŶĚƌĞŐƵůĂͲ ŽĨƚŚĞĐŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝƐƟĐƐĐŽŶƚĂŝŶĞĚŝŶR::+#$-?(EƚŽƚŚŝƐĞͲ
&/E> ƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶ͕ĐŽůůĞĐƟŽŶ͕ ĐŝƐŝŽŶ͖
ƚƌĂŶƐƉŽƌƚ͕ƚƌĞĂƚŵĞŶƚĂŶĚĚŝƐƉŽƐĂů ;ŝŝͿtĂƐƚĞƐƚŚĂƚĂƌĞŶŽƚĐŽǀĞƌĞĚƵŶĚĞƌƐƵďͲƉĂƌĂŐƌĂƉŚϮ͘;ŝͿ
ŽĨǁĂƐƚĞ ďƵƚ ĂƌĞ ĚĞĮŶĞĚ ĂƐ͕ Žƌ ĂƌĞ ĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌĞĚ ƚŽ ďĞ͕ ŚĂǌĂƌĚŽƵƐ
;ĐͿ ƉƌĞǀĞŶƟŽŶ ŽĨ ǁĂƐƚĞ ƉƌŽĚƵĐͲ ǁĂƐƚĞƐďǇƚŚĞĚŽŵĞƐƟĐůĞŐŝƐůĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞDĞŵďĞƌĐŽƵŶS
ƟŽŶ ƚŚƌŽƵŐŚ ŝŶͶƉƌŽĐĞƐƐ ŵŽĚŝĮͲ 278(&4(+?:&72T(-,:&72(&7(27"#1-2͘DĞŵďĞƌĐŽƵŶƚƌŝĞƐƐŚĂůů
ĐĂƟŽŶƐ͕ƌĞƵƐĞĂŶĚƌĞĐǇĐůŝŶŐ͘ ŶŽƚďĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚƚŽĞŶĨŽƌĐĞůĂǁƐŽƚŚĞƌƚŚĂŶƚŚĞŝƌŽǁŶ͘

htĂƐƚĞ ĐŽůůĞĐƟŽŶ͕ƚƌĂŶƐƉŽƌƚ͕ƌĞĐŽǀĞƌǇĂŶĚ ;ĂͿǁĂƐƚĞ ĐůĂƐƐŝĮĞĚ ĂƐ ŚĂǌĂƌĚŽƵƐ ǁĂƐƚĞ ĨĞĂƚƵƌŝŶŐ ŽŶ ƚŚĞ
&ƌĂŵĞǁŽƌŬ ĚŝƐƉŽƐĂů ŽĨ ǁĂƐƚĞ͕ ŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐ ƚŚĞ ůŝƐƚĞƐƚĂďůŝƐŚĞĚďǇŽŵŵŝƐƐŝŽŶĞĐŝƐŝŽŶϮϬϬϬͬϱϯϮͬ;ϭͿ
ŝƌĞĐƟǀĞ ƐƵƉĞƌǀŝƐŝŽŶ ŽĨ ƐƵĐŚ ŽƉĞƌĂƟŽŶƐ ŽŶ ƚŚĞ ďĂƐŝƐ ŽĨ R##+?+1( >( "#$( >> ƚŽ ͞tĂƐƚĞ &ƌĂŵĞǁŽƌŬ
ĂŶĚƚŚĞĂŌĞƌĐĂƌĞŽĨĚŝƐƉŽƐĂůƐŝƚĞƐ͕ ŝƌĞĐƟǀĞ͘͟dŚŝƐǁĂƐƚĞŵƵƐƚŚĂǀĞŽŶĞŽƌŵŽƌĞŽĨƚŚĞƉƌŽƉͲ
ĂŶĚ ŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐ ĂĐƟŽŶƐ ƚĂŬĞŶ ĂƐ Ă ĞƌƟĞƐůŝƐƚĞĚŝŶR##+?(>>><dŚĞůŝƐƚƐŚĂůůƚĂŬĞŝŶƚŽĂĐĐŽƵŶƚ
ĚĞĂůĞƌŽƌďƌŽŬĞƌ ƚŚĞŽƌŝŐŝŶĂŶĚĐŽŵƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞǁĂƐƚĞĂŶĚ͕ǁŚĞƌĞŶĞĐͲ
ĞƐƐĂƌǇ͕ůŝŵŝƚǀĂůƵĞƐŽĨĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶ͘
;ďͿĂŶǇŽƚŚĞƌǁĂƐƚĞǁŚŝĐŚŝƐĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌĞĚďǇĂDĞŵďĞƌ^ƚĂƚĞ
ƚŽĚŝƐƉůĂǇĂŶǇŽĨƚŚĞƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐůŝƐƚĞĚŝŶR##+?(>>>͘
ĂŵĂŬŽ ƉƌĞǀĞŶƟŽŶ ĂŶĚ ƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶ ŽĨ ŚĂǌͲ ;ĂͿtĂƐƚĞƐƚŚĂƚďĞůŽŶŐƚŽĂŶǇĐĂƚĞŐŽƌǇĐŽŶƚĂŝŶĞĚŝŶR#S

ŽŶǀĞŶƟŽŶ ĂƌĚŽƵƐǁĂƐƚĞƐĂŶĚƚŚĞĐŽůůĞĐƟŽŶ͕ #+?(>ŽĨƚŚŝƐŽŶǀĞŶƟŽŶ͖
ƚƌĂŶƐƉŽƌƚ͕ ƐƚŽƌĂŐĞ͕ ƚƌĞĂƚŵĞŶƚ ĞŝͲ ;ďͿ tĂƐƚĞƐ ƚŚĂƚ ĂƌĞ ŶŽƚ ĐŽǀĞƌĞĚ ƵŶĚĞƌ ƉĂƌĂŐƌĂƉŚ ;ĂͿ
ƚŚĞƌĨŽƌƌĞͲƵƐĞŽƌĚŝƐƉŽƐĂůŽĨŚĂǌͲ ĂďŽǀĞďƵƚĂƌĞĚĞĮŶĞĚĂƐ͕ŽƌĂƌĞĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌĞĚƚŽďĞ͕ŚĂǌͲ
ĂƌĚŽƵƐǁĂƐƚĞƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĂŌĞƌͲĐĂƌĞ ĂƌĚŽƵƐǁĂƐƚĞƐďǇƚŚĞĚŽŵĞƐƟĐůĞŐŝƐůĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞ^ƚĂƚ
ŽĨĚŝƐƉŽƐĂůƐŝƚĞƐ ĞŽĨĞǆƉŽƌƚ͕ŝŵƉŽƌƚŽƌƚƌĂŶƐŝƚ͖
;ĐͿtĂƐƚĞƐǁŚŝĐŚƉŽƐƐĞƐƐĂŶǇŽĨƚŚĞĐŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝƐƟĐƐĐŽŶͲ
ƚĂŝŶĞĚŝŶR##+?(>>ŽĨƚŚŝƐŽŶǀĞŶƟŽŶ͖
;ĚͿ,ĂǌĂƌĚŽƵƐƐƵďƐƚĂŶĐĞƐǁŚŝĐŚŚĂǀĞďĞĞŶďĂŶŶĞĚ͕ĐĂŶͲ
ĐĞůĞĚ Žƌ ƌĞĨƵƐĞĚ ƌĞŐŝƐƚƌĂƟŽŶ ďǇ ŐŽǀĞƌŶŵĞŶƚ ƌĞŐƵůĂƚŽƌǇ
ĂĐƟŽŶ͕ŽƌǀŽůƵŶƚĂƌŝůǇǁŝƚŚĚƌĂǁŶĨƌŽŵƌĞŐŝƐƚƌĂƟŽŶ͕ŝŶƚŚĞ
ĐŽƵŶƚƌǇŽĨŵĂŶƵĨĂĐƚƵƌĞ͕ĨŽƌŚƵŵĂŶŚĞĂůƚŚĂŶĚĞŶǀŝƌŽŶͲ
ŵĞŶƚĂůƌĞĂƐŽŶƐ
38
tĂŝŐĂŵŝ ƉƌĞǀĞŶƟŽŶ ĂŶĚ ƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶ ŽĨ ŚĂǌͲ ;ĂͿtĂƐƚĞƐƚŚĂƚďĞůŽŶŐƚŽĂŶǇĐĂƚĞŐŽƌǇĐŽŶƚĂŝŶĞĚŝŶŶͲ

ŽŶǀĞŶƟŽŶ ĂƌĚŽƵƐǁĂƐƚĞƐĂŶĚƚŚĞĐŽůůĞĐƟŽŶ͕ ŶĞǆ/ŽĨƚŚŝƐŽŶǀĞŶƟŽŶ͕ƵŶůĞƐƐƚŚĞǇĚŽŶŽƚƉŽƐƐĞƐƐĂŶǇŽĨ
ƚƌĂŶƐƉŽƌƚ͕ƐƚŽƌĂŐĞ͕ĂŶĚƚƌĞĂƚŵĞŶƚ ƚŚĞĐŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝƐƟĐƐĐŽŶƚĂŝŶĞĚŝŶŶŶĞǆ//ŽĨƚŚŝƐ
Žƌ ĚŝƐƉŽƐĂů͕ ŽĨ ŚĂǌĂƌĚŽƵƐ ǁĂƐƚĞƐ ŽŶǀĞŶƟŽŶ͖
ŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĂŌĞƌͲĐĂƌĞŽĨ ;ďͿtĂƐƚĞƐƚŚĂƚĂƌĞŶŽƚĐŽǀĞƌĞĚƵŶĚĞƌƐƵďͲƉĂƌĂŐƌĂƉŚ;ĂͿ
ĚŝƐƉŽƐĂůƐŝƚĞƐ ĂďŽǀĞ͕ďƵƚǁŚŝĐŚĂƌĞĚĞĮŶĞĚĂƐ͕ŽƌĂƌĞĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌĞĚƚŽďĞ͕
ŚĂǌĂƌĚŽƵƐ
ǁĂƐƚĞƐ ďǇ ƚŚĞ ŶĂƟŽŶĂů ůĞŐŝƐůĂƟŽŶ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ĞǆƉŽƌƟŶŐ͕ ŝŵͲ
ƉŽƌƟŶŐ Žƌ ƚƌĂŶƐŝƚ WĂƌƚǇ ƚŽ͕ ĨƌŽŵ Žƌ ƚŚƌŽƵŐŚ ǁŚŝĐŚ ƐƵĐŚ
ǁĂƐƚĞƐĂƌĞƚŽďĞƐĞŶƚ
ZZ ƚŚĞ ƐǇƐƚĞŵĂƟĐ ĐŽŶƚƌŽů ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ĐŽůͲ ĂǁĂƐƚĞǁŝƚŚƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐƚŚĂƚŵĂŬĞŝƚĚĂŶŐĞƌŽƵƐŽƌƉŽƚĞŶͲ

ZĞƐŽƵƌĐĞ ůĞĐƟŽŶ͕ ƐŽƵƌĐĞ ƐĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶ͕ ƐƚŽƌͲ ƟĂůůǇŚĂƌŵĨƵůƚŽŚƵŵĂŶŚĞĂůƚŚŽƌƚŚĞĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚ͘
ŽŶƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶ ĂŐĞ͕ ƚƌĂŶƐƉŽƌƚĂƟŽŶ͕ ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐŝŶŐ͕
ZĞĐŽǀĞƌǇĐƚ ƚƌĞĂƚŵĞŶƚ͕ ƌĞĐŽǀĞƌǇ͕ ĂŶĚ ĚŝƐƉŽƐĂů
ŽĨŚĂǌĂƌĚŽƵƐǁĂƐƚĞ͘
^ƵŵŵĂƌǇŽĨŝŶƚĞƌŶĂƟŽŶĂůůǇĐŽͲƐŚĂƌĞĚĚĞĮŶŝƟŽŶŽĨ͞,ĂǌĂƌĚŽƵƐtĂƐƚĞ͟ĂŶĚ͞,ĂǌĂƌĚŽƵƐtĂƐƚĞDĂŶͲ
ĂŐĞŵĞŶƚ͟
@<E<(L*+,-)".(&F+7F-+0
@<E<@<((ƉƉƌŽĂĐŚʹŵĂŶĂŐŝŶŐĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůŚĂǌĂƌĚŽƵƐǁĂƐƚĞƉƌŽŵŽƟŶŐϯZƐ͗
7+$6)-#/T(7+)&F+78("#$(7+S61-#/
This manual is intended to exploit a modern approach to a safe and secure
chemical hazardous waste management based on 3 main topics (the so-called 3Rs):
reducing, recovery and reusing. This point of view aims not to eliminate, which is
virtually impossible, but to greatly decrease the total amount of chemical hazard-
ous waste, by means of correct practices, preventing the ultimate disposal of. For
example if a toxic solvent is needed for a generic chemical synthesis, care should
be taken in order not to exceed maximum amount requested and final distillation
could be carried out for recovery and re-use purpose. This approach is useful for
many reason, effecting both economic and safety thematic: less hazardous waste
means less disposal cost, less purchase of new chemicals (whether recovery and
reuse is possible) and even less potential hazard for the facility’s workers involved
in waste management.
Unlike Biological waste (BSL approach will be explained in the following para-
graphs), for chemical hazardous waste, a clear classification of facility’s Chemi-
cal-safety level depending on the chemicals (produced or used) isn’t present at
international level; for this reason we follow a general approach to the waste gen-
eration and management without dealing with specific risk assessment procedures
which aren’t the final goal of this manual.
39
@<E<E<((ŚĞŵŝĐĂůŚĂǌĂƌĚŽƵƐǁĂƐƚĞŵĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚ͗ĐƵƌƌĞŶƚƐŝƚƵĂƟŽŶ
Since birth of Industrial Revolution in 18th century, the use of chemicals have been
spreading more and more, today becoming a part of daily life for billions of people
in the world: more than 73 million organic and inorganic substances identified by
CAS33 (Chemical Abstracts Service) number and over 100000 different substances
in use. Industries producing and using these substances have an enormous impact
on employment, trade and economic growth worldwide. There is hardly any indus-
try where chemical substances are not implicated and there is no single economic
sector where chemicals do not play an important role.
However, notwithstanding the importance of chemicals in enhancing quality of
everyday life, it is well-known that they also have the potential to adversely impact
human health and the environment if not managed properly. The health related
effects range from acute poisoning to long term effects (e.g. cancers).
Environmental effects range from effects on ecosystems, to large scale issues
such as stratospheric ozone depletion (mainly due to chlorofluorocarbons) and
oceans pollution.
Chemicals contamination is wide spread both on land and water. People are
exposed through occupational activities as well as in daily life through, for exam-
ple, intake of contaminated drinking water, ingestion of contaminated food (e.g.
fish contaminated with mercury, Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane-DDT and/or
polychlorinated biphenyls-PCBs), inhalation of polluted air (outdoor as well as
indoor), and through direct skin contact.
Meanwhile, the continued growth pattern of global production, trade and use
of chemicals exerts an increasing chemicals management burden on the devel-
oping countries and those with economies in transition that could have the least
capacities to deal with such complex challenges.
Chemical consumption in developing countries is likewise growing much faster
than in developed countries and could account for a third of global consumption
by 2020. Sustainable use of chemicals is an issue that could need attention in these
countries not to endanger ecosystems, environmental resources and the livelihoods
and health of future generations.
There is a potential connection between lack of knowledge of proper chemicals
management and risks of exposure to toxic and hazardous chemicals.
As direct consequence to chemicals consumption, the global economy is also
seeing a rapid increase in generation of hazardous wastes, which, generally speak-
ing, is any solid, liquid, or gaseous waste material that may pose substantial hazards
to human health and the environment if improperly treated, stored, transported,
disposed of, or otherwise managed.
33
Source: http://www.cas.org/content/chemical-substances/faqs
40
@<E<M<((ŚĞŵŝĐĂůŚĂǌĂƌĚŽƵƐǁĂƐƚĞŵĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚ͗ŝŶƚĞƌŶĂƟŽŶĂůƉĞƌƐƉĞĐƟǀĞ
Other Intergovernmental Organizations working for a safe management of Haz-
ardous Substance Hazardous Waste (HSHW) are34:
WHO - World Health Organization hosts a number of bodies specializing in
HSHW activities, including the International Programme on Chemical Safety
(IPCS), the Inter-Organization Programme for the Sound Management of Chem-
icals (IOMC), the Intergovernmental Forum on Chemical Safety (IFCS) and the
Health and Environment Linkages Initiative (HELI). The WHO website also in-
cludes, within its major focus on health issues, many examples of chemicals as they
relate to human health. Also WHO joins UNEP in providing the secretariat for the
Strategic Approach to International Chemicals Management (SAICM).
UNITAR - United Nation Institute for Training and Research’s Chemicals and
Waste Management Programmes helps National Institutions to implement a sound
management of hazardous chemicals and wastes
UNIDO - The United Nations Industrial Development Organization involved
in many projects dealing with chemicals through its Energy and Environment Pro-
gramme.
FAO - The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations plays an
important role in the field of pesticides.
ILO - The International Labour Organization provides essential and health in-
formation on chemicals use in the workplace (e.g. International Chemicals Cards).
UNDP - The United Nations Development Programme provides support to
countries wishing to improve their chemicals management.
@<M<(=-&.&/-)".(&F+7F-+0
@<M<@<((ƉƉƌŽĂĐŚͲŵĂŶĂŐŝŶŐďŝŽŚĂǌĂƌĚŽƵƐǁĂƐƚĞŝŶƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚďŝŽƐĂĨĞƚǇ
ůĞǀĞůĨĂĐŝůŝƟĞƐ
When employing biological agents, oftentimes protecting workers only is not
enough. Systems must also be in place to protect the environment and the facility
from possible contamination. Depending on the type of infectious biological mi-
croorganism, specific containment and safety procedures must be followed.
Since there are different safety and security measures as the dangers associated
with biological agents increase, laboratories are characterized by different biosafe-
ty levels, and produce biohazardous waste with a different degree of risk.
Following this assumption, this manual intends to approach biohazardous
waste management with an innovative approach.
34
Source: http://www.unep.org/hazardoussubstances/Actors/tabid/260/Default.aspx
41
After identifying and explaining all the waste management procedures connect-
ed to the “type” of waste (sharps, liquids, etc...), our attention will be devoted to
how the procedures of waste management of the same “type” of waste change at
the different “biorisk” levels. The degree of risk depends on the biological agents
that potentially contaminated the waste and can basically be associated to the Bio-
safety Level of the facility.
We will indeed first of all classify the wastes by types and deal with the appro-
priate procedures to handle each type (they are in principle the same in any facility)
and after that we will go through the specific requirements for each facility level.
For example, we will certainly study how to handle and dispose of sharps and
culture plates in general, but we will then highlight that the procedures that you
need to follow to dispose of the culture plates used in a Biosafety level 2 (BSL2) fa-
cility are different from those that you need to abide by for the disposal of culture
plates in a BSL4 laboratory.
This approach therefore includes the basic procedures to handle and dispose
of the waste produced, taking into account both the classification of biohazardous
waste and, at the same time, the potential degree of risk associated to that waste. As
a consequence, the manual will give the reader a complete and detailed overview of
biohazardous waste management procedures in any BSL facility without neglect-
ing the inherent risk of the objects due to their physical features.
@<M<E<((ŝŽŚĂǌĂƌĚŽƵƐǁĂƐƚĞŵĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚ͗ĐƵƌƌĞŶƚƐŝƚƵĂƟŽŶ
In pursuing the aim of reducing health problems and eliminating potential risks
to people’s health, health-care services and facilities inevitably create waste that
may itself be hazardous to health. The waste produced in the course of health-care
activities carries a higher potential for infection and injury than any other type
of waste. Wherever it is generated, safe and reliable methods for its handling are
therefore essential. Inadequate and inappropriate handling of health-care waste
may have serious public health consequences and a significant impact on the en-
vironment35.
To this day, in many countries, landfill has been and continues to be the pre-
dominant method for direct disposal of wastes, most frequently without pre-treat-
ment. This practice causes considerable concern.
Of the total amount of waste generated by health-care activities, between 75%
and 90% is non-risk or “general” health-care waste, comparable to domestic waste.
It comes mostly from the administrative and housekeeping functions of health-
care establishments and may also include waste generated during maintenance of
health-care premises.
35
Safe Management of wastes from health-care activities, WHO, p. XI, 1999.
42
The remaining 10-25% is regarded as hazardous healthcare waste material that

may be infectious, toxic, chemical or radioactive. Moreover, the hazardous material
may create a variety of health risks because it contains potentially harmful mi-
cro-organisms which can infect patients, workers and the general public. Other
potential infectious risks may include the spread of drug-resistant micro-organisms
or new etiological agents of unknown zoonoses from health-care establishments
into the environment36.
Infectious waste represents the majority of hazardous waste, up to 15% of the
total waste from health-care activities.
Sharps typically represent an example of potentially infectious health-care
waste. Even if they represent about 1% of the total healthcare waste, they are a
major source of disease transmission if not properly managed. In effect, through-
out the world, an estimated 16 billion injections are administered every year. Not
all needles and syringes are properly disposed of, creating a risk of injury and
infection and opportunities for re-use. WHO estimates that, in 2000, injections
with contaminated syringes caused 21 million hepatitis B virus (HBV) infections
(32% of all new infections), two million hepatitis C virus infections (40% of all
new infections) and 260 000 HIV infections (5% of all new infections) world-
wide. Many of these infections were avoidable if the syringes had been disposed
of safely. The re-use of disposable syringes and needles for injections is par-
ticularly common in certain African, Asian and Central and Eastern European
countries37.
The major sources of biohazardous waste are: hospitals and other health-care
establishments, laboratories and research centres, animal research and testing lab-
oratories, mortuary and autopsy centres, nursing homes for the elderly and blood
banks and collection services.
For example, high-income countries’ hospitals, generate on average up to 0.5
kg of hazardous waste per bed per day; while low-income countries generate on av-
erage 0.2 kg of hazardous waste per hospital bed per day. However, classifications
matter: health-care waste is often not separated into hazardous or non-hazardous
wastes in low-income countries making the real quantity of hazardous waste much
higher38. Indeed, in 2002 the results of a WHO assessment conducted in 22 devel-
oping countries showed that the proportion of health-care facilities that do not use
proper waste disposal methods ranges from 18% to 64%39.
In developing countries, additional hazards occur from scavenging at waste
disposal sites and the manual sorting of hazardous waste from health-care estab-
lishments. These practices are common in many regions of the world. The waste
36
Safe Management of wastes from health-care activities, WHO, p. 2, 1999.
37
Source: http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs253/en/
38
39
43
handlers are at immediate risk of needle-stick injuries and exposure to toxic or

infectious materials.
This background has given rise to several proposals of manuals and guidelines
about waste management. However this documents often almost exclusively take
into account the “physical features” of the wastes, instead of their level of biorisk.
This is the reason why this handbook proposes a new approach to the subject. We
will highlight that the genuine determiner of health-care hazardous waste’s danger
is its biorisk level.
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As we have already mentioned, an improper or non-existent waste management
system could have a relevant impact to the life of millions of people around the
world and on the environment. For this reason, the most important International
Organizations and the civil society are paying growing attention to these matters.
The following section provides the reader with few examples of specific pro-
grammes related to health-care waste management, promoted by International Or-
ganizations working in the field.
UNDP - United Nations Development Programme - Global Healthcare Waste Project

UNDP, in partnership with WHO and other major donors and stakeholders, is as-
sisting several countries (including Argentina, India, Latvia, Lebanon, Philippines,
Senegal and Vietnam, among others) in developing and maintaining best health-
care waste management practices in ways that are both locally appropriate and
globally replicable. The programme’s ultimate goal is protection of public health
at the local level as well as the protecting the global environment from the impacts
of dioxin and mercury releases. Its project “Demonstrating and Promoting Best
Techniques and Practices for Reducing Health-Care Waste to Avoid Environmen-
tal Releases of Dioxins and Mercury” is a partnership between UNDP, the World
Health Organization (WHO) and the international NGO Health Care Without
Harm, as well as other major donors and stakeholders and is assisting seven coun-
tries – Argentina, India, Latvia, Lebanon, Philippines, Senegal and Viet Nam – in
developing and sustaining best healthcare waste management practices in ways
that are both locally appropriate and globally replicable. In each participating
country, the project is developing model hospitals to demonstrate best practices in
healthcare waste management.
World Health Organization – WHO Healthcare Waste Management

WHO Healthcare Waste Management Programme activities include developing
technical guidance materials for assessing the quantities and types of waste pro-
44
duced in different facilities, creating national action plans, developing national

Health-Care Waste Management (HCWM) guidelines and building capacity at
national level to enhance the way HCW is dealt with in low-income countries
(LICs).
European Biosafety Association (EBSA)

EBSA organizes and implements practical courses in the field of Biological Waste
Management.
The course learning objective include:
• Recommended appropriate biological waste handling and disposal measures/
routings in accordance with the current legislative requirements;
• Raise awareness of hazards that may be associated with inappropriate
management of biological waste;
• Share the practical knowledge and technology of chemical and physical
treatment of biological hazardous waste;
• Integrate the management of these issues into an existing bio-risk program
as part of a bio-risk management system.
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Formulation of objectives and planning for their achievement, are important tasks
for improving health-care waste management. The formulation of objectives shall
be carried out basing on a national, regional and local need assessment. Planning
requires the definition of a strategy that will facilitate careful implementation of the
necessary measures and the appropriate allocation of resources according to the
identified priorities. This is important for the motivation of authorities, health-care
workers, and the public, and for defining further actions that may be needed.
Surveys on the generation of waste could be the basis for identifying opportu-
nities - and setting targets - for waste minimization, reuse and recycling, and cost
reduction.
In both the short term and the long term, the actions involved in implementing
effective health-care waste management programmes require multisectoral coop-
eration and interaction at all levels. Policies should be generated and coordinated
globally, and the management practices implemented locally. Establishment of a
national policy and a legal framework, training of personnel, and raising public
awareness are essential elements of successful health-care waste management. Im-
proved public awareness of the problem is vital in encouraging community partic-
ipation in generating and implementing policies and programmes.
45
These are the reasons why management of health-care waste shall thus be put into
a systematic, multi-faceted framework, and shall become an integral feature of
health-care services and facilities. Hospitals and other health-care establishments
have a “duty of care” for the environment and for public health, and have particu-
lar responsibilities in relation to the waste they produce.
A holistic approach to health-care waste management should include a clear
delineation of responsibilities, occupational health and safety programs, waste
minimization and segregation, the development and adoption of safe and environ-
mentally-sound technologies, and capacity building40.
40
source www.healthcarewaste.com (WHO)
46
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E<@<(/ŶƚƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶ
The following chapter aims at providing the reader with an overview of how the
problem of hazardous waste management has been regulated at the international,
regional and national level.
Given the huge amount and range of instruments adopted to face this issue, and
the purpose of this handbook, a selection of instruments has been made.
The rationale under this chapter is the presentation of two types of measures
that have been used to tackle with hazardous waste management to the same ex-
tent as they have been use to deal with other problems deserving a regulatory
framework.
The first type of measures considered in this manual, falls within the category
of the so called “hard law” measures, namely actual legislative and legally binding
measures.
The second type of measures, can be classified as “soft law” measures, that is
measures or commitments that are not legally binding nor directly enforceable.
For both categories of instruments, “hard law” and “soft law” instruments,
examples will be provided with regard to 3 levels of analysis:
• international level
• regional level
• national level
The above mentioned choices have been made for the reader to receive a clear
and schematic picture of the extremely rich and varied legal and quasi-legal frame-
work regulating the topics of our interest.
Given the above mentioned specifications, it is understood that the selection of
instruments presented in this chapter is not to be deemed exhaustive.
47
E<E<(>ĞŐĂůůǇŝŶĚŝŶŐ/ŶƐƚƌƵŵĞŶƚƐŽŶ,ĂǌĂƌĚŽƵƐtĂƐƚĞDĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚ
E<E<@<((/ŶƚĞƌŶĂƟŽŶĂů/ŶƐƚƌƵŵĞŶƚƐ
The problem of Hazardous Waste Management falls within the category of issues
that bear international and transnational relevance. In particular, the international
community has underlined the importance of this issue in relation with the impor-
tance of protecting the environment.
As a consequence, the most important international legally binding measures
aimed at regulating the subject, have been issued under the umbrella of Interna-
tional Environmental Law, a relatively new branch of International Law.
The conditions contributing to the emergence of International Environmental
Law are easily identified: environmental issues are accompanied by a recognition that
ecological interdependence does not respect national boundaries and that the issues
previously considered to be matters of domestic concern have international implica-
tions that can frequently only be addressed by international law and regulation41.
Among the peculiarities of this body of laws, its close bond with science and
technology determines some of its characteristics42:
• The need of regulating several technical details required the measures to be
mainly written. As a consequence, while there are few rules of customary law
regulating the subject, there are many bilateral and multilateral agreements.
• The need to keep up with scientific developments and breakthroughs,
caused the adoption of flexible procedures for the revision of treaties, as
well as an extensive use of instruments of soft law.
• The need of technical and financial assistance on the matter, enhanced the
role of International, Non Governmental and Scientific Organizations.
Notwithstanding the fact that the first attempts to regulate environmental issues
date back to the second half of the 19th century, the adoption of treaties was ad hoc,
sporadic and limited in scope.
Although non legally binding in nature, the cornerstone of International Envi-
ronmental Law is represented by the 1972 Stockholm Conference on the Human
Environment.
The Conference, held in Stockholm from June 5 to 16, 1972 under the aegis of the
United Nations, was the first global conference to deal with environmental issues.
As testified by a commentator, at the time of its signature, the Conference was
felt “in many respects the most successful international conference held in recent
41
P Sands, J Peel, R MacKenzie, Principles of International Envirnmental Law, Cambridge
University Press, 2012, p. 3
42
A. Fodella e L. Pineschi, La Protezione dell’Ambiente nel Diritto Internazionale, Giappichelli
Editore, Torino, 2009, p. 5-6
48
HANDBOOK ON CHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL WASTE MANAGEMENT – LEGISLATION AND GUIDELINES
years”. In a two-week period it adopted not only a basic Declaration and a detailed
resolution on institutional and financial arrangements, but also 109 recommenda-
tions comprising an ambitious action plan.43
The Declaration contains a set of “common principles to inspire and guide the
peoples of the world in the preservation and enhancement of the human environ-
ment”44.
From a legal perspective, the most important developments were the recom-
mendations for the creation of new institutions and the establishment of co-ordi-
nating mechanisms among existing institutions (the Action plan), the definition of
a framework for future actions to be taken by the international community (the
Recommendations) and the adoption of a set of general guiding principles (the
Principles)45.
It has been commented that all Principles are quite weak on techniques for
implementing environmental standards and that the Declaration language is
vague in calling upon governments to cooperate in developing international
law regarding liability and compensation for transnational environmental dam-
age46.
However, it is undeniable that the Conference and its Declaration paved the
way for the future developments of International Environmental Law that lead to
the adoption of legally binding instruments.
The following sections provide the reader with an overview of the most important
and most recent International Conventions as well as other international legally
binding instruments covering environmental issues and hazardous waste manage-
ment with legally binding provisions.
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ĂŶĚƚŚĞŝƌŝƐƉŽƐĂů;ϭϵϴϵͿ
The Basel Convention on the control of transboundary movements of hazardous
wastes and their disposal 47 is the most comprehensive global environmental agree-
ment on hazardous and other wastes. It dates back to 1989 even if came into force
on May 5th 1992. Currently it has been ratified by 180 Parties. The Convention
43
Sohn Louis B., The Stockholm Declaration on the Human Environment, Harvard International
Law Journal, Vol 14, 1973, p. 423-515
44
UN Doc. A/CONF.48/PC.17
45
P Sands, J Peel, R MacKenzie, Principles of International Envirnmental Law, Cambridge
University Press, 2012, p. 31
46
Murphy Sean D., Prospective Liability Regimes for the Transboundary Movement of Hazardous
Wastes, The American Journal of International Law, Vol. 88, No. 1 (Jan., 1994), pp. 24-75.
47
Source: http://www.pic.int/TheConvention/Overview/TextoftheConvention/tabid/1048/lan-
guage/en-US/Default.aspx
49
aims to protect human health and the environment against the adverse effects re-
sulting from the generation, management, transboundary movements and disposal
of hazardous and other wastes. The Secretariat to the Basel Convention is hosted
by UNEP. Basel Convention is Multilateral document.
These are the main characteristics:
Jurisdiction: International
Field of Application: Global
Objective:
• the reduction of hazardous waste generation and the promotion of
environmentally sound management of hazardous wastes, wherever the
place of disposal;
• the restriction of transboundary movements of hazardous wastes except where
it is perceived to be in accordance with the principles of environmentally
sound management;
• a regulatory system applying to cases where transboundary movements are
permissible
Summary of Provisions48:
Parties prohibiting the import of hazardous wastes or other wastes undertake
to inform the other Parties of their decision pursuant to article 13. The other
Parties, when so informed, are to prohibit the export of hazardous wastes to the
Parties that have prohibited the import of such waste (art. 4.1a). Parties are to
prohibit the export of hazardous wastes and other wastes if the State of import
does not consent in writing to the specific import (art. 4.1c). Parties are to pro-
hibit all persons under their national jurisdiction from transporting or disposing
of hazardous wastes or other type of wastes unless such persons are authorized or
allowed to perform such types of operations (art. 4.7a). They are to designate or
establish one or more competent authorities as focal points to receive notifications
(art. 5). States of export are not allow the generator of hazardous wastes or other
wastes to commence the transboundary movement until they have received writ-
ten confirmation that the notifier has received the written consent of the State of
import (art. 6). Parties are to cooperate with each other in order to improve and
achieve environmentally sound management of hazardous wastes and other wastes
(art. 10). In case of an accident occurring during the transboundary movement of
hazardous or other wastes or their disposal that is likely to present risks to human
health and the environment in other States, those States must be immediately in-
formed (art.13).
48
Source: http://www.ecolex.org/ecolex/ledge/view/RecordDetails;DIDPFDSIjsessionid=FCF
75C739C6D9D26E74AF989F962A2DE?id=TRE-001003&index=treaties
50
$"$"!"$"#ZŽƩĞƌĚĂŵŽŶǀĞŶƟŽŶŽŶƚŚĞWƌŝŽƌ/ŶĨŽƌŵĞĚŽŶƐĞŶƚWƌŽĐĞĚƵƌĞĨŽƌ
ĞƌƚĂŝŶ,ĂǌĂƌĚŽƵƐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐĂŶĚWĞƐƟĐŝĚĞƐŝŶ/ŶƚĞƌŶĂƟŽŶĂůdƌĂĚĞ;ϭϵϵϴͿ
The Rotterdam Convention on the Prior Informed Consent Procedure for Cer-
tain Hazardous Chemicals and Pesticides in International Trade49 was adopted
on 10 September 1998 and came into force on 24 February 2004, currently it has
been ratified by 152 Parties. The Convention promotes the exchange of informa-
tion on a very broad range of chemicals introducing “legally binding obligations
for the implementation of the Prior Informed Consent (PIC) procedure.” The
PIC procedure’s scope is receiving and sharing the decisions of importing Parties
as to whether they wish to receive future shipments of those chemicals listed in
Annex III of the Convention as well as ensuring compliance with these decisions
by exporting Parties. The Secretariat to the Rotterdam Convention is hosted by
UNEP.
Rotterdam Convention is Multilateral document. These are the main charac-
teristics:
Objective:
To improve cooperation among Parties in the international trade of particularly
hazardous group of chemicals aiming to protect human health and the environment
from potential negative effect and to promote their environmentally proper use.
Summary of provisions50:
This Convention applies to banned or severely restricted chemicals and severely
hazardous pesticide formulation (art.3). For each of these categories of substances,
each Party is to adopt a final regulatory action and notify the Secretariat. Based on
the information provided in such notifications, the Chemical Review Committee
recommends to the Conference of Parties whether such chemical should be made
subject to the prior informed consent procedure. (art. 5 and 6). The Conference
of the Parties decides whether the chemical should be made subject to the Prior
Informed Consent procedure and, if so, lists it in Annex III (art.7). Each Party
undertakes to implement appropriate legislative or administrative measures to en-
sure timely decisions regarding the import each of the chemicals listed in Annex
III (art. 10). Each Party is to ensure that exporters within its jurisdiction respect
the decision of the importing country (art.11). Where one of the chemicals that is
banned or severely restricted by a Party is exported from its territory, that Party
is to provide an export notification to the importing Party (art. 12). Each Party
49
Source: http://www.pic.int/TheConvention/Overview/TextoftheConvention/tabid/1048/language/
en-US/Default.aspx
50
Source: http://www.ecolex.org/server2.php/libcat/docs/abstracts/TRE/Abstracts/TRE-AB-
EN-001280.rtf
51
agrees to facilitate information exchange regarding the chemicals within the scope
of this Convention (art. 14). Each Party also ensures, to the extent practicable,
that the public has appropriate access to information inter alia on alternatives that
are safer for human health or the environment than the chemicals listed in Annex
III (art. 15). The Conference of the Parties is to develop and approve procedures
and institutional mechanisms for determining non-compliance with the provisions
of this Convention and for treatment of Parties found to be in non-compliance
(art.17).
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The Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants51 (POP’s) was ad-
opted on 22 May 2001 and came into force on 17 May 2004; currently has been
ratified by 179 Parties. The Convention requires Parties to take measures to elimi-
nate or reduce the release of POPs into the environment.
Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) are a particular class of organic chemical
substances that, once released into the environment, may persist, bio-accumulate
through the food chain, and pose a risk of causing adverse effects to human health
and the environment itself. In particular evidence of long-range transport of these
categories of substances (e.g. pesticides) to geographic areas where they are never
been exploited, could pose a big threat to the environment of the entire globe.
More specifically POPs can:
• persist for very long periods of time (many years)
• Become widespread throughout the environment cause of natural processes
involving soil, water and, more effectively, air;
• Bio-accumulate in the fatty tissue of animals and humans; higher
concentrations at higher levels in the food chain could be found.
The Secretariat to the Stockholm Convention is hosted by UNEP.
Stockholm Convention is Multilateral document. These are the main charac-
teristics:
Objective:
to protect human health and the environment from persistent organic pollut-
ants (POPs).
Article 3 sets out measures that Parties are to take to reduce or eliminate
Source: http://chm.pops.int/Convention/ConventionText/tabid/2232/Default.aspx
51
Source: http://www.ecolex.org/elis_isis3w.php?rec_id=000699&database=tre&search_type=link&lang-
52
=eng&format_name=@EFALL&page_header=@EPHAV1
52
releases from international production and use (including inter alia prohibit-
ing production and use, export and import), of chemicals listed in Annex A
and restrict the production of chemicals listed in Annex B. Limited excep-
tions are provided e.g. when Parties agree to ensure that a chemical listed
in Annex A or B is imported only for the purpose of environmentally sound
disposal (art. 3.2). Specific measures are established to reduce or eliminate
releases from unintentional production (art. 5) and from stockpiles and wastes
(art. 6). Each Party agrees to develop and endeavour to implement a plan for
the implementation of its obligations under this Convention (art. 7). Article 8
details the procedure for listing chemicals in Annexes A, B or C. Each Party
is to facilitate or undertake the exchange of information relevant to reduction
or elimination of the production, use and release of POPs and alternatives to
POPs (art. 9) as well as the information, awareness and education of the pub-
lic (art.10). Parties are also to encourage or undertake research, development
and monitoring of POPs and their alternatives, as well as engage in technical
assistance, within their capabilities (art. 11 and 12). Each Party also under-
takes to report to the Conference of Parties on the measures it has taken to
implement the provisions of this Convention and on the effectiveness of these
measures (art. 15)
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The OECD Decision of the Council C(2001)107/FINAL53 concerning the control
of transboundary movements of wastes destined for recovery operations was ad-
opted in Paris on 28 February 2002 and came into force on 21 May 2002; currently
it has been ratified by 34 Parties (OECD members); it provides for special import,
export and transit permits for specified wastes to be moved transboundary only
to pre-consented recovery facilities. It applies when transboundary movements of
wastes destined for recovery operations take place from one OECD member coun-
try to another. Country that are both Member of the European Union and OECD
Parties, are also obliged to comply with a European Community Regulation. While
the Basel Convention and the European Community Regulation concern interna-
tional movements of waste, whether destined for disposal or recovery, the OECD
Decision only concerns movements of wastes destined for recovery operations
within the OECD area. All of the instruments operate subject to a range of admin-
istrative controls by the countries implementing them.
Depository of the document is Organization for Economic Co-operation and
Development (OECD)
53
Source: http://acts.oecd.org/Instruments/ShowInstrumentView.aspx?InstrumentID=221&Instr
umentPID=217&Lang=en&Book=False
53
OECD Decision is Multilateral document. These are the main characteristics:

Field of Application: OECD Area
Objective:
to control transboundary movements of wastes destined for recovery opera-
tions inside OECD area.
Summary of provisions:
Chapter II of the OECD Decision establishes two list of wastes subject to spe-
cific control procedures: the so-called Green and Amber lists of wastes.
Green list’s wastes that do not typically exhibit hazardous characteristics and are
deemed to pose negligible risks for human health and the environment during their
transboundary movement for recovery within the OECD area; they are not subject
to any other controls than those normally applied in commercial transactions.
Amber list’s wastes usually, but not always, exhibit one or more hazardous char-
acteristic(s). Due to their hazardousness or other reason referred to in Appendix
6 to the OECD Decision, they may pose a risk for human health and the envi-
ronment during their transboundary movement for recovery within the OECD
area and are therefore subject to specific control procedures under the OECD
Decision. Wastes subject to these control procedures are listed in Appendices 3
and 4 to: The controls of waste shipments are carried out by national competent
authorities and Customs Offices as appropriate, through the use of notification
and movement documents.
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ĂŶĚKƚŚĞƌDĂƩĞƌ;>ŽŶĚŽŶŽŶǀĞŶƟŽŶĂŶĚWƌŽƚŽĐŽůͿ
The Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping of Wastes
and Other Matter54 (“London Convention”) was adopted in London on 29 De-
cember 1972 and came into force on 30 August 1975; currently it has been ratified
by 87 Parties; it contributes to the international control and prevention of marine
pollution by prohibiting the dumping of certain hazardous materials. In addition,
a special permit is required prior to dumping of a number of other identified ma-
terials and a general permit for other wastes or matter
In 1996, the “London Protocol” was agreed to further modernize the Conven-
tion and, eventually, replace it; the document, even if currently ratified by only 42
Parties, entered into force on 24 March 2006 restricting all dumping except for a
permitted list (so-called “reverse list”).
54
Source: http://www.imo.org/OurWork/Environment/SpecialProgrammesAndInitiatives/Pages/
London-Convention-and-Protocol.aspx
54
Depository of the document is International Maritime Organization (IMO)

The London Protocol is a multilateral document intended to supersede the
London Convention. These are the main characteristics:
Objective: To shield the marine environment from pollution preventing, reduc-
ing and (where possible) eliminating pollution caused by dumping or incineration
at sea of wastes and other matter.
This Protocol supersedes the Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pol-
lution by Dumping of Wastes and Other Matter (1972), between Contracting
Parties to this Protocol which are also Parties to the Convention (art. 23). Parties
undertake to apply a precautionary approach to environmental protection from
dumping of wastes or other matter. Each Party is to endeavour to promote prac-
tices whereby those it has authorized to engage in dumping or incineration at sea
bear the responsibility of meeting the pollution prevention and control require-
ments. Parties are to act so as not to transfer, directly or indirectly, damage or
likelihood of damage from one part of the environment to another or transform
one type of pollution into another (art.3). The Protocol prohibits the dumping of
any wastes or other matter, with the exception of those listed in Annex I which
identifies wastes or other matter that may be considered for dumping or in certain
circumstances (arts. 4 (1) and 8). A permit is required for the dumping of wastes
and other matter listed in Annex I. Parties agree to adopt administrative or legis-
lative measures to ensure that issuance of permits meet certain conditions (art. 4,
Annex 2). Parties are to pay particular attention to opportunities to avoid dump-
ing in favor of environmentally preferable alternatives (art. 4). Incineration at sea
of wastes or other matter is prohibited (art. 5), with the exception of securing the
safety of human life or vessels, aircraft, platforms or other man-made structures
at sea in emergencies (art.8). Parties undertake not to allow the export of wastes
or other matter to other countries for dumping or incineration at sea (art. 6).
Each Party is to, at its discretion, either apply the provisions of the protocol or
adopt other effective measures to control the deliberate disposal of wastes or oth-
er matter in marine international waters where such disposal would be dumping
or incineration at sea within the meaning of the definitions of the Protocol, if con-
ducted at sea (art. 7). Finally, each Party undertakes to designate an appropriate
authority to issue permits, to keep relevant records and to monitor the condition
of the sea for the purpose of the Protocol (art. 9), as well as to provide IMO or
other Parties with such records and the findings of the monitoring as well as in-
formation on the administrative and legislative measures taken to implement the
Protocol (art.9.4).
55
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$"$"$"!"#ƵƌŽƉĞĂŶhŶŝŽŶ
Since 1975, European institutions have looked for the establishment of a frame-
work for the management, recovery and correct disposal of waste in general and,
in particular for hazardous wastes.
Waste Framework Directive, or Directive 2008/98/EC55 of the European Par-
liament and of the Council of 19 November 2008 on waste and repealing certain
Directives.
This Directive repealed:
• Waste Oils Directive 75/439/EEC56 of 16 June 1975
• Hazardous waste Directive 91/689/EEC57 of 12 December 1991
• Directive 2006/12/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 5
April 2006 on waste.
It provides for a general framework of waste management requirements
and sets the basic waste management definitions for the EU. Today, Directive
2008/98/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 19 November
2008 on waste is the main legal instrument regulating waste management in Eu-
rope.
However, the efforts toward a regulation of the topic at European level date
back to decades before.
Main Provisions
Scope58
The measures described in the Directive apply to all substances or objects which
the holder disposes of or is obliged to dispose of. They do not apply to gaseous
effluents or to radioactive waste, mineral waste, animal carcases and agricultural
waste, waste water, and decommissioned explosives where these types of waste are
subject to specific Community rules.
Definitions59
The Directive provides, among others, the following definitions:
Waste: “Any substance or object which the holder discards or intends or is
required to discard”.
Hazardous waste: “waste which displays one or more of the hazardous proper-
ties listed in Annex III”.
Waste management: “the collection, transport, recovery and disposal of waste,
55
Source: http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2008:312:0003:0030:EN:PDF
56
Source: http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:31975L0439:EN:HTML
57
Source: http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:31991L0689:EN:HTML
58
Directive 2008/98/EC art. 1-2
59
See art. 3
56
including the supervision of such operations and the after-care of disposal sites,
and including actions taken as a dealer or broker”.
Key Concepts
“Waste Hierarchy”60
The following waste hierarchy shall apply as a priority order in waste preven-
tion and management legislation and policy:
• prevention61
• recovery62
• preparing for re-use63
• recycling64
• disposal65
Member States shall take measures to encourage the options that deliver the
best overall environmental outcome.
“End-of-Waste”66
Certain specified waste shall cease to be waste within the meaning of point (1) of
Article 3 when it has undergone a recovery, including recycling, operation and com-
plies with specific criteria to be developed in accordance with the following conditions:
• the substance or object is commonly used for specific purposes;
• a market or demand exists for such a substance or object;
• the substance or object fulfils the technical requirements for the specific
purposes and meets the existing legislation and standards applicable to
products; and
• the use of the substance or object will not lead to overall adverse environmental
or human health impacts.
The criteria shall include limit values for pollutants where necessary and shall take
into account any possible adverse environmental effects of the substance or object.
“Recycling rate”67
In order to comply with the objectives of this Directive, and move towards a
European recycling society with a high level of resource efficiency, Member States
shall take the necessary measures designed to achieve the following targets:
• by 2020, the preparing for re-use and the recycling of waste materials such
as at least paper, metal, plastic and glass from households and possibly
from other origins as far as these waste streams are similar to waste from
households, shall be increased to a minimum of overall 50 % by weight;
60
Directive 2008/98/EC art. 4
61
Further details about the concept of “prevention” are provided for in art. 9
62
Further details about the concept of “recovery” are provided for in art. 10
63
Further details about the concept of “preparing for reuse” are provided for in art. 11
64
Further details about the concept of “recycling” are provided for in art. 11
65
Further details about the concept of “disposal” are provided for in art. 12
66
See art. 6
67
Directive 2008/98/EC art. 11.2
57
• by 2020, the preparing for re-use, recycling and other material recovery,
including backfilling operations using waste to substitute other materials,
of non-hazardous construction and demolition waste excluding naturally
occurring material defined in category 17 05 04 in the list of waste shall be
increased to a minimum of 70 % by weight.
Waste management68
Any producer or holder of waste must carry out their treatment themselves
or else must have treatment carried out by a broker, establishment or under-
taking.
Member States may cooperate, if necessary, to establish a network of waste dis-
posal facilities. This network must allow for the “self-sufficiency” of the European
Union with regard to the treatment of waste.
Dangerous waste must be stored and treated in conditions that ensure the pro-
tection of health and the environment. They must not, in any case be mixed with
other dangerous waste and must be packaged or labelled in line with international
or Community regulations.
Permits and registrations 69
Any establishment or undertaking intending to carry out waste treatment must
obtain a permit from the competent authorities who determine notably the quan-
tity and type of treated waste, the method used as well as monitoring and control
operations.
Any incineration or co-incineration method aimed at energy recovery must only
be carried out if this recovery takes place with a high level of energy efficiency.
Plans and programmes70
The competent authorities must establish one or more management plans to
cover the whole territory of the Member State concerned. These plans contain,
notably, the type, quantity and source of waste, existing collection systems and
location criteria.
Prevention programmes must also be drawn up, with a view to breaking the
link between economic growth and the environmental impacts associated with the
generation of waste.
These programmes are to be communicated by Member States to the European
Commission.
It is also essential to reinforce measures to be taken with regard to prevention
as well as the reduction of the impacts of waste generation and waste management
on the environment. Finally, the recovery of waste should be encouraged so as to
preserve natural resources.
68
The topic is dealt with in Chapter III, arts. 15-22
69
The topic is dealt with in Chapter IV, arts. 23-27
70
The topic is dealt with in Chapter V, arts. 28-33
58
Inspections and records71

Establishments or undertakings which carry out waste treatment operations,
establishments or undertakings which collect or transport waste on a profession-
al basis, brokers and dealers, and establishments or undertakings which produce
hazardous waste shall be subject to appropriate periodic inspections by the com-
petent authorities.
The producers of hazardous waste and the establishments and undertakings
which collect or transport hazardous waste on a professional basis, or act as dealers
and brokers of hazardous waste, shall keep a chronological record of the quantity,
nature and origin of the waste, and, where relevant, the destination, frequency of
collection, mode of transport and treatment method foreseen in respect of the waste,
and shall make that information available, on request, to the competent authorities.
For hazardous waste, the records shall be preserved for at least three years.
Decision 2000/532/EC72 of 3 May 2000, establishing a list of wastes

This Decision73 establishes the classification system for wastes, including a distinc-
tion between hazardous and non-hazardous wastes. It is closely linked to the list of
the main characteristics which render waste hazardous contained in Annex III to
the Waste Framework Directive above.
In 1994, the first European Waste Catalogue and hazardous waste list were
published as two separate documents by Decision 94/3/EC74 and Council Deci-
sion 94/904/EC75.
Commission Decision 2000/532/ EC repealed the two above mentioned Deci-
sions, with effect from 1 January 2002 and introduced replacement waste list and
hazardous waste list. This replacement waste list has been amended three times76 77 78.
The European Waste Catalogue and hazardous waste list are used for the clas-
sification of all wastes and hazardous wastes and are designed to form a consistent
waste classification system across the EU. They form the basis for all national and
international waste reporting obligations, such as those associated with waste li-
cences and permits, the National Waste Database and the transport of waste.
The different types of waste in the list are fully defined by a six-digit code for
the waste and a respective two-digit and four-digit chapter headings. This implies
71
The topic is dealt with in Chapter Vi, arts. 34-36
72
73
The main source for this section is “European Waste Catalogue and hazardous Waste List”,
Environmental protection Agency, Ireland, 2002
74
75
Source: http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:31994D0904:EN:HTML
76
Commission Decision 2001/118/EC amending Decision 2000/532/EC as regards the list of wastes.
77
Commission Decision 2001/119/EC
78
Council Decision 2001/573/EC amending Commission Decision 2000/532/EC as regards the
list of wastes
59
a specific procedure identify a waste in the list is needed. Text provides all the
necessary directions.
Regulation (EC) No 1013/200679 of the European Parliament and of the
Council of 14 June 2006 on shipments of waste.
This Regulation specifies under which conditions waste can be shipped be-
tween countries.
This Regulation aims at strengthening, simplifying and specifying the pro-
cedures for controlling waste shipments to improve environmental protection.
It thus reduces the risk of waste shipments not being controlled. It also seeks
to include into Community legislation the provisions of the Basel Convention
as well as the revision of the Decision on the control of transboundary move-
ments of wastes destined for recovery operations, adopted by the OECD in
2001.
Main Provisions
Scope80
This Regulation applies to shipments of waste:
• between Member States, within the European Union (EU) or with transit
through third countries;
• imported into the EU from third countries;
• exported from the EU to third countries;
• in transit through the EU, on the way from and to third countries.
The Regulation concerns almost all types of waste shipped. Only radioactive
waste and a few other types of waste do not fall within its application, insofar as
they are subject to separate control regimes.
Lists of wastes
The Regulation also reduces the number of lists of wastes whose shipment is
authorised from three to two. Wastes subject to notification are set out in the “Am-
ber List” (Annex IV), while wastes subject only to information requirements are
set out in the “Green List” (Annex III). Wastes for which export is prohibited are
listed separately (Annex V).
Applicable procedures
This Regulation also reduces the number of waste shipment control procedures
from three to two:
• the “green listed” procedure applies to non-hazardous waste intended for
recovery;
• the notification procedure applies to shipments of all waste intended for
disposal and hazardous waste intended for recovery.
79
Source: http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2006:190:0001:0098:
EN:PDF
80
Regulation (EC) No 1013/2006 of the European Parliament and of the Council, art. 1
60
Whatever the procedure, all persons involved in shipment must ensure that
they take all necessary measures in order that waste is managed in an environmen-
tally sound manner throughout the shipment process and when it is recovered or
disposed of. The notification procedure requires that the competent authorities
of the countries concerned by the shipment (country of dispatch, country of
transit and country of destination) give their consent prior to any shipment81.
Waste shipments must be the subject of a contract between the person respon-
sible for shipping the waste, or having it shipped, and the consignee of such waste.
Where the waste in question is subject to a notification requirement, the contract
must include financial guarantees82.
Under the notification procedure, the notification must be submitted by the
notifier only to the competent authority of dispatch which, in turn, will be re-
sponsible for passing it on to the competent authorities of destination and transit.
The competent authorities must give their consent (with or without conditions) or
express their objections within 30 days. Any changes involving the main aspects of
the shipment (quantity, itinerary, etc.) must be the subject of a new notification,
save in cases where all the competent authorities grant the notifier an exemption
from this obligation83.
Furthermore, interim recovery and disposal facilities are bound by the same
obligations as final recovery and disposal facilities. The authorisation of a shipment
involving interim operations can only be sanctioned if the shipment of the waste in
question has also been authorised.
If a shipment cannot be completed (including the recovery or disposal of waste),
the notifier must take the waste back, normally at his own expense84.
Other applicable provisions
The Regulation includes other general provisions, such as a ban on the mixing
of waste during shipment, the making available to the general public of appro-
priate information, and the obligation on the part of the notifier, the competent
authority, the consignee and the facilities concerned to keep documents and in-
formation.
Exports to third countries of waste intended for disposal are prohibited, except
to European Free Trade Association (EFTA) countries which are party to the Basel
Convention85.
Exports of hazardous waste intended for recovery are prohibited, except those
directed to countries to which the OECD decision applies86.
81
See art. 9
82
Regulation (EC) No 1013/2006 of the European Parliament and of the Council, art. 5
83
See art. 4 and art. 9
84
See art. 22-25
85
See art. 34
86
See art. 36
61
Imports from third countries87 of waste intended for disposal or recovery are
prohibited, with the exception of imports:
• from countries to which the OECD Decision applies;
• third countries which are party to the Basel Convention;
• countries which have concluded a bilateral agreement with the EU or
Member States; or
• other areas during situations of crisis.
Member States must make provision for the organisation of checks throughout
the entire waste shipment and waste recovery/waste disposal process.
Implementation of Community environmental legislation
Implementation of Community environmental legislation is to be ensured in
the first place by Member States.
In addition to any implementation and enforcement action taken at national
level, the European Commission fulfils the role of “Guardian of the Treaty”: ac-
cording to Article 211 first indent of the EC Treaty, the Commission is to ensure
that the provisions of the Treaty and the measures taken by the institutions pur-
suant thereto are applied. In performing that function, the Commission may open
infringement procedures88.
Close cooperation between national authorities and the European Commission con-
tribute to a better implementation. Regional and local authorities are also key players.
Since coordination among all the actors is crucial to environmental law imple-
mentation, different instruments, platforms and forums have been created:
• the Technical Platform for Cooperation on the Environment89
• the European Union Network for the Implementation and Enforcement of
Environmental Law (IMPEL)90
• the European Union Forum of Judges for the Environment91
To support the implementation and enforcement of Community environmental
legislation the Community has adopted:
• the Directive on Environmental Liability (Directive 2004/35/EC92), which
regards the prevention and remedying of environmental damage (ELD),
establishes a framework based on the polluter pays principle to prevent and
remedy environmental damage.
87
The topic is dealt with in Title V, art. 41-45
88
For more information visit http://ec.europa.eu/environment/legal/law/procedure.htm
89
For more information visit http://ec.europa.eu/environment/legal/platform_en.htm
90
IMPEL is a network of the environmental authorities of EU Member States, acceding and
candidate countries, and Norway. It provides a framework for policy makers, environmental inspec-
tors and enforcement officers to exchange ideas, and encourages the development of enforcement
structures and best practices. For more information visit http://impel.eu/
91
For more information visit http://www.eufje.org/
92
Source: http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2004:143:0056:0075:E
N:PDF
62
• the Recommendation providing for minimum criteria for environmental

inspections (2001/331/EC93) and
• the Directive on the protection of the environment through criminal law94.
EC Environmental law has existed for 30 years. The brief overview outlined above
showed us just few of the more than 200 directives in the field of environment in
force. However, there are still many cases of severe non-observance of Community
environmental law95 96.
European Parliament and Council Directive: 1999/31/EC97 on the landfill of

waste and 94/62/EC98 on packaging and packaging waste
Although these Directives are less crucial with respect to the previously
mentioned, equally are important: Directive 1999/31/EC provides the defini-
tions of the different waste categories (municipal, hazardous, non-hazardous
and inert waste) and Directive 94/62/EC focus on the harmonization of the
national measures concerning the management of packaging and packaging
waste
The directive was adopted by the European Union Council on 26 April 1999;
it aims to prevent or reduce the adverse effects of the landfill of waste on the envi-
ronment and human health.
Main Provisions
Scope
To lay down strict requirements (measure, procedures and guidance) for land-
fills to prevent and reduce as far as possible the negative effects on the environ-
ment (particularly the pollution of surface water, groundwater, soil and air) and
human health. In particular defines different waste categories: municipal, hazard-
ous, non-hazardous and inert waste.
For the purposes of this Directive, “waste” shall mean any substance or object
which is covered by Directive 75/442/EEC. On the other side, “landfill” means a
waste disposal site for the deposit of the waste into land, including internal waste
disposal sites and a permanent site which is used for temporary storage of waste.
Each landfill shall be classified into one of the following classes: (1)landfill for haz-
ardous waste; (2) landfill for non-hazardous waste; (3) landfill for inert waste. A
93
94
95
Statistics on infringements are available at http://ec.europa.eu/environment/legal/law/statistics.htm)
96
Cases are available at http://ec.europa.eu/environment/legal/law/press_en.htm
97
98
99
Source: http://www.ecolex.org/ecolex/ledge/view/RecordDetails;DIDPFDSIjsessionid=57D
B7A13ACC994C4FD8206BEC3C5F7C7?id=LEX-FAOC038106&index=documents
63
permit is compulsory for the operation of a landfill. The permit may not be issued
unless the conditions established by article 8 are fulfilled. Article 3 defines the ap-
plication scope of these provisions. Article 5 requires Member States to set up their
own national strategies for the implementation of the reduction of biodegradable
waste going to landfills. Further, Member States must ensure that certain wastes,
such as liquid waste, are not accepted in a landfill. The following three Annexes are
attached: (I) General requirements for all classes of landfills; (II) Waste acceptance
criteria and procedures; (III) Control and monitoring procedures in operation and
after-case phases.
The European Parliament and Council Directive 94/62/EC on packaging and
packaging waste. was adopted by the European Union Council on 31 December
1994; it aims to improve environmental protection by reducing of waste.
Main Provisions
Scope
to harmonize national measures concerning the management of packaging and
packaging waste aiming to prevent (or at least reduce) any negative impact on the
environment of EU states .
The Directive lays down measures aimed, as a first priority, at preventing the
production of packaging waste and, as additional fundamental principles, at re-
using packaging, at recycling and other forms of recovering packaging waste and,
therefore, at reducing the final disposal of such waste. All packaging placed on the
market in the Community and all packaging waste, whether it is used or released
at industrial, commercial, office, shop, service, household or any other level, re-
gardless of the material used, is covered by these provisions. Article 12 regards
the establishment of databases and information systems relating to packaging and
packaging waste. The following three Annexes are attached: (I) Identification sys-
tem; (II) Essential requirements on the composition and the reusable and recov-
erable, including recyclable, nature of packaging to limit the weight and volume
of packaging to a minimum in order meet the required level of safety, hygiene and
acceptability for consumers;
• to reduce the content of hazardous substances and materials in the packaging
material and its components;
• to design reusable or recoverable packaging.;
(III) Data to be included by Member States in their databases on packaging and
packaging waste.
64
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dƌĂŶƐďŽƵŶĚĂƌǇDŽǀĞŵĞŶƚĂŶĚDĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚŽĨ,ĂǌĂƌĚŽƵƐtĂƐƚĞƐǁŝƚŚŝŶĨƌŝĐĂ
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The Bamako Convention on the Ban of the Import into Africa and the Control of
Transboundary Movement and Management of Hazardous Wastes within Africa
100
(“Bamako Convention”) was adopted in Bamako (Mali) on 30 January 1991 and
came into force on 22 April 1998; currently it has been ratified by 23 Parties; it aims
to protect health and the environment from dangers posed by hazardous wastes by
reducing their generation to a minimum in terms of quantity and/or hazard potential
and prohibiting the import of all hazardous wastes, for any reason, into Africa from
non-Contracting Parties. Depository of the document is African Union (AU).
Field of Application: Regional
Main Provisions
Scope:
To lay down a strict regulation about transboundary movement of hazardous
wastes to and within Africa.
The scope of the Convention is confined to hazardous wastes, though not wastes
from ship discharges covered by another Convention. Hazardous substances banned,
cancelled or refused registration by government regulatory action for health or envi-
ronmental reasons, are defined as hazardous wastes under the Convention. Radioac-
tive wastes are covered also by the Convention (art. 2). Parties agree to enact legislation
identifying and categorising hazardous wastes not already listed in the Convention
(art. 3). Parties are to enforce a ban on hazardous waste import, and on the dumping
of hazardous wastes at sea and internal waters and in respect of waste generation, they
are to adopt precautionary measures (art. 4). They should establish monitoring and
regulatory authorities to report and act on transboundary movement of hazardous
wastes (arts. 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9). Parties are to exchange information on incidents of haz-
ardous wastes, and on approaches to a solution of the problems identified (art. 13).
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tĂƐƚĞĂŶĚƚŽŽŶƚƌŽůƚŚĞdƌĂŶƐďŽƵŶĚĂƌǇDŽǀĞŵĞŶƚĂŶĚDĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚŽĨ,ĂǌͲ
ĂƌĚŽƵƐtĂƐƚĞƐǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚĞWĂĐŝĮĐ;ϭϵϵϱͲtĂŝŐĂŶŝŽŶǀĞŶƟŽŶͿ
The Convention to ban the Importation into Forum Island Countries of Hazard-
ous Wastes and Radioactive Wastes and to control the Transboundary Movement
Source: http://www.africa-union.org/root/au/Documents/Treaties/Text/hazardouswastes.pdf
100
Source: http://www.ecolex.org/ecolex/ledge/view/RecordDetails;DIDPFDSIjsessionid=E7F
101
34C6D1388ACBD28D89AA37D8EF3E8?id=TRE-001104&index=treaties
65
and Management of Hazardous Wastes within the South Pacific 102 (“Waigani Con-
vention”) was adopted in Waigani (Papua New Guinea) on 16 September 1995
and came into force on 21 October 2001; currently it has been ratified by 13 Par-
ties; Convention’s concern is to control the importation into Forum Island Coun-
tries of hazardous and radioactive wastes and the transboundary movement and
management of hazardous wastes within the South Pacific Region.
Depository of the document is South Pacific Forum Secretariat (SPREP).
Field of Application: Regional/SPREP Area
Main Provisions
Scope
To reduce or eliminate transboundary movements of hazardous and radioactive
waste into and within the Pacific region and minimize the production of hazardous
and toxic wastes in the Pacific region; the Convention also aims to ensure an environ-
mentally sound disposal of wastes (e.g. completed as close to the source as possible).
Waigani Convention is very similar to the Basel Convention: The main difference
lies in the fact that it covers radioactive wastes (art. 4) and extends to the Economic
Exclusion Zone (200 nautical miles) rather than the territorial sea (12 nautical miles)
under Basel.
E<M<(EĂƟŽŶĂů>ĞŐŝƐůĂƟŽŶ
E<M<@<((U#-2+$(52"2+1
Federal Level - Resources Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA)
United States’ federal law, governing hazardous waste management, is mainly rep-
resented by the Resources Conservation and Recovery Act103 104 (RCRA).
It was enacted in 1976 by the Congress and it is implemented by the US Environ-

ment Protection Agency (EPA). The act amended the 1965 Solid Waste Disposal
Act105(SWDA).
102
Source: http://www.forumsec.org/resources/uploads/attachments/documents/Waigani%20
Convention%20Text1.pdf
103
Source: http://www.epa.gov/agriculture/lrca.html
104
Source: http://nepis.epa.gov/Adobe/PDF/2000OBPF.PDF
105
The Solid Waste Disposal Act (SWDA) became law in 1965. In its original form, it was a bro-
ad attempt to address the solid waste problems confronting the nation through a series of research
projects, investigations, experiments, training, demonstrations, surveys, and studies. The following
decade revealed that the SWDA was not sufficiently structured to resolve the growing mountain of
waste disposal issues facing the country. As a result, significant amendments were made to the act
with the passage of the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act of 1976 (RCRA).
66
The main purpose of the act is to provide a comprehensive “cradle to grave”

framework for the management of solid and hazardous wastes, that is managing
waste from generation to final disposal.
As for the scope of application, RCRA regulates any organisation that gener-
ates, transports, stores or disposes of solid and hazardous waste.
The RCRA sets the following goals106:
• Protecting human health and the environment from the potential hazards of
waste disposal.
• Conserving energy and natural resources.
• Reducing the amount of waste generated.
• Ensuring that wastes are managed in an environmentally-sound manner.
• Providing technical and financial assistance, as well as training to states and
local entities.
• Regulating the treatment, storage, transportation and disposal of hazardous
waste which have adverse effects on health and the environment.
In order to achieve these objectives, the RCRA establishes three different programs:
• the hazardous wastes program
• the solid waste program 107
• the underground storage tank 108 (UST)
Given the purpose of this text, the program that interests us, is the hazardous
waste program109, which is described under Subtitle C110, establishing a system for
controlling hazardous waste from the time it is generated until its ultimate disposal
— in effect, from “cradle to grave.”
The following sections provide the reader with an overview of the act most
important hazardous waste management measures.
106
Resources Recovery and Conservation Act, Sec. 1003
107
The solid waste program, under RCRA Subtitle D, encourages states to develop comprehensive
plans to manage nonhazardous industrial solid waste and municipal solid waste, sets criteria for municipal
solid waste landfills and other solid waste disposal facilities, and prohibits the open dumping of solid waste;
108
The underground storage tank, under RCRA Subtitle I, regulates underground storage tanks
containing hazardous substances and petroleum products.
109
Source: http://www.epa.gov/epawaste/hazard/index.htm
110
The RCRA is divided into the following sections:
Subtitle A: general provision
Subtitle B: office of solid waste, authorities of the administrator
Subtitle C: “cradle to grave” requirements
Subtitle D: non hazardous solid waste
Subtitle E: Department of Commerce responsibilities
Subtitle F: Federal responsibilities
Subtitle G: Miscellaneous provisions
Subtitle H: Research, Development, Demonstration and Information
Subtitle I: Underground Storage Tanks
67
The definition of Hazardous Waste and Hazardous Waste Management is pro-

vided for in Section 1004:
“The term ‘‘hazardous waste’’ means a solid waste, or combination of solid wastes,
which because of its quantity, concentration, or physical, chemical, or infectious char-
acteristics may—
(A) cause, or significantly contribute to an increase in mortality or an increase in
serious irreversible, or incapacitating reversible, illness; or
(B) pose a substantial present or potential hazard to human health or the environment
when improperly treated, stored, transported, or disposed of, or otherwise managed.”
“The term ‘‘hazardous waste management’’ means the systematic control of the collec-
tion, source separation, storage, transportation, processing, treatment, recovery, and
disposal of hazardous wastes.”
Main Provisions
Identification and listing of hazardous waste111
RCRA defines several criteria for wastes to be identified and classified as haz-
ardous.
The activity of identifying and classifying the material as hazardous, must take
into account the toxicity, flammability, corrosiveness, degradability in nature and
other characteristics which make material hazardous.
Establishment of standards
Under Subtitle C, EPA is required to establish standards on the following issues.
• Generators of hazardous waste 112
EPA is required to establish standards applicable to generators of hazardous
waste as regards: recordkeeping practices, labeling practices, use of appropriate
containers, and so on. The establishment of a manifest system to assure that haz-
ardous waste which is transported off-site goes to a permitted treatment, storage
or disposal facility, is also required.
• Transport of hazardous waste113
EPA is required to establish standards applicable to transporters of hazardous
waste as regards: recordkeeping (type of waste, source and delivery point), label-
ing, compliance with the manifest system referred to in section 3002
Management and disposal
• Owners and operators of hazardous waste treatment, storage and disposal
facilities114 (TSDF) are the last link in the cradle-to-grave hazardous waste
management system.
111
RCRA, Sec. 3001
112
Id. Sec. 3002
113
Id. Sec. 3003
114
Id. Sec. 3004
68
To fully protect human health and the environment, the TSDF owners and op-
erators must comply with specific requirements governing hazardous waste man-
agement units and additional precautions designed to protect the environment:
• maintaining records of all hazardous waste identified or listed under this
title which is treated, stored or disposed of, and the manner in which such
wastes were treated, sotred and disposed of;
• reporting monitoring and inspection compliance with the manifest system
referred to in section 3002;
• the location, design and construction of the facilities;
• compliance with permit requirements
Permits for treatment, storage or disposal of hazardous waste115

Activities of treatment, storage and disposal of hazardous waste require a per-
mit. The application for a permit must.
• Estimate composition, quantities and concentration of any hazardous waste
that is proposed to be disposed of, treated, transported or stored;
• detailing the site where such activities will be carried out.
The permit can be withhold until the facility complies with all the necessary
requirements and it can be withdrawn in case of non compliance.
State programs, inspections and enforcement

EPA is required to provide states with guidelines in order to assist them with
the development of state programs. States can implement their own state program
instead of the federal program on hazardous waste management, provided that
the state program is equivalent or implements the federal one, it is authorized and
complies with all the requirements established under subtitle C of RCRA116.
The act also provides for measures regulating inspections and enforcement117.
The general provisions of RCRA have been successfully filled in with contents
by its implementing agency, EPA, that provided states with further regulations
establishing specific standards and requirements, as well as guidelines.
Amendments
RCRA was amended in 1992 and 1996.
In 1992 the Congress approved the Federal Facility Compliance Act.
The Act provides for a waiver of sovereign immunity with respect to federal,
state, and local procedural and substantive requirements relating to the Resource
Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) solid and hazardous waste laws and reg-
ulations at federal facilities. Federal agencies are responsible for compliance and
115
RCRA, Sec. 3005
116
Id. Sec. 3006
117
Id Sec 3007, 3008
69
government agents or employees are subject to criminal sanctions under any fed-
eral or authorized state solid or hazardous waste law. The Act requires EPA to
conduct annual RCRA inspections of all federal facilities.
In 1996 the Congress approved the “Land Disposal Program Flexibility Act”.
It makes adjustments relative to land disposal restriction provisions, and to ground
water monitoring at solid waste landfill units. The legislation also includes various
technical corrections to the Solid Waste Disposal Act.
Although RCRA is a federal statute, many states implement the RCRA pro-
grams. Currently, the Environmental Protection Agency118 has delegated its au-
thority to implement various provisions of RCRA to 46 out of 50 states.
State level
As previously mentioned, the hazardous waste management issue is dealt with,
non only at the federal level, but also at national level. This section provides a brief
example of regulation at the state level in the US.
The California Medical Waste Management Act119 was enacted in 2007, to es-
tablish the legal requirements for handling medical waste.
The Medical Waste Management regulates all aspects of medical waste, includ-
ing the initial generation of waste and the steps to take in handling, storing and
treating medical waste.
This law requires that generators of biohazardous waste develop a Medical
Waste Management Plan which describes in detail how a generator will store, col-
lect, package, treat, and dispose of medical waste.
E<M<E<((U#-2+$(V-#/$&,(WUVX(
In this sub-paragraph we provide an overview of the main regulatory regimes affecting
waste management practices within healthcare organizations in the United Kingdom120.
This brief overview appears interesting for two reasons: on one hand it show
us which are the most important regulatory regimes for the view of this manual;
on the other hand, it represent an example of transposition of EU Directive in a
national context.
So, to effectively manage hazardous waste generated as a result of healthcare
activities, those responsible for the management of the waste should understand
and must comply with the requirements of the various regulatory regimes, which
include environment and waste; infection control; health and safety; and transport.
118
Source: http://www.epa.gov/
119
Source: http://www.cdph.ca.gov/certlic/medicalwaste/Documents/MedicalWaste/MedicalWaste-
ManagementAct.pdf
120
England and Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland have their own sets of laws and regulations
such as the agencies responsible for the implementation and control which differ from each other.
The name of the regulatory instrument is often the same (or similar), although the date when it came
into force may vary. In this manual we refer only to the rules applicable in England.
70
Environment and waste legislation

Environment and waste regulation across the UK specifies the roles and responsi-
bilities of those involved in the management of waste. The most important instru-
ment in England is represented by the Environmental Protection Act121.
This Act, divided in nine parts122, demands permits and licences123for the stor-
age, transfer, treatment and disposal of many different types of waste124. Pre-accep-
tance audits are required for producers of healthcare wastes in England in order to
comply with the permit requirements of the waste contractor at the permitted site
receiving the waste. Environmental permits and waste management licences (and
related exemptions) are regulated in England by the Environment Agency (EA)125.
It’s interesting to notice an important principle which emerge from the Act: the
duty of care in waste management. The statutory requirements covering these mat-
ters, contained in Section 34 of the The Environment Protection Act126, disposes
that “everyone who produces, imports, carries, keeps, treats or disposes of controlled
waste”127 is required to fully comply with the “duty of care”128.
Through a “step by step guidance” divided in seven steps129, the statutory duty
of care requires producers and others who are involved in the management of the
waste to prevent its escape, and to take all reasonable measures to ensure that the
waste is dealt with appropriately from the point of production to the point of final
disposal. This is enforced through the “polluter pays” principle, making producers
of waste responsible for its management and disposal.
A key element to the duty of care is the requirement for producers (other than
householders) to ensure that a written description, adequately describing the type
and quantity of waste, accompanies any transfer of the waste as it is moved from
point of production to point of final disposal130.
Anyone wishing to carry controlled waste must be registered as a carrier of con-
trolled wastes, as required by the Controlled Waste (Registration of Carriers and
121
Source: http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1990/43/contents.
122
Part I: Integrated Pollution Control and air Pollution Control by local Authorities; Part II: Waste on
land; Part III: Statutory Nuisances and Clear Air; Par IV: Litter Etc; Par V: Amendment of the Radioactive
substances Act 1960; Par VI: Genetically Modified Organism; Par VII: Nature Conservation in Great
Britain and Countryside Matters in Wales; Par VIII: Miscellaneous; Par IX: General.
123
Authorizations: sections 6-12 and 28 of the Environmental Protection Act.
124
Section 2 and SCHEDULE 2B of the Environmental Protection Act.
125
Source: http://www.environment-agency.gov.uk/
126
“Waste management: the duty of care- a code of practice” is also available on DEFRA website
https://www.gov.uk/government/organisations/department-for-environment-food-rural-affairs.
127
“Waste management the duty of care, a code of practice” p.3. The entire text is available at:
http://archive.defra.gov.uk/environment/waste/controls/documents/waste-man-duty-code.pdf
128
The duty of care is designed to be an essentially self regulating system which is based on good
business practice. It places a duty on anyone who in any way has a responsibility for controlled waste
to ensure that it is managed properly and recovered or disposed of safely.
129
Identify and describe the waste, keep the waste safety, transfer to the right person, receiving
waste, checking up, expert help and advice, the duty of care and scrap metal
130
“Safe management of health care waste”, Department of Health, 2011, p. 24.
71
Seizure of Vehicles) Regulations. Waste-carrier registration can also be checked

online at the Environment Agency website.
Waste can only be handed to such authorised persons as registered carriers131,
permit/licence holders or someone who is exempt from either being a registered
carrier or operating under a permit/licence
The credentials of any organization collecting waste should be checked and a
copy of their carrier registration document (specifying their registration number)
should be requested.
To summarize, the main responsibilities of the waste producer under the duty
of care132are:
• describing the waste fully and accurately (which would typically be defined
by regular internal audits of waste).
• storing waste securely and safely on-site.
• packing waste securely (where appropriate) in line with the Carriage Regulations.
• registering as a waste carrier (if required) and make all reasonable checks on
waste carriers, which includes checking all registrations with the appropriate
regulator (see links below).
• selecting an appropriate recovery, treatment or disposal method.
• ensuring that the types of waste specified by European Waste Catalogue
codes (and quantity if relevant) fall within the terms of the waste contractor’s
environmental permit or exemption (further details are provided in ‘Waste
management licensing and permitting’).
• completing a waste transfer note (or consignment note for hazardous waste)
prior to waste being transferred to another party, signing as required.
The environment and waste legislation also regulates the responsibilities of lo-
cal authorities. These, indeed, have specific duties in relation to healthcare waste.
Section 45 of the Environmental Protection Act states that it is the duty of each
waste collection authority to arrange for the collection of waste in its area133.
Another key instrument is the List of Wastes (LoW) Regulations134, which
transpose the European Waste Catalogue (EWC)135 into domestic legislation and
provide codes for all hazardous and non-hazardous wastes. It’s interesting to con-
sider here that the English Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs
131
Annex D of Waste management the duty of care, a code of practice
132
133
Schedule 2 of the Controlled Waste Regulations identifies where a charge can be made for the col-
lection of household waste. This includes clinical waste from a domestic property .These regulations must be
read as a whole. Schedule 3, for example, identifies where clinical waste is “industrial” (not household) waste.
134
For the aim of our manual useful to see chapter 18 “WASTE FROM HUMAN OR ANIMAL
HEALTH CARE/OR RELATED RESEARCH”. For the complete text see:
http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2005/895/contents/made
135
The Environmental Permitting Regulations, the Hazardous Waste Regulations and the List
of Wastes Regulations require producers to adequately describe their waste using both a written
description and the use of the appropriate EWC code(s) on both waste transfer and consignment notes.
72
(Defra)136 has proposed changes to the codes used to represent hazardous groups
in the Hazardous Waste Regulations. As a result the Department proposed, updat-
ing to existing legislation, the addition of a new hazardous property “H13 Sensist-
ing”137 and the renumbered of the existing H13 hazardous property into H15138.
The Hazardous Waste Regulations139 and the List of Wastes Regulations define
and regulate the segregation and movement of hazardous waste from the point of
production to the final point of disposal or recovery.
In England, the Hazardous Waste Regulations require that most premises pro-
ducing hazardous waste be notified to the competent authority EA (via registra-
tion). Premises are exempt from the requirement to notify if they produce less
than 500 kg of hazardous waste in any period of 12 months140. This exemption
only covers premises notification. All other legislative requirements, including con-
signment notes for each collection of hazardous waste, continue to apply to waste
coming from these premises. Where premises are shared, each occupant retains
their own responsibility for waste under duty of care.
In the UK, the “Hazardous waste: interpretation of the definition and classifi-
cation of hazardous waste”
(WM2)141 uses a colour-coded European Waste Catalogue (EWC) to aid iden-
tification of hazardous wastes. Absolute hazardous entries are shown in red with
an asterisk. Some wastes have the potential to be either hazardous or non-hazard-
ous depending on whether they contain dangerous substances at, or above, certain
thresholds. These are covered by mirror entries, consisting of two or more related
entries including a hazardous entry (entries) shown in blue with an asterisk. They are
subject to assessment in relation to the 14 hazard groups identified in the Hazardous
Waste Regulations. Non-hazardous entries are shown in black. Only non-hazardous
entries that are not part of mirror entries do not require assessment142.
136
Source: https://www.gov.uk/government/organisations/department-for-environment-food-
rural-affairs.
137
“H13 Sensitising”, defined as substances and preparations which, if they are inhaled or if
they penetrate the skin, are capable of eliciting a reaction of hypersensitisation such that on further
exposure to the substance or preparation, characteristic adverse effects are produced”. Category
H13 is only applicable “as far as testing methods are available.
138
H15, waste capable by any means, after disposal, of yielding another substance (for example a
leachate) which possesses any of the characteristics H1 to H14 (seemeans that the hazardous property
“ecotoxic” (now H14) has to be taken into account in the assessment of whether a waste displays the
hazardous property H15.
139
For more informations:http://www.environment-agency.gov.uk/business/topics/waste/32180.aspx
140
Guidance on notification can be found on the EA website: http://www.environment-agency.gov.uk/.
141
A joint guidance document on the interpretation, definition and classification of hazardous
waste developed by the EA, SEPA and NIEA (respectively the Environment Agency in England,
the Scottish Environment Protection Agency, and Northern Ireland Environment Agency) . This
document is based on supporting European Directives and test methods.
142
73
Infection control
Healthcare waste in England is addressed in the “Health and Social Care Act 2008:
Code of Practice for health and adult social care on the prevention and control of
infections and related guidance143”.
The Code of Practice must be taken into account by the Care Quality Commis-
sion (CQC) when it makes decisions about registration of all regulated health and
adult social care services and by any court during legal proceedings about the reg-
istration. The regulations also say that providers must have regard to the Code of
Practice when deciding how they will comply with CQC registration requirements.
The Code of Practice sets out ten criteria against which the CQC will ensure
compliance for registered providers of health and social care services. Within these
is a requirement for cleanliness and infection control, which includes criteria for
the safe handling and disposal of waste.
The key points of the Health and Social Care Act 144:
• The risks from waste disposal should be properly controlled. In practice, in
relation to waste, this involves:
!" assessing risk;
!" developing appropriate policies;
!" putting arrangements in place to manage risks;
!" monitoring the way in which arrangements work;
!" being aware of legislative change.
• Precautions in connection with handling waste should include:
!" training and information;
!" personal hygiene;
!" segregation of waste;
!" the use of appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE);
!" immunisation;
!" appropriate procedures for handling such waste;
!" appropriate packaging and labelling;
!" suitable transport on-site and off-site;
!" clear procedures for dealing with accidents, incidents and spillag-
es; and appropriate treatment and disposal of such waste.
• Systems should be in place to ensure that the risks to service-users from
exposure to infections caused by waste present in the environment are
properly managed, and that duties under environmental law are discharged.
The most important of these are:
!" duty of care in the management of waste;
!" duty to control polluting emissions to the air;
143
Section 21 of the Health and Social Care Act. For the complete text: http://www.legislation.
gov.uk/ukpga/2008/14/contents.
144
74
!" duty to control discharges to sewers;

!" obligations of waste managers
Health and safety legislation

The Health and Safety Executive (HSE) is the regulatory body with responsibility
for enforcing health and safety in the workplace legislation in Great Britain.
Health and safety legislation is based on the assessment of risk. The Control
of Substances Hazardous to Health (COSHH)145and the Management of Health
and Safety at Work Regulations146, in line with health and safety at work legisla-
tion, specifically require those dealing with potentially infectious substances (in-
cluding waste) to assess the risk to the public and staff that may come into contact
with it. In practice, this involves the development of risk assessment policies and
procedures and putting in place arrangements to manage the risks effectively.
Transport legislation
Transport legislation is based on the principles of hazard and risk assessment,
and substances (including waste), are classified according to their primary hazard.
These are classified as dangerous goods147 and are assigned to different classes de-
pending on the predominant hazard.
In the UK, the carriage of dangerous goods is subject to regulatory control un-
der the Carriage of Dangerous Goods and Use of Transportable Pressure Equip-
ment Regulations148.
In the UK, these regulations implement the requirements of the ‘European
agreement concerning the international carriage of dangerous goods by road’
(commonly known as ADR) and the ‘Regulations concerning the international car-
riage of dangerous goods by rail’ (commonly known as RID). The Carriage Regu-
lations make direct reference to ADR and RID149.
145
COSHH sets out the duty of employers to manage the risk of exposure to hazardous substances,
including healthcare waste. The COSHH Regulations apply to any substance which is listed in table
3.2. of harmonized classification and labeling of hazardous substances from Annex I to Directive
67/548/EEC. For more details see: http://www.hse.gov.uk/coshh/
146
The Management of Health and Safety at Work Regulations and its associated Approved Code
of Practice (ACOP) provide a framework for managing risks at work, including risks from healthcare
waste, not covered by more specific requirements such as COSHH. For more details see: http://
www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/1999/3242/contents/made.
147
The term “dangerous goods” signifies substances with intrinsic hazards posing a potential
risk to persons or the environment while in the transport chain. Such substances are classified on the
same basis for any mode of transport using United Nations criteria. Transport by road or rail in Great
Britain is addressed in the Carriage of Dangerous Goods Regulations.
148
The Carriage Regulations are intended to reduce, to reasonable levels, the risk of harm or
damage to people, property and the environment posed by the carriage of dangerous goods. They do
not specifically regulate waste materials and they apply to all dangerous goods regardless of whether a
substance is waste or not. Goods are assessed on their hazardous characteristics and, if applicable, are
classified into one of nine classes of dangerous goods. http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2011/1885/
contents/made?text=%22Secretary%20of%20State%20for%20Transport%22
149
Both documents are revised every two years, and the updated versions are incorporated into
the UK by the Carriage Regulations.
75
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The expression “soft law” refers to rules that are neither strictly binding in nature
nor completely lacking legal significance. However, they are not directly enforce-
able150.
The category of soft law includes a great variety of instruments both in the
context of international law and in regional and national contexts. Instruments
like declarations, recommendations, charters, resolutions, Action plans151 and so
on, are often developed by supranational organisations152, but also by Regional and
National ones. The production of instruments like statements, guidelines, princi-
ples, codes of conduct and codes of practice, has sharply increased during the last
decades.
As reported in the above definition, soft law instruments are often defined as
“non-binding instruments”. This characterization may be misleading because al-
though soft law does not have per se binding effect, it is conceived to have such
effect in the long term. This means that while treaties are actually binding (after
ratification by states), soft law instruments are only potentially binding.
The development of soft law instruments is an accepted part of the compro-
mises required when undertaking daily work within the international legal system,
where states are often reluctant to sign up to too many commitments that might
result in national resentment at over-committing to an international goal. In sum-
mary, soft law is often conceived as the beginning of a gradual process which will
need further steps in order for the rule to turn into a legally binding measure. This
process can take two shapes:
• On the one hand, declarations, recommendations, etc. can be the first step
towards a treaty-making process, in which reference will be made to the
principles already stated in soft law instruments.
• On the other hand, non-treaty agreements can be intended to have a direct
influence on the practice of states, and to the extent that they are success-
ful in doing so, they may lead to the creation of customary law. As some
experts explain, declarations may “catalyse the creation of customary law
by expressing in normative terms certain principles whose general accep-
tance is already in the air (...) and thereby making it easier and more likely
for states to conform their conduct to them”153.
150
source http://definitions.uslegal.com/s/soft-law/
151
Agenda 21 is a non-binding, voluntarily implemented action plan of the United Nations with
regard to sustainable development. For more details on Agenda 21 visit the website: http://www.
unep.org/documents.multilingual/default.asp?documentid=52
152
One of the most relevant example is pictured by the Resolutions and Declarations of the UN
General Assembly, for example, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.
153
Paul C. Szasz, “International norm-making”, in: Edith Brown Weiss (ed.), Environmental
change and international law: New challenges and dimensions, Tokyo, United Nations University,
1992, p. 41-70.
76
Apart from this, soft law instruments’ peculiarities such as flexibility and clar-
ity, often make them a suitable option for negotiations that might otherwise stall
if legally binding commitments were sought at a time when it is not convenient
for negotiating parties to make major commitments but they still wish to reach an
understanding in good faith in the meantime.
Indeed, soft law instruments may represent an attractive alternative to law-mak-
ing by treaty. There are several reasons that strengthen this view.
• First, declarations present the advantage of allowing countries to gradually
become familiar with the proposed standards before they are confronted
with the adoption of enforceable rules at the national or international level.
This gradual procedure leaves more room for discussion and achieving
consensus on issues that are particularly complex or sensitive, or exposed to
change, like those related to scientific developments154.
• Second, it may be easier to reach agreement when the form is soft law
because states are usually reluctant to bind themselves to treaties which may
restrict their sovereignty and eventually lead to sanctions in case of violation
of the treaty provisions155.
• Third, soft law agreements differ from treaties in that they do not require
formal ratification by states and, therefore, can have a more direct and rapid
influence on the practice of states than treaties156.
• For the same reason, soft law may provide more immediate evidence of
international support and consensus than a treaty whose impact may be
heavily diluted by reservations and the need to wait for a ratification and
entry into force157.
• Moreover, it should be stressed that the relatively short time that is needed
to develop declarations, guidelines, and other soft law instrument is of great
value.
• Finally, these instruments also serve as a “testing ground” for new, innovative
ideas that policy formulations are still being worked out for in a in a domain
characterized by rapid developments.
The topic of this manual clearly falls within the category of issues which a wide-
ly know researcher commented upon “the formulation of global responses to the
challenges posed by science cannot wait until governments are able to conclude a
treaty, which could take several years of negotiation158”.
154
Noëlle Lenoir; Bertrand Mathieu, Les normes internationales de bioéthique, Paris, PUF, 1998,
p. 47.
155
Andrew T. Guzman, „The Design of International Agreements“, European Journal of
International Law, 2005, vol. 16, n° 4, p. 579-612, at 592.
156
This advantage is especially to be considered when legislative support at the domestic level is
lacking or uncertain.
157
Alan Boyle, “Some Reflections on the Relationship of Treaties and Soft Law”, International
and Comparative Law Quarterly, 1999, vol. 48, n° 4, p. 901-913.
158
Roberto Andorno, “The Invaluable Role of Soft Law in the Development of Universal Norms
77
It is also interesting to point out that, in realistic terms, the difference between
the efficacy of a treaty and that of a declaration is not as great as it may seem. Sur-
prisingly, according to some studies, declarations and treaties are in fact complied
with to largely the same extent159.
The following sections provide some examples of soft law instruments that are
used at the international, regional and national level to regulate the topic of our
interest.
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This paragraph is intended to deal with technical guidelines rather than gener-
al guidelines and principles subject to the International Convention on Waste
Management. In the last two decades plenty of guidance have been published by
International Organization, addressing the need for a more accurate and sound
management of hazardous chemicals; mostly such effort is due to organizations
working under the United Nations aegis (e.g. UNEP), basically the same actors
involved in the legally binding Conventions previously described.
Hereafter a short compendium of the documents more intrinsically and specif-
ically dedicated to chemical hazardous waste is shown: for each document a brief
description of the main topics is provided.
1) Hazardous Waste Training Resource Pack160

Organization: UNEP
Year: 1991
Description: The document, produced collaboratively by Industry and Envi-
ronment Program Activity Center (IE/PAC), Environmental Education and Train-
ing Unit (EETU) and The International Solid Waste Association (ISWA), is not
updated but deals with all the key stages of the hazardous waste management cy-
cle: context; fundamentals, prevention, regulation, management and treatment.
2) Basel Conventions (Technical Guidelines)161
Organization: UNEP (Secretariat of the Basel Convention)
Year: N/A
in Bioethics”, paper at a Workshop jointly organized by the German Ministry of Foreign Affairs and
the German UNESCO Commission, Berlin, 15 February 2007.
159
Hartmut Hillgenberg, “A Fresh Look at Soft Law”, European Journal of International Law,
1999, n° 3, p. 499-515, at 502.
160
Source: http://www.trp-training.info/index.php/icons/trainers-manuals
161
Source: http://www.basel.int/TheConvention/Publications/TechnicalGuidelines/tabid/2362/
Default.aspx
78
Description: It’s a set of technical guidelines for the proper disposal of various
hazardous wastes. For example:
• Technical guidelines for the environmentally sound management of wastes
consisting of elemental mercury and wastes containing or contaminated
with mercury (2012)
• Work on hazard characteristics - Approach to Basel Convention hazard
characteristic H11: characterization of chronic or delayed toxicity (2004)
3) Stockholm Convention: Guidance and Publications162

Organization: UNEP (Secretariat of the Stockholm Convention)
Year: N/A
Description: this series of document provides guidelines related to the issues of
new Persistent Organic Pollutants (in particular Dioxins and Furans, Polychlori-
nated biphenyls, and Pesticides.)
4) Guidance on Action Plan Development for Sound Chemicals Management163
Organization: UNITAR (Chemicals and Waste Management Programme)
Year: 2009
Description: this guidance aims to improve waste management’s stakeholder
skills in: developing sound, realistic action plans for any desired project, collabo-
rating with other stakeholders in a efficient manner and increasing their competi-
tiveness internationally when submitting proposals for funding. It’s a less technical
document with respect to the others.
5) Guidance Manual for the control of Transboundary Movement of Recoverable
Waste164
Organization: OECD
Year: 2009
Description: the manual is a supportive explanatory document to the OECD
Council Decision C(2001)107/FINAL providing:
• Detailed explanations on how to implement the OECD Decision C(2001)107/
FINAL (amended)
• The Decision C(2001)107/FINAL (Annex A), including Appendices 3 and
4, and Appendix 8
which have been amended by C(2008)156
• The updated consolidated lists of waste subject to the Green and Amber
control procedures (Annexes B and C)
162
Source: http://chm.pops.int/Implementation/TechnicalAssistance/GuidanceandPublications/
tabid/2333/Default.aspx
163
Source: http://www2.unitar.org/cwm/publications/cw/pops/AP_Guidance_01_Apr_09_
en.pdf
164
Source: http://www.oecd.org/env/waste/42262259.pdf
79
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1) European Union Guidance on the interpretation of key provisions of Directive
2008/98/EC on waste165
Organization: European Union (EU Commission-Directorate General Environment)
Year: 2012
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In this paragraph some relevant examples of National Guidelines will be briefly in-
troduced: United States (US) and United Kingdom (UK). In both cases they are a
sort of user-friendly version of, respectively, RCRA and European Waste Directive
in order to obtain a technical guidance for workers involved in chemical hazardous
Waste Management.
1) United States
Waste Analysis At Facilities That Generate, Treat, Store, And Dispose Of Hazardous
Wastes A Guidance Manual166
Organization: EPA (USA)
Year: 1994
Description:
The guidance is dedicated to facility owners and operators, as well as other
facility staff, regardless to their experience and skill in environmental compliance
issues: main scope is building capacity in
• preparing waste analysis plans (WAPs)
• operating waste analyses (the ability to identify properly, through waste
analysis, all wastes that they generate, treat, store, or dispose of.)
To achieve this complex goal, the manual introduce background information
on crucial topics, including:
• Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA)
• Land Disposal Restrictions (LDR) regulations
• Waste analysis
• WAPs
Manual structure is divided in 4 Part:
Part 1: describes how to determine what are waste analysis responsibilities for
your Facility’s owner and how to meet these responsibilities.
Part 2: it’s a guidance on documenting and conducting waste analysis selecting the:
• Content and organization
• Waste analysis parameters
165
Source: http://ec.europa.eu/environment/waste/framework/pdf/guidance_doc.pdf
166
Source: http://www.epa.gov/Compliance/resources/policies/civil/rcra/wasteanalygman-rpt.
pdf
80
• Sampling procedures
• Laboratory testing and analytical methods
• Waste re-evaluation frequencies.
Part 3: establish a checklist of all the waste analysis responsibilities relevant to
the facility.
Part 4: contains five sample WAPs to take as reference when developing
a site-specific WAP.
• Generator
• Generator treating to meet LDR treatment standards
• On-site treatment facility -- Stabilization Unit
• Off-site treatment facility -- Incineration
• Landfill
2) United Kingdom
Hazardous Waste: Interpretation of the definition and classification of hazardous
waste: a Guidance Manual (2nd edition) 167
Organization: Environment Agency (U.K.)
Year: 2008
This manual, published by U.K. Environment Agency, represents a technical
guidance developed to provide help on the assessment and classification of hazard-
ous waste based on the Council Directive 91/689/EC (Hazardous Waste Directive).
It aims to be a reference document for all legislation related to hazardous waste
and its management.
It’s basically divided in 2 parts and 4 Appendix:
“Regulatory Framework”
It defines:
• the legal framework for the definition of hazardous waste according to
Hazardous Waste Directive
• how the definition is derived and how it is linked to EU legislation.
In particular it describes the birth of the European Waste Catalogue (EWC 1994,
Commission Decision 94/3/EC): a comprehensive list of all wastes, hazardous or oth-
erwise; such list has been revised in 2002 (EWC 2002) linking the classification of cer-
tain hazardous waste to the concentrations of “dangerous substances” within the waste
(as stated by Directive 67/548/EEC and its subsequent amendments) In addition, the
EWC 2002 derives threshold concentrations for certain hazardous properties from the
Directive 88/379/EEC (“European Council Directive on Dangerous Preparations”
and its subsequent Amendments) which set up the hazard classification, packaging and
labeling requirements for dangerous preparations supplied in the European Union.
The requirements of Directive 67/548/EEC and Directive 88/379/EEC are im-
167
Source: http://www.environment-agency.gov.uk/static/documents/GEHO0603BIRB-e-e.pdf
81
plemented in the UK through the Chemicals (Hazard Information and Packaging

for Supply) Regulations 2002b, which are known as CHIP3.
As for any other EU Directive, in the manual is specified that “The implemen-
tation of the Hazardous Waste Directive and the European Waste Catalogue in
England, Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales may differ. Further guidance on
each regulatory regime is published by the Agencies on their respective websites.”
“Hazardous Waste Assessment Framework”
It outlines the methodology for assessing wastes based on the EWC 2002.
The chapter is intended as a very practical guide dividing the assessment process
in 5 steps: “These steps are set out in the following flowchart. The flowchart is
cross-referenced to sections within the text that explain the issues underlying each
decision and where to find more detailed advice in the Technical Guidance Note”.
Here below it is reported report, as user-friendly cornerstone, the guidance
flowchart useful to discriminate between Hazardous and non-Hazardous Waste in
5 consecutive stepsϭϲϴ.
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168
Further details on the mentioned Hazardous Waste Assessment Methodology are reported in
par. 4.1.1.1, p. 136.
82
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Many Supranational organisations such as UNEP, WHO and so on, have recently
opted for the use of “declarations” and guidelines to deal with sensitive matters
such as human rights, the protection of the environment and bioethical issues.
We will provide two examples of different approaches to the subject of biohaz-
ardous waste management through non legally binding instruments.
WHO
The first approach is represented by WHO production of guidelines. As in many
other supranational organizations, the Assembly represents the supreme decision
making body of WHO169, but it can’t adopt legally binding resolutions or decisions.
The Assembly is assisted by the Executive Board170 whose main aims are to give
effect to the policies of the Health Assembly, to advise it and to facilitate its work.
This structure, allows WHO to set guidelines and standards in specific matters
related to health care.
Considering the aim of our Manual, the first example to be taken into account
is a global and comprehensive guidance document, Safe management of wastes
from health-care activities, which addresses aspects such as regulatory framework,
planning issues, waste minimization and recycling, handling, storage and transpor-
tation, treatment and disposal options, and training171.
This guidelines, which represent the international milestone in the health care
waste management activities, is followed by a large number of more specific and
detailed guidance documents172 which include:
• a monitoring tool
• a cost assessment tool
• a rapid assessment tool173
• a policy paper
• guidance to develop national plans174
• management of waste from injection activities175
• management of waste at primary health care centres176
169
The World Health Assembly is attended by delegations of all 194 Member States
170
It’ s composed of 34 members technically qualified in the field of health. Members are elected
for three-year terms.
171
Safe management of wastes from health-care activities, WHO, 1999.
172
173
Gestion des déchets biomédicaux: outil d’évaluation rapide. Seconde edition”, WHO 2011.
174
For example “Health-care waste management: Guidance for the development and
implementation of a National Action Plan” WHO 2005
175
“Introducing auto-disable syringes and ensuring injection safety in immunization systems of
developing countries” WHO, 2002.
176
“Managing health care disposal: Operator’s manual. How to use the waste disposal unit”
WHO African Region, 2005.
83
• management of waste from mass immunization activities

• management of waste in emergencies.
UNEP
The second approach is related to the implementation of UNEP-Basel Conven-
tion. The Basel Convention is a legally binding instrument, but it is interesting to
note that, along with the Convention UNEP covers the same subjects with useful
technical guidelines that might help the Parties to better implement the Conven-
tion at national level. This kind of instruments, if adopted, indeed strengthen the
Convention’s provisions.
The Technical guidelines on the environmentally sound management of biomed-
ical and health care waste (Y1, Y2)177, for example, addresses aspects such as haz-
ards of biomedical and health-care waste, waste identification and classification,
applicable state-of-the-art management, treatment and disposal technologies, the
capacity building and so on.
Another example is depicted by the Guidance paper on hazardous characteristic
H6.2 (Infectious substances)178 which contains guidelines related to infectiousness
and “intrinsic” properties of Basel Convention hazard characteristics, definition of
infectious organisms, degree of pathogenicity and route of exposure and infection,
relationship with transport regulations, wastes to which hazard characteristic H6.2
might apply, and so on.
A comparison between the Basel Convention provisions and the specificity of
the topics of these two guidelines clearly confirms what we have argued in the in-
troduction of this paragraph on non legally binding measures.
OECD
What we have seen in the case of UNEP (an international institution that coordi-
nates the environmental activities of a universal institution, the United Nations)
can also be seen in the case of other international organizations not strictly linked
with the United Nations. A clear example related with the aim of our manual
is represented by the case of the Environmentally Sound Management (ESM) of
waste, promoted by OECD.
As we can see above, a legally binding instrument179, paved the way for the
adoption of non legally binding instruments such as Resolutions180 and also guide-
lines. To better understand the significance of the guidelines we decided to repro-
177
The Technical guidelines on the environmentally sound management of biomedical and health
care waste (Y1, Y2), Secretariat of Basel Convention and UNEP, 2003
178
“Guidance paper on hazardous characteristic H6.2 (Infectious substances)” Secretariat of
Basel Convention and UNEP, 2004
179
OECD Council Decision C(2001)107/FINAL. For more details see Chapter 2 of this manual.
180
OECD Council Resolution C(2004)100 on the Environmentally Sound Management of Waste.
84
duce few lines of the Background of the “Guidance Manual on Environmentally

Sound management of Waste”181:
“Environmentally Sound Management (ESM) of Waste” had previously been
referred to in most OECD Council Acts related to transboundary movements of
wastes1 and in other international2, regional and/or national regulations, where it
is one of the underlying principles of waste management policies. In these earlier
OECD Acts, “environmentally sound management of waste” was considered to be a
basic condition for allowing or prohibiting an export/import of waste within, as well
as outside, the OECD area.
However, it was also recognised that the scope and level of ESM vary greatly from
one Member country to another. Lack of a clear definition and common understand-
ing of ESM has led to challenges for the practical implementation of ESM instru-
ments.[...] For these reasons, Member countries decided in 1999 to begin working
towards international ESM “guidelines” for waste recovery facilities”.
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Traditionally, the term “soft law instruments” is associated with international law
and international organizations. Nevertheless, more recently, it has been trans-
ferred to other branches of regional law and organizations.
European Union
In the regional context of EU, given the unique status of EU as a Regional Or-
ganization empowered to emanate legally binding provisions, soft law instruments
like guidelines have less or different space than in other regional organization hav-
ing restricted or no legislative powers182.
However, soft law instruments tend to be used where Member States are unable
to agree on the use of a ‘hard law’ measure, which is legally binding, or where the
EU lacks competence to enact hard law measures. The Member States and EU
institutions are thus able to adopt EU policy proposals, while leaving their imple-
mentation optional for those Member States who do not wish to be bound. They
are thus a standing temptation for the Commission when faced with resistance
from some Member States, which threatens to block policy proposals.
At the same time, adoption of soft law measures may encourage reluctant Mem-
ber States to consider and eventually adopt policies and strategies, which are resist-
ed when presented in the form of binding legal obligations.183
At EU level, it is useful to distinguish two different kind of soft law instruments.
181
“Guidance Manual on Environmentally Sound management of Waste”, OECD, 2007
182
Most of the directions of sound hazardous waste management are provided for in the legally
binding regional instruments described in Chapter 2 of this manual.
183
Source: http://www.eurofound.europa.eu/areas/industrialrelations/dictionary/definitions/
softlaw.htm
85
The first one is strictly related to the unique nature of the European Union. As
already mentioned, most of the directions of sound hazardous waste management
are provided for in the legally binding instruments. However, mandatory provi-
sions often suffer the typical “give and take” negotiation mechanism that allows
agreements among different actors to be made, as well as the typical “vagueness”
of legal language. Moreover, the unequal starting conditions of the Member States
must be taken into account.
For these reasons, an important soft law instrument is represented by the guide-
lines for the interpretation of EU legally binding instruments.
For the purposes of this manual, the Guidance on the interpretation of key pro-
visions of Directive 2008/98/EC on waste184, represents a good example.
The foreword of the Guidance, clearly specifies what is the aim of this kind of
soft law instrument:
“Proper implementation, application and enforcement of EU waste legislation are
among the key priorities of EU environmental policy. Directive 2008/98/EC on waste
known as the Waste Framework Directive [...]. The revised Waste Framework Direc-
tive applies from 12 December 2010 and introduces new provisions in order to boost
waste prevention and recycling as part of the waste hierarchy and clarifies key concepts
namely, the definitions of waste, recovery and disposal and lays down the appropriate
procedures applicable to by-products and to waste that ceases to be waste. Since the date
of application of the Waste Framework Directive, many questions regarding its inter-
pretation and application have been raised by national authorities and stakeholders.
This guidance document is intended to assist both national authorities and economic
operators with the aforementioned legislation. This document may be revised in the
future, according to the further development of European waste management policy”185.
The second kind of soft law instrument is also a specificity of the European
Union. It represent publicly available guidelines to be followed on a voluntary
basis186. Is important to note is that, the European Union has, since the mid-1980s,
made an increasing use of standards in support of its policies and legislation.
Following this principle, it has been established the so-called European Stan-
dardization System. One of the main activity established by the European Com-
mittee for Standardization (CEN)187 is, beside the production of mandatory Euro-
184
For more details about Directive 2008/98 EC, see Chapter 2 of this manual.
185
Guidance on the interpretation of key provisions of Directive 2008/98/EC on waste, p.2.
186
A standard is a technical document designed to be used as a rule, guideline or definition. It is
a consensus-built, repeatable way of doing something. Standards are created by bringing together all
interested parties such as manufacturers, consumers and regulators of a particular material, product,
process or service. All parties benefit from standardization through increased product safety and
quality as well as lower transaction costs and prices. Standardization is carried out by independent
standards bodies, acting at national, European and international level.
187
The European Committee for Standardization (CEN), one of the three European
Standardization Organisations, was officially created as an international non-profit association based
in Brussels on 30 October 1975. It is a business facilitator in Europe, removing trade barriers for
86
pean Standards, the production of CEN Workshop Agreements (CWA)188, devel-

oped in a CEN Workshop.
The most relevant CWAs related to the matter of our manual are:
CWA 15793: Laboratory Biosafety and Biosecurity
Waste Management
The organization shall establish and maintain an appropriate waste management
policy for biological agents and toxins.
NOTE The organization should have a validated procedure for the inactivation of
biological agents and toxins waste products.
The following elements should be considered for a waste management policy:
a) ensure programme is in place to minimize the waste production;
b) ensure effective waste audit trails are in place and documented;
c) provide adequate facilities and procedures for the storage of waste (including
short term storage);
d) ensure methods are available for effective segregation and decontamination of
mixed waste (e.g. infected animals that have received radioactive materials);
e) ensure appropriate packaging material is used to contain the waste and to main-
tain its integrity during storage and transportation.189
Laboratory biorisk management- Guidelines for the implementation of CWA
15793: 2008.
Waste management
The organization shall establish and maintain an appropriate waste management
policy for biological agents and toxins.To ensure that waste is properly managed and
disposed of in a safe, efficient and cost effective manner and to ensure any biological
European industry and consumers. Its mission is to foster the European economy in global trading,
the welfare of European citizens and the environment. Through its services it provides a platform
for the development of European Standards and other technical specifications. CEN is a major
provider of European Standards and technical specifications. It is the only recognized European
organization according to Directive 98/34/EC for the planning, drafting and adoption of European
Standards in all areas of economic activity with the exception of electrotechnology (CENELEC) and
telecommunication (ETSI).
188
The latter is open to the direct participation of anyone with an interest in the development
of the agreement. There is no geographical limit on participation and hence participants may be
from outside Europe. This open process aims at bridging the gap between industrial consortia
that produce de facto standards with the limited participation of interested parties, and the formal
European standardization process which produces standards through consensus under the authority
of CEN member bodies. CEN WSs are flexible structure that benefits from the openness and
consensus that are key values of CEN. The procedures for setting up and operating Workshops are
deliberately kept to a minimum and all the decision-making powers rest with the interested parties
themselves - the members of the Workshop. These include all market players (industry, service
providers, administrations, users and consumers) and can come from any part of the globe. They are
responsible for the funding and direction of the Workshop and for the approval of the deliverables.
The development of a CWA is fast and flexible, on average between 10-12 months. For more details
visit http://www.cen.eu/cen/Products/CWA/Pages/default.aspx.
189
CWA 15793: Laboratory Biosafety and Biosecurity, Septemmber 2011, p. 30.
87
waste which may have additional hazards (e.g. radioactivity) is investigated, consid-
ered and addressed.
Identify:
The following elements should be considered for inclusion in a waste manage-
ment policy:
• ensure programme is in place to minimize the waste production;
• ensure effective waste audit trails are in place and documented;
• the organization should have a validated procedure for the inactivation of bio-
logical agents and toxins waste products (section 4.4.4.5.2).
• provide adequate facilities and procedures for the storage of waste (including
short term storage);
• ensure methods are available for effective segregation and decontamination of
mixed waste (e.g., infected animals that have received radioactive materials);
• ensure appropriate packaging material is used to contain the waste and to
maintain its integrity during storage and transportation;
• decontamination processes as required by the specification of the waste;
• effective liaison routes to local authorities for disposal of the decontaminated
waste; and
• maintain appropriate levels of safety and security until the biological agents or
toxins are inactivated or waste is decontaminated.
Documentation relating to the above includes:
• records of a documented waste management policy;
• records of waste audit trails;
• records of validation of waste inactivation; and
• records of waste disposal, e.g. incinerator tracking records190.
What is important to notice is that, a CWA does not have the status of a Eu-
ropean Standard and there is no obligation for the National Standards Bodies to
adopt it as national standards. It is just an agreement at European level.
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As shown in Chapter 2 of this manual, national legislation usually represents the
most complete and efficient legally binding instrument, due to the fact that mea-
sures are usually tailored on the local needs and that, within the framework of
national legislation, it is easier to prosecute violations. However, the adoption of
technical Guidelines is still very useful.
It’s interesting to notice that the problem of the correct application of national
legislation was already known by legislators in the ‘80s. For example, in the US, the
190
Laboratory biorisk management - Guidelines for the implementation of CWA 15793:2008,
January 2012, pp. 39-40.
88
“Medical Waste Tracking Act191, required the Environmentally Protection Agency

(EPA) to identify alternative (i.e. non- regulatory) approaches to medical waste
management192.
The foreword of the Model Guidelines for State Medical Waste Management clearly
shows the importance of the guidelines in a national context:
“Federal and state governments have passed and promulgated laws and regula-
tions[...]but problems persist. Alternative public policy mechanisms, such as guide-
lines in this document, are seen as one way to control sources of medical waste which
are not easily addressed by law. [...states and others are wishing to study how non
regulatory guidelines might supplant or add to existing medical waste management
law should find this study most useful”193.
It’s noteworthy that also many international organizations recommend to adopt
technical guidelines in order to facilitate the adoption of national legally binding
measures. For example the WHO, declares that:
The technical guidelines associated with the legislation should be practical and
directly applicable. They should include the following specifications, with sufficient
detail to ensure that safe practices are observed and appropriate standards achieved:
legal framework covering safe management of health-care waste, hospital hygiene,
and occupational health and safety (limits of emission of atmospheric pollutants and
measures for protection of water resources may be addressed here or in the other
national guidelines);
the responsibilities of public health authorities, of the national environmental pro-
tection body, of the heads of health-care establishments, of the scattered and smaller
producers of health-care waste; and of the heads of any private or public waste-dispos-
al agencies involved;
safe practices for waste minimization;
separation, handling, storage, and transport of health-care waste;
recommended treatment and disposal methods for each category of health-care
waste and for wastewater194.
There are some examples at national level that reflect WHO suggestions.
UK
One of the most clear examples of national guidelines is represented by Safe man-
agement of healthcare waste promoted by the UK Department of Health195. The
191
For more information see Chapter 2 of this manual.
192
“Model Guidelines for State Medical Waste Management, EPA, 1992, p.9.
193
Id. p. 7.
194
Safe management of wastes from health-care activities, WHO, 1999, p.33.
195
Another non legally binding instrument promoted by the UK Department of Health is: “Health
Technical Memorandum: Safe Management of healthcare waste”, UK Department of health, 2013.
89
scope of these guidelines is clearly illustrated in the introduction: “This UK-wide

guidance provides a framework for best practice waste management in order to help
healthcare organizations, and other healthcare waste producers, meet legislative re-
quirements [...]”196
In addition, these guidelines deal with many of the specifications reported
in “Safe Management of Wastes from Health-Care activities” such as legislation
and healthcare waste, managing compliance, waste minimization and segregation,
transport and packaging and so on.
These instruments prove useful for the development of local waste manage-
ment guidelines197 too.
USA
In the United States, there is a great production of guidelines both at federal and
at local level.
At the federal level, like in the UK case, there are several guidelines created in
order to facilitate the application of the most important legally binding instrument
such as the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA). One of the first
instrument strictly related to the matter of this manual, is the Guide for Infectious
Waste Management198 which in the foreword explicitly mentioned the RCRA and
the action that must be promoted by EPA199. In addition, this Guide deals with all
the most relevant subjects related to the matter from the definition of infectious
waste to the treatment methods for each infectious waste category.
Thanks to the dramatic evolution of RCRA program, since 1990, EPA has peri-
odically published and revised guidelines such as the RCRA Orientation Manual200
useful for individuals, organizations and societies involved in one or all the pro-
cesses related to the hazardous waste management201.
However, in the USA medical waste disposal is primarily regulated at state lev-
el. So, every state provides for the adoption of legally binding instruments such
the above mentioned “California Medical Waste Management Act”. Usually, these
instruments, require the adoption of specific non binding measures related to med-
ical waste management to public or private hospital, universities, research centers
and private industries.
For example the “Medical Waste Manual” of the California State University,
Chico, reports:
Safe Management of health care waste, UK Department of Helath, 2011, p. 10.

196
See, for example, “Waste Management Guideline” promoted by the NHS Kirklees Infection
197
Control Committee, 2013

198
EPA Guide for Infectious Waste Management, EPA, 1986.
199
EPA Guide for Infectious Waste Management, EPA, 1986, p. 9.
200
RCRA Orientation Manual, EPA, 2011
201
Another instrument producted by EPA is “Regualtions Governing Hazardous waste generators”
EPA.
90
“The California Medical Waste Management Act requires generators of medical

waste to develop a plan that specifies the procedures that are utilized in handling,
storing, treating, transporting, and disposing of medical waste. This plan describes
California State University, Chico’s (the University’s) policies and procedures to com-
ply with the Act”202.
202
Medical Waste Manual, California State University, Chico, p.3.
91
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In this paragraph some basic information will be introduced about the classifica-
tion procedure and a short overview about the main physical-chemical proper-
ties needed to characterize a generic Chemical Substance; attention will be more
specifically focused on Globally Harmonized System (GHS) classification rules of
chemicals. Anyway this chapter is far to be intended as all-embracing; only defini-
tions more inherent to the purpose of this Manual will be treated (e.g. “reflective
index” is not a typical property useful in the assessment of harmful chemicals);
some properties (for example: Toxicity) are undoubtedly more helpful to define
whether a chemical is harmful or not. The knowledge of these technical notions
makes easier and quicker reading and understanding the most crucial document
for any workers employed in Chemical Hazardous Waste Management is request-
ed to manage: the Safety Data Sheet (SDS).
The GHS document (Fourth Version) will be briefly outlined; for more techni-
cal explanation about GHS application and consultation of all graphical scheme
(e.g. pictograms, hazard categories, classification criteria) a perusal of the Annexes
is recommended.
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Chemical substance is a “matter of constant composition best characterized by the
entities (molecules, formula units, atoms) it is composed of. Physical properties
such as density, refractive index, electric conductivity, melting point etc. character-
ize the chemical substance”203.
203
Source: http://goldbook.iupac.org/C01039.html
93
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Why are they so important?
The knowledge of the chemical-physical properties for chemical substance, making
the comparison with human being identification process, could be considered as import-
ant as an ID (Identification Document): undoubtedly the more properties we are able to
identify, the better we know the nature of that substance. In this way understanding and
forecasting how this substance will behave under various conditions becomes easier, even
if other information as well are important (e.g. molecular formula, spectroscopic data).
Physical properties are any properties of matter which can be perceived or ob-
served without changing the chemical identity of the sample (e.g. colour, smell,
freezing point, boiling point, melting point, infra-red spectrum, viscosity, density).
Chemical properties204:
a chemical property is a property or behaviour of a substance when it undergoes
a chemical change or reaction (e.g. heat of combustion, reactivity with water, pH).
Hereafter most common chemical-physical properties will be defined205.
Physical State:
One of the four principal conditions in which matter exists: solid, liquid, gas, and
plasma206.
Unit: N/A
Example: propanol= liquid
Color:
The visual perceptual property corresponding in humans to the categories called
red, blue, yellow, green and others.
Unit: N/A (in some case APHA207 color).
Example: aniline= colorless, yellow, brown, darkens over time
Odor:
The property or quality of a thing that affects, stimulates, or is perceived by the
sense of smell208.
204
Source: http://chemistry.about.com/od/chemistryglossary/g/Chemical-Property-Definition.htm
205
It should be underlined that among the more useful properties to determine whether a waste
is hazardous or not are: Ignitability, Toxicity, Reactivity and Corrosivity (according to EPA-US).
Explosivity; Flammability, Toxicity, Carcinogenicity, etc (according to EU Waste Directive)
206
Source: http://www.thefreedictionary.com/Physical+state
207
APHA color is a color standard named for the American Public Health Association and
defined by ASTM D1209. It was originally intended to describe the color of waste water, but its
usage has expanded to include other industrial applications.
208
Source: http://www.thefreedictionary.com/odor
94
HANDBOOK ON CHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL WASTE MANAGEMENT – IDENTIFICATION OF SUBSTANCES AND BIOLOGICAL AGENTS
Unit: N/A
Example: triethylamine=ammonia like
Vapor pressure:
The pressure exerted by a vapor on the solid or liquid phase with which it is in
equilibrium. At pressures lower than the vapor pressure, more atoms or molecules
of the liquid or solid vaporize and escape from the surface of the liquid or solid
than are absorbed from the vapor, resulting in evaporation. At the vapor pressure
the exchange is equal and there is no net evaporation209
Unit: usually mmHg or kPa (at 20°C)
Example: water= 17.5 mmHg (at 20°C)
Solubility (s)210:
The analytical composition of a saturated solution expressed as a proportion of a
designated solute in a designated solvent.
Unit: mg/L or Molarity (solid); percentage solute/solvent (liquid)
Example: benzoic acid (solid)= 2,9 g/L (in water)
Density(d)211:
Mass of a sample or body divided by its volume.
Unit: g/cm3 or g/ml
Example: benzoic acid= 1,27 g/cm3
Specific Gravity212:
The ratio of the mass of a solid or liquid to the mass of an equal volume of distilled
water at 4°C (39°F) or of a gas to an equal volume of air or hydrogen under pre-
scribed conditions of temperature and pressure. Also called relative density.
Unit: adimensional
Example: benzene=0,87
Evaporation Rate213:
The rate at which a material will vaporize compared to the rate of vaporization of
a specific known material. Unit: adimensional
Example: methanol=6.3 (diethilic ether =1)
209
The American Heritage Science Dictionary Copyright 2005 by Houghton Mifflin Company.
Published by Houghton Mifflin Company.
210
Orange Book, p. 84
211
Green Book, 2nd ed., p. 12PAC, 1996, 68, 957 (Glossary of terms in quantities and units in
Clinical Chemistry (IUPAC-IFCC Recommendations 1996)) on page 968
212
The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition copyright 2000
by Houghton Mifflin Company. Updated in 2009. Published by Houghton Mifflin Company
213
Source: http://www.ilpi.com/msds/ref/evaporationrate.html
95
Decomposition Temperature214:
The temperature at which “a single compound breaks up into two or more simpler
compounds or elements when heated”.
Unit: °C or (Kelvin)
Example: calcium carbonate=840°C
Shock Sensitivity:
A comparative measure of the sensitivity to sudden compression (by impact or
blast) of an explosive chemical compound. Determination of the shock sensitivity
of a material intended for practical use is one important aspect of safety testing of
explosives
Unit: N/A
Example: cyclotrimethylene trinitramine= low
Friction Sensitivity:
(Approximated) amount of friction or rubbing a compound can withstand before
prematurely exploding.
Unit: N/A
Example: nitroglycerin=extremely high
Sensitivity to Static Charge:

Whether the sample will be ignited by exposure to static charge or not
Unit: N/A
Example: ethanol=Yes
Standard freezing point (f.p.):

The temperature at which freezing occurs under a pressure of 1 bar
Unit: °C or °K
Example: ethanol= 78°C
Standard boiling point (b.p.)215:

The temperature at which boiling occurs under a pressure of 1 bar.
Unit: °C or °K
Example: acetone= 56°C
Source: http://www.crescent.edu.sg/crezlab/webpages/ThermalDecomposition1.htm.
214
Notation for States and Processes, Significance of the Word Standard in Chemical Thermody-
215
namics, and Remarks on Commonly Tabulated Forms of Thermodynamic Functions.
96
Dynamic viscosity ( )216:

For a laminar flow of a fluid the ratio of the shear stress to the velocity gradient
perpendicular to the plane of shear.
Unit: Pa·s (Pascal per sec) OR Cp (CentiPoise)
Example: glycerol= 1,2 Pa·s (at 25°C)
Partition constant (Kd0)217:

The ratio of activity of a given species A in the extract to its activity in the other
phase with which it is in equilibrium, thus:
Its value should not vary with composition but depends on the choice of standard
states and on the temperature (and eventually the pressure).
Unit: adimensional
Example: acetamide= 8,74 (25°C)
pH (adimensional)Ϯϭϴ:
The quantity pH is defined in terms of the activity of hydrogen ions in solution:
pH= -log[a(H+)] =
Unit: adimensional
Example; distilled water= 7 (at 25°C)
Surface tension( , )219:

Work required to increase a surface area divided by that area. When two phases
are studied it is often called interfacial tension.
Unit: dyne/cm equivalent to mN/m (millinewton/meter in SI)
Example: mercury= 487 dyn/cm (15°C against air)
%"!"$"$"#,ĂǌĂƌĚŽƵƐWƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐ
Why are they so important?
Hazardous properties are those more specifically demanded to the hazardous
assessment of chemicals in particular:
1)explosivity
216
Green Book, 2nd ed.: IUPAC Quantities, Units and Symbols in Physical Chemistry. Second
Edition, Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, 1993.
217
Id.
218
Id.
219
Id.
97
2)flammability
3)toxicity (any type)
4)corrosivity
In this section we provide the definition of such properties and the most useful
parameters to measure the properties themselves; the most agreed International
Standard to define whether a chemicals is hazardous (e.g.: toxic) is GHS (Globally
Harmonized System), which is the argument of the next paragraphs.
Explosivity:
It’s the property of an explosive substance220 (a solid or liquid substance or mixture
of substances) which is in itself capable by chemical reaction of producing gas at
such a temperature and pressure and at such a speed as to cause damage to the
surroundings.
Most Common Parameters: UEL and LEL
Upper Explosive Limit (UEL):
Highest concentration (percentage) of a gas or a vapor in air capable of produc-
ing a flash of fire in presence of an ignition source (arc, flame, heat). Concentra-
tions higher than UEL are “too rich” to burn.
Unit: percentage by volume in air
Example: benzene 7,8%
Lower Explosive Limit (LEL):
Lowest concentration (percentage) of a gas or a vapor in air capable of produc-
ing a flash of fire in presence of an ignition source (arc, flame, heat). Concentra-
tions lower than UEL are “too poor” to burn.
Unit: percentage by volume in air
Example: benzene= 1,2 %
Flammability:
How easily something will burn or ignite, causing fire or combustion.
Most Common Parameters: Flash Point/Auto ignition Temperature.
Flash Point221(FP):
the lowest temperature at which the vapors above a liquid can be ignited in air.
A lower flash point indicates higher flammability.
Unit: °C or °K
Example: dimethyl ether= - 41°C
Auto Ignition Temperature222:
220
Source: http://www.unece.org/fileadmin/DAM/trans/danger/publi/ghs/ghs_rev03/English/02e_
part2.pdf, p. 3.
221
Source: http://www.thefreedictionary.com/flash+point.
222
Source: http://chemistry.about.com/od/chemistryglossary/g/Autoignition-Temperature-Definition.
htm.
98
the lowest temperature where a substance will auto-ignite and combust in nor-
mal atmospheric conditions without any external influences.
Unit: °C or °K
Example: diethyl ether= 160°C
Toxicity223:
The degree to which a substance (a toxin or poison) can harm humans or animals.
Acute toxicity involves harmful effects in an organism through a single or short-
term exposure.
Sub-chronic toxicity is the ability of a toxic substance to cause effects for more
than one year but less than the lifetime of the exposed organism.
Chronic toxicity is the ability of a substance or mixture of substances to cause
harmful effects over an extended period, usually upon repeated or continuous ex-
posure, sometimes lasting for the entire life of the exposed organism.
Many parameters are usually employed to determine the toxicity of chemicals.
Most common parameters: LD50 and LC50

median lethal dose224 (LD50)
Statistically derived dose of a chemical or physical agent (radiation) expected to
kill 50% of organisms in a given population under a defined set of conditions.
It’s frequently used as a general indicator of a substance’s acute toxicity.
Unit: is usually expressed as the mass of substance administered per unit mass
of test subject (typically as mg of substance per Kg of body mass).
Example: caffeine= 192 mg/Kg (via-oral, rat)
median lethal concentration225 (LC50)
Statistically derived concentration of a substance in an environmental medium
expected to kill 50% of organisms in a given population under a defined set of
conditions.
Unit: is usually expressed as the mass of substance administered per unit mass
of test subject (typically as mg of substance per Kg of body mass).
Example: benzene= 6.5 mL/kg/4H (Inhalation, rat)
Corrosivity (to metal):

It’s the property of a corrosive substance226 (a substance or a mixture which is
223
Fauci, Anthony S., et al. Harrison’s Principles of Internal Medicine. 17th ed. United States:
McGraw-Hill Professional, 2008.
224
PAC, 1993, 65, 2003 (Glossary for chemists of terms used in toxicology (IUPAC Recommendations
1993)) on page 2068.
225
PAC, 1993, 65, 2003 (Glossary for chemists of terms used in toxicology (IUPAC Recommendations
1993)) on page 2068.
226
part2.pdf p. 65.
99
corrosive to metals is a substance or a mixture which by chemical action will mate-

rially damage, or even destroy, metals).
Unit: depending on Standard Test.
Example: depending on Standard Test.
M<@<M<((ůĂƐƐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐƵďƐƚĂŶĐĞƐ
%"!"%"!"#dŚĞ'ůŽďĂůůǇ,ĂƌŵŽŶŝǌĞĚ^ǇƐƚĞŵŽĨůĂƐƐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶĂŶĚ>ĂďĞůůŝŶŐŽĨŚĞŵͲ
ŝĐĂůƐ;',^Ϳ
The “Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals
(GHS)” (developed and implemented by UNECE-United Nations) addresses
classification of chemicals by types of hazard and proposes harmonized hazard
communication elements, including labels and Safety Data Sheets. It aims at ensur-
ing that information on physical hazards and toxicity from chemicals be available
in order to enhance the protection of human health and the environment during
the handling, transport and use of these chemicals. The GHS also provides a basis
for harmonization of rules and regulations on chemicals at national, regional and
worldwide level, an important factor also for trade facilitation.
While governments, regional institutions and international organizations are
the primary audiences for the GHS, it also contains sufficient context and guid-
ance for those in industry who will ultimately be implementing the requirements
which have been adopted.
The first edition of the GHS (2002) was intended to serve as the initial basis for
the global implementation of the system, Afterwards the GHS has been updated,
revised and improved every two years as needs arise and experience is gained in its
implementation.
In a schematic way, GHS Provides:
• harmonized criteria for classification of substances and mixtures according
to their physical, health and environmental hazards
• harmonized hazard communication element (e.g. Pictograms) including
requirements for labels and safety data sheets
GHS covers:
• all hazardous chemicals (The mode of application of its hazard communication
elements may vary by product category or stage in the life cycle)
GHS’s target audiences:

• consumers
• workers, including transport workers
• emergency responders
100
The fourth GHS revised Edition (2011)227 is divided in 4 part (plus 10 Annexes):
Part 1: Introduction
Part 2: Physical Hazard
Part 3: Health Hazard
Part 4: Environmental hazard
PART 1: Introduction
Purpose and scope

GHS:
• “describes the classification criteria and the hazard communication elements
by type of hazard (e.g. acute toxicity, flammability)”
• “does NOT include establishment of uniform test methods or promotion of
further testing to address adverse health outcomes”
• “is NOT intended to harmonize risk assessment procedure or risk manage-
ment decision (such as establishment of a permissible exposure limit for
employee exposure)”
• Set up the “building block approach”
Hazard definition:
GHS document defines three hazard groups:
Hazard Group are three:

• Physical hazard
• Health Hazard
• Environmental Hazard
Hazard Class: the different types of hazards comprised within the Hazard Group
(e.g. gases under pressure is an hazard class in the physical hazards group)
Hazard Category: the sub-sections of classes (e.g. Self-Reactive Chemicals have 7

categories)
Each Category has rules or criteria to determine what chemicals are assigned to
that category.
Each Category has numbers (or letters) with category 1 (or A) being the most
hazardous.
An example of Classification is: Hazard Group (e.g. Health Hazard) Hazard
Class (e.g. Carcinogenicity) Hazard Categories (e.g. Carcinogenicity Category 1A).
227
Source: http://www.unece.org/?id=25985.
101
Methodology: The Building Block Approach

Each Hazard Class/Categories is a “building block”:
any Competent Authorities may decide which Building Block they apply for the
classification of substance or mixture of substance (even if once a building block is
chosen, it is not possible to change the related criteria).
In other word “countries are free to determine which of the building blocks
will be applied in different parts of their systems228” Competent Authorities have
the possibility not to apply all the categories229.
Classification of Hazardous Substance and Mixtures

Concept of “classification”
The term “hazard classification” indicates that only the intrinsic hazardous prop-
erties of substances or mixtures are considered.
Hazard classification incorporates 3 consecutive steps:
1) identification of relevant data regarding the hazards of a substance or mix-
ture.
2) review of those data to ascertain the hazards associated with the substance
or mixture
3) a decision on whether the substance or mixture will be classified as a haz-
ardous substance or mixture and the degree of hazard, where appropriate, by
comparison of the data with agreed hazard classification criteria.
Classification criteria230
The classification criteria for substances and mixtures are specifically described for
each hazard class or a group.
The recommended process of classification of mixtures is based on the follow-
ing sequence:
1) if test data are available, the classification of the mixture will always be based
on that data.
2) if test data are not available, then “bridging principles” included and ex-
plained in each specific chapter should be considered to see whether they per-
mit classification of the mixture itself.
3) If test data are not available, and the available information are not suffi-
cient to allow application of the above mentioned bridging principles, then the
agreed method(s) described in each chapter for estimating the hazards based
on the information known will be applied to classify the mixture.
228
Source: http://www.unece.org/fileadmin/DAM/trans/danger/publi/ghs/GHS_presentations/
English/purpose_e.pdf
229
Id. p. 9.
230
Id. p. 18.
102
GHS “Working” definition of: Substance, Mixture and Alloy231

Substance
Chemical elements and their compounds in the natural state or obtained by any pro-
duction process, including any additive necessary to preserve the stability of the product
and any impurities deriving from the process used, but excluding any solvent which may
be separated without affecting the stability of the substance or changing its composition.
Mixture
Mixtures or solutions composed of two or more substances in which they do
not react.
Alloy
An alloy is a metallic material, homogeneous on a macroscopic scale, consisting
of two or more elements so combined that they cannot be readily separated
by mechanical means. Alloys are considered to be mixtures for the purpose of
classification under the GHS.
Cut-off values/concentration limits232

Generic cut-off values or concentration limits for the classified ingredients of the
mixture are used to classify an untested mixture; this procedure is used for several
hazard classes in the GHS.
Hazard Communication: Labelling

GHS aims to develop an harmonized hazard communication system, including
labelling, safety data sheets and easily understandable symbols, based on the clas-
sification criteria developed for the GHS. The labelling standard is basically the
same as UN Recommendations on the Transport of Dangerous Goods, Model Reg-
ulations but with some exception233:”UN Recommendations on the Transport of
Dangerous Goods, Model Regulations, encompasses only the most severe hazard
categories of the acute toxicity hazard class. This system would not label substanc-
es or mixtures falling within the scope of the less severe hazard categories (e.g.
those falling within the oral range > 300 mg/kg). However, should the scope of
that system be amended to incorporate substances and mixtures falling in these
less severe hazard categories, they should be labelled with the appropriate GHS
labelling tools. The use of different cut-off values to determine which products are
labelled in a hazard category would be contrary to harmonization”.
Target Audience:
Workers, Consumers, Emergency Responders and Transporters.
231
Id. p. 21.
232
Id. p. 22.
233
Id. p. 23.
103
Application of standardization in the harmonized system234

Labels, hazard symbols, signal words and hazard statements have all been stan-
dardized and should not be subject to variation (requirements indicated in the
document should be followed).
As for Safety Data Sheet, GHS provides a standardized format for the presen-
tation of information on SDS.
Total Harmonization of the precautionary statements has not been still achieved
in the current GHS, anyway a guidance to aid in the selection of appropriate state-
ments is provided.
Use of non-standardized or supplemental information235

Several other label elements could appear on the GHS’s standardized label; some-
times these clearly need to be included on the label (e.g. precautionary statements);
in such cases, the competent authorities may require additional information (or
suppliers may choose to add supplementary information on their own initiative).
In order to ensure that the use of non-standardized information does not lead
to unnecessarily wide variation in information or undermine GHS information, the
use of supplementary information should be limited to the following circumstances:
the supplementary information provides further detail and does not contradict
or pose doubt on the validity of the standardized hazard information.
In either instance, the supplementary information should not lower standards
of protection.
Labelling Procedures
The standard procedure for preparing labels:
• Allocation of label elements;
• Reproduction of the symbol;
• Reproduction of the hazard pictogram;
• Signal words;
• Hazard statements;
• Precautionary statements and pictograms;
• Product and supplier identification;
• Multiple hazards and precedence of information;
• Arrangements for presenting the GHS label elements;
• Special labelling arrangements
Label elements:
The label elements (symbol, signal word, hazard statement) of each hazard class
are described in details in the tables in the individual chapters of GHS.
234
Id. p. 25.
235
Id. p. 26.
104
Hazard categories reflect the harmonized classification criteria. Allocation of

label elements is schematically provided.
Hazard symbols:
These are the standard symbols236 which should be used in the GHS.
dŚĞ',^͛ƐŶŝŶĞŽĸĐŝĂůƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚ,ĂǌĂƌĚƐǇŵďŽů͘
Pictograms237
Definitions:
A pictogram means a graphical composition that may include a symbol plus other
graphic elements, such as a border, background pattern or colour that is intended
to convey specific information.
Shape and colour

All hazard pictograms used in the GHS should be in the shape of a square set at
a point.
For transport, the pictograms (commonly referred to as labels in transport reg-
ulations) prescribed by the UN Model Regulations on the Transport of Dangerous
Goods should be used.
The UN Model Regulations prescribe transport pictogram specifications in-
cluding colour, symbols, size, background contrast, additional safety information
(e.g. hazard class) and general format. Transport pictograms are required to have
minimum dimensions of 100 mm by 100 mm, with some exceptions for allowing
236
Id. p. 29:“With the exception of the new symbol which will be used for certain health hazards
and the exclamation mark, they are part of the standard symbol set used in the UN Recommendations
on the Transport of Dangerous Goods, Model Regulations”.
237
Id. p. 29.
105
smaller pictograms for very small packaging and for gas cylinders. Transport pic-
tograms include the symbol in the upper half of the label. The UN Model Regula-
tions require that transport pictograms be printed or affixed to a packaging on a
background of contrasting colour.
The picture below238 shows respectively, for example, the assigned pictogram, signal
word and hazard statement for each hazard category of the hazard class “Explo-
sives”. Where the hazard class and or categories are covered under the UN Recom-
mendations on the Transport of Dangerous Goods, Model Regulations, the assigned
corresponding pictogram is given for each category below the GHS requirements.
',^͛ƐƉŝĐƚŽŐƌĂŵ͕ƐŝŐŶĂůǁŽƌĚĂŶĚŚĂǌĂƌĚƐƚĂƚĞŵĞŶƚĨŽƌĞĂĐŚ,ĂǌĂƌĚĂƚĞŐŽƌǇŽĨƚŚĞ,ĂǌĂƌĚůĂƐƐ͗
͞ǆƉůŽƐŝǀĞƐ͟
238
annex1.pdf
106
Allocation of label elements

Where a UN Model Regulations on the Transport of Dangerous Goods pictogram
appears on a label, a GHS pictogram for the same hazard should not appear.
The GHS pictograms not required for the transport of dangerous goods should
not be displayed on freight containers, road vehicles or railway wagons/tanks.
Information required on a GHS label

1) Signal words
A signal word is a word used to indicate the relative level of severity of hazard
and alert the reader to a potential hazard on the label. The signal words used
in the GHS are:
• Danger
• Warning
“Danger” is mostly used for the more severe hazard categories (i.e. in the main
for hazard categories 1 and 2), while “Warning” is mostly used for the less se-
vere.
The tables in the individual Chapters for each hazard class detail the signal
words that have been assigned to each of the hazard categories of the GHS.
2) Hazard statements
A hazard statement:
a phrase assigned to a hazard class and category that describes the nature of the
hazards of a hazardous product, including, where appropriate, the degree of
hazard. The tables of label elements in the individual chapters for each hazard
class detail the hazard statements that have been assigned to each of the hazard
categories of the GHS;
Hazard statements and a code uniquely identifying each one are listed in sec-
tion 1 of GHS’s Annex 3. The hazard statement code is intended to be used for
reference purposes. It is not part of the hazard statement text and should not
be used to replace it.
There are 72 individual and 17 combined Hazard statements where a unique
alphanumerical code is assigned (made by one letter and three numbers):
1. the letter “H” (for “hazard statement”);
2. a number for each Hazard Category:
“2 “ = Physical Hazard
“3” = Health Hazard
“4” = Environmental Hazard
3. two numbers corresponding to the sequential numbering of hazards arising
from the intrinsic properties of the substance or mixture, such as explosive
properties (codes from 200 to 210), flammability (codes from 220 to 230), etc.
107
Examples:
H201: Explosive; mass explosion hazard
H224: Extremely flammable liquid and vapour
H303: May be harmful if swallowed
H401: Toxic to aquatic life
3) Precautionary statements and pictograms

A precautionary statement it a phrase (and/or pictogram) that describes recom-
mended measures that should be taken to minimize or prevent adverse effects
resulting from exposure to a hazardous product, or improper storage or han-
dling of a hazardous product. The GHS label should include appropriate pre-
cautionary information, the choice of which is with the labeller or the compe-
tent authority. Examples of precautionary statements, which can be used, and
also examples of precautionary pictograms, which can be used where allowed
by the competent authority are reported.
There are 116 individual and 33 combined Precautionary statements where a
unique alphanumerical code is assigned (made by one letter and three numbers):
• the letter “P” (for “precautionary statement”);
• one number designating the type of precautionary statement as follows:
- “1” for general precautionary statements
- “2” for prevention precautionary statements
- “3” for response precautionary statement
- “4” for storage precautionary statements
- “5” for disposal precautionary statements
• Two numbers (corresponding to the sequential numbering of precautionary
statements)
Examples:
P222: Don’t allow contact with air
P331: Do NOT induce vomiting
P402: Store in a dry place
P502: Refer to manufacturer/supplier for information on recovery/recycling
4) Product identifier
A product identifier should be used on a GHS label and it should match the
product identifier used on the SDS. Where a substance or mixture is covered
by the UN Model Regulations on the Transport of Dangerous Goods, the UN
proper shipping name should also be used on the package
5) Supplier identification
The name, address and telephone number of the manufacturer or supplier of
the substance or mixture should be provided on the label
108
Hazard Communication: safety data sheets (SDS)239

The SDS provide information about a substance or mixture for use in workplace
for both employers and workers; it’s a reference source of information about haz-
ards (e.g. environmental hazards) and includes advice on safety precautions.
SDS is the cornerstone for the management of hazardous chemicals enabling
the employer
1) to take any measure necessary to protect workers (including training, which
is specific to the individual workplace).
2) to consider any measures which may be necessary to protect the environ-
ment.
Hazard class cut-off value/concentration limit

An SDS should be provided based on the generic cut-off values/concentration
limits indicated in the table below.
,ĂǌĂƌĚůĂƐƐ ƵƚŽīsĂůƵĞͬŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶ>ŝŵŝƚƐ@
ĐƵƚĞƚŽǆŝĐŝƚǇ шϭ͘Ϭй
^ŬŝŶĐŽƌƌŽƐŝŽŶͬ/ƌƌŝƚĂƟŽŶ шϭ͘Ϭй
^ĞƌŝŽƵƐĞǇĞĚĂŵĂŐĞͬĞǇĞŝƌƌŝƚĂƟŽŶ шϭ͘Ϭй
ZĞƐƉŝƌĂƚŽƌǇͬ^ŬŝŶƐĞŶƐŝƟǌĂƟŽŶ шϬ͘ϭй
'ĞƌŵĐĞůůŵƵƚĂŐĞŶŝĐŝƚǇ;ĂƚĞŐŽƌǇϭͿ шϬ͘ϭй
'ĞƌŵĐĞůůŵƵƚĂŐĞŶŝĐŝƚǇ;ĂƚĞŐŽƌǇϮͿ шϭ͘Ϭй
ĂƌĐŝŶŽŐĞŶŝĐŝƚǇ шϬ͘ϭй
ZĞƉƌŽĚƵĐƟǀĞƚŽǆŝĐŝƚǇ шϬ͘ϭй
^ƉĞĐŝĮĐƚĂƌŐĞƚŽƌŐĂŶƚŽǆŝĐŝƚǇ;ƐŝŶŐůĞĞǆƉŽƐƵƌĞͿ шϭ͘Ϭй
шϭϬйŽĨĂƚĞŐŽƌǇϭŝŶŐƌĞĚŝĞŶƚ;ƐͿĂŶĚŬŝŶĞŵĂƟĐ
ƐƉŝƌĂƟŽŶŚĂǌĂƌĚ;ĂƚĞŐŽƌǇϭͿ
ǀŝƐĐŽƐŝƚǇхϮϬ͘ϱŵŵϮͬƐĂƚϰϬȗ
шϭϬйŽĨĂƚĞŐŽƌǇϮŝŶŐƌĞĚŝĞŶƚ;ƐͿĂŶĚŬŝŶĞŵĂƟĐ
ƐƉŝƌĂƟŽŶŚĂǌĂƌĚ;ĂƚĞŐŽƌǇϮͿ
ǀŝƐĐŽƐŝƚǇхϭϰŵŵϮͬƐĂƚϰϬȗ
,ĂǌĂƌĚŽƵƐƚŽƚŚĞĂƋƵĂƟĐĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚ шϭ͘Ϭй
ƵƚŽīǀĂůƵĞƐͬĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶůŝŵŝƚƐĨŽƌĞĂĐŚŚĞĂůƚŚĂŶĚĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚĂůŚĂǌĂƌĚĐůĂƐƐ
SDS format240
The information in the SDS should be presented using the following 16 head-
ings in the following order:
1. Identification
2. Hazard(s) identification
3. Composition/information on ingredients
239
Id. p. 35.
240
Id. p. 37.
109
4. First-aid measures
5. Fire-fighting measures
6. Accidental release measures
7. Handling and storage
8. Exposure controls/personal protection
9. Physical and chemical properties
10. Stability and reactivity
11. Toxicological information
12. Ecological information
13. Disposal considerations
14. Transport information
15. Regulatory information
16. Other information.
The SDS should provide a clear description of the data used to identify the haz-
ards.
The minimum information (see Table below) should be included, where appli-
cable241 and available, on the SDS . If specific information is not applicable or not
available under a particular subheading, the SDS should clearly state this. Addi-
tional information may be required by competent authorities.
From the point of view of this manual, section 13 of SDS is preeminent: it
deals with “Description of WASTE residues and information on their safe han-
dling and methods of disposal, including the disposal of any contaminated pack-
aging”. Technical information for the correct disposal procedures will be provided
in Chapter 5 of this book.
Minimum information for an SDS
! /ĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶ ;ĂͿ',^WƌŽĚƵĐƚŝĚĞŶƟĮĞƌ͖
ŽĨƚŚĞ ;ďͿKƚŚĞƌŵĞĂŶƐŽĨŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶ͖
ƐƵďƐƚĂŶĐĞ ;ĐͿZĞĐŽŵŵĞŶĚĞĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůĂŶĚƌĞƐƚƌŝĐƟŽŶƐŽŶƵƐĞ͖
ŽƌŵŝǆƚƵƌĞĂŶĚ ;ĚͿ^ƵƉƉůŝĞƌ͛ƐĚĞƚĂŝůƐ;ŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐŶĂŵĞ͕ĂĚĚƌĞƐƐ͕ƉŚŽŶĞŶƵŵďĞƌĞƚĐ͘Ϳ͖
ŽĨƚŚĞƐƵƉƉůŝĞƌ ;ĞͿŵĞƌŐĞŶĐǇƉŚŽŶĞŶƵŵďĞƌ
% ,ĂǌĂƌĚƐ ĂͿ',^ĐůĂƐƐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƐƵďƐƚĂŶĐĞͬŵŝǆƚƵƌĞĂŶĚĂŶǇŶĂƟŽŶĂůŽƌƌĞŐŝŽŶĂů
ŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶ ŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶ͖
;ďͿ',^ůĂďĞůĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐ͕ŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƉƌĞĐĂƵƟŽŶĂƌǇƐƚĂƚĞŵĞŶƚƐ͘;,ĂǌĂƌĚƐǇŵďŽůƐ
ŵĂǇďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚĂƐĂŐƌĂƉŚŝĐĂůƌĞƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƐǇŵďŽůƐŝŶďůĂĐŬĂŶĚǁŚŝƚĞ
ŽƌƚŚĞŶĂŵĞŽĨƚŚĞƐǇŵďŽůĞ͘Ő͘͞ŇĂŵĞ͕͟͞ƐŬƵůůĂŶĚĐƌŽƐƐďŽŶĞƐ͟Ϳ͖
;ĐͿKƚŚĞƌŚĂǌĂƌĚƐǁŚŝĐŚĚŽŶŽƚƌĞƐƵůƚŝŶĐůĂƐƐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ;Ğ͘Ő͘͞ĚƵƐƚĞǆƉůŽƐŝŽŶ
ŚĂǌĂƌĚ͟ͿŽƌĂƌĞŶŽƚĐŽǀĞƌĞĚďǇƚŚĞ',^
241
Id pg 37 Where “applicable” means where the information is applicable to the specific product
covered by the SDS. Where “available” means where the information is available to the supplier or
other entity that is preparing the SDS.
110
" ŽŵƉŽƐŝƟŽŶͬ ^ƵďƐƚĂŶĐĞ

ŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶ ;ĂͿŚĞŵŝĐĂůŝĚĞŶƟƚǇ͖
ŽŶŝŶŐƌĞĚŝĞŶƚƐ ;ďͿŽŵŵŽŶŶĂŵĞ͕ƐǇŶŽŶǇŵƐ͕ĞƚĐ͖͘
;ĐͿ^ŶƵŵďĞƌĂŶĚŽƚŚĞƌƵŶŝƋƵĞŝĚĞŶƟĮĞƌƐ͖
;ĚͿ/ŵƉƵƌŝƟĞƐĂŶĚƐƚĂďŝůŝǌŝŶŐĂĚĚŝƟǀĞƐǁŚŝĐŚĂƌĞƚŚĞŵƐĞůǀĞƐĐůĂƐƐŝĮĞĚĂŶĚ
ǁŚŝĐŚĐŽŶƚƌŝďƵƚĞƚŽƚŚĞĐůĂƐƐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƐƵďƐƚĂŶĐĞ͘
DŝǆƚƵƌĞ
dŚĞĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůŝĚĞŶƟƚǇĂŶĚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶŽƌĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƌĂŶŐĞƐŽĨĂůů
ŝŶŐƌĞĚŝĞŶƚƐǁŚŝĐŚĂƌĞŚĂǌĂƌĚŽƵƐǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚĞŵĞĂŶŝŶŐŽĨƚŚĞ',^ĂŶĚĂƌĞ
ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂďŽǀĞƚŚĞŝƌĐƵƚͲŽīůĞǀĞůƐ͘
EKd͗&ŽƌŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽŶŝŶŐƌĞĚŝĞŶƚƐ͕ƚŚĞĐŽŵƉĞƚĞŶƚĂƵƚŚŽƌŝƚǇƌƵůĞƐĨŽƌ/
ƚĂŬĞƉƌŝŽƌŝƚǇŽǀĞƌƚŚĞƌƵůĞƐĨŽƌƉƌŽĚƵĐƚŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶ
' &ŝƌƐƚͲĂŝĚ ;ĂͿĞƐĐƌŝƉƟŽŶŽĨŶĞĐĞƐƐĂƌǇŵĞĂƐƵƌĞƐ͕ƐƵďĚŝǀŝĚĞĚĂĐĐŽƌĚŝŶŐƚŽƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚ
ŵĞĂƐƵƌĞƐ ƌŽƵƚĞƐŽĨĞǆƉŽƐƵƌĞ͕ŝ͘Ğ͘ŝŶŚĂůĂƟŽŶ͕ƐŬŝŶĂŶĚĞǇĞĐŽŶƚĂĐƚĂŶĚŝŶŐĞƐƟŽŶ͖
;ďͿDŽƐƚŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚƐǇŵƉƚŽŵƐͬĞīĞĐƚƐ͕ĂĐƵƚĞĂŶĚĚĞůĂǇĞĚ͘
;ĐͿ/ŶĚŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨŝŵŵĞĚŝĂƚĞŵĞĚŝĐĂůĂƩĞŶƟŽŶĂŶĚƐƉĞĐŝĂůƚƌĞĂƚŵĞŶƚŶĞĞĚĞĚ͕ŝĨ
ŶĞĐĞƐƐĂƌǇ͘
# &ŝƌĞͲĮŐŚƟŶŐ ;ĂͿ^ƵŝƚĂďůĞ;ĂŶĚƵŶƐƵŝƚĂďůĞͿĞǆƟŶŐƵŝƐŚŝŶŐŵĞĚŝĂ͘
ŵĞĂƐƵƌĞƐ ;ďͿ^ƉĞĐŝĮĐŚĂǌĂƌĚƐĂƌŝƐŝŶŐĨƌŽŵƚŚĞŚĞŵŝĐĂů;Ğ͘Ő͘ŶĂƚƵƌĞŽĨĂŶǇŚĂǌĂƌĚŽƵƐ
ĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶƉƌŽĚƵĐƚƐͿ͘
;ĐͿ^ƉĞĐŝĂůƉƌŽƚĞĐƟǀĞĞƋƵŝƉŵĞŶƚĂŶĚƉƌĞĐĂƵƟŽŶƐĨŽƌĮƌĞͲĮŐŚƚĞƌƐ
( ĐĐŝĚĞŶƚĂů ;ĂͿWĞƌƐŽŶĂůƉƌĞĐĂƵƟŽŶƐ͕ƉƌŽƚĞĐƟǀĞĞƋƵŝƉŵĞŶƚĂŶĚĞŵĞƌŐĞŶĐǇƉƌŽĐĞĚƵƌĞƐ͘
ƌĞůĞĂƐĞ ;ďͿŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚĂůƉƌĞĐĂƵƟŽŶƐ͘
ŵĞĂƐƵƌĞƐ ;ĐͿDĞƚŚŽĚƐĂŶĚŵĂƚĞƌŝĂůƐĨŽƌĐŽŶƚĂŝŶŵĞŶƚĂŶĚĐůĞĂŶŝŶŐƵƉ
) ,ĂŶĚůŝŶŐĂŶĚ ;ĂͿWƌĞĐĂƵƟŽŶƐĨŽƌƐĂĨĞŚĂŶĚůŝŶŐ͘
ƐƚŽƌĂŐĞ ;ďͿŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐĨŽƌƐĂĨĞƐƚŽƌĂŐĞ͕ŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĂŶǇŝŶĐŽŵƉĂƟďŝůŝƟĞƐ͘
ϴ ǆƉŽƐƵƌĞ ;ĂͿŽŶƚƌŽůƉĂƌĂŵĞƚĞƌƐĞ͘Ő͘ŽĐĐƵƉĂƟŽŶĂůĞǆƉŽƐƵƌĞůŝŵŝƚǀĂůƵĞƐŽƌďŝŽůŽŐŝĐĂů
ĐŽŶƚƌŽůƐͬ ůŝŵŝƚǀĂůƵĞƐ͘
ƉĞƌƐŽŶĂů ;ďͿƉƉƌŽƉƌŝĂƚĞĞŶŐŝŶĞĞƌŝŶŐĐŽŶƚƌŽůƐ͘
ƉƌŽƚĞĐƟŽŶ ;ĐͿ/ŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂůƉƌŽƚĞĐƟŽŶŵĞĂƐƵƌĞƐ͕ƐƵĐŚĂƐƉĞƌƐŽŶĂůƉƌŽƚĞĐƟǀĞĞƋƵŝƉŵĞŶƚ
$ WŚǇƐŝĐĂůĂŶĚ ĂͿƉƉĞĂƌĂŶĐĞ;ƉŚǇƐŝĐĂůƐƚĂƚĞ͕ĐŽůŽƵƌĞƚĐͿ͖
ĐŚĞŵŝĐĂů ;ďͿKĚŽƵƌ͖
ƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐ ;ĐͿKĚŽƵƌƚŚƌĞƐŚŽůĚ͖
;ĚͿƉ,͖
;ĞͿDĞůƟŶŐƉŽŝŶƚͬĨƌĞĞǌŝŶŐƉŽŝŶƚ͖
;ĨͿ/ŶŝƟĂůďŽŝůŝŶŐƉŽŝŶƚĂŶĚďŽŝůŝŶŐƌĂŶŐĞ͖
;ŐͿ&ůĂƐŚƉŽŝŶƚ͖
;ŚͿǀĂƉŽƌĂƟŽŶƌĂƚĞ͖
;ŝͿ&ůĂŵŵĂďŝůŝƚǇ;ƐŽůŝĚ͕ŐĂƐͿ͖
;ũͿhƉƉĞƌͬůŽǁĞƌŇĂŵŵĂďŝůŝƚǇŽƌĞǆƉůŽƐŝǀĞůŝŵŝƚƐ͖
;ŬͿsĂƉŽƵƌƉƌĞƐƐƵƌĞ͖
;ůͿsĂƉŽƵƌĚĞŶƐŝƚǇ͖
;ŵͿZĞůĂƟǀĞĚĞŶƐŝƚǇ͖
;ŶͿ^ŽůƵďŝůŝƚǇ;ŝĞƐͿ͖
;ŽͿWĂƌƟƟŽŶĐŽĞĸĐŝĞŶƚ͗ŶͲŽĐƚĂŶŽůͬǁĂƚĞƌ͖
;ƉͿƵƚŽͲŝŐŶŝƟŽŶƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞ͖
;ƋͿĞĐŽŵƉŽƐŝƟŽŶƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞ͖
;ƌͿsŝƐĐŽƐŝƚǇ͘
111
!& ^ƚĂďŝůŝƚǇ ;ĂͿZĞĂĐƟǀŝƚǇ

ĂŶĚ ;ďͿŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐƚĂďŝůŝƚǇ͖
ƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚǇ ;ĐͿWŽƐƐŝďŝůŝƚǇŽĨŚĂǌĂƌĚŽƵƐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ͖
;ĚͿŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐƚŽĂǀŽŝĚ;Ğ͘Ő͘ƐƚĂƟĐĚŝƐĐŚĂƌŐĞ͕ƐŚŽĐŬŽƌǀŝďƌĂƟŽŶͿ͖
;ĞͿ/ŶĐŽŵƉĂƟďůĞŵĂƚĞƌŝĂůƐ͖
;ĨͿ,ĂǌĂƌĚŽƵƐĚĞĐŽŵƉŽƐŝƟŽŶƉƌŽĚƵĐƚƐ͘
!! dŽǆŝĐŽůŽŐŝĐĂů ŽŶĐŝƐĞďƵƚĐŽŵƉůĞƚĞĂŶĚĐŽŵƉƌĞŚĞŶƐŝďůĞĚĞƐĐƌŝƉƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞǀĂƌŝŽƵƐ
ŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶ ƚŽǆŝĐŽůŽŐŝĐĂů;ŚĞĂůƚŚͿĞīĞĐƚƐĂŶĚƚŚĞĂǀĂŝůĂďůĞĚĂƚĂƵƐĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨǇƚŚŽƐĞ
ĞīĞĐƚƐ͕ŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐ͗
;ĂͿŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽŶƚŚĞůŝŬĞůǇƌŽƵƚĞƐŽĨĞǆƉŽƐƵƌĞ;ŝŶŚĂůĂƟŽŶ͕ŝŶŐĞƐƟŽŶ͕ƐŬŝŶĂŶĚ
ĞǇĞĐŽŶƚĂĐƚͿ͖
;ďͿ^ǇŵƉƚŽŵƐƌĞůĂƚĞĚƚŽƚŚĞƉŚǇƐŝĐĂů͕ĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůĂŶĚƚŽǆŝĐŽůŽŐŝĐĂů
ĐŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝƐƟĐƐ͖
;ĐͿĞůĂǇĞĚĂŶĚŝŵŵĞĚŝĂƚĞĞīĞĐƚƐĂŶĚĂůƐŽĐŚƌŽŶŝĐĞīĞĐƚƐĨƌŽŵƐŚŽƌƚĂŶĚůŽŶŐ
ƚĞƌŵĞǆƉŽƐƵƌĞ͖
;ĚͿEƵŵĞƌŝĐĂůŵĞĂƐƵƌĞƐŽĨƚŽǆŝĐŝƚǇ;ƐƵĐŚĂƐĂĐƵƚĞƚŽǆŝĐŝƚǇĞƐƟŵĂƚĞƐͿ͘
!% ĐŽůŽŐŝĐĂů ĂͿĐŽƚŽǆŝĐŝƚǇ;ĂƋƵĂƟĐĂŶĚƚĞƌƌĞƐƚƌŝĂů͕ǁŚĞƌĞĂǀĂŝůĂďůĞͿ͖
ŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶ ;ďͿWĞƌƐŝƐƚĞŶĐĞĂŶĚĚĞŐƌĂĚĂďŝůŝƚǇ͖
;ĐͿŝŽĂĐĐƵŵƵůĂƟǀĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂů͖
;ĚͿDŽďŝůŝƚǇŝŶƐŽŝů͖
;ĞͿKƚŚĞƌĂĚǀĞƌƐĞĞīĞĐƚƐ͘
!" ŝƐƉŽƐĂů ĞƐĐƌŝƉƟŽŶŽĨt^dƌĞƐŝĚƵĞƐĂŶĚŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽŶƚŚĞŝƌƐĂĨĞŚĂŶĚůŝŶŐĂŶĚ
ĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌĂƟŽŶƐ ŵĞƚŚŽĚƐŽĨĚŝƐƉŽƐĂů͕ŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƚŚĞĚŝƐƉŽƐĂůŽĨĂŶǇĐŽŶƚĂŵŝŶĂƚĞĚƉĂĐŬĂŐŝŶŐ
!' dƌĂŶƐƉŽƌƚ ;ĂͿhEŶƵŵďĞƌ͖
ŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶ ;ďͿhEƉƌŽƉĞƌƐŚŝƉƉŝŶŐŶĂŵĞ͖
;ĐͿdƌĂŶƐƉŽƌƚŚĂǌĂƌĚĐůĂƐƐ;ĞƐͿ͖
;ĚͿWĂĐŬŝŶŐŐƌŽƵƉ͕ŝĨĂƉƉůŝĐĂďůĞ͖
;ĞͿŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚĂůŚĂǌĂƌĚƐ;Ğ͘Ő͗͘DĂƌŝŶĞƉŽůůƵƚĂŶƚ;zĞƐͬEŽͿͿ͖
;ĨͿdƌĂŶƐƉŽƌƚŝŶďƵůŬ;ĂĐĐŽƌĚŝŶŐƚŽŶŶĞǆ//ŽĨDZWK>ϳϯͬϳϴĂŶĚƚŚĞ/
ŽĚĞͿ͖
;ŐͿ^ƉĞĐŝĂůƉƌĞĐĂƵƟŽŶƐǁŚŝĐŚĂƵƐĞƌŶĞĞĚƐƚŽďĞĂǁĂƌĞŽĨ͕ŽƌŶĞĞĚƐƚŽĐŽŵƉůǇ
ǁŝƚŚ͕ŝŶĐŽŶŶĞĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚƚƌĂŶƐƉŽƌƚŽƌĐŽŶǀĞǇĂŶĐĞĞŝƚŚĞƌǁŝƚŚŝŶŽƌŽƵƚƐŝĚĞƚŚĞŝƌ
ƉƌĞŵŝƐĞƐ
!# ZĞŐƵůĂƚŽƌǇ ^ĂĨĞƚǇ͕ŚĞĂůƚŚĂŶĚĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚĂůƌĞŐƵůĂƟŽŶƐƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĨŽƌƚŚĞƉƌŽĚƵĐƚŝŶ
ŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶ ƋƵĞƐƟŽŶ
!( KƚŚĞƌ
ŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶ
ŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐ
ŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽŶ
ƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶ
ĂŶĚƌĞǀŝƐŝŽŶ
ŽĨƚŚĞ^^
The 16 headings requested (as minimum information) by the GHS official for-
mat of the Safety Data Sheet; section 13 is specifically concerning Waste Manage-
ment practices.
112
PART 2: Physical Hazard
In part 2 of GHS the following physical hazard classes are defined:

Explosives: an explosive substance (or mixture) is a solid or liquid substance
(or mixture of substances) which is in itself capable by chemical reaction of pro-
ducing gas at such a temperature and pressure and at such a speed as to cause
damage to the surroundings. Pyrotechnic substances are included even when they
do not evolve gases
Flammable gases: a gas having a flammable range with air at 20 °C and a stan-
dard pressure of 101.3 kPa
Flammable aerosols: aerosols should be considered for classification as flam-
mable if they contain any component which is classified as flammable according to
the GHS criteria, i.e.:
• Flammable liquids
• Flammable gases
• Flammable solids
Oxidizing gases: any gas which may, generally by providing oxygen, cause or
contribute to the combustion of other material more than air does.
Gases under pressure: gases which are contained in a receptacle at a pressure
not less than 280 kPa at 20 °C or as a refrigerated liquid.
Flammable liquids: means a liquid having a flash point of not more than 93 °C
Flammable solids: is a solid which is readily combustible, or may cause or con-
tribute to fire through friction. Readily combustible solids are powdered, granular,
or pasty substances which are dangerous if they can be easily ignited by brief contact
with an ignition source, such as a burning match, and if the flame spreads rapidly.
Self-reactive substances and mixtures: thermally unstable liquid or solid sub-
stances or mixtures liable to undergo a strongly exothermic decom position even
without participation of oxygen (air). This definition excludes substances and mix-
tures classified under the GHS as explosives, organic peroxides or as oxidizing.
Pyrophoric liquids: a liquid which, even in small quantities, is liable to ignite
within five minutes after coming into contact with air
Pyrophoric solids: a pyrophoric solid is a solid which, even in small quantities,
is liable to ignite within five minutes after coming into contact with air.
Self-heating substances and mixtures: a self-heating substance or mixture is a
solid or liquid substance or mixture, other than a pyrophoric liquid or solid, which,
by reaction with air and without energy supply, is liable to self-heat; this substance
or mixture differs from a pyrophoric liquid or solid in that it will ignite only when
in large amounts (kilograms) and after long periods of time (hours or days)
Substances and mixtures which, in contact with water, emit flammable gases:
substances or mixtures which, in contact with water, emit flammable gases are
113
solid or liquid substances or mixtures which, by interaction with water, are liable
to become spontaneously flammable or to give off flammable gases in dangerous
quantities.
Oxidizing liquids: a liquid which, while in itself not necessarily combustible,
may, generally by yielding oxygen, cause, or contribute to, the combustion of other
material.
Oxidizing solids: solid which, while in itself is not necessarily combustible, may,
generally by yielding oxygen, cause, or contribute to, the combustion of other ma-
terial.
Organic peroxides: liquid or solid organic substances which contain the biva-
lent -0-0 structure and may be considered derivatives of hydrogen peroxide, where
one or both of the hydrogen atoms have been replaced by organic radicals. The
term al so includes organic peroxide formulations (mixtures).Organic peroxides
are thermally unstable substances or mixtures, which may undergo exothermic self
accelerating decomposition.
In addition, they may have one or more of the following properties:
(a) be liable to explosive decomposition;
(b) burn rapidly;
(c) be sensitive to impact or friction;
(d) react dangerously with other substances
Corrosive to metals: a substance or a mixture that is corrosive to metal is a
substance or a mixture which by chemical action will materially damage, or even
destroy, metals.
For any Physical Hazard, Classification Criteria are described in the GHS Offi-
cial Document. The following scheme summarizes the Building Block Scheme for
the Physical Hazard.
',^ƵŝůĚŝŶŐůŽĐŬ^ĐŚĞŵĞ;WŚǇƐŝĐĂů,ĂǌĂƌĚƐͿ
,ĂǌĂƌĚĐůĂƐƐĞƐ ĂƚĞŐŽƌŝĞƐͬŝǀŝƐŝŽŶƐͬdǇƉĞƐ
ǆƉůŽƐŝǀĞƐ hŶƐƚĂďůĞ ŝǀϭ͘ϭ ŝǀϭ͘Ϯ ŝǀϭ͘ϯ ŝǀϭ͘ϰ ŝǀϭ͘ϱ ŝǀϭ͘ϲ
&ůĂŵŵĂďůĞŐĂƐĞƐ ! %
&ůĂŵŵĂďůĞĂĞƌŽƐŽůƐ ! %
KǆŝĚŝƐŝŶŐŐĂƐĞƐ !
'ĂƐĞƐƵŶĚĞƌƉƌĞƐƐƵƌĞ
ŽŵƉƌĞƐƐĞĚŐĂƐ !
>ŝƋƵĞĮĞĚŐĂƐ !
ZĞĨƌŝŐĞƌĂƚĞĚůŝƋƵĞĮĞĚŐĂƐ !
ŝƐƐŽůǀĞĚŐĂƐ !
&ůĂŵŵĂďůĞůŝƋƵŝĚƐ ! % " '
&ůĂŵŵĂďůĞƐŽůŝĚƐ
^ĞůĨͲƌĞĂĐƟǀĞƐƵďƐƚĂŶĐĞƐ
dǇƉĞ dǇƉĞ dǇƉĞ dǇƉĞ dǇƉĞ dǇƉĞ& dǇƉĞ'
ĂŶĚŵŝǆƚƵƌĞƐ
114
WǇƌŽƉŚŽƌŝĐůŝƋƵŝĚƐ !
WǇƌŽƉŚŽƌŝĐƐŽůŝĚƐ !
^ĞůĨͲŚĞĂƟŶŐŽĨƐƵďƐƚĂŶĐĞƐŽƌ
! %
ŵŝǆƚƵƌĞƐ
^ƵďƐƚĂŶĐĞƐŽƌŵŝǆƚƵƌĞƐǁŚŝĐŚ
ŝŶĐŽŶƚĂĐƚǁŝƚŚ ! % "
ǁĂƚĞƌĞŵŝƚŇĂŵŵĂďůĞŐĂƐĞƐ
KǆŝĚŝƐŝŶŐůŝƋƵŝĚƐ ! % "
KǆŝĚŝƐŝŶŐƐŽůŝĚƐ ! % "
KƌŐĂŶŝĐƉĞƌŽǆŝĚĞƐ dǇƉĞ dǇƉĞ dǇƉĞ dǇƉĞ dǇƉĞ dǇƉĞ& dǇƉĞ'
ŽƌƌŽƐŝǀĞƚŽŵĞƚĂůƐ !
dŚĞ',^ƵŝůĚŝŶŐůŽĐŬ^ĐŚĞŵĞĨŽƌƚŚĞWŚǇƐŝĐĂů,ĂǌĂƌĚƐ
PART 3: Health Hazard
Acute Toxicity
Acute toxicity refers to those adverse effects occurring following oral or dermal
administration of a single dose of a substance, or multiple doses given within 24
hours, or an inhalation exposure of 4 hours. It includes five GHS categories from
which the appropriate elements relevant to transport, consumer, worker and en-
vironment protection can be selected. Substances are assigned to one of the five
ƚŽǆŝĐŝƚǇ categories on the basis of LD50 (oral, dermal) or LC50 (inhalation).
Acute toxicity hazard categories and acute toxicity estimates (ATE) values de-
fining the respective categories.
ǆƉŽƐƵƌĞƌŽƵƚĞ ĂƚĞŐŽƌǇϭ ĂƚĞŐŽƌǇϮ ĂƚĞŐŽƌǇϯ ĂƚĞŐŽƌǇϰ ĂƚĞŐŽƌǇϱ

KƌĂů
# #& "&& %&&&
;ŵŐͬŬŐďŽĚǇǁĞŝŐŚƚͿ
ĞƌŵĂů
#& %&& !&&& %&&&
;ŵŐͬŬŐďŽĚǇǁĞŝŐŚƚͿ
'ĂƐĞƐ
!&& #&& %#&& #&&& #&&&
;ƉƉŵsͿ
sĂƉŽƵƌƐ
Ϭ͘ϱ Ϯ͘Ϭ !& %&
;ŵŐͬůͿ
ƵƐƚƐĂŶĚDŝƐƚƐ
Ϭ͘Ϭϱ Ϭ͘ϱ ϭ͘Ϭ ϱ͘Ϭ
;ŵŐͬůͿ
ĐƵƚĞƚŽǆŝĐŝƚǇŚĂǌĂƌĚĐĂƚĞŐŽƌŝĞƐĂŶĚĂĐƵƚĞƚŽǆŝĐŝƚǇĞƐƟŵĂƚĞƐ;dͿǀĂůƵĞƐĚĞĮŶŝŶŐĞĂĐŚĐĂƚĞŐŽƌŝĞƐ
;'ĂƐĞƐĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶĂƌĞĞǆƉƌĞƐƐĞĚŝŶƉĂƌƚƐƉĞƌŵŝůůŝŽŶƉĞƌǀŽůƵŵĞ;ƉƉŵsͿͿ
Skin corrosion/irritation
Skin Corrosion is the production of irreversible damage to the skin; namely, visible
necrosis through the epidermis and into the dermis, following the application of
a test substance for up to 4 hours. Skin Irritation is the production of reversible
damage to the skin following the application of a test substance for up to 4 hours
115
Serious eye damage/eye irritation

Serious eye damage is the production of tissue damage in the eye, or serious physical
decay of vision, following application of a test substance to the anterior surface of the
eye, which is not fully reversible within 21 days of application. Eye irritation is the
production of changes in the eye following the application of test substance to the
anterior surface of the eye, which are fully reversible within 21 days of application
Respiratory or skin sensitization

A respiratory sensitizer is a substance that will induce hypersensitivity of the air-
ways following inhalation of the substance. A skin sensitizer is a substance that will
induce an allergic response following skin contact
Germ cell mutagenicity

Chemicals that may cause mutations in the germ cells of humans that can be trans-
mitted to the progeny.
A mutation is defined as a permanent change in the amount or structure of the
genetic material in a cell. The term “mutation” applies both to heritable genetic
changes that may be manifested at the phenotypic level and to the underlying DNA
modifications when known (including, for example, specific base pair changes and
chromosomal translocations). The term mutagenic and mutagen will be used for
agents giving rise to an increased occurrence of mutations in populations of cells and/
or organisms. The more general terms genotoxic and genotoxicity apply to agents or
processes which alter the structure, information content, or segregation of DNA,
including those which cause DNA damage by interfering with normal replication
processes, or which in a non-physiological manner (temporarily) alter its replication.
Carcinogenicity
A chemical substance or a mixture of chemical substances which induce cancer
or increase its incidence. Substances which have induced benign and malignant
tumours in well performed experimental studies on animals are considered also to
be presumed or suspected human carcinogens unless there is strong evidence that
the mechanism of tumour formation is not relevant for humans.
Classification of a chemical as posing carcinogenic hazard is based on the inher-
ent properties of the substance and does not provide information on the level of
the human cancer risk which the use of the chemical may represent
Reproductive toxicity
In this classification system, reproductive toxicity is subdivided under two main
headings:
(a) Adverse effects on sexual function and fertility;
116
(b) Adverse effects on development of the offspring.

Some reproductive toxic effects cannot be clearly assigned to either impairment
of sexual function and fertility or to developmental toxicity. Nonetheless, chemi-
cals with these effects would be classified as reproductive toxicants with a general
hazard statement.
Adverse effects on sexual function and fertility

Any effect of chemicals that would interfere with sexual function and fertility. This
may include, but not be limited to, alterations to the female and male reproductive
system, adverse effects on onset of puberty, gamete production and transport, re-
productive cycle normality, sexual behaviour, fertility, parturition, pregnancy out-
comes, premature reproductive senescence, or modifications in other functions
that are dependent on the integrity of the reproductive systems.
Adverse effects on development of the offspring

Taken in its widest sense, developmental toxicity includes any effect which inter-
feres with normal development of the conceptus, either before or after birth, and
resulting from exposure of either parent prior to conception, or exposure of the
developing offspring during prenatal development, or postnatal, to the time of
sexual maturation. However, it is considered that classification under the head-
ing of developmental toxicity is primarily intended to provide a hazard warning
for pregnant women and men and women of reproductive capacity. Therefore,
for pragmatic purposes of classification, developmental toxicity essentially means
adverse effects induced during pregnancy, or as a result of parental exposure.
These effects can be manifested at any point in the lifespan of the organism. The
major manifestations of developmental toxicity include (a) death of the develop-
ing organism, (b) structural abnormality, (c) altered growth, and (d) functional
deficiency
Specific target organ systemic toxicity - single exposure

A chemical substance as being a specific target organ/systemic toxicant and, as such,
it may present a potential for adverse health effects in people who are exposed to.
Specific target organ systemic toxicity - repeated exposure
A chemical substance as being a specific target organ/systemic toxicant and,
as such, it may present a potential for adverse health effects in people who are
exposed to.
Aspiration hazard
Aspiration means the entry of a liquid or solid chemical product directly through
the oral or nasal cavity, or indirectly from vomiting, into the trachea and lower re-
117
spiratory system. Aspiration toxicity includes severe acute effects such as chemical
pneumonia, varying degrees of pulmonary injury or death following aspiration. As-
piration is initiated at the moment of inspiration, in the time required to take one
breath, as the causative material lodges at the crossroad of the upper respiratory
and digestive tracts in the laryngopharyngeal region.
Aspiration of a substance or mixture can occur as it is vomited following inges-
tion. This may have consequences for labelling, particularly where, due to acute
toxicity, a recommendation may be considered to induce vomiting after ingestion.
However,if the substance/mixture also presents an aspiration toxicity hazard, the
recommendation to induce vomiting may need to be modified
',^ƵŝůĚŝŶŐůŽĐŬ^ĐŚĞŵĞ;,ĞĂůƚŚ,ĂǌĂƌĚƐͿ
,ĂǌĂƌĚĐůĂƐƐĞƐ ĂƚĞŐŽƌŝĞƐͬŝǀŝƐŝŽŶƐͬdǇƉĞƐ
ĐƵƚĞƚŽǆŝĐŝƚǇ ! % " ' #
^ŬŝŶĐŽƌƌŽƐŝŽŶͬŝƌƌŝƚĂƟŽŶ !* ϭ ϭ % "
^ĞƌŝŽƵƐĞǇĞĚĂŵĂŐĞͬĞǇĞ
! % %* Ϯ
ŝƌƌŝƚĂƟŽŶ
ZĞƐƉŝƌĂƚŽƌǇŽƌƐŬŝŶ
! !* ϭ
ƐĞŶƐŝƟƐĂƟŽŶ
'ĞƌŵĐĞůůŵƵƚĂŐĞŶŝĐŝƚǇ !* ϭ %
ĂƌĐŝŶŽŐĞŶŝĐŝƚǇ !* ϭ %
ZĞƉƌŽĚƵĐƟǀĞƚŽǆŝĐŝƚǇ !* ϭ % ůĂĐƚĂƟŽŶ
^dKdͲ^ŝŶŐůĞĞǆƉŽƐƵƌĞ ! % "
^dKdͲZĞƉĞĂƚĞĚĞǆƉŽƐƵƌĞ ! %
ƐƉŝƌĂƟŽŶŚĂǌĂƌĚ ! %
dŚĞ',^ƵŝůĚŝŶŐůŽĐŬ^ĐŚĞŵĞĨŽƌƚŚĞ,ĞĂůƚŚ,ĂǌĂƌĚƐ
PART 4: Environmental Hazard
Acute aquatic toxicity

The intrinsic property of a substance to be injurious to an organism in a short-term
exposure to that substance.
Substances and mixtures of this hazard class are assigned to one of three toxic-
ity categories on the basis of acute toxicity data: LC50 (fish) or EC50 (crustacean)
or ErC50 (for algae or other aquatic plants). In some regulatory systems these
acute toxicity categories may be subdivided or extended for certain sectors.
Availability of a substance
The extent to which this substance becomes a soluble or disaggregate species.
For metal availability, the extent to which the metal ion portion of a metal (M°)
compound can disaggregate from the rest of the compound (molecule).
118
Bioavailability (or biological availability)

The extent to which a substance is taken up by an organism, and distributed
to an area within the organism. It is dependent upon physico-chemical properties
of the substance, anatomy and physiology of the organism, pharmacokinetics, and
route of exposure. Availability is not a prerequisite for bio availability.
Bioaccumulation
Net result of uptake, transformation and elimination of a substance in an organ-
ism due to all routes of exposure (i.e. air, water, sediment/soil and food)
Bioconcentration
Net result of uptake, transformation and elimination of a substance in an organ-
ism due to waterborne exposure.
Chronic aquatic toxicity

potential or actual properties of a substance to cause adverse effects to aquatic
organisms during exposures which are determined in relation to the life-cycle of
the organism. Complex mixtures or multi-component substances or complex sub-
stances means mixtures comprising a complex mix of individual substances with
different solubilities and physico-chemical properties. Substances and mixtures in
this hazard class are assigned to one of four toxicity categories on the basis of acute
data and environmental fate data: LC50 (fish) or EC50 (crustacea) or ErC50 (for algae
or other aquatic plants) and degradation or bioaccumulation.
Degradation
the decomposition of organic molecules to smaller molecules and eventually to
carbon dioxide, water and salts.
',^ƵŝůĚŝŶŐůŽĐŬ^ĐŚĞŵĞ;ŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚĂů,ĂǌĂƌĚƐͿ
,ĂǌĂƌĚĐůĂƐƐĞƐ L"2+/&7-+1
,ĂǌĂƌĚŽƵƐƚŽƚŚĞĂƋƵĂƟĐĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚͲĂĐƵƚĞ ! % "
,ĂǌĂƌĚŽƵƐƚŽƚŚĞĂƋƵĂƟĐĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶͲĐŚƌŽŶŝĐ ! % " '
,ĂǌĂƌĚŽƵƐƚŽƚŚĞŽǌŽŶĞůĂǇĞƌ !
dŚĞ',^ƵŝůĚŝŶŐůŽĐŬ^ĐŚĞŵĞĨŽƌƚŚĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚĂů,ĂǌĂƌĚƐ
%"!"%"$"#',^ƌĞǀŝƐĞĚĚŝƟŽŶĂŶŶĞǆĞƐůŝƐƚ
Annex 1 – Allocation of label elements
http://www.unece.org/fileadmin/DAM/trans/danger/publi/ghs/ghs_rev01/English/05e_
nnex1.pdf
Annex 2 – Classification and labelling summary tables
http://www.unece.org/fileadmin/DAM/trans/danger/publi/ghs/ghs_rev01/English/06e_
annex2.pdf
119
Annex 3 – Precautionary statements and precautionary pictograms http://www.unece.

org/fileadmin/DAM/trans/danger/publi/ghs/ghs_rev01/English/07e_annex3.pdf
Annex 4 – Guidance on the preparation of Safety Data Sheets
http://www.unece.org/fileadmin/DAM/trans/danger/publi/ghs/ghs_rev01/En-
glish/08e_annex4.pdf
Annex 5 – Consumer product labelling based on the likelihood of injury
Annex 6 – Comprehensibility testing methodology
Annex 7 – Examples of arrangements of the GHS label elements
Annex 8 – An example of classification in the Globally Harmonized Systems
Annex 9 – Guidance on hazards to the aquatic environment
Annex 10 – Guidance on transformation/dissolution of metals and metal compounds
M<E<(=-&.&/-)".("/+#21(
M<E<@<((ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶ
A biological agent can be defined as “micro-organisms, including those which have
been genetically modified, cell cultures and human endoparasites, which may be able
to provoke any infection, allergy or toxicity. Biological agents shall be classified into
four risk groups, according to their level of risk of infection:
1. Group 1 biological agent means one that is unlikely to cause human disease.
2. Group 2 biological agent means one that can cause human disease and might
be a hazard to workers; it is unlikely to spread to the community; there is usually
effective prophylaxis or treatment available.
3. Group 3 biological agent means one that can cause severe human disease and
present a serious hazard to workers; it may present a risk of spreading to the commu-
nity, but there is usually effective prophylaxis or treatment available.
4. Group 4 biological agent means one that causes severe human disease and is a
serious hazard to workers; it may present a high risk of spreading to the community;
there is usually no effective prophylaxis or treatment available”.%'%#
242
Source: Directive 2000/54EC of 18 September 2000 (O.J. L 262, 17.10.2000, p.21)
120
Another definition is identified by NATO: biological agent as “microorganism

(or toxin derived from it), which causes diseases in man plants or animals, or cause
deterioration of material”243.
M<E<E<((ŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝƐƟĐƐ
Principal biological agents features are: infectivity, virulence, toxicity, pathogenic-
ity, incubation period, and transmissibility.
Infectivity
Infectivity of an agent reflects its capability to enter, survive and multiply in a host,
and may be expressed as the proportion of persons in a given population exposed
to a given dose who become infected. The dose that, under given conditions, in-
fects half the population receiving it is termed the ID50. Doses higher or lower
than this will infect a larger or smaller proportion of such a population. For some
pathogens the ID50 may be many thousands or more of infective cells or virus par-
ticles while for others it may be only a few. It cannot be ruled out that even a single
infective cell or virus particle can initiate infection, albeit with correspondingly low
probability.244
Virulence
The virulence of an agent reflects the relative severity of disease produced by that
agent. Different microorganisms and different strains of the same microorganism
may cause diseases of different severity.245
Incubation Period
A sufficient number of microorganisms or quantity of toxin must penetrate the
body to initiate infection (the infective dose), or intoxication (the intoxicating
dose). Infectious agents must then multiply (replicate) to produce disease. The
time between exposure and the appearance of symptoms is known as the incuba-
tion period. This is governed by many variables, including: the initial dose; viru-
lence; route of entry; rate of replication; and host immunological factors246.
243
US Department of Army, NATO Handbook on the Medical Aspects of NCB Defensive Operations
(Washington, D.C.: US Department of the Army, 1996, HQ, DA: AMedP-6(B), part 2, p. 1-1
244
WHO Group of Consultants, “Public Health Response to Biological and Chemical Weapons.
WHO Guidance”, Second Edition of Health aspects of chemical and biological weapons: report of a
WHO Group of Consultants, Geneva, WHO Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data, 2004
245
US Department of Army, NATO Handbook on the Medical Aspects of NCB Defensive Operations
(Washington, D.C.: US Department of the Army, 1996, HQ, DA: AMedP-6(B), part 2, p. 1-1
246
WHO Group of Consultants, “Public Health Response to Biological and Chemical Weapons.
WHO Guidance”, cit.
121
Transmissibility
For those infections that are contagious, a measure of their contagiousness is the
number of secondary cases arising under specified conditions from exposure to
a primary case. The mechanisms of transmission involved may be direct or indi-
rect. Thus transmission may, for example, result from direct contact between an
infected and an uninfected person, or it may be mediated through inanimate ma-
terial that has become contaminated with the agent, such as soil, blood, bedding,
clothes, surgical instruments, water, food or milk. There may also be airborne or
vector-borne secondary transmission. Airborne transmission can occur through
coughing or sneezing, which may disseminate microbial droplets or aerosol. Vec-
tor-borne transmission (primary or secondary) can occur via biting insects, arthro-
pods, or other invertebrate hosts. The distinction between types of transmission is
important when methods for controlling contagion are being selected. Thus, direct
transmission can be interrupted by appropriate individual hygienic practices and
precautions and by proper handling of infected persons, caregivers and other con-
tacts. The interruption of indirect transmission requires other approaches, such
as adequate ventilation, boiling or chlorination of water, disinfection of surfaces,
laundering of clothing or vector control.247
Pathogenicity
This reflects the capability of an infectious agent to cause disease in a susceptible
host.
Lethality
This reflects the ability of an agent to cause death in an infected population. The
case-fatality rate is the proportion of patients clinically recognized as having a spec-
ified disease who die as a result of that illness within a specified time (e.g. during
outbreaks of acute disease).
Stability
The viability of an agent is affected by various environmental factors,
including temperature, relative humidity, atmospheric pollution, and sunlight. A
quantitative measure of stability is an agent’s decay rate (for example, “aerosol
decay rate”).
Toxicity
The toxicity of an agent reflects the relative severity of illness or incapacitation
produced by a toxin.
247
Id. p.43
122
M<E<M<((ůĂƐƐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ
%"$"%"!"#dƌĂĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐĞŶƚƐͬEŽŶƚƌĂĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐĞŶƚƐϮϰϴ
Biotechnology and Nanotechnology are among the most powerful emerging tech-
nologies today.
With the emergence and rapid advance of synthetic biology and nanobiotech-
nology it is becoming increasingly feasible to bioengineer microorganisms, bio
molecular components and devices as well as biotechnical hybrids that perform
specified functions identifying a new category of agents classified as non tradi-
tional.
Although there is no single, agreed upon definition of “synthetic biology”,
this emerging area of scientific research can be broadly understood as “the de-
liberate design of biological systems and living organisms using engineering
principles”249. Irrespective of how it is defined and classified, however, the po-
tential of synthetic biology to “deskill” the art of genetic engineering, by way of
making the design and construction of new living systems possible and easier,
is huge.
%"$"%"$"#dĂǆŽŶŽŵǇ
Biological Agents are usually classified according to their taxonomy250
Bacteria. Bacteria are small free-living organisms, most of

which may be grown in nutrient-rich solutions. The organ-
isms have a structure consisting of nuclear material, cyto-
plasm, and cell membrane. They reproduce by simple divi-
sion. The diseases they produce often respond to specific
therapy with antibiotics. Under specific conditions, some
bacteria can transform themselves in highly resistant spores.
Bacteria and bacterium
cells floating in
Spores are a “dormant form of bacterium, and like the seeds
microscopic space of a plant, they can germinate when conditions are favou-
rable”251.
248
This section draws liberally from, “Security Implications of Synthethic Biology and
Nanobiotachnology. A Risk and Response Assessment of Advances in Biotachnology”, UNICRI and
European Commission 2012
249
A. Balmer and P. Martin, “Synthetic Biology: Social and Ethical Challenges, Institute for
Science and Society”, University of Nottingham, 2008, p.3
250
US Department of Army, NATO Handbook on the Medical Aspects of NCB Defensive
Operations (Washington, D.C.: US Department of the Army, 1996, HQ, DA: AMedP-6(B), part 2,
p. 1-1
251
US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Medical Management of Biological
Casualties Handbook, 4th ed., Maryland, Fort Detrick, Md.: US Army, 2001 p.13
123
Viruses. Viruses are organisms, which require living cells in

which to replicate. They are therefore intimately dependent
upon the cells of the host, which they infect. They produce
diseases which do not respond to antibiotics but which may
be responsive to antiviral compounds, of which there are few
available, and those that are available are of limited use. Viral
Herpes virus
agents include smallpox virus, Venezuelan Encephalitis Vi-
rus, and various viral hemorrhagic fever viruses.
Rickettsiae. Rickettsiae are microorganisms, which have char-

acteristics common to both bacteria and viruses. Like bacte-
ria, they possess metabolic enzymes and cell membranes,
utilize oxygen, and are susceptible to broad-spectrum anti-
biotics. They resemble viruses in that they grow only within
living cells. Rickettsial agents include those that cause Q fe-
ver and Epidemic Typhus.
Rickettsia rickettsii
Chlamydiae. Chlamydiae are obligatory intracellular pa-

rasites incapable of generating their own energy source.
Like bacteria, they are responsive to broad-spectrum anti-
biotics. Like viruses, they require living cells for multipli-
cation.
Mycobacterium
tuberculosis
Fungi. Fungi are primitive plants, which do not utilize pho-

tosynthesis, are capable of anaerobic growth, and draw nu-
trition from decaying vegetable matter. Most fungi form
spores, and free-living forms are found in soil. The spore
forms of fungi are operationally significant. Fungal diseases
may respond to various antimicrobial.
Sporonthrix Schenkii
124
%"$"%"%"#ŝƐƐĞŵŝŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚZŽƵƚĞŽĨǆƉŽƐƵƌĞ%#%
Dissemination is the process by which infectious diseases or toxins are dispersed
to cause disease or intoxication.
In any release of a chemical or biological agent, the nature and degree of haz-
ard will depend on a multitude of factors, including the agent and the amount
released, the method by which the agent is disseminated, factors that influence its
toxicity, infectivity or virulence both during and after its release, its movement and
dilution in the atmosphere, and the state of protection and susceptibility of those
exposed. Two different types of general hazard are usually distinguished, namely
inhalation hazard and contact hazard, with different characteristic implications for
protection.
Respiratory Exposure (Inhalation)

Inhalation of agent aerosols, with resultant deposition of infectious or toxic parti-
cles within alveoli, provides a direct pathway to the systemic circulation. The nat-
ural process of breathing causes a continuing influx of biological agent to exposed
individuals. The major risk is pulmonary retention of inhaled particles. Droplets
as large as 20 microns can infect the upper respiratory tract; however, natural an-
atomic and physiological processes generally filter these relatively large particles,
and only much smaller particles (ranging from 0.5-5 microns) reach the alveoli
efficiently. Still smaller droplets are inhaled, but they are not efficiently retained
in humans.
Clouds with particles or droplets between 0.5 and 10 microns in diameter which
can remain suspended for long periods. Smaller sized particles are not efficiently
retained by the human respiratory tract and are relatively unstable under ambient
environmental conditions. Infection by the respiratory route may induce disease at
doses lower than those generally associated with naturally- acquired infections by
the oral route. The subsequent illness may differ from the natural pattern, and the
incubation period may be much shorter.
Alimentary Exposure (Ingestion)

Food and water supplies may be contaminated by biological agents. Unwary con-
sumption of such contaminated materials could result in disease.
Dermal Exposure (Percutaneous)

Intact skin provides an excellent barrier for most, but not all, biological agents.
However, mucous membranes and damaged skin constitute breaches in this nor-
mal barrier through which agents may readily pass.
252
US Department of Army, NATO Handbook on the Medical Aspects of NCB Defensive Ope-
rations (Washington, D.C.: US Department of the Army, 1996, HQ, DA: AMedP-6(B), part 2, p. 1-1
125
Arthropod-vector contamination
Infected natural (or unnatural) arthropod hosts such as mosquitoes, ticks or fleas
may constitute a further possible way of dissemination.
Person-to-person spread
Person-to-person spread with certain potential biological agents has been docu-
mented.
Humans, as unaware and highly effective carriers of a communicable agent, could
readily become a source of dissemination (for example, with plague or smallpox).
M<E<N<((C-1'(/7&6:1
Risk group classifications are primarily used in the research environment as part of
a comprehensive biosafety risk assessment253.
Thus, as far as laboratory management is concerned, more recently many coun-
tries have started classifying the agents by Risk Groups based on phatogenicity of
the organism, modes of transmission and host range of the organism. Exiting levels
of immunity, density and movement of host population presence of appropriate
vectors and standards of environmental hygiene may influence Risk Groups.
Availability of effective preventive measures is also relevant. Such measures may
include: prophylaxis by vaccination or antisera; sanitary measures, e.g. food and
water hygiene; the control of animal reservoirs or arthropod vectors; the movement
of people or animals; and the importation of infected animals or animal products.
Availability of effective treatment is not underscored. This includes passive
immunization and post-exposure vaccination, antibiotics, and chemotherapeu-
tic agents, taking into consideration the possibility of the emergence of resistant
strains. It is important to take prevailing conditions in the geographical area in
which the microorganisms are handled into account.
%"$"&"!"#,ŝƐƚŽƌŝĐĂůďĂĐŬŐƌŽƵŶĚ
The following section provides the reader with an overview of the first written
guidelines for classification of etiologic agents on the basis of hazard.
In 1969, the Public Health Service and the US Department of Agriculture
(USDA), as part of their “regulatory responsibility for quarantine and interstate
shipment of etiologic agents”, worked together to produce the first edition of
the Classification of Etiologic Agents on the Basis of Hazard, the first document-
ed guidelines for work with infectious agents. They noted in their introduction:
“This document provides a standard for evaluating the hazards associated with
253
Further information on risk assessment are provided for in chapter 6.
126
various etiological agents and defines minimal safety conditions for their manage-
ment without restricting or hampering bona fide microbiological investigations.”
This small booklet included lists of agents in four categories of increasing risk to
the healthy adult worker and gave the basis for the agent classifications, as well as
descriptions of the level of competency and the containment requirements. The
4th edition of Classification of Etiologic Agents on the Basis of Hazard, published
in 1974 and reprinted through 1976, continued to offer very concise guidelines for
the general safety in handling of microorganisms: “The best way to maintain labo-
ratory safety is to practice correct and careful laboratory techniques, including ef-
fective decontamination and sterilization procedures, at all times. The laboratory’s
isolation and containment requirements are to supplement, not to supplant, good
laboratory practices and sound scientific judgment. However, in an adequately
isolated and properly equipped laboratory with correctly directed airflow, a sci-
entifically and technically competent investigator can confidently work even with
the most hazardous agents, provided the safety cabinets are selected to meet the
requirements of the work. Of the several available cabinet types, the investigator
should select the one which meets requirements for the maximum risk he expects
to encounter.” The CDC’s Office of Biosafety (now called Health and Safety) was
available for consultation on the handling of etiologic agents.
The CDC list of the four classes of human pathogens and the USDA restricted
agents was widely disseminated and continued to be used, for example, in an Ap-
pendix of the NIH guidelines, well into the 90’s, long after it had been replaced in
1984 by the first edition of the CDC/NIH Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomed-
ical Laboratories. The World Health Organization, the European Union, Canada,
Australia and New Zealand built on the older agent classification model to provide
definitions for four Risk Groups (RG) of agents.
%"$"&"$"#ZŝƐŬůĂƐƐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶƌŝƚĞƌŝĂĨŽƌtŽƌůĚ,ĞĂůƚŚKƌŐĂŶŝǌĂƟŽŶ;t,KͿ͕ƵƐͲ
ƚƌĂůŝĂ͕ĂŶĂĚĂ͕ƵƌŽƉĞĂŶhŶŝŽŶ;hͿ͕ĂŶĚĨŽƌƚŚĞh^͕ƚŚĞE/,ĨŽƌZEĂŶĚƚŚĞ
ͬE/,
WHO Classification of Infective Microorganisms by Risk Group (2004)254
WHO Basis for Risk Grouping: Each country classifies the agents in that country
by risk group based on pathogenicity of the organism, modes of transmission and
host range of the organism. These may be influenced by existing levels of immunity,
density and movement of host population presence of appropriate vectors and stan-
dards of environmental hygiene. Other factors to be taken into consideration are:
254
World Health Organization. 2004. “Laboratory Biosafety Manual”. 3rd Edition. WHO, Geneva.
http://www.who.int/csr/resources/publications/biosafety/WHO_CDS_CSR_L YO_2004_11/en/index.
html
127
Availability of effective preventive measures. Such measures may include: pro-

phylaxis by vaccination or antisera; sanitary measures, e.g. food and water hygiene;
the control of animal reservoirs or arthropod vectors; the movement of people or
animals; and the importation of infected animals or animal products.
Availability of effective treatment. This includes passive immunization and
post-exposure vaccination, antibiotics, and chemotherapeutic agents, taking into
consideration the possibility of the emergence of resistant strains. It is important
to take prevailing conditions in the geographical area in which the microorganisms
are handled into account.
The following table provides the description of WHO groups.

t,KůĂƐƐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶďǇƌŝƐŬŐƌŽƵƉƐ
C-1'(D7&6: ĞƐĐƌŝƉƟŽŶ
9!B(C-1'(D7&6:(@ ;ŶŽŽƌůŽǁŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂůĂŶĚĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƚǇƌŝƐŬͿ͘ŵŝĐƌŽŽƌŐĂŶŝƐŵƚŚĂƚŝƐƵŶůŝŬĞůǇƚŽ
ĐĂƵƐĞŚƵŵĂŶĚŝƐĞĂƐĞŽƌĂŶŝŵĂůĚŝƐĞĂƐĞ
9!B(C-1'(D7&6:(E ;ŵŽĚĞƌĂƚĞ ŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂů ƌŝƐŬ͕ ůŽǁ ĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƚǇ ƌŝƐŬͿ͘ ƉĂƚŚŽŐĞŶ ƚŚĂƚ ĐĂŶ ĐĂƵƐĞ
ŚƵŵĂŶ Žƌ ĂŶŝŵĂů ĚŝƐĞĂƐĞ ďƵƚ ŝƐ ƵŶůŝŬĞůǇ ƚŽ ďĞ Ă ƐĞƌŝŽƵƐ ŚĂǌĂƌĚ ƚŽ ůĂďŽƌĂƚŽƌǇ
ǁŽƌŬĞƌƐ͕ ƚŚĞ ĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƚǇ͕ ůŝǀĞƐƚŽĐŬ Žƌ ƚŚĞ ĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚ͘ >ĂďŽƌĂƚŽƌǇ ĞǆƉŽƐƵƌĞƐ
ŵĂǇĐĂƵƐĞƐĞƌŝŽƵƐŝŶĨĞĐƟŽŶ͕ďƵƚĞīĞĐƟǀĞƚƌĞĂƚŵĞŶƚĂŶĚƉƌĞǀĞŶƚĂƟǀĞŵĞĂƐƵƌĞƐ
ĂƌĞĂǀĂŝůĂďůĞĂŶĚƚŚĞƌŝƐŬŽĨƐƉƌĞĂĚŽĨŝŶĨĞĐƟŽŶŝƐůŝŵŝƚĞĚ͘
9!B(C-1'(D7&6:(M ;ŚŝŐŚ ŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂů ƌŝƐŬ͕ ůŽǁ ĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƚǇ ƌŝƐŬͿ͘ ƉĂƚŚŽŐĞŶ ƚŚĂƚ ƵƐƵĂůůǇ ĐĂƵƐĞƐ
ƐĞƌŝŽƵƐ ŚƵŵĂŶ Žƌ ĂŶŝŵĂů ĚŝƐĞĂƐĞ ďƵƚ ĚŽĞƐ ŶŽƚ ŽƌĚŝŶĂƌŝůǇ ƐƉƌĞĂĚ ĨƌŽŵ ŽŶĞ
ŝŶĨĞĐƚĞĚŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂůƚŽĂŶŽƚŚĞƌ͘īĞĐƟǀĞƚƌĞĂƚŵĞŶƚĂŶĚƉƌĞǀĞŶƟǀĞŵĞĂƐƵƌĞƐĂƌĞ
ĂǀĂŝůĂďůĞ͘
9!B(C-1'(D7&6:(N ;ŚŝŐŚ ŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂů ĂŶĚ ĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƚǇ ƌŝƐŬͿ͘ ƉĂƚŚŽŐĞŶ ƚŚĂƚ ƵƐƵĂůůǇ ĐĂƵƐĞƐ ƐĞƌŝŽƵƐ
ŚƵŵĂŶŽƌĂŶŝŵĂůĚŝƐĞĂƐĞĂŶĚƚŚĂƚĐĂŶďĞƌĞĂĚŝůǇƚƌĂŶƐŵŝƩĞĚĨƌŽŵŽŶĞŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂů
ƚŽĂŶŽƚŚĞƌ͕ĚŝƌĞĐƚůǇŽƌŝŶĚŝƌĞĐƚůǇ͘īĞĐƟǀĞƚƌĞĂƚŵĞŶƚĂŶĚƉƌĞǀĞŶƟǀĞŵĞĂƐƵƌĞƐ
ĂƌĞŶŽƚƵƐƵĂůůǇĂǀĂŝůĂďůĞ͘
t,KůĂƐƐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶďǇƌŝƐŬŐƌŽƵƉƐ
Australian/New Zealand Standard (2002)255
The standard for risk group classification (Standard AS/NZS 2243.3:2002) is pro-
vided for in Safety in laboratories Part 3: Microbiological aspects and containment
facilities.
The classification is based on the pathogenicity of the agent, the mode of trans-
mission and host range of the agent, the availability of effective preventive mea-
sures and the availability of effective treatment.
255
Australian/New Zealand Standard AS/NZS 2243.3:2002. Safety in laboratories Part 3:
Microbiological aspects and containment facilities.
(www.standards.com.au and www.standards.com.nz)
128
Table below describes Australian/New Zealand Standard groups.

ƵƐƚƌĂůŝĂŶͬEĞǁĞĂůĂŶĚ^ƚĂŶĚĂƌĚůĂƐƐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶďǇƌŝƐŬŐƌŽƵƉƐ
D7&6:(@ ;ůŽǁŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂůĂŶĚĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƚǇƌŝƐŬͿ͘ŵŝĐƌŽŽƌŐĂŶŝƐŵƚŚĂƚŝƐƵŶůŝŬĞůǇƚŽĐĂƵƐĞ
ŚƵŵĂŶ͕ƉůĂŶƚŽƌĂŶŝŵĂůĚŝƐĞĂƐĞ͘
D7&6:(E ;ŵŽĚĞƌĂƚĞŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂůƌŝƐŬ͕ůŝŵŝƚĞĚĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƚǇƌŝƐŬͿ͘ƉĂƚŚŽŐĞŶƚŚĂƚĐĂŶĐĂƵƐĞ
ŚƵŵĂŶ͕ĂŶŝŵĂůŽƌƉůĂŶƚĚŝƐĞĂƐĞďƵƚŝƐƵŶůŝŬĞůǇƚŽďĞĂƐĞƌŝŽƵƐŚĂǌĂƌĚƚŽůĂďŽƌĂƚŽƌǇ
ǁŽƌŬĞƌƐ͕ ƚŚĞ ĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƚǇ͕ ůŝǀĞƐƚŽĐŬ Žƌ ƚŚĞ ĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚ͘ >ĂďŽƌĂƚŽƌǇ ĞǆƉŽƐƵƌĞƐ
ŵĂǇ ĐĂƵƐĞ ŝŶĨĞĐƟŽŶ͕ ďƵƚ ĞīĞĐƟǀĞ ƚƌĞĂƚŵĞŶƚ ĂŶĚ ƉƌĞǀĞŶƟǀĞ ŵĞĂƐƵƌĞƐ ĂƌĞ
ĂǀĂŝůĂďůĞĂŶĚƚŚĞƌŝƐŬŽĨƐƉƌĞĂĚŝƐůŝŵŝƚĞĚ͘
D7&6:(M ;ŚŝŐŚ ŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂů ƌŝƐŬ͕ ůŝŵŝƚĞĚ ĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƚǇ ƌŝƐŬͿ͘ ƉĂƚŚŽŐĞŶ ƚŚĂƚ ƵƐƵĂůůǇ ĐĂƵƐĞƐ
ƐĞƌŝŽƵƐŚƵŵĂŶŽƌĂŶŝŵĂůĚŝƐĞĂƐĞĂŶĚŵĂǇƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƐĞƌŝŽƵƐŚĂǌĂƌĚƚŽůĂďŽƌĂƚŽƌǇ
ǁŽƌŬĞƌƐ͘/ƚĐŽƵůĚƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƌŝƐŬŝĨƐƉƌĞĂĚŝŶƚŚĞĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƚǇŽƌƚŚĞĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚ͕
ďƵƚƚŚĞƌĞĂƌĞƵƐƵĂůůǇĞīĞĐƟǀĞƉƌĞǀĞŶƟǀĞŵĞĂƐƵƌĞƐŽƌƚƌĞĂƚŵĞŶƚĂǀĂŝůĂďůĞ͘
D7&6:(N ;ŚŝŐŚ ŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂů ĂŶĚ ĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƚǇ ƌŝƐŬͿ͘ ƉĂƚŚŽŐĞŶ ƚŚĂƚ ƵƐƵĂůůǇ ƉƌŽĚƵĐĞƐ ůŝĨĞͲ
ƚŚƌĞĂƚĞŶŝŶŐŚƵŵĂŶŽƌĂŶŝŵĂůĚŝƐĞĂƐĞƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚƐĂƐĞƌŝŽƵƐŚĂǌĂƌĚƚŽůĂďŽƌĂƚŽƌǇ
ǁŽƌŬĞƌƐ ĂŶĚ ŝƐ ƌĞĂĚŝůǇ ƚƌĂŶƐŵŝƐƐŝďůĞ ĨƌŽŵ ŽŶĞ ŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂů ƚŽ ĂŶŽƚŚĞƌ͘ īĞĐƟǀĞ
ƚƌĞĂƚŵĞŶƚĂŶĚƉƌĞǀĞŶƟǀĞŵĞĂƐƵƌĞƐĂƌĞŶŽƚƵƐƵĂůůǇĂǀĂŝůĂďůĞ͘
ƵƐƚƌĂůŝĂŶͬEĞǁĞĂůĂŶĚ^ƚĂŶĚĂƌĚůĂƐƐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶďǇƌŝƐŬŐƌŽƵƉƐ
Canadian Laboratory Safety Guidelines (2004; list not available)256
Canadian Laboratory Safety Guidelines classification by risk groups is based on the

following factors: inherent risks of a pathogen made on basis of factors such as sever-
ity of disease caused, routes of infection, virulence and infectivity takes into account
existence of effective therapies, possibilities for immunization, presence of vectors,
quantity of agent and whether agent is indigenous to Canada, possible effects on
other species, including plants, or possible economic environmental effects.
The Table here describes Canadian Laboratory Safety Guidelines groups.

ĂŶĂĚŝĂŶ>ĂďŽƌĂƚŽƌǇ^ĂĨĞƚǇ'ƵŝĚĞůŝŶĞƐůĂƐƐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶďǇƌŝƐŬŐƌŽƵƉƐ
C-1'(D7&6:(@ ;ůŽǁ ŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂů ĂŶĚ ĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƚǇ ƌŝƐŬͿ͘ ŶǇ ďŝŽůŽŐŝĐĂů ĂŐĞŶƚ ƚŚĂƚ ŝƐ ƵŶůŝŬĞůǇ ƚŽ
ĐĂƵƐĞĚŝƐĞĂƐĞŝŶŚĞĂůƚŚǇǁŽƌŬĞƌƐŽƌĂŶŝŵĂůƐ͘
C-1'(D7&6:(E ;ŵŽĚĞƌĂƚĞŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂůƌŝƐŬ͕ůŝŵŝƚĞĚĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƚǇƌŝƐŬͿ͘ŶǇƉĂƚŚŽŐĞŶƚŚĂƚĐĂŶĐĂƵƐĞ
ŚƵŵĂŶĚŝƐĞĂƐĞ͕ďƵƚƵŶĚĞƌŶŽƌŵĂůĐŝƌĐƵŵƐƚĂŶĐĞƐŝƐƵŶůŝŬĞůǇƚŽďĞĂƐĞƌŝŽƵƐŚĂǌĂƌĚ
ƚŽůĂďŽƌĂƚŽƌǇǁŽƌŬĞƌƐ͕ƚŚĞĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƚǇ͕ůŝǀĞƐƚŽĐŬŽƌƚŚĞĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚ͘>ĂďŽƌĂƚŽƌǇ
ĞǆƉŽƐƵƌĞƐƌĂƌĞůǇĐĂƵƐĞŝŶĨĞĐƟŽŶůĞĂĚŝŶŐƚŽƐĞƌŝŽƵƐĚŝƐĞĂƐĞ͕ĞīĞĐƟǀĞƚƌĞĂƚŵĞŶƚ
ĂŶĚƉƌĞǀĞŶƟǀĞŵĞĂƐƵƌĞƐĂƌĞĂǀĂŝůĂďůĞĂŶĚƚŚĞƌŝƐŬŽĨƐƉƌĞĂĚŝƐůŝŵŝƚĞĚ͘
256
Canada. Minister of Health. Population and Public Health Branch. Center for Emergency
Preparedness and Response. 2004. “Laboratory Biosafety Guidelines”. 3rd Edition http://www.
phac-aspc.gc.ca/publicat/lbg-ldmbl- 04/index.html2.CDC/NIH. 1999. Biosafety in Microbiological
and Biomedical Laboratories” 4th Edition. Government Printing Office http://www.cdc.gov/od/
ohs/biosfty/bmbl4/bmbl4toc.htm (5th edition in press)
129
C-1'(D7&6:(M ;ŚŝŐŚ ŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂů ƌŝƐŬ͕ ůŽǁ ĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƚǇ ƌŝƐŬͿ͘ ŶǇ ƉĂƚŚŽŐĞŶ ƚŚĂƚ ƵƐƵĂůůǇ ĐĂƵƐĞƐ
ƐĞƌŝŽƵƐ ŚƵŵĂŶ ĚŝƐĞĂƐĞ͕ Žƌ ĐĂŶ ƌĞƐƵůƚ ŝŶ ƐĞƌŝŽƵƐ ĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐ ĐŽŶƐĞƋƵĞŶĐĞƐ ďƵƚ
ĚŽĞƐŶŽƚŽƌĚŝŶĂƌŝůǇƐƉƌĞĂĚďǇĐĂƐƵĂůĐŽŶƚĂĐƚĨƌŽŵŽŶĞŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂůƚŽĂŶŽƚŚĞƌ͕Žƌ
ƚŚĂƚĐĂƵƐĞƐĚŝƐĞĂƐĞƚƌĞĂƚĂďůĞďǇĂŶƟŵŝĐƌŽďŝĂůŽƌĂŶƟƉĂƌĂƐŝƟĐĂŐĞŶƚƐ͘
C-1'(D7&6:(N ;ŚŝŐŚŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂůĂŶĚĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƚǇƌŝƐŬͿ͘ŶǇƉĂƚŚŽŐĞŶƚŚĂƚƵƐƵĂůůǇƉƌŽĚƵĐĞƐǀĞƌǇ
ƐĞƌŝŽƵƐŚƵŵĂŶĚŝƐĞĂƐĞ͕ŽŌĞŶƵŶƚƌĞĂƚĂďůĞ͕ĂŶĚŵĂǇďĞƌĞĂĚŝůǇƚƌĂŶƐŵŝƩĞĚĨƌŽŵ
ŽŶĞŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂůƚŽĂŶŽƚŚĞƌ͕ŽƌĨƌŽŵĂŶŝŵĂůƚŽŚƵŵĂŶŽƌǀŝĐĞͲǀĞƌƐĂ͕ĚŝƌĞĐƚůǇŽƌ
ŝŶĚŝƌĞĐƚůǇ͕ŽƌďǇĐĂƐƵĂůĐŽŶƚĂĐƚ͘
ĂŶĂĚŝĂŶ>ĂďŽƌĂƚŽƌǇ^ĂĨĞƚǇ'ƵŝĚĞůŝŶĞƐůĂƐƐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶďǇƌŝƐŬŐƌŽƵƉƐ
European Economic Community (2000)257
Directive 2000/54/EC and Directive 90/679/EEC (adopted 20 November, 1990;

revised 18 September 2000) on the protection of workers from risks related to
exposure to biological agents at work provides for the classification of biological
agents into four infection risk groups, as described in the following table.
ƵƌŽƉĞĂŶĐŽŶŽŵŝĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƚǇĐůĂƐƐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶďǇŝŶĨĞĐƟŽŶƌŝƐŬŐƌŽƵƉƐ
D7&6:(@ ďŝŽůŽŐŝĐĂůĂŐĞŶƚŵĞĂŶƐŽŶĞƚŚĂƚŝƐƵŶůŝŬĞůǇƚŽĐĂƵƐĞŚƵŵĂŶĚŝƐĞĂƐĞ͘
D7&6:(E ďŝŽůŽŐŝĐĂůĂŐĞŶƚŵĞĂŶƐŽŶĞƚŚĂƚĐĂŶĐĂƵƐĞŚƵŵĂŶĚŝƐĞĂƐĞĂŶĚŵŝŐŚƚďĞĂŚĂǌĂƌĚ
ƚŽǁŽƌŬĞƌƐ͖ŝƚŝƐƵŶůŝŬĞůǇƚŽƐƉƌĞĂĚƚŽƚŚĞĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƚǇ͖ƚŚĞƌĞŝƐƵƐƵĂůůǇĞīĞĐƟǀĞ
ƉƌŽƉŚǇůĂǆŝƐŽƌƚƌĞĂƚŵĞŶƚĂǀĂŝůĂďůĞ͘
D7&6:(M ďŝŽůŽŐŝĐĂůĂŐĞŶƚŵĞĂŶƐŽŶĞƚŚĂƚĐĂŶĐĂƵƐĞƐĞǀĞƌĞŚƵŵĂŶĚŝƐĞĂƐĞĂŶĚƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂ
ƐĞƌŝŽƵƐŚĂǌĂƌĚƚŽǁŽƌŬĞƌƐ͖ŝƚŵĂǇƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƌŝƐŬŽĨƐƉƌĞĂĚŝŶŐƚŽƚŚĞĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƚǇ͕
ďƵƚƚŚĞƌĞŝƐƵƐƵĂůůǇĞīĞĐƟǀĞƉƌŽƉŚǇůĂǆŝƐŽƌƚƌĞĂƚŵĞŶƚĂǀĂŝůĂďůĞ͘
D7&6:(N ďŝŽůŽŐŝĐĂůĂŐĞŶƚŵĞĂŶƐŽŶĞƚŚĂƚĐĂƵƐĞƐƐĞǀĞƌĞŚƵŵĂŶĚŝƐĞĂƐĞĂŶĚŝƐĂƐĞƌŝŽƵƐ
ŚĂǌĂƌĚƚŽǁŽƌŬĞƌƐ͖ŝƚŵĂǇƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂŚŝŐŚƌŝƐŬŽĨƐƉƌĞĂĚŝŶŐƚŽƚŚĞĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƚǇ͖
ƚŚĞƌĞŝƐƵƐƵĂůůǇŶŽĞīĞĐƟǀĞƉƌŽƉŚǇůĂǆŝƐŽƌƚƌĞĂƚŵĞŶƚĂǀĂŝůĂďůĞ͘;^ĞĞĂůƐŽKĸĐŝĂů
:ŽƵƌŶĂůŽĨƚŚĞƵƌŽƉĞĂŶŽŵŵƵŶŝƟĞƐEŽ>ϮϲϮͬϮϭĚĂƚĞĚ^ĞƉƚĞŵďĞƌϭϴ͕ϮϬϬϬ͘Ϳ
ƵƌŽƉĞĂŶĐŽŶŽŵŝĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƚǇĐůĂƐƐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶďǇŝŶĨĞĐƟŽŶƌŝƐŬŐƌŽƵƉƐ
CDC/NIH Guidelines (2009)258
Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories 5th Edition, 2009. Section

III gives criteria for placing work into a biosafety containment level, not yet trans-
lated into Risk groups as described in the following table.
257
European Union. 2000. Directive 2000/54/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council
of 18 September 2000 on the protection of workers from risks related to exposure to biological
agents at work.(seventh individual directive within the meaning of Article 16(1) of Directive 89/391/
EC Official Journal of the European Communities L262/21. October 17,2000
258
“Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories” 5th Edition, 2009
130
ͬE/,'ƵŝĚĞůŝŶĞƐĐůĂƐƐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶďǇ^>
=5Y ĞƐĐƌŝƉƟŽŶ
=-&1"4+28(Y+F+.(@(W=5Y(@X ŐĞŶƚƐŶŽƚŬŶŽǁŶƚŽĐŽŶƐŝƐƚĞŶƚůǇĐĂƵƐĞĚŝƐĞĂƐĞƐŝŶŚĞĂůƚŚǇĂĚƵůƚƐ
=-&1"4+28(Y+F+.(E(W=5Y(EX ŐĞŶƚƐĂƐƐŽĐŝĂƚĞĚǁŝƚŚŚƵŵĂŶĚŝƐĞĂƐĞ͘
ZŽƵƚĞŽĨƚƌĂŶƐŵŝƐƐŝŽŶŝŶĐůƵĚĞƉĞƌĐƵƚĂŶĞŽƵƐŝŶũƵƌǇ͕ŝŶŐĞƐƟŽŶ͕ŵƵĐŽƵƐ
ŵĞŵďƌĂŶĞĞǆƉŽƐƵƌĞ͘
=-&1"4+28(Y+F+.(M(W=5Y(MX /ŶĚŝŐĞŶŽƵƐ Žƌ ĞǆŽƟĐ ĂŐĞŶƚƐ ƚŚĂƚ ŵĂǇ ĐĂƵƐĞ ƐĞƌŝŽƵƐ Žƌ ƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůůǇ
ůĞƚŚĂůĚŝƐĞĂƐĞƚŚƌŽƵŐŚƚŚĞŝŶŚĂůĂƟŽŶƌŽƵƚĞĞǆƉŽƐƵƌĞ͘
=-&1"4+28(Y+F+.(N(W=5Y(NX ĂŶŐĞƌŽƵƐͬĞǆŽƟĐĂŐĞŶƚƐ͕ǁŚŝĐŚƉŽƐƚŚŝŐŚŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂůƌŝƐŬŽĨĂĞƌŽƐŽůͲ
ƚƌĂŶƐŵŝƩĞĚůĂďŽƌĂƚŽƌǇŝŶĨĞĐƟŽŶƐƚŚĂƚ͕ĂƌĞĨƌĞƋƵĞŶƚůǇĨĂƚĂů͕ĨŽƌǁŚŝĐŚ
ƚŚĞƌĞĂƌĞŶŽǀĂĐĐŝŶĞƐŽƌƚƌĞĂƚŵĞŶƚƐ͘
ŐĞŶƚƐ ǁŝƚŚ Ă ĐůŽƐĞ Žƌ ŝĚĞŶƟĐĂů ĂŶƟŐĞŶŝĐ ƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉ ƚŽ ĂŶ ĂŐĞŶƚ
ƌĞƋƵŝƌŝŶŐ^>ͲϰƵŶƟůĚĂƚĂĂƌĞĂǀĂŝůĂďůĞƚŽƌĞĚĞƐŝŐŶĂƚĞƚŚĞůĞǀĞů͘
ZĞůĂƚĞĚĂŐĞŶƚƐǁŝƚŚƵŶŬŶŽǁŶƌŝƐŬŽĨƚƌĂŶƐŵŝƐƐŝŽŶ͘
ͬE/,'ƵŝĚĞůŝŶĞƐĐůĂƐƐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶďǇ^>
131
N<(tÝã½ÝÝ®¥®ã®ÊÄ
N<@<(L*+,-)".(&F+7F-+0
In the previous chapter GHS rules for determining the hazardous properties of a
generic chemical substance have been explained. As pointed out earlier, a glob-
al accepted protocol for the hazardous waste assessment is still far from being
achieved; in this context we outline the methods provided by the European Union
and United States of America legislation to empirically determine whether a gener-
ic waste could be classified as Hazardous or not. This choice has been motivated
from the following considerations:
1) EU (731 million people (2005)) and USA (313.9 million (2012)) legislation are one
of the most widespread at global level covering about 1 seventh of the Earth populations.
2) EU and USA guidelines dealing with Hazardous Waste assessment, provide
specific methodology and technical tools lacking in International Guidelines (e.g.
Basel Conventions). These technical data can be a useful cornerstone in the train-
ing of laboratory staff and large scale practitioner (target of this manual)
3) EU area and USA are well-known high tech zone, where the amount of Haz-
ardous Waste product is very impressive and it could be an embarrassing social
problem to cope with. Management topics (e.g. Assessment of Hazardous Waste)
have been object of research and development since the last 4 decades.
The documents used as reference are:

1) Environment Agency Hazardous Waste: Interpretation of the definition and classifi-
cation of hazardous waste (2nd edition v2.2)(2008) and in particular its APPENDIX C
Hazardous Property Assessment259:a guidance document published by Environment
Agency (United Kingdom), Scottish Environment Protection Agency and Environ-
ment and Heritage Service Waste Management & Contaminated Land Unit.
2) Waste Analysis At Facilities That Generate, Treat, Store, And Dispose Of Haz-
ardous Wastes-A Guidance Manual-DRAFT260 (2013): an updated guidance docu-
259
Source: http://www.doeni.gov.uk/niea/wm2_interpretation_of_the_definition_classification_
of_hazardous_waste.pdf
260
Source: http://www.epa.gov/wastes/hazard/tsd/permit/tsd-regs/tsdf-wap-guide.pdf
133
ment developed by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s Office of Waste

Programs Enforcement.
N<@<@<((K67&:+"#(U#-&#(R::7&")*
The Environment Agency Hazardous Waste: Interpretation of the definition and
classification of hazardous waste (2nd edition v2.2) - APPENDIX C Hazardous
Property Assessment261.
This paragraph is considered here as the reference document. Its outlines are de-
scribed elsewhere in this manual262; here we briefly remind that European Waste Cata-
logue (EWC) classifies wastes and identifies those which are considered to be hazard-
ous because of the hazardous properties set out in Annex III of Directive 2008/98/EC.
This list is subject to periodic review.
In the EWC all the wastes identified as “absolute entries” are hazardous waste.
While wastes covered by the so-called “mirror entries” need to be evaluated
(whether they are hazardous waste or not).
Main scope of the guide is to:
• give advice on the hazards properties H1 to H14 identified in Annex III of
the HWD (Hazardous Waste Directive)
• provide assessment methods and threshold concentrations for the hazards
• advise on which test methods should be considered.
In this context, the definition of Hazardous waste is the following: a waste pos-
sessing one or more of the hazardous properties set out in Annex III of the HWD
(note: the letter H is the symbol of Hazard but doesn’t have any connection with the
H used in GHS Hazard Statement).
The list of the above mentioned 14 hazardous properties is the following:
H1 - “Explosive”: substances and preparations which may explode under the
effect of flame or which are more sensitive to shocks or friction than dinitrobenzene.
H2 - “Oxidizing”: substances and preparations which exhibit highly exothermic
reactions when in contact with other substances, particularly flammable substances.
H3-A - “Highly flammable”:
- liquid substances and preparations having a flash point below 21°C (including
extremely flammable liquids), or
- substances and preparations which may become hot and finally catch fire in
contact with air at ambient temperature without any application of energy, or –
261
The other 3 Appendix of “Interpretation of the definition and classification of hazardous waste
(2nd edition v2.2)” deals with:
Appendix A Presents the EWC and provides guidance on its use.
Appendix B (deleted).
Appendix D Data Sources, providing users with information on data sources and origin of the
information from different sources.
262
see also Chapter 4 of this Manual
134
HANDBOOK ON CHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL WASTE MANAGEMENT – WASTE CLASSIFICATION
- solid substances and preparations which may readily catch fire after brief con-
tact with a source of ignition and which continue to burn or be consumed after
removal of the source of ignition, or
- gaseous substances and preparations which are flammable in air at normal
pressure, or
- substances and preparations which, in contact with water or damp air, evolve
highly flammable gases in dangerous quantities.
H3-B - “Flammable : liquid substances and preparations having a flash point
equal to or greater than 21°C and less than or equal to 55°C.
H4 “Irritant”: non-corrosive substances and preparations which, through im-
mediate, prolonged or repeated contact with the skin or mucous membrane, can
cause inflammation.
H5 “Harmful”: substances and preparations which, if they are inhaled or in-
gested or if they penetrate the skin, may involve limited health risks.
H6 “Toxic”: substances and preparations (including very toxic substances and
preparations) which, if they are inhaled or ingested or if they penetrate the skin,
may involve serious, acute or chronic health risks and even death.
H7 “Carcinogenic”: substances and preparations which, if they are inhaled or
ingested or if they penetrate the skin, may induce cancer or increase its incidence.
H8 “Corrosive”: substances and preparations which may destroy living tissue
on contact.
H9 “Infectious”: substances and preparations containing viable micro-organ-
isms or their toxins which are known or reliably believed to cause disease in man
or other living organisms.
H10 “Toxic for reproduction”: substances and preparations which, if they are
inhaled or ingested or if they penetrate the skin, may induce non-hereditary con-
genital malformations or increase their incidence.
H11 “Mutagenic”: substances and preparations which, if they are inhaled or
ingested or if they penetrate the skin, may induce hereditary genetic defects or
increase their incidence.
H12 Waste which releases toxic or very toxic gases in contact with water, air or
an acid.
H13 “Sensitizing”: substances and preparations which, if they are inhaled or
if they penetrate the skin, are capable of eliciting a reaction of hyper-sensitization
such that on further exposure to the substance or preparation, characteristic ad-
verse effects are produced. [As far as testing methods are available].
H14 “Ecotoxic”: waste which presents or may present immediate or delayed
risks for one or more sectors of the environment.
H15 Waste capable by any means, after disposal, of yielding another substance,
e.g. a leachate, which possesses any of the characteristics above.
135
&"!"!"!"#ƵƌŽƉĞĂŶtĂƐƚĞ&ƌĂŵĞǁŽƌŬŝƌĞĐƟǀĞ͗,ĂǌĂƌĚŽƵƐtĂƐƚĞƐƐĞƐƐŵĞŶƚ
ŵĞƚŚŽĚŽůŽŐǇ
The methodology adopted in the European Waste Framework Directive is related
to general assessment for hazardous waste. Here following some examples related
to chemical waste are reported, starting from the flowchart, that is part of the orig-
inal document.
#
&ůŽǁĐŚĂƌƚŽĨ,ĂǌĂƌĚŽƵƐtĂƐƚĞƐƐĞƐƐŵĞŶƚŵĞƚŚŽĚŽůŽŐǇĂĐĐŽƌĚŝŶŐƚŽƵƌŽƉĞĂŶtĂƐƚĞ&ƌĂŵĞǁŽƌƚŬ
ŝƌĞĐƟǀĞ
The flowchart aims to:

1) to determine what type of code(s) in the EWC a waste is classified under
absolutely hazardous, absolutely non-hazardous or “mirror” entry (when it might
be hazardous or non-hazardous)
136
2) to assign the appropriate EWC code to a waste

Following figure263 shows an example of EWC classification for Category 01.
tĐůĂƐƐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶĐŽĚĞƐĨŽƌĂƚĞŐŽƌǇϬϭĂŶĚϬϮ͗ďƐŽůƵƚĞŶƚƌŝĞƐĂƌĞŝŶƌĞĚ͕DŝƌƌŽƌĞŶƚƌŝĞƐŝŶďůƵĞ͘
263
Source: http://www.environment-agency.gov.uk/static/documents/GEHO1105BJVS-e-e.pdf
137
The above mentioned flow-chart key steps are 6 and are directly connected to the
following questions:
1) Is the analyzed waste item included in the Directive or is the waste required
to be included as a potential hazardous waste based on domestic legislative provi-
sions ?
2) Has the competent authority decided that a specific batch of waste is hazard-
ous/ non-hazardous?
3) How is the waste coded and classified on the EWC?
4) Is the composition of the waste known or can it be determined?
5a) Are the substances in the waste “dangerous substances”?
5b) Is there sufficient information to demonstrate the waste is non-hazardous
(for example test results)?
6) Does the waste possess any of the hazardous properties H1 to H15?
For the purpose of this handbook, further attention is dedicated to steps 4 to 6, as

follows.
Step 4 - Is the composition of the waste known or can it be determined?

One of the simplest methods of identifying whether a “mirror entry” waste is haz-
ardous or not is to identify the chemical composition of the waste.
The composition of the waste could be identified using alternatively:
1) for products that become waste, whose composition is not altered during
storage/use, information on the product Safety Data Sheet will give the composi-
tion.
2) chemical/microbiological analysis of the waste (which may be supported by
knowledge of the process or activity that produced the waste).
Chemical analyses (particularly for inorganic substances) do not always identi-
fy the components within a waste, but the individual species such as anions (e.g.
sulphate, chloride) and cations (e.g.metals). In such cases the waste holder would
need to determine what substances are likely to be present either by further analy-
sis or on knowledge of the process/activity that produced the waste and the anions
and cations present.
If the holder cannot decide which substances might be present, they should as-
sume the worst-case scenario for each component and assess the waste accordingly.
The worst case scenario is:
the substance, or combination of substances, that may reasonably exist within
the waste and will make the waste hazardous at the lowest concentration.
In the majority of cases the company producing or storing a “mirror” entry
waste should have enough information about the chemical substances in their
waste to know if it is hazardous or not (for example from safety data sheets, or
138
knowing how the waste was produced). If they do not know what substances are
in their waste and they cannot find this out, they will need to test the waste.
Testing may not be appropriate for all hazardous properties.
Step 5a - Are the substances in the waste “dangerous substances”?

Where the composition of a “mirror entry” waste is known, it can be assessed to
determine if the substances in the waste are “dangerous substances” or not.
A “substance” is “dangerous” if it is given a “risk phrase”.
There are 3 ways to find out the “risk phrase” for a substance:
1. use the Approved Supply List (ASL)264. This shows hazard information and
classification for many common chemicals265. If the waste contains substanc-
es on the ASL, this classification must be used. The ASL is updated regularly,
the most recent version should be used;
2. use the methodology given in the Approved Guide to the Classification and
Labelling of Substances and Preparations for Supply266 with data for the sub-
stance obtained from peer reviewed sources;
3. use information from the Safety Data Sheets or other data sources to find out
whether the waste contains dangerous substances.
The classification of the substance(s) shows:

• the categories of danger exhibited by the substance
• the risk phrase(s), which describe the hazards the substance possesses.
If none of the substances in the waste are classified as “dangerous substances”,
the waste will not be hazardous and the non-hazardous EWC code can be used.
Using the ASL

The ASL prescribes hazard classifications for many common chemicals, and where
a chemical is listed in the ASL the classification given therein takes precedence
over a classification found elsewhere.
264
Approved Supply List (most recent edition) – The Approved Supply List (‘ASL’ or ‘the List’ for
short),is an integral part of the United Kingdom’s Chemicals (Hazard Information and Packaging for
Supply) Regulations 2002 (CHIP). The Regulations define the system for classification and labeling
of substances and preparations dangerous for supply. This system applies to all dangerous substances
and preparations as defined in the Regulations and is based on Directives agreed by member states
of the European Union – principally the Dangerous Substances Directive (67/548/EEC) and
the Dangerous Preparations Directive (1999/45/EC), both as amended and adapted to technical
progress. Information approved for the classification and labelling of substances and preparations
dangerous for supply: available at http://www.coshh365.com/docs/L142_approved_supply_list.pdf
265
Chemical is the common term for substances (a chemical element or one of its compounds,
including any impurities) and preparations (a mixture of substances)
266
Approved Guide to the Classification and Labelling of Dangerous Substances and Dangerous
Preparations (the Approved Classification and Labelling Guide) Fifth edition, HSE Books, ISBN 0
7176 2369 6
139
The ASL is split into five parts with classification information contained in Part
I, which is an alphabetical listing of all the substances covered. To aid identifica-
tion, each ASL entry provides alternative chemical names and the Chemical Ab-
stract Service (CAS) number. The CAS number is the most accurate identification
of a substance that may have many non-standard names.
In some cases the ASL shows risk phrases joined together by comma (,) or an
oblique stroke (/), to indicate how information should be presented on a label.
For the purpose of assessing hazardous waste the comma and oblique stroke are
interchangeable. A hyphen (-) is used to represent an ‘and’ in the case of Ecotoxic
risk phrases, e.g. R50-R53 represents R50 and R53 .
The ASL contains two series of notes:
• the alphabetic series (Note A, B, etc.) which appears after the substance
name. These notes are only relevant to hazardous waste where they alter the
classification of the chemical. The assessment of hazardous wastes is based
upon the classification;
• the numeric series (Note 1, 2, etc.) which appears above the concentration
limit information. As theconcentration limits are not normally used when
assessing hazardous waste, these notes should not be used for hazardous
properties H1 and H3 to H13. They may be used for H2 and H14.
Approved Classification and Labelling Guide and Safety Data Sheets

The ASL only covers a small proportion of the substances on the European In-
ventory of Existing Commercial Chemical Substances (EINECS). If a substance is
not listed in the ASL then further research is required to determine the substance
classification. There are two options:
• determine the classification using the criteria set out in the Approved Clas-
sification and Labelling Guide;
• use classification information from Safety Data Sheets
The Approved Classification and Labelling Guide267 provides information on:

• the type and sources of data that can be used, which include results of testing,
information required by international rules on the transport of dangerous
267
Approved regulatory guidance (sixth edition) documenting the general principles as required
by the Regulations known as CHIP 4. Addressed to manufacturers, importers and other suppliers
with such responsibilities concerning dangerous substances and preparations and closely follows
the European Commission’s labelling guide (Annex VI to Directive 67/548/EEC). The revisions
reflect: the introduction of European regulation (EC) No 1272/2008 on Classification, Labelling
and Packaging of Substances and Mixtures; also the effect of Directive 2006/121/EC, which amends
Annex VI of the list of substances with harmonised classifications and labels, established in direct-
acting Community legislation; and the transfer of substantive provisions relating to safety data sheets
to the Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals Regulation (REACH).
Source: http://www.hseni.gov.uk/l131_approved_classification_and_labelling_guide.pdf
140
goods, reference works or scientific and technical literature and practical

experience;
• the criteria for each category of danger;
• how to assign risk phrases.
The criteria for the categories of danger specify the data or test method nec-
essary to assign each category. The criteria for health effects are usually based on
human or animal toxicological data with physico-chemical effects generally based
on test results. The criteria also assign the appropriate risk phrase.
Here following some specific examples.

Toxic
Substances and preparations should be classified as toxic, assigned the
corresponding symbol ‘T’ with the indication of danger ‘toxic’ and the appro-
priate
R-phrases in accordance with the following criteria:
Acute lethal effects
R25: Toxic if swallowed
Acute toxicity results:
LD50 oral, rat: 25 < LD50 200 mg/kg; or
discriminating dose, oral, rat, 5 mg/kg: 100% survival but evident toxicity; or
high mortality in the dose range > 25 to 200 mg/kg oral, rat, by the acute toxic
class method Ϯϲϴ
R24 Toxic in contact with skin
LD50, dermal, rat or rabbit: 50 < LD50 400 mg/kg
R23 Toxic by inhalation
LC 50 inhalation, rat, for aerosols or particulates: 0.25 < LC50 1 mg/l/4 hr
LC50 inhalation, rat, for gases and vapours: 0.5 < LC50 2 mg/l/4 hr
To classify a substance that is not on the ASL, the available data must be collect-
ed and compared against the criteria specified for each category of danger. If the
data indicate a particular category of danger, the appropriate risk phrase should
be assigned. It should be remembered that substances could have more than one
category of danger and a number of risk phrases. Therefore the criteria for each
category of danger should be considered in turn. The criteria relevant to the as-
sessment of hazardous waste are set out in the individual hazard assessments in
Appendix C.
268
for test result interpretation see flow charts in Commission Regulation No 440/2008
141
Example of an entry (Cadmium Sulphide) from the ASL follows269:
ĂĚŵŝƵŵ^ƵůƉŚŝĚĞĐůĂƐƐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶĂĐĐŽƌĚŝŶŐƚŽ^>;ƉƉƌŽǀĞĚ^ƵƉƉůǇ>ŝƐƚͿ
&"!"!"$"#ůĂƐƐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶĨƌŽŵ^ĂĨĞƚǇĂƚĂ^ŚĞĞƚƐ
If the Safety Data Sheets for a chemical indicate a hazardous property, then a waste
containing that chemical has the potential to be hazardous.
Waste holders have to consider if:
• the concentrations of “dangerous substances ” in the waste, after use of the
product, remain sufficient to be hazardous
• any reactions take place during the use of the product which may remove the
hazard or create new/different hazards from those of the product.
Labels on chemical containers should also show the risk phrases associated with a
product and the substances found within a product, along with indications of the dan-
ger, i.e. symbols, which should not be mistaken as the category of danger or hazards.
It’s important to point out that the informations on labels are not as compre-
hensive as that provided on Safety Data Sheets.
Step 5b - Is there any reason to indicate the waste may be hazardous (e.g. test results)?
Waste holders have a duty to determine if a “mirror entry ” waste is hazardous.
Where:
• there are any reasons to indicate the waste may be hazardous, such as test
results, knowledge of the production process or the raw materials used; and/or
269
Source: http://www.efacility.co.uk/hazwasteonline/reference/geho0603birb-e-e.pdf
142
• the composition of a waste is not known, cannot be determined or is insuffi-

cient to allow classification using the ASL or other sources (and considering worst
case compounds).
The waste needs to be tested, where appropriate, to determine if it possesses
any hazardous properties.
The HWD identifies the test methods in Annex V of Directive 67/548/EEC
as the methods to be used to test for hazardous properties. Where a hazardous
property test in Annex V is a non-mammalian test, that test should be performed
on the waste.
To assist with the classification of complex “mirror entry ” wastes, Appendix B
contains a section for each chapter of the EWC 2002 that highlights the range of
components that may be present in the wastes covered by that EWC chapter.
Step 6 - Does the waste possess any of the hazardous properties H1 to H14?
In order for a waste identified by a “mirror entry” to be hazardous it must “dis-
play” a hazardous property.
There are two methods of determining if a “mirror entry ” waste is hazardous
or not.
• calculating whether the hazardous property is appropriate by referring to a
threshold limit for a
particular risk phrase; or
• testing to prove whether a particular hazardous property is present or not.
Calculating
For many wastes the most appropriate method is to identify the hazardous constit-
uents/chemicals in the waste and then to use their concentrations in the waste to
identify whether they confer hazardous properties on the waste.
• If a waste contains a dangerous substance(s) at a concentration at or above a
threshold concentration for any of the hazardous properties H1 to H14, the waste
will be hazardous and is categorised as the hazardous “mirror entry ”.
• If a waste contains a dangerous substance(s) at a concentration below the
threshold for all of the hazardous properties, the waste will not be hazardous and
is categorised as the non-hazardous “mirror entry”.
Testing
For some hazards testing of physical properties might be the most appropriate
method. For example, to identify whether a liquid waste is flammable or not, for
which the threshold is 55oC, a flashpoint determination is probably the simplest
method. This is because the flashpoint depends upon the concentration of the
flammable chemicals in the waste. Other examples of hazards where a test could
be the simplest option are H1 “Explosive” and H2 “Oxidising”.
143
As discussed in Step 5b, sometimes testing may be the only option to determine
whether a waste is hazardous because of the complex nature of a waste.
However testing may not be appropriate for all wastes or all hazardous properties.
Threshold concentrations
Article 2 of the EWC 2002 sets out thresholds for hazardous properties H3 to
H8, H10 and H11, which are derived from Directive 88/379/EEC.
Threshold concentrations for the hazardous properties not covered by Article 2
(H1, H2, H3-A, second to fifth indents), H9, H12, H13 and H14 (with the excep-
tion of H9: Infectious), are to be developed by the competent authority of any EU
country (which have to implement Directive 88/379/EEC).
The thresholds for some of these hazards can be calculated, while others re-
quire testing of physical properties.
An assessment methodology for each hazardous property is set out Appendix
C of EWC 2002, and includes:
• definition of the hazardous property
• relevant risk phrases
• thresholds
• a flow diagram setting out the assessment process for that hazardous property
• information on test methods.
In summary from step 4 to 6:
144
Following figure270 shows a theoretical example of HW assessment:
ǆĂŵƉůĞŽĨ,tƐƐĞƐƐŵĞŶƚDĞƚŚŽĚŽůŽŐǇ
The figure depicts some examples (danger symbols “Harmful” and “Toxic”) of the
concentration thresholds for risk phrase or group of risk phrases, how they relate
to hazardous properties and when testing of physical properties should be used to
determine the hazard.
ZĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉďĞƚǁĞĞŶƚŚƌĞƐŚŽůĚůŝŵŝƚĂŶĚƌŝƐŬƉŚĂƐĞƐ
270
Source: http://www.environment-agency.gov.uk/static/documents/GEHO0603BIRB-e-e.pdf
145
Concentration effects
The classification assigned to a substance relates to the substance in its pure (100%)
form. If a substance is not pure or is present as a component of a complex mixture
the same hazard may not apply.
As an example, ethanol is classified in the ASL as F: R11, which indicates that at
100% concentration it will have a flashpoint less than 21°C. However, an aqueous
( mirror entry “) waste containing 4% w/w ethanol, will have a flashpoint greater
than 55°C, and so will not be hazardous.
At higher concentrations of ethanol, the flashpoint will reduce to between 21°C
and 55 °C so the waste will be hazardous by H3B Flammable . At even higher
concentrations the flashpoint will be less than 21°C so the waste will be hazardous
by H3A (first indent) Highly Flammable . As discussed above where wastes are
concerned a flashpoint determination is probably appropriate to identify whether
the waste is flammable or highly flammable.
Linked hazardous properties

Some hazardous properties are linked because they relate to the same effect:
H4 “Irritant” and H8 “Corrosive” are linked because they both refer to the po-
tential for harm or damage to tissue. Preparations containing corrosive substances
can exhibit either corrosive or irritant properties dependent upon concentration of
the corrosive substance. However, substances classified as irritant cannot become
corrosive.
H5 “Harmful” and H6 “Toxic” (including “Very Toxic”) are linked because
they both relate to acute lethal effects. Preparations containing toxic or very toxic
substances can exhibit either toxic or harmful properties dependent upon concen-
tration of the toxic or very toxic substance.
Substances classified as harmful, however, cannot be toxic at any concentration.
Concentrations of very toxic, toxic and harmful chemicals are not additive when
assessing hazardous waste.
Testing and calculation

For certain risk phrases the indicated option is testing and/or calculating: i.e. test-
ing; or calculating; or both testing and calculating. In such cases the testing relates
to the physical properties of a waste.
The relevant hazards are:
• H1 “Explosive”: the explosive nature of a waste cannot be determined by
calculation, therefore testing is required.
• H2 “Oxidising”: for organic peroxides a calculation method is available, with
testing required for other substances that may potentially exhibit hazard H2.
146
• H3A (fifth indent) “Highly Flammable” and H12: a calculation or test is al-
ways required. If the composition of the waste is available the gas evolution should
be calculated. Alternatively, the waste can be tested to determine whether 1 kg
of the waste will evolve 1 litre of a highly flammable gas (the test for H3A (fifth
indent) or a toxic/very toxic gas (the test for H12) in one hour, on addition of
water or acid as appropriate.
Additional risk phrases

The Approved Classification and Labelling Guide identifies a number of “addi-
tional risk phrases”.
When substances are classified with an “additional risk phrase” such a risk
phrase alone will not cause a waste to be hazardous. As an example, red phos-
phorus is given risk phrases F: R11 (highly flammable) and mR16 (explosive when
mixed with oxidising substances) in the ASL. Red phosphorus is hazardous by
virtue of H3A (third indent) “Highly Flammable”, due to risk phrase R11 but
is not hazardous due to R16. However, if mixed with oxidising substances the
resulting mixture might be classified as H1 “Explosive”, for which a test would
be required.
N<@<E<((U#-2+$(52"2+1(R::7&")*
Waste Analysis At Facilities That Generate, Treat, Store, And Dispose Of Haz-
ardous Wastes - A Guidance Manual.
This guidance manual271 was generally conceived for providing information for
a correct development of waste analyses and Waste Analysis Plans (WAPs) in ac-
cordance with the U.S,. federal hazardous waste regulations of the Resource Con-
servation and Recovery Act (RCRA).
The primary audiences are intended to be hazardous waste generators and own-
er/operators of treatment, storage and disposal facilities (TSDFs in the document).
For the purpose of this paragraph our attentions is focused on Appendix
A-Hazardous Waste identification. The flow-chart below shows the consecutive
steps concerning a correct hazardous Waste Identification process according to
RCRA rules.
271
Source: http://www.epa.gov/wastes/hazard/tsd/permit/tsd-regs/tsdf-wap-guide.pdf
147
ƌĂŌŇŽǁĐŚĂƌƚ,tŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŵĞƚŚŽĚŽůŽŐǇĂĐĐŽƌĚŝŶŐƚŽZZ;h^Ϳ
The normal procedure for Hazardous Waste determination is the following.

The generator of a solid waste must:
A)determine if the solid waste is excluded from the definition of hazardous
waste272 .
B)If the waste is not excluded, the generator must determine if it is listed as a
hazardous waste273.
C) if the waste is not listed the generator must determine if the waste exhibits
a characteristic of a hazardous waste, either by testing the waste or by utilizing
knowledge about the process or materials used to generate the waste.
The key questions a waste generator must answer to determine whether it is

hazardous, are the following four:
272
See Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA), provisions of 40 CFR §261.4.
273
See Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA), provisions of 40 CFR §261.31/32/33.
148
1. Is the Material a solid waste274?

A solid waste is any discarded material that is not excluded under § 261.4(a)275
or that is not excluded by a variance granted under §§ 260.30 and 260.31 or that is
not excluded by a non-waste determination under §§ 260.30 and 260.34.
Some Example of NOT solid waste are:
• Domestic sewage
• Industrial wastewater discharges
• Materials subjected to in-situ mining techniques which are not removed
from the ground as part of the extraction process.
• Spent wood preserving solutions that have been reclaimed and are reused
for their original intended purpose
• Oil-bearing hazardous secondary materials (i.e., sludges, byproducts, or
spent materials) that are generated at a petroleum refinery and are inserted
into the petroleum refining process
• Petrochemical recovered oil from an associated organic chemical manufactur-
ing facility, where the oil is to be inserted into the petroleum refining process
2. Is the Solid Waste excluded under RCRA provisions?

EPA excludes certain solid wastes from the definition of hazardous waste. If a
material meets an exclusion from the definition of hazardous waste, it cannot be a
hazardous waste, even if the material technically meets a listing or exhibits a char-
acteristic. Solid Waste which are not Hazardous Waste:
• Household Hazardous Waste
• Agricultural Waste
• Mining Overburden
• Fossil Fuel Combustion Waste (Bevill)
• Oil, Gas, and Geothermal Wastes (Bentsen Amendment)
• Trivalent Chromium Wastes
• Mining and Mineral Processing Wastes (Bevill)
• Cement Kiln Dust (Bevill)
• Arsenically Treated Wood
• Petroleum Contaminated Media & Debris from Underground Storage Tanks
• Injected Groundwater
• Spent Chloroflurocarbon Refrigerants
• Used Oil Filters
• Used Oil Distillation Bottoms
• Landfill Leachate or Gas Condensate Derived from Certain Listed Wastes
274
See Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA), provisions of 40 CFR §261.2.
275
Source: http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2012-title40-vol27/xml/CFR-2012-title40-vol27-
-part261.xml#seqnum261.4
149
3. Does the waste meet any of the listing descriptions in 40 CFR Part 261, Sub-
part D276 (List F, List K, List P and List U)?
Is the waste mixed with a listed hazardous waste?
Is the waste derived from the treatment, storage, or disposal of a listed hazard-
ous waste?
The mentioned hazardous waste lists are the following.

F-listed wastes
Wastes from non-specific sources (e.g. spent solvents, electroplating wastes,
and dioxin-bearing wastes). Some examples are inclueded in the following ta-
ble.
/ŶĚƵƐƚƌǇĂŶĚW ,ĂǌĂƌĚ
,ĂǌĂƌĚŽƵƐǁĂƐƚĞ
ŚĂǌĂƌĚŽƵƐǁĂƐƚĞEŽ )&$+
dŚĞ ĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐ ƐƉĞŶƚ ŚĂůŽŐĞŶĂƚĞĚ ƐŽůǀĞŶƚƐ ƵƐĞĚ ŝŶ ĚĞŐƌĞĂƐŝŶŐ͗ dĞƚƌĂͲ
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ĐĂƌďŽŶƚĞƚƌĂĐŚůŽƌŝĚĞ͕ĂŶĚĐŚůŽƌŝŶĂƚĞĚŇƵŽƌŽĐĂƌďŽŶƐ͖ĂůůƐƉĞŶƚƐŽůǀĞŶƚŵŝǆƚƵƌĞƐͬ
&ϬϬϭ ďůĞŶĚƐƵƐĞĚŝŶĚĞŐƌĞĂƐŝŶŐĐŽŶƚĂŝŶŝŶŐ͕ďĞĨŽƌĞƵƐĞ͕ĂƚŽƚĂůŽĨƚĞŶƉĞƌĐĞŶƚŽƌŵŽƌĞ ;dͿ
;ďǇǀŽůƵŵĞͿŽĨŽŶĞŽƌŵŽƌĞŽĨƚŚĞĂďŽǀĞŚĂůŽŐĞŶĂƚĞĚƐŽůǀĞŶƚƐŽƌƚŚŽƐĞƐŽůǀĞŶƚƐ
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ƐƉĞŶƚƐŽůǀĞŶƚƐĂŶĚƐƉĞŶƚƐŽůǀĞŶƚŵŝǆƚƵƌĞƐ
dŚĞ ĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐ ƐƉĞŶƚ ŚĂůŽŐĞŶĂƚĞĚ ƐŽůǀĞŶƚƐ͗ dĞƚƌĂĐŚůŽƌŽĞƚŚǇůĞŶĞ͕ ŵĞƚŚǇůĞŶĞ
ĐŚůŽƌŝĚĞ͕ƚƌŝĐŚůŽƌŽĞƚŚǇůĞŶĞ͕ϭ͕ϭ͕ϭͲƚƌŝĐŚůŽƌŽĞƚŚĂŶĞ͕ĐŚůŽƌŽďĞŶǌĞŶĞ͕ϭ͕ϭ͕ϮͲƚƌŝĐŚůŽƌŽͲ
ϭ͕Ϯ͕ϮͲƚƌŝŇƵŽƌŽĞƚŚĂŶĞ͕ ŽƌƚŚŽͲĚŝĐŚůŽƌŽďĞŶǌĞŶĞ͕ ƚƌŝĐŚůŽƌŽŇƵŽƌŽŵĞƚŚĂŶĞ͕ ĂŶĚ
&ϬϬϮ ϭ͕ϭ͕ϮͲƚƌŝĐŚůŽƌŽĞƚŚĂŶĞ͖ĂůůƐƉĞŶƚƐŽůǀĞŶƚŵŝǆƚƵƌĞƐͬďůĞŶĚƐĐŽŶƚĂŝŶŝŶŐ͕ďĞĨŽƌĞƵƐĞ͕Ă ;dͿ
ƚŽƚĂůŽĨƚĞŶƉĞƌĐĞŶƚŽƌŵŽƌĞ;ďǇǀŽůƵŵĞͿŽĨŽŶĞŽƌŵŽƌĞŽĨƚŚĞĂďŽǀĞŚĂůŽŐĞŶĂƚĞĚ
ƐŽůǀĞŶƚƐŽƌƚŚŽƐĞůŝƐƚĞĚŝŶ&ϬϬϭ͕&ϬϬϰ͕Žƌ&ϬϬϱ͖ĂŶĚƐƟůůďŽƩŽŵƐĨƌŽŵƚŚĞƌĞĐŽǀĞƌǇ
ŽĨƚŚĞƐĞƐƉĞŶƚƐŽůǀĞŶƚƐĂŶĚƐƉĞŶƚƐŽůǀĞŶƚŵŝǆƚƵƌĞƐ
dŚĞ ĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐ ƐƉĞŶƚ ŶŽŶͲŚĂůŽŐĞŶĂƚĞĚ ƐŽůǀĞŶƚƐ͗ yǇůĞŶĞ͕ ĂĐĞƚŽŶĞ͕ ĞƚŚǇů
ĂĐĞƚĂƚĞ͕ĞƚŚǇůďĞŶǌĞŶĞ͕ĞƚŚǇůĞƚŚĞƌ͕ŵĞƚŚǇůŝƐŽďƵƚǇůŬĞƚŽŶĞ͕ŶͲďƵƚǇůĂůĐŽŚŽů͕
ĐǇĐůŽŚĞǆĂŶŽŶĞ͕ĂŶĚŵĞƚŚĂŶŽů͖ĂůůƐƉĞŶƚƐŽůǀĞŶƚŵŝǆƚƵƌĞƐͬďůĞŶĚƐĐŽŶƚĂŝŶŝŶŐ͕
ďĞĨŽƌĞ ƵƐĞ͕ ŽŶůǇ ƚŚĞ ĂďŽǀĞ ƐƉĞŶƚ ŶŽŶͲŚĂůŽŐĞŶĂƚĞĚ ƐŽůǀĞŶƚƐ͖ ĂŶĚ Ăůů ƐƉĞŶƚ
&ϬϬϯ ;dͿ
ƐŽůǀĞŶƚ ŵŝǆƚƵƌĞƐͬďůĞŶĚƐ ĐŽŶƚĂŝŶŝŶŐ͕ ďĞĨŽƌĞ ƵƐĞ͕ ŽŶĞ Žƌ ŵŽƌĞ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ĂďŽǀĞ
ŶŽŶͲŚĂůŽŐĞŶĂƚĞĚƐŽůǀĞŶƚƐ͕ĂŶĚ͕ĂƚŽƚĂůŽĨƚĞŶƉĞƌĐĞŶƚŽƌŵŽƌĞ;ďǇǀŽůƵŵĞͿŽĨ
ŽŶĞŽƌŵŽƌĞŽĨƚŚŽƐĞƐŽůǀĞŶƚƐůŝƐƚĞĚŝŶ&ϬϬϭ͕&ϬϬϮ͕&ϬϬϰ͕ĂŶĚ&ϬϬϱ͖ĂŶĚƐƟůů
ďŽƩŽŵƐĨƌŽŵƚŚĞƌĞĐŽǀĞƌǇŽĨƚŚĞƐĞƐƉĞŶƚƐŽůǀĞŶƚƐĂŶĚƐƉĞŶƚƐŽůǀĞŶƚŵŝǆƚƵƌĞƐ
dŚĞĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐƐƉĞŶƚŶŽŶͲŚĂůŽŐĞŶĂƚĞĚƐŽůǀĞŶƚƐ͗ƌĞƐŽůƐĂŶĚĐƌĞƐǇůŝĐĂĐŝĚ͕ĂŶĚ
ŶŝƚƌŽďĞŶǌĞŶĞ͖ Ăůů ƐƉĞŶƚ ƐŽůǀĞŶƚ ŵŝǆƚƵƌĞƐͬďůĞŶĚƐ ĐŽŶƚĂŝŶŝŶŐ͕ ďĞĨŽƌĞ ƵƐĞ͕ Ă
&ϬϬϰ ƚŽƚĂůŽĨƚĞŶƉĞƌĐĞŶƚŽƌŵŽƌĞ;ďǇǀŽůƵŵĞͿŽĨŽŶĞŽƌŵŽƌĞŽĨƚŚĞĂďŽǀĞŶŽŶͲ ;dͿ
ŚĂůŽŐĞŶĂƚĞĚƐŽůǀĞŶƚƐŽƌƚŚŽƐĞƐŽůǀĞŶƚƐůŝƐƚĞĚŝŶ&ϬϬϭ͕&ϬϬϮ͕ĂŶĚ&ϬϬϱ͖ĂŶĚƐƟůů
dŚĞĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐƐƉĞŶƚŶŽŶͲŚĂůŽŐĞŶĂƚĞĚƐŽůǀĞŶƚƐ͗dŽůƵĞŶĞ͕ŵĞƚŚǇůĞƚŚǇůŬĞƚŽŶĞ͕
ĐĂƌďŽŶ ĚŝƐƵůĮĚĞ͕ ŝƐŽďƵƚĂŶŽů͕ ƉǇƌŝĚŝŶĞ͕ ďĞŶǌĞŶĞ͕ ϮͲĞƚŚŽǆǇĞƚŚĂŶŽů͕ ĂŶĚ
ϮͲŶŝƚƌŽƉƌŽƉĂŶĞ͖ Ăůů ƐƉĞŶƚ ƐŽůǀĞŶƚ ŵŝǆƚƵƌĞƐͬďůĞŶĚƐ ĐŽŶƚĂŝŶŝŶŐ͕ ďĞĨŽƌĞ ƵƐĞ͕ Ă
&ϬϬϱ ;/͕dͿ
ƚŽƚĂůŽĨƚĞŶƉĞƌĐĞŶƚŽƌŵŽƌĞ;ďǇǀŽůƵŵĞͿŽĨŽŶĞŽƌŵŽƌĞŽĨƚŚĞĂďŽǀĞŶŽŶͲ
ŚĂůŽŐĞŶĂƚĞĚƐŽůǀĞŶƚƐŽƌƚŚŽƐĞƐŽůǀĞŶƚƐůŝƐƚĞĚŝŶ&ϬϬϭ͕&ϬϬϮ͕Žƌ&ϬϬϰ͖ĂŶĚƐƟůů
276
Source: http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2012-title40-vol27/xml/CFR-2012-title40-vol27--
part261.xml#seqnum261.30
150
tĂƐƚĞǁĂƚĞƌƚƌĞĂƚŵĞŶƚƐůƵĚŐĞƐĨƌŽŵĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉůĂƟŶŐŽƉĞƌĂƟŽŶƐĞǆĐĞƉƚĨƌŽŵƚŚĞ
ĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐ͗;ϭͿ^ƵůĨƵƌŝĐĂĐŝĚĂŶŽĚŝǌŝŶŐŽĨĂůƵŵŝŶƵŵ͖;ϮͿƟŶƉůĂƟŶŐŽŶ
ĐĂƌďŽŶƐƚĞĞů͖;ϯͿǌŝŶĐƉůĂƟŶŐ;ƐĞŐƌĞŐĂƚĞĚďĂƐŝƐͿŽŶĐĂƌďŽŶƐƚĞĞů͖;ϰͿĂůƵŵŝŶƵŵ
&ϬϬϲ ;dͿ
Žƌ ǌŝŶĐͲĂůƵŵŝŶƵŵ ƉůĂƟŶŐ ŽŶ ĐĂƌďŽŶ ƐƚĞĞů͖ ;ϱͿ ĐůĞĂŶŝŶŐͬƐƚƌŝƉƉŝŶŐ ĂƐƐŽĐŝĂƚĞĚ
ǁŝƚŚƟŶ͕ǌŝŶĐĂŶĚĂůƵŵŝŶƵŵƉůĂƟŶŐŽŶĐĂƌďŽŶƐƚĞĞů͖ĂŶĚ;ϲͿĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůĞƚĐŚŝŶŐ
ĂŶĚŵŝůůŝŶŐŽĨĂůƵŵŝŶƵŵ
&ϬϬϳ ^ƉĞŶƚĐǇĂŶŝĚĞƉůĂƟŶŐďĂƚŚƐŽůƵƟŽŶƐĨƌŽŵĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉůĂƟŶŐŽƉĞƌĂƟŽŶƐ ;Z͕dͿ
WůĂƟŶŐ ďĂƚŚ ƌĞƐŝĚƵĞƐ ĨƌŽŵ ƚŚĞ ďŽƩŽŵ ŽĨ ƉůĂƟŶŐ ďĂƚŚƐ ĨƌŽŵ ĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉůĂƟŶŐ
&ϬϬϴ ;Z͕dͿ
ŽƉĞƌĂƟŽŶƐǁŚĞƌĞĐǇĂŶŝĚĞƐĂƌĞƵƐĞĚŝŶƚŚĞƉƌŽĐĞƐƐ
^ƉĞŶƚ ƐƚƌŝƉƉŝŶŐ ĂŶĚ ĐůĞĂŶŝŶŐ ďĂƚŚ ƐŽůƵƟŽŶƐ ĨƌŽŵ ĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉůĂƟŶŐ ŽƉĞƌĂƟŽŶƐ
&ϬϬϵ ;Z͕dͿ
ǁŚĞƌĞĐǇĂŶŝĚĞƐĂƌĞƵƐĞĚŝŶƚŚĞƉƌŽĐĞƐƐ
YƵĞŶĐŚŝŶŐďĂƚŚƌĞƐŝĚƵĞƐĨƌŽŵŽŝůďĂƚŚƐĨƌŽŵŵĞƚĂůŚĞĂƚƚƌĞĂƟŶŐŽƉĞƌĂƟŽŶƐ
&ϬϭϬ ;Z͕dͿ
ǁŚĞƌĞĐǇĂŶŝĚĞƐĂƌĞƵƐĞĚŝŶƚŚĞƉƌŽĐĞƐƐ
^ƉĞŶƚĐǇĂŶŝĚĞƐŽůƵƟŽŶƐĨƌŽŵƐĂůƚďĂƚŚƉŽƚĐůĞĂŶŝŶŐĨƌŽŵŵĞƚĂůŚĞĂƚƚƌĞĂƟŶŐ
&Ϭϭϭ ;Z͕dͿ
ŽƉĞƌĂƟŽŶƐ
YƵĞŶĐŚŝŶŐ ǁĂƐƚĞ ǁĂƚĞƌ ƚƌĞĂƚŵĞŶƚ ƐůƵĚŐĞƐ ĨƌŽŵ ŵĞƚĂů ŚĞĂƚ ƚƌĞĂƟŶŐ
&ϬϭϮ ;dͿ
ŽƉĞƌĂƟŽŶƐǁŚĞƌĞĐǇĂŶŝĚĞƐĂƌĞƵƐĞĚŝŶƚŚĞƉƌŽĐĞƐƐ
ŶĞǆƚƌĂĐƚŽĨƚŚĞZZ;h^Ϳ&Ͳ>ŝƐƚ͗ǁĂƐƚĞĚĞƌŝǀĞĚĨƌŽŵ͞ŶŽƚͲƐƉĞĐŝĮĐƐŽƵƌĐĞ͟
Hazard Code symbol have the following meaning:
/ŐŶŝƚĂďůĞtĂƐƚĞ ;/Ϳ
ŽƌƌŽƐŝǀĞtĂƐƚĞ ;Ϳ
ZĞĂĐƟǀĞtĂƐƚ ;ZͿ
dŽǆŝĐŝƚǇŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝƐƟĐtĂƐƚĞ ;Ϳ
ĐƵƚĞ,ĂǌĂƌĚŽƵƐtĂƐƚĞ ;,Ϳ
dŽǆŝĐtĂƐƚĞ ;dͿ
ZZ;h^Ϳ,ĂǌĂƌĚŽĚĞƐǇŵďŽů
K-listed wastes
Are wastes from specific sources (e.g. wastes from wood preserving operations,
organic and inorganic chemical production, pesticide formulation, explosivesman-
ufacturing, petroleum refining, iron and steel production, pharmaceutical manu-
facturing, and the lead, zinc, copper, and aluminum industries). Some examples:
/ŶĚƵƐƚƌǇĂŶĚW ,ĂǌĂƌĚ
,ĂǌĂƌĚŽƵƐǁĂƐƚĞ
ŚĂǌĂƌĚŽƵƐǁĂƐƚĞEŽ )&$+
ŽƩŽŵ ƐĞĚŝŵĞŶƚ ƐůƵĚŐĞ ĨƌŽŵ ƚŚĞ ƚƌĞĂƚŵĞŶƚ ŽĨ ǁĂƐƚĞǁĂƚĞƌƐ ĨƌŽŵ ǁŽŽĚ
<ϬϬϭ ;dͿ
ƉƌĞƐĞƌǀŝŶŐƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐƚŚĂƚƵƐĞĐƌĞŽƐŽƚĞĂŶĚͬŽƌƉĞŶƚĂĐŚůŽƌŽƉŚĞŶŽů
tĂƐƚĞǁĂƚĞƌ ƚƌĞĂƚŵĞŶƚ ƐůƵĚŐĞ ĨƌŽŵ ƚŚĞ ƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶ ŽĨ ĐŚƌŽŵĞ ǇĞůůŽǁ ĂŶĚ
<ϬϬϮ ;dͿ
ŽƌĂŶŐĞƉŝŐŵĞŶƚƐ
151
tĂƐƚĞǁĂƚĞƌ ƚƌĞĂƚŵĞŶƚ ƐůƵĚŐĞ ĨƌŽŵ ƚŚĞ ƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶ ŽĨ ŵŽůǇďĚĂƚĞ ŽƌĂŶŐĞ

<ϬϬϯ ;dͿ
ƉŝŐŵĞŶƚƐ
<ϬϬϵ ŝƐƟůůĂƟŽŶďŽƩŽŵƐĨƌŽŵƚŚĞƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨĂĐĞƚĂůĚĞŚǇĚĞĨƌŽŵĞƚŚǇůĞŶĞ ;dͿ
<ϬϭϬ ŝƐƟůůĂƟŽŶƐŝĚĞĐƵƚƐĨƌŽŵƚŚĞƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨĂĐĞƚĂůĚĞŚǇĚĞĨƌŽŵĞƚŚǇůĞŶĞ ;dͿ
tĂƐƚĞǁĂƚĞƌƚƌĞĂƚŵĞŶƚƐůƵĚŐĞƐĨƌŽŵƚŚĞŵĂŶƵĨĂĐƚƵƌŝŶŐĂŶĚƉƌŽĐĞƐƐŝŶŐŽĨ
<Ϭϰϰ ;ZͿ
ĞǆƉůŽƐŝǀĞƐ
<Ϭϰϱ ^ƉĞŶƚĐĂƌďŽŶĨƌŽŵƚŚĞƚƌĞĂƚŵĞŶƚŽĨǁĂƐƚĞǁĂƚĞƌĐŽŶƚĂŝŶŝŶŐĞǆƉůŽƐŝǀĞƐ ;ZͿ
<ϭϲϵ ƌƵĚĞŽŝůƐƚŽƌĂŐĞƚĂŶŬƐĞĚŝŵĞŶƚĨƌŽŵƉĞƚƌŽůĞƵŵƌĞĮŶŝŶŐŽƉĞƌĂƟŽŶƐ ;dͿ
ůĂƌŝĮĞĚƐůƵƌƌǇŽŝůƚĂŶŬƐĞĚŝŵĞŶƚĂŶĚͬŽƌŝŶͲůŝŶĞĮůƚĞƌͬƐĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶƐŽůŝĚƐĨƌŽŵ
<ϭϳϬ ;dͿ
ƉĞƚƌŽůĞƵŵƌĞĮŶŝŶŐŽƉĞƌĂƟŽŶƐ
ŶĞǆƚƌĂĐƚŽĨƚŚĞZZ;h^Ϳ<Ͳ>ŝƐƚ͗ǁĂƐƚĞĚĞƌŝǀĞĚĨƌŽŵ͞ƐƉĞĐŝĮĐƐŽƵƌĐĞ͟
P- and U-listed wastes

Discarded and unused commercial chemical products, offspecification products,
and spill residues of such products. Here following some examples.
/ŶĚƵƐƚƌǇĂŶĚW
LR1(O& 56%12"#)+
ŚĂǌĂƌĚŽƵƐǁĂƐƚĞEŽ
WϬϮϯ ϭϬϳͲϮϬͲϬ ĐĞƚĂůĚĞŚǇĚĞĐŚůŽƌŽͲ
WϬϬϮ ϱϵϭͲϬϴͲϮ ĐĞƚĂŵŝĚĞ͕EͲ;ĂŵŝŶŽƚŚŝŽǆŽŵĞƚŚǇůͿͲ
WϬϱϳ ϲϰϬͲϭϵͲϳ ĐĞƚĂŵŝĚĞ͕ϮͲŇƵŽƌŽͲ
WϬϱϴ ϲϮͲϳϰͲϴ ĐĞƟĐĂĐŝĚ͕ŇƵŽƌŽͲ͕ƐŽĚŝƵŵƐĂůƚ
hϬϭϲ ϮϮϱͲϱϭͲϰ ĞŶǌ΀Đ΁ĂĐƌŝĚŝŶĞ
hϬϭϳ ϵϴͲϴϳͲϯ ĞŶǌĂůĐŚůŽƌŝĚĞ
ĞŶǌĂŵŝĚĞ͕ ϯ͕ϱͲĚŝĐŚůŽƌŽͲEͲ;ϭ͕ϭͲĚŝŵĞƚŚǇůͲ
hϭϵϮ ϮϯϵϱϬͲϱϴͲϱ
ϮͲƉƌŽƉǇŶǇůͿͲ
hϬϭϴ ϱϲͲϱϱͲϯ ĞŶǌ΀Ă΁ĂŶƚŚƌĂĐĞŶĞ
ŶĞǆƚƌĂĐƚŽĨƚŚĞZZ;h^ͿWĂŶĚhͲ>ŝƐƚ͗ǁĂƐƚĞĚĞƌŝǀĞĚĨƌŽŵĚŝƐĐĂƌĚĞĚĂŶĚƵŶƵƐĞĚĐŽŵŵĞƌĐŝĂů
ĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐ
The above mentioned mixture rule277and derived-from rule278 refer to the pos-
sibility that the waste has been delisted279, or that the mixture/derived-from
residue qualifies for any of the exclusions from the mixture and derived-from
rules.
277
See Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA), 40 CFR §§261.3(a)(2)(iii) and (iv),
278
See Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA), 40 CFR §261.3(c)(2)
279
See Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA), 40 CFR §§260.20 and 260.22
152
Mixtures of listed hazardous wastes and solid nonhazardous wastes are defined
as hazardous wastes and retain their listing designations unless the hazardous
waste in the mixture is listed solely based on a particular characteristic (ignitability
[I], corrosivity [C], reactivity [R], toxicity [E]) and the mixture no longer exhibits
any of these hazardous waste characteristics.
For example, a mixture of a spent methylene chloride formulation (listed as
F002 because of its hazardous constituents) and used oil would be defined as a
hazardous waste and be designated as F002 whether or not the mixture exhibited
a hazardous waste characteristic.
The hazardous waste listings also apply to solid wastes that are derived from the
“treatment, storage, or disposal of a listed hazardous waste” stating the so-called de-
rived-from rule which defines the residual solid wastes derived from the treatment,
storage, or disposal of a listed hazardous waste as a hazardous waste. Examples
are: ash resulting from the incineration of offspecification toluene (U220), and
leachate resulting from the disposal of API separator sludge from the petroleum
refining industry (K051) in a landfill.
4. Does the waste exhibit a characteristic of hazardous waste280?

A solid waste,which is not excluded from regulation as a hazardous waste is a haz-
ardous waste if it exhibits any of the following characteristics.
Ignitability (I)
If a representative sample of the waste has any of the following properties
1)It is a liquid, other than an aqueous solution containing less than 24 percent
alcohol by volume and has flash point less than 60 °C (140 °F), as determined by
a Pensky-Martens Closed Cup Tester, using the test method specified in ASTM
Standard D 93-79 or D 93-80281, or a Setaflash Closed Cup Tester, using the test
method specified in ASTM Standard D 3278-78.
2) It is not a liquid and is capable, under standard temperature and pressure,
of causing fire through friction, absorption of moisture or spontaneous chemical
changes and, when ignited, burns so vigorously and persistently that it creates a
hazard.
3) It is an ignitable compressed gas
4) It is an oxidizer. An oxidizer is a substance such as a chlorate, permanganate,
inorganic peroxide, or a nitrate, that yields oxygen readily to stimulate the combus-
tion of organic matter
Example: certain spent solvents (e.g., mineral spirits) and offspecification jet
fuels.
280
See Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA), 40 CFR Part 261, Subpart C
281
See Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA), 40 CFR § 260.11
153
Corrosivity (C)
If a representative sample of the waste has either of the following properties
1) It is aqueous and has a pH less than or equal to 2 or greater than or equal
to 12.5, as determined by a pH meter using Method 9040C in “Test Methods for
Evaluating Solid Waste, Physical/Chemical Methods,” EPA Publication SW-846.
2) It is a liquid and corrodes steel (SAE 1020) at a rate greater than 6.35 mm
(0.250 inch) per year at a test temperature of 55 °C (130 °F) as determined by
Method 1110A in Test Methods for Evaluating Solid Waste, Physical/Chemical
Methods,” EPA Publication SW-846.
Examples: spent sulfuric acid and concentrated waste sodium hydroxide solu-
tions that have not been neutralized.
Reactivity (R)
If a representative sample of the waste has any of the following properties
It is normally unstable and readily undergoes violent change without deto-
nating.
It reacts violently with water.
It forms potentially explosive mixtures with water.
When mixed with water, it generates toxic gases, vapors or fumes in a quantity
sufficient to present a danger to human health or the environment.
It is a cyanide or sulfide bearing waste which, when exposed to pH conditions
between 2 and 12.5, can generate toxic gases, vapors or fumes in a quantity suffi-
cient to present a danger to human health or the environment.
It is capable of detonation or explosive reaction if it is subjected to a strong
initiating source or if heated under confinement.
It is readily capable of detonation or explosive decomposition or reaction at
standard temperature and pressure.
It is a forbidden explosive282, or is a Division 1.1, 1.2 or 1.3 explosive283.
Toxicity (T)
A solid waste (except manufactured gas plant waste) exhibits the characteristic of
toxicity if, using the Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure, test Method 1311
in “Test Methods for Evaluating Solid Waste, Physical/Chemical Methods,” EPA
Publication SW-846, the extract from a representative sample of the waste contains
any of the contaminants listed in table 1 at the concentration equal to or greater than
the respective value given in that table. Where the waste contains less than 0.5 per-
cent filterable solids, the waste itself, after filtering using the methodology outlined in
Method 1311, is considered to be the extract for the purpose of this section.
282
See Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA), 49 CFR 173.54
283
See Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA), 49 CFR 173.50 and 173.53
154
A solid waste that exhibits the characteristic of toxicity has the EPA Hazardous
Waste Number specified in Table 1 which corresponds to the toxic contaminant
causing it to be hazardous.
Toxicity characteristic (TC):

An extract of the waste must be tested according to the Toxicity Characteristic
Leaching Procedure (TCLP - EPA Test Method 1311)Ϯϴϰ.
The extract is then subsequently analyzed using one or more of several meth-
ods listed below.
The results of the analysis are compared to regulatory thresholds for 40 con-
stituentsϮϴϱ.
Test methods in this step may include the following:
EPA Test Methods 3010 and 6010 - for arsenic, barium, cadmium, chromium, lead,
silver, and selenium
EPA Test Method 7470 - mercury
EPA Test Methods 3510 and 8080 - pesticides
EPA Test Method 8260 - for volatile organics
EPA Methods 3510 and 8270 - semivolatile organics
EPA Test Method 8151 - herbicides.
If the extract from the TCLP procedure contains levels of any of the 40 con-
stituents at or above regulatory thresholds, the waste is considered a hazardous
waste. Wastes that exhibit the toxicity characteristic are classified as EPA Hazard-
ous Waste Codes D004 through D043.
Examples: petroleum wastes, wastes from organic chemical manufacturing, and

pesticide and herbicide wastes.
N<E<(=-&.&/-)".(&F+7F-+0(
To get a better understanding of the biohazardous waste management practice of
health-care facilities, there is a need to have a common and internationally accept-
ed definition for the waste generated in those facilities.
As previously explained, since biohazardous waste originates from health care
facilities and/or research laboratories, it is to be considered as a subcategory of
health-care waste286.
For the purposes of this manual, the following sections will therefore move
from the widest possible classification to the specific subclass of our interest, that
is from the classification of health care waste, provided by WHO, to biohazardous
and its subcategories.
284
See Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA), Appendix II to 40 CFR Part 261
285
See Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA), 40 CFR §261.24
286
See Word List
155
N<E<@<((!+".2*()"7+(0"12+(
&"$"!"!"#&ĞĂƚƵƌĞƐ
The wide category of health care waste includes all the waste generated by health-
care establishments, research facilities, and laboratories. In addition, it includes
the waste originating from “minor” or “scattered” sources—such as that produced
in the course of health care undertaken in the home (dialysis, insulin injections,
etc.)Ϯϴϳ.
The concept embraces activities of diagnosis as well as preventive, curative and
palliative treatments in the field of human medicine. In other words, all the waste
produced by a medical institution (public or private), a medical research facility
(public or private) or a laboratory (public or private)288, is to be considered as
health-care waste.
As anticipated, between 75% and 90% of the total amount of health-care waste
represents “general” health-care waste, comparable to domestic waste. The re-
maining 10-25% is hazardous healthcare waste material that may present different
features and risks289. Within this “hazardous healthcare waste framework”, biohaz-
ardous (infectious) waste represents the majority of hazardous waste, up to 15% of
the total waste from health-care activities.
!
W as te fr om clinics and hospitals
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287
A. Prüss, E. Girault and P. Rushbrook, eds., Safe Management of Wastes from Health-care
Activities , WHO, Geneva 1999, p. 1.
288
Preparation of National Health-Care Waste Management Plans in Sub-Saharan Countries,
UNEP-WHO, p. 8
289
Activities , WHO, Geneva 1999, p.2
156
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As the awareness of the global increase of health care hazardous waste grew, WHO
has produced a classification290 of such waste in order to facilitate the development
of national and local management plans:
• Infectious waste
• Pathological waste
• Sharps
• Pharmaceutical waste (Pharmaceutical waste includes expired, unused,
spilt, and contaminated pharmaceutical products, drugs, vaccines, and
sera that are no longer required and need to be disposed of appropri-
ately. The category also includes discarded items used in the handling of
pharmaceuticals, such as bottles or boxes with residues, gloves, masks,
connecting tubing, and drug vials)
• Genotoxic waste
• Chemical waste
• Waste with high content of heavy metal
• Pressurized containers291 (many types of gas are used in health care - see Box
2.2 - and are often stored in pressurized cylinders, cartridges, and aerosol
cans. Many of these, once empty or of no further use, although they may
still contain residues, are reusable, but certain types notably aerosol cans
must be disposed of. Whether inert or potentially harmful, gases in pres-
surized containers should always be handled with care; containers may
explode if incinerated or accidentally punctured)
• Radioactive waste292 (radioactive waste includes solid, liquid, and gaseous ma-
terials contaminated with radionuclides. It is produced as a result of proce-
dures such as in-vitro analysis of body tissue and fluid, in-vivo organ imaging
and tumour localization, and various investigative and therapeutic practices).
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Biohazardous wastes are public and private health waste products which may carry
human pathogens or biohazards293. Biohazards are infectious agents or hazardous
biological materials that present a risk or potential risk to the health of humans,
290
Activities , WHO, Geneva 1999, pp. 1-9.
291
Activities , WHO, Geneva 1999, p. 6.
292
Id. pp. 7-9.
293
McGraw-Hill Concise Dictionary of Modern Medicine, 2002, The McGraw-Hill Companies.
157
animals or the environment. The risk can be direct through infection or indirect
through damage to the environment294.
As evident, the most prominent feature of biohazardous waste is its potential
infectiousness. Consequently, the term biohazardous waste is often replaced by
the term infectious waste. The interpretation of the definition may slightly vary
according to national circumstances, policies and regulations.
However, many international organizations like the WHO295 and the UN296,
provide for specific interpretations of biohazardous waste.
According to UNEP, infectiousness is one of the hazardous characteristics list-
ed in annex III to the Basel Convention and defined under class H6.2297.
Moreover, according to a joint Guidance Manual of the Secretariat of the Basel
Convention and the World Health Organization298, special requirements regarding
the management of infectious wastes must be imposed whenever waste is “known
or – based on medical experience – expected to be contaminated by causative
agents of diseases and when this contamination gives cause for concern that the
disease might spread”299.
The same document identifies two groups depending on the degree of infec-
tiousness that is expected:
• infectious waste
• highly infectious waste
While the first group comprises all biomedical and health-care waste known or
clinically assessed by a medical practitioner to have the potential of transmitting in-
fectious agents to humans or animals, the second group mainly refers to microbio-
logical cultures in which a multiplication of pathogens of any kind has occurred300.
UNEP Technical Guidelines on the Environmentally sound Management of
Biomedical and Healtcare Wastes also provides a list detailing the most relevant
diseases making particular demands on infection prevention when the following
factors are taken into account301:
• The associated risk of infection (contagiousness, infection dose, epidemic
potential);
source www.biosafety.ucla.edu
294
295
Activities , WHO, Geneva 1999.

296
Recommendations on the Transport of Dangerous Goods by Road, Eleventh revised edition
(United Nations publication, Sales No. E. 99. VIII.1.
297
Technical Guidelines on the Environmentally sound Management of Biomedical and Healtcare
Wastes (Y1,Y3), 2003, p. 5.
298
Preparation of National Health-Care Waste Management Plans in Sub-Saharan Countries, 2004
299
Preparation of National Health-Care Waste Management Plans in Sub-Saharan Countries, 2004
p. 11.
300
Id. p. 11.
301
Technical Guidelines on the Environmentally sound Management of Biomedical and Healtcare
Wastes (Y1,Y3), 2003, p. 18.
158
• The viability of the pathogen (infection capacity/infectiousness);

• The route of transmission;
• The extent and nature of the potential contamination;
• The quantity of contaminated waste;
• The severity and treatability of the disease that might be caused.
The wastes belonging to this group may occur in the context of diagnosis and treat-
ment of patients suffering from the following diseases302 (relevant pathogen-con-
taining excretions are given in brackets):
• Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)* (blood)
• Viral hepatitis* (blood, faeces)
• Creuzfeld-Jacob disease (CJD), transmissible spongiform encephalopathy
(TSE)* (tissue, cerebrospinal fluid)
• Cholera# (faeces, vomit)
• Typhoid fever/paratyphoid fever # (faeces, urine, bile)
• Enteritis, dysentery, enterohaemorragic Escherichia coli (EHEC)-induced
haemolytic uraemicsyndrome (HUS)# (faeces)
• Active tuberculosis (respiratory tract secretions, urine, faeces)
• Meningitis/encephalitis (respiratory tract secretions, cerebrospinal fluid)
• Brucellosis (blood)
• Diphtheria (respiratory tract secretions, secretions from infected wounds)
• Leprosy (secretion from nose/infected wounds)
• Anthrax (respiratory tract secretions, secretion from infected wounds)
• Plague (respiratory tract secretions, secretion from infected wounds)
• Poliomyelitis (respiratory tract secretions, faeces)
• Q fever (respiratory tract secretions, blood, dust)
• Glanders (respiratory tract secretions, secretion from infected wounds)
• Rabies (respiratory tract secretions)
• Tularaemia (pus)
• Virus-induced haemorrhagic fever, including hantavirus-induced renal
(HFRS) and pulmonary (HPS) syndromes (blood, respiratory tract secretions,
secretion from infected wounds, urine)
302
The infections marked with (*) are usually transmitted through inoculation. Therefore, the
wastes of relevance here are not taken to include dry contaminated waste from sporadic patients
suffering from diseases in question (AIDS, viral hepatitis, CJD), such as contaminated swabs (e.g.
from taking of blood samples), cotton plugs used in dental practices, etc. However, they do include
blood-filled vessels and waste drenched with blood or secretions from surgeries performed on in-
fected patients, used dialysis systems from yellow dialysis as well as wastes drenched with blood/
secretions from medical practices and laboratories mainly treating patients who have contracted the
diseases in question.
The infections marked with (#) are transmitted via faeces and oral ingestion of contaminated
material. Relevant bodily discharges may be fed to the waste-water stream in observance of hygienic
requirements.
159
Infectious wastes in any case include the following303:

(a) All microbiological cultures generated, for example, in institutes working
in the fields of hygiene, microbiology and virology as well as in medical laborato-
ries, medical practices and similar establishments and in which a multiplication of
pathogens of any kind has occurred;
(b) Experimental animals as well as litter and animal faeces from animal test
laboratories, if transmission of the above-mentioned diseases is to be expected.
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Most of the following classes are comprised of instruments and tools which are
commonly used in health care facilities. Since they might have been in contact with
infected patients or dangerous pathogens, they might fall within the category of
biohazardous waste because of their potential infectiousness.
Sharps
Sharps are all objects and materials that pose a potential risk of injury, invasion
of the skin barrier in the human body or infection, due to their puncture or cut
property. The main diseases of concern are infections which may be transmitted
by subcutaneous introduction of the agent - for example, viral blood infections.
The items that are able to cause cuts or puncture wounds, include all types of
needles304, scalpel and other blades, knives, infusion sets, ampoules, saws, broken
glass, lancets, vials without content and nails. Whether or not they are infected,
such items are usually considered as highly hazardous health-care waste.
Sharps typically represent an example of potentially infectious health-care
waste. Even if they represent about 1% of the total healthcare waste, they are a
major source of disease transmission if not properly managed.
Pathological waste
Pathological waste305 consists of all human tissues, organs, body parts (including,
waste biopsy materials, tissues, and anatomical parts from surgery, procedures,
or autopsy), human fetuses and animal carcasses, blood, and body fluids. Within
this category, recognizable human or animal body parts are also called anatomical
waste.
303
Technical Guidelines on the Environmentally sound Management of Biomedical and Heal-
thcare Wastes (Y1,Y3), 2003, p. 19
304
Hypodemic needles are of particular concern because they constitute an important part of the
sharps and are often contaminated with the blood of patients.
305
Activities , WHO, Geneva 1999, p. 3
160
This category should be considered as a subcategory of infectious waste, even

though it may also include healthy body parts.
Human blood and blood products

All human blood, blood products (such as serum, plasma, and other blood compo-
nents) in liquid or semi-liquid form. Items contaminated with blood that, if com-
pressed, would release blood in a liquid or semi-liquid form, or items caked with
dried blood capable of being released during handling. Other body fluids or tissues
containing visible blood306. There is particular concern about infection with human
immunodeÞciency virus (HIV) and hepatitis viruses B and C, for which there is
strong evidence of transmission via health-care waste. These viruses are generally
transmitted through injuries from syringe needles contaminated by human blood307.
Human Body Fluids

Human body fluids in a liquid or semi-liquid state, including: semen, vaginal se-
cretions, cerebral spinal fluid, synovial fluid, pleural fluid, pericardial fluid, peri-
toneal fluid, amniotic fluid, and saliva from dental procedures. Also includes any
other human body fluids visibly contaminated with blood, and all body fluids in
situations where it is difficult or impossible to differentiate between body fluids308.
Cultures and stock

Discarded cultures and stocks309 of infectious agents or microorganism generated
in the diagnosis, treatment, or immunization of a human being or animal or in any
research relating to that diagnosis, treatment or immunization, or in the produc-
tion or testing of biologicals.
Materials contaminated with blood and body fluids

Discarded materials or equipment contaminated with blood and its derivatives,
other body fluids or excreta from patients potentially infected with hazardous
communicable diseases310, like dialysis equipment such as tubing and filters, dis-
posable sheets, linen, aprons, gloves or laboratory coats contaminated with blood.
306
Hazard Awareness and Management Manual (HAMM), Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research
Center, https://extranet.fhcrc.org/EN/sections/ehs/hamm/index.html
307
Activities , WHO, Geneva 1999, p.21
308
Hazard Awareness and Management Manual (HAMM), Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research
Center, https://extranet.fhcrc.org/EN/sections/ehs/hamm/index.html
309
“a culture of a microorganism maintained solely for the purpose of keeping the microorgani-
sm in a viable condition by subculture, as necessary, into fresh medium”, in Farlex Partner Medical
Dictionary.
310
Technical Guidelines on the Environmentally sound Management of Biomedical and Heal-
thcare Wastes (Y1,Y3), 2003, section 6.1, subsection B.5, p. 17.
161
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This paragraph is intended to outline the most commonly handling, labelling,
packaging and disposal procedures adopted in order to properly comply with the
3R’s Hazardous Chemical Management Approach.
The main scope of introducing such procedures are:
• to increase laboratory safety: it is the responsibility of all workers to manage
chemical waste in a reasonable manner: failure to respect procedures can
result in harm to other employees and/or destruction of work areas due to
fires, explosions or spills.
• to quantify amount and type of waste: a punctual knowledge of the waste
characteristics (quantity, storage condition, type of hazardousness, frequency
of use, etc) is crucial for a sound Hazardous Waste management with respect
to the 3 R’s approach (Reducing, Recovery, Reusing)
• to consolidate and standardize laboratory waste handling procedures: a
not homogeneous approach in HW management procedures adopted by
different laboratory staff in the same facility or different workers in the same
laboratory can increase risk of accident;
• to train laboratory Staff/large scale practitioners to be more responsible and
aware of waste handling intrinsic risk: workers involved in HW handling
must be well trained and properly updated upon best practices followed in
their facility.
All the procedures must comply with general criteria of:

• Waste minimization: source reduction practices that reduce or eliminate
waste generation at the source (in case reduction is not economically feasible,
environmentally sound recycling practices should be followed).
163
• Waste containment: all containers of hazardous waste must be temporarily

stored in an area where the waste was generated (usually under the direct
control of the individual who generated the waste).
• Environmentally sound waste treatment: in any phase of Waste treatment
(production, handling, labeling, packaging and, in case, on-site disposal)
care must be taken in avoiding dangerous practice for the environment (e.g.
accidental spills in the sewer, toxic gas release out of the aspiration hood).
• Identification of staff responsibility: Head of Staff has the primary
responsibility for ensuring that laboratory staff follow the Facilities
procedures for the Handling/Labeling/Packaging/Disposal of hazardous
waste. Furthermore Head of Staff is responsible for ensuring that:
!" laboratory personnel have received adequate hazardous waste
training;
!" Appropriate personnel protective equipment is available and worn
(if necessary).
Laboratory staff are responsible for:
!" Making the initial determination when a material becomes a haz-
ardous waste
!" Following Facilities procedures dealing with hazardous waste.
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An overview about Hazardous chemicals Waste Assessment has been provided
in the previous Chapter; such process could be sometimes really complex and
need specific waste test, requiring time and supplementary expenses. On the other
hand, a quick Hazardous Waste assessment is possible for well-trained operators.
The better way for a rapid assessment is checking the MSDS (Material Safety Data
Sheet) of the waste product; obviously if the waste is constituted by a very complex
mixture, probably technical test analysis is mandatory.
In this section we briefly show some of the most easy-recognizable class of Haz-
ardous Waste.
As starting point we enumerate some commercially available classes of the most
Common Hazardous waste that could be discarded or side-product in many kind
of chemical activity (both running private company or public/academic facilities):
• Solvents
• Paint thinner
• Paint
• Some Organic Clays and Glazes
• Reactive Metals (e.g. Sodium, Potassium)
• Spent Batteries
164
HANDBOOK ON CHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL WASTE MANAGEMENT – WASTE HANDLING GENERAL PROCEDURE
• Photo Chemicals
• Dyes
• Metal Etching Solutions
If the waste is a discarded manufactured article, usually is already labeled as Haz-

ardous and will be consequently handled and disposed of.
Otherwise, if the waste properties are unknown, the assessment of the Waste
Hazardousness can be directed by the following parameters:
Flammable/Ignitable
A chemical is flammable if it is:
• A liquid having a flash point less than 60°C (EPA and GHS’s category 3) or
55°C (EU).
Example are very common use solvent: ethanol, xylene, diethyl ether.
• A solid, liquid, or gas that evolves oxygen at room temperature or under
slight heating
Example are: peroxides, chlorates, perchlorates, nitrates and permanganates.
Technical Note: if the waste is constituted only by flammable solvents it will be

considered hazardous without further analysis.
Corrosive
A waste is corrosive if pH is less than 2 or greater than 12.5; a chemical shouldn’t
be not allowed to be poured down the drain if it has a pH of less than 5.0 or greater
than 12.
Technical Note: an easy pH check could be performed exploiting Phmeter or, in

case of very basic or acid solution, a colorimetric test (e.g. litmus paper).
Reactive
A waste is reactive if it is:
• normally unstable compound that readily undergoes violent change (e.g.,
acrylonitrile, butyl hydroperoxide).
• When mixed with water, the chemical reacts violently, forms potentially
explosive mixtures, or generates toxic gases in sufficient quantities to present
a danger to human health (e.g., sodium metal, chloropropionyl chloride).
• The compound contains cyanides or sulfides that when exposed to pH
conditions between 2 and 12.5 could generate toxic gases (e.g hydrogen
cyanide, hydrogen sulfide) in sufficient quantities to endanger human health
(e.g., sodium sulfide, arsenic sulfide)
165
Technical Note: check accurately MSDS; don’t try reactivity by yourself (e.g.
adding water to a solution containing Sodium) could be really dangerous.
Toxic
Toxicity is based upon the LC50 for fish or the LD50 for rats. This information is
usually listed on a chemical’s MSDS/SDS.
Following table311 lists five categories of toxicity: X, A, B, C, and D. The X category

(Tox-X) is the most toxic. If data is available for more than one toxicity test, use the
data showing the severest toxicity.
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Technical note: chemical waste included in any of these categories is hazardous

waste, in particular categories X, A, or B are “extremely hazardous waste” and
are subject to additional requirements (e.g. maximum waste accumulation volume
of ca. 1Lt). Chemical waste with toxicity below the D category is not regulated as
toxic, but may still be managed as hazardous waste if it is carcinogenic/mutagenic.
For mixtures such as diluted wastes and wastes containing more than one con-
stituent, an Equivalent Concentration (EC) for the mixture must be calculated to
determine the toxicity level of the mixture.
If the EC is greater than or equal to 0.001%, the waste is toxic.
The formula for the EC is:
EC(%)= ȸX% + ȸA%/10 + ȸB%/100 + ȸC%/1000 +ȸD%/10000
For example, a mixture of 0.01% aldrin (toxic category A), 1.0% endrin (toxic
category A), 4.0% benzene (toxic category D), 2.0% phenol (toxic category C)
and 5% dinoseb (toxic category B) in water (nontoxic) exceeds the toxicity:
EC(%)= 0% + (1.0%+0.01%) /10 + (5.0%)/100 + (2.0%)/1000
+(4.0%)/10000=0.153%
311
An example of methodological approach according to USA legislation: http://www.ehs.
washington.edu/manuals/lsm/lsm3.pdf
166
Persistent
A well-known class that could potentially lead to Hazardous Waste are the per-
sistent chemicals:
Persistent chemicals do not biodegrade quickly in the environment.
The two main classes are:
• Halogenated Organic Compound
• Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons
Halogenated Organic Compounds

A Halogenated Organic Compound (HOC) is a molecule that includes one or
more atoms of halogens (fluorine, chlorine, bromine, or iodine). When a waste
mixture contains one or more halogenated organic compounds, the total haloge-
nated organic compound concentration is determined by summing the concentra-
tion percentages of each halogenated organic compound.
Technical note: If a waste mixture contains more than 0.01% HOC, the waste
is persistent and therefore hazardous. For example, a waste contains 0.009% car-
bon tetrachloride, 0.012% DDT, and 0.020% 1,1,1-trichloroethylene. The total
halogenated organic compounds concentration calculation indicates the mixture
is persistent, as follows:
Total HOC Concentration = 0.009% + 0.012% + 0.020% = 0.041%
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are a group of organic compounds con-
sisting of (at least) two fused aromatic rings. PAHs originate mainly from anthro-
pogenic processes (particularly from incomplete combustion of organic fuels) and
are widely present in the atmosphere in both particulate and gaseous phases, de-
pending on their volatility. Long-term exposure to high concentrations of PAHs is
associated with adverse health problems: some PAHs are considered carcinogens
and in particular inhalation of PAHs in particulates is a potentially serious health
risk linked to an excess risk of lung cancer.
The following polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are regulated accord-
ing to USA legislation:
• acenapthylene,
• acenapthene,
• anthracene,
• benzo(a)anthracene,
• benzo(b)fluoranthene,
• benzo(k)fluoranthene,
• benzo(q,h,i)perylene,
• benzo(a)pyrene,
167
• chrysene,
• dibenz(a,h)anthracene,
• indeno(1,2,3-c,d)pyrene,
• fluoranthene,
• fluorene,
• naphthalene,
• phenanthrene
• pyrene.
Technical note312: When a waste contains one or more of these PAHs, determine the
total concentration by summing the concentration percentages of each regulated
polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. If the waste contains more than 1% PAHs, the
waste is persistent and therefore hazardous. For example, a waste contains 0.08%
chrysene and 1.22% 3,4-benzo[a]pyrene. The total polycyclic aromatic hydrocar-
bon concentration calculation demonstrates the mixture is persistent as follows:
Total PAH Concentration = 0.08% + 1.22% = 1.30%
A similar approach can be applied using the different Toxic categories/limit valid
according to the ruling National legislation; a condition required is the knowledge
of the percentage composition of the waste mixture, otherwise a more accurate
analysis will be requested.
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tĂƐƚĞŵŝŶŝŵŝǌĂƟŽŶƉƌĂĐƟĐĞƐ
Mindfully of the importance of a sound Re-use, Reduce and Recycling approach for a
truly efficient Chemical Hazardous Waste Management in running a generic facilities,
a series of waste minimization practice should be put in force; tuning-up and coordi-
nation of such practice is quite a huge effort; all the facilities staff must be involved.
The basic waste Minimization Practice are the following:
Equipment or technology modifications: more modern and technologically ad-

vanced equipment could lead to less waste production.
Examples are:
efficient distillation apparatus for toxic solvent
small scale analysis instruments
312
An example of methodological approach according to USA legislation: http://www.ehs.wa-
shington.edu/manuals/lsm/lsm3.pdf
168
Reformulation or redesign of product synthesis process: both in small scale

(academic) or large scale(industrial) synthesis process often reformulation and
“tailoring” adjustment can reduce the side-product and/or exceeding sol-
vent.
An effective chemical-process engineering can lead to lowering the amount of
hazardous discarded material.
Substitution of less toxic raw materials: less toxic raw materials generally im-
plies less toxic waste; the use of some very harmful chemicals are not allowed or
restricted; in some case, depending on the chemicals characteristics (e.g. chem-
ical-physical properties), is possible to replace such substance with other less
toxic.
These choices usually must consider also a proper cost/benefits analysis.
Example are:
• Less volatile toxic organic solvent produce a lower amount of potentially
harmful Volatile Organic Compound (VOC’s).
• Mercury thermometers can be replaced by alcohol thermometer (the debris
and mercury from a thermometer must be dealt with as hazardous waste,
while a broken alcohol thermometer can be disposed of as broken glassware).
• Chromium(VI) and acid-based glassware cleaning solutions can be replaced
with other less toxic glassware cleaners (e.g. containing: hydrogen peroxide,
potassium hydroxide ethanol).
• Use, where possible, air freshener that is not dispersed by an aerosol can.
Recycling: includes the use, reuse and/or reclamation of waste residuals (that may
be designated as a hazardous waste) or materials in a hazardous waste.
Continuous improvements in work practices: all the staff have to be periodically

trained to recognize which practice, not properly followed, can accidentally in-
crease the amount of waste produced.
Examples are:
• To take maximum control about toxic liquid transportation in adequate
container
• To never handle bottle before checking the bottle-cap tight-up
• To not allow mixing of strong acid/base
• To take maximum care in handling explosives waste
• To be careful in properly filling out HW labeling
169
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A correct labeling is a key-point to ensure the subsequent safe disposal of Hazard-
ous Waste.
The following practices should be always kept in mind by all the authorized
personnel involved in HW handling:
• The laboratory personnel will be responsible for filling out the front of
the tag and attaching it to the container before calling for chemical waste
pickup; wastes not properly labeled could lead to not recognizing hazardous
waste and labeling it as Not-Hazardous.
• Containers used to collect waste chemicals must be clearly marked using
label providing as minimum information (following figure is an example of
Labeling313):
!" Waste name: name of chemical (example: Benzene)
!" Composition: percentage (example: 30% chloroform 70% Acetone)
!" Physical state: phase (example: liquid)
!" Type of hazard (example: flammable)
!" Date (example: 9-12-2013)
ǆĂŵƉůĞŽĨ,ĂǌĂƌĚŽƵƐtĂƐƚĞůĂďĞů
313
Source: http://www.labelmaster.com/shop/labels/waste-labels/california-waste-labels
170
• Containers must be marked or labeled at the time waste is first placed in the
container.
• Containers must have an “open date” (the earliest date that waste is placed
in the container) listed on the container label, and when full or no longer
being filled, a “fill date” (the date that the container is filled and will no
longer be used to accumulate waste).
• Unused, unwanted, or unopened chemicals that are to be discarded must
be labeled with the words “Waste (name of chemical) and the date that they
were determined to be unwanted or unusable.
• Small or odd shaped containers that are difficult to place a label on must be
placed in a larger sealed container (e.g. zip-lock bags, plastic containers) and
labeled on the outside.
• Containers holding chemicals that cannot be identified by chemical name,
chemical constituents, or process generating the waste must be labeled as
“Waste Unknown” with the date that they are considered to be no longer
needed.
ŽĞƐƚŚĞŵĂƚĞƌŝĂůŚĂǀĞ ǇĞƐ
ĂŶǇŝŶƚĞŶĚĞŶĚƵƐĞ ŽŶƟŶƵĞƚŽƵƐĞ
ŽƌƌĞƵƐĞ͍
ŶŽ
tĂƐĂŶŚĂǌĂƌĚŽƵƐ
ǁĂƐƚĞƚĂŐĂƩĂĐŚĞĚ ƩĂĐŚ
ƚŽƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĂŝŶĞƌ ŶŽ ŚĂǌĂƌĚŽƵƐ
ǁŚĞŶƚŚĞĮƌƐƚĚƌŽƉ ǁĂƐƚĞƚĂŐ͍
ǁĞŶƚŝŶƐŝĚĞ͍
ǇĞƐ
ǇĞƐ
ƌĞĂůůĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůŶĂŵĞƐ ŶŽ >ŝƐƚĂůůĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůŶĂŵĞƐ
ůŝƐƚĞĚĨƵůů͕ǁŝƚŚŶŽ ǁŝƚŚŶŽĨŽƌŵƵůĂƐ
ĂďďƌĞǀŝĂƟŽŶƐŽƌĨŽƌŵƵůĂƐ͍ ŽƌĂďďƌĞǀŝĂƟŽŶƐ
ǇĞƐ
ǇĞƐ
ƌĞƚŚĞWŚǇƐŝĐĂů^ƚĂƚĞ ŶŽ ŽŶƐƵůƚƚŚĞDĂƚĞƌŝĂů
ĂŶĚ,ĂǌĂƌĚůĂƐƐůŝƐƚĞĚ ^ĂĨĞƚǇĂƚĂ^ĐŚĞĞƚĨŽƌ
ŽŶƚŚĞƚĂŐ͍ WŚǇƐŝĐĂůĂŶĚ,ĂǌĂƌĚůĂƐƐ
ǇĞƐ
ǇĞƐ
WůĂĐĞŚĂǌĂƌĚŽƵƐǁĂƐƚĞ ƌĞƚŚĞWŚǇƐŝĐĂů^ƚĂƚĞĂŶĚ
ĐŽŶƚĂŝŶĞƌŝŶĚĞƐŝŐŶĂƚĞĚ ,ĂǌĂƌĚůĂƐƐůŝƐƚĞĚŽŶƚŚĞ
ƉŝĐŬƵƉĂƌĞĂ ƚĂŐ͍
&ůŽǁͲĐŚĂƌƚƐŚŽǁŝŶŐ,ĂǌĂƌĚŽƵƐtĂƐƚĞĐŽƌƌĞĐƚůĂďĞůŝŶŐƉƌŽĐĞĚƵƌĞƐ
171
;<@<;<((!"#$.-#/("#$(12&7"/+
Accumulation of waste
In any facilities producing small quantity of Hazardous Waste, an Accumulation
Area must be created .
An Accumulation Area means an Area that within a limited periods (e.g. 9
months) accumulates:
• No more than a fixed quantity of any hazardous waste stream (for example
200lt)
• No more than a fixed quantity of any acutely or extremely hazardous waste
stream (for example 1 Liter)
• Avoid storing excess chemicals: personal must keep in mind that excess
chemicals, with respect to the real daily request for the laboratory necessity,
means greater risk in case of accident or spills. Care must be taken in planning
chemicals periodic purchase/shipping aiming to decrease extra-storing (e.g.
by ordering only the needed amount). Plan ahead.
• Chemicals identified as no longer needed and that are unused, unopened or
unknown must be removed from the laboratory no later than an agreed and
reasonable period (e.g. 30 days) after being designated as no longer needed.
• Routinely (at least once per 3 months) inventory reviews should be
conducted to identify any obsolete chemical or substances. An obsolete
chemical or substance is a chemical or substance that will no longer be used
for its intended purpose or will not be used again and needs to be discarded.
• Unknown obsolete chemicals should be handled in the same manner as
unknown or unused chemical; the unknown chemical in particular should
remain in the location in where it was generated until the composition of the
material is known.
• Filled containers of chemical wastes must be removed from the laboratory
within a limited period (for example: 90 days) of the accumulation start date
or the date a chemical becomes a waste.
• No more than a limited quantity of chemical waste may be stored in a
laboratory at any one time (depending on the laboratory area but usually
not exceeding 2-3 hundred liters).
• Equipment/instrumentation maintenance:
!" Equipment/instrumentation maximum efficiency will prevent pos-
sible accident (e.g. spills) and will decrease un-wanted waste-ex-
cess production; for example an efficient streamlined washing-sys-
tem surely makes reduce hazardous “washing” production (e.g.
chlorinated solvents wash). Workers in charge must routinely
check the instrumentation integrity.
172
Container Management
Waste chemicals collected either during the operation of a process or otherwise
accumulated in the laboratory must be placed into containers that are in good
condition, compatible with the contents, and able to contain the contents without
leaking.
• Periodic check of container is mandatory.
Following figure is an example of Container Inspection check-list314
DŽŶƚŚ͗ͺͺͺͺͺͺͺzĞĂƌ͗ͺͺͺͺͺͺͺ
/ŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶƐ͗tĞĞŬůǇƉůĂĐĞĂ͞zĞƐ͟ŶĞǆƚƚŽĂůůŝŶƐƉĞĐƟŽŶŝƚĞŵƐƚŚĂƚŵĞĞƚĨĂĐŝůŝƚǇƌƵůĞƐ͘WůĂĐĞ
Ă͞EŽ͟ŶĞǆƚƚŽĂůůŝŶƐƉĞĐƟŽŶŝƚĞŵƐƚĂŚƚŶŽƚŵĞĞƚƚŚĞƌƵůĞƐ͘WůĞĂƐĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĐŽŵͲ
ŵĞŶƚƐ ŽŶ Ăůů ͞EŽͲŵĂŬĞĚ͟ ŝƚĞŵƐ͘ tŚĞŶ ǁĞĞŬůǇ ŝŶƐƉĞĐƟŽŶ ŝƐ ĐŽŵƉůĞƚĞĚ͕ ŝŶƐƉĞĐƚŽƌ ,612(
ŝŶŝƟĂůĂƚƚŚĞďŽƩŽŵŽĨƚŚĞƚĂďůĞ͘ZĞƉŽƌƚĂůůEŽͲŵĂƌŬĞĚŝƚĞŵƐƚŽĂƉƉƌŽƉƌŝĂƚĞƐƵƉĞƌǀŝƐŽƌ͘
&ŽƵƌͲtĞĞŬ
/ŶƐƉĞĐƟŽŶWĞƌŝŽĚ ŽŵŵĞŶƚƐŽŶ
ĂƚĞ͗ ĂƚĞ͗ ĂƚĞ͗ /ŶƐƉĞĐƟŽŶ/ƚĞŵƐ
/ŶƐƉĞĐƟŽŶ/ƚĞŵ ͺͺͺͺͺ ͺͺͺͺͺ ͺͺͺͺͺ
ŽŶƚĂŝŶĞƌƐDĂƌŬĞĚͬ>ĂďĞůĞĚWƌŽƉĞƌůǇ
ŽŶƚĂŝŶĞƌƐĂƚĞĚWƌŽƉĞƌůǇ
ŽŶƚĂŝŶĞƌƐ^ƚŽƌĞĚϵϬĂǇƐŽƌ>ĞƐƐ
ŽŶƚĂŝŶĞƌƐKďƐĞƌǀĞĚƚŽďĞĨƌĞĞŽĨ
>ĞĂŬƐͬ^ƚĂŝŶŝŶŐ
ŽŶƚĂŝŶĞƌƐKďƐĞƌǀĞĚǁŝƚŚůŽƐĞĚdŽƉƐ
ŽƌƵŶŐƐ
ŽŶƚĂŝŶĞƌƐKďƐĞƌǀĞĚǁŝƚŚŽƵƚĞŶƚƐŽƌ
ŽƌƌŽƐŝŽŶ
ƉƉƌŽƉƌŝĂƚĞŝƐůĞ^ƉĂĐĞDĂŝŶƚĂŝŶĞĚ
ŽŶƚĂŝŶŵĞŶƚ^ǇƐƚĞŵĨƌĞĞŽĨtĂƚĞƌŽƌ
KƚŚĞƌ>ŝƋƵŝĚƐ
/ŶƐƉĞĐŽƚŽƌƐ/ŶŝƟĂůƐ
KǀĞƌĂůů ŽŵŵĞŶƚƐ͗ ͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺ

ͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺ
ͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺ
ZĞǀŝĞǁĞĚ ďǇ͗ ͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺ ĂƚĞ͗ͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺ
ŶĞǆĂŵƉůĞŽĨŽŶƚĂŝŶĞƌ/ŶƐƉĞĐƟŽŶĐŚĞĐŬͲůŝƐƚ
• Containers need to have closable/sealable lids or covers

• Containers must be in good condition: no holes, creases, cracks, rust.
• Waste must never be stored in open containers and without secondary
containment.
• Waste containers must be compatible with their contents.
314
“Handbook for Hazardous Waste Container” U.S. EPA Region 6, 1997 available at: http://www4.
nau.edu/itep/waste/HazSubMap/docs/Drums/EPABMPHWContainers.pdf
173
• Waste containers must be kept closed except when adding or removing

wastes.
• Waste containers should be kept clean with no visible contamination on the
outside of the container.
• Waste labels and markings must be readable and not defaced.
• NO Food or Beverage Containers.
• Wastes collected during cyclic processes:
!" Wastes that are collected as part of a continuous process (e.g.
HPLC wastes) must be collected via tubes that are fed through a
cap or other container closure to insure that the container is kept
closed. This closure must be a positive closing lid. Parafilm and
similar closures will not be acceptable.
• Containers used to collect waste chemicals on a frequent, routine basis
must be closed when a procedure or experiment has been completed,
e.g. containers used to collect any organic solvent washes (e.g. acetone,
dichloromethane) must be kept closed except when actively adding or
removing wastes from the container
• Empty Containers Management:
!" Large Empty Container (e.g > 2 liter in size) which previously held
hazardous materials must be managed as Hazardous Waste.
!" Small Empty Container (e.g. < 2 liter) don’t need to be managed
as hazardous material.
!" Empty containers of any size that previously held highly toxic ma-
terials must be handled as hazardous waste (e.g. Sodium azide).
• Removal of the waste container: this service must be effectuated by qualified
personnel (usually pick-up service is in charge of).
• Broken glassware. if glassware is not contaminated based on the empty
container decision tree (see flowchart below), then it may be disposed as a
non-hazardous waste. When disposing of glassware that is a non-hazardous
waste, the following must be followed:
!" place all glassware in a Broken Glass Disposal Carton; when full,
tape the carton’s top to seal it shut
!" Make sure that there is no penetration of the disposal carton by
the glassware enclosed within the carton.
!" Place the carton in a location where your custodian will be able
to see it, or request that custodial put up the carton for disposal.
174
ŝĚƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĂŝŶĞƌ ŶĂĐĐĞƉƚĂďůĞKƉĞƌĂƟǀĞ
ƉƌĞǀŝŽƵƐůǇŚŽůĚĂ ŶŽ
dŚĂƚĐĂŶďĞ ĚĞĮŶŝƟŽŶŽĨ͞ŵƉǇŽŶƚĂŝŶĞƌ͟
ŚĂǌĂƌĚŽƵƐ ƌĞƵƐĞĚĚŝƌĞĐƚůǇ ŝƐ͗
ŵĂƚĞƌŝĂů͍
ǇĞƐ
Y-[6-$1
ŽǇŽƵŝŶƚĞŶĚƚŽ EŽƚĂƐŝŵƉůĞĚƌŽƉŽĨŵĂƚĞƌŝĂů
ƌĞƵƐĞƚŚĞ ĐĂŶďĞƌĞŵŽǀĞĚďǇŝŶǀĞƌƟŶŐ
ĐŽŶƚĂŝŶĞƌŝŶƚŚĞ ǇĞƐ ƌŽƐƐŽƵƚƚŚĞ ŽƌƟůƟŶŐƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĂŝŶĞƌ
ĨƵƚƵƌĞƚŽŚŽůĚ ŽƌŝŐŝŶĂůůĂďĞů
ĂĐŽŵƉĂƟďůĞ 5&.-$1("#$(5+,-S5&.-$1
ǁĂƐƚĞ͍ DĂƚĞƌŝĂůĐĂŶŶŽƚďĞƌĞŵŽǀĞĚ
ĨƌŽŵƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĂŝŶĞƌďǇƐĐƌĂƉŝŶŐ
ŶŽ ŽƌĐŚŝƉƉŝŶŐ
/ƐƚŚĞǀŽůƵŵĞŽĨ R+7&1&.1
ŶŽ
ĐŽŶƚĂŝŶĞƌϯ>ŝƚĞƌ ŽŶƚĞŶƚƐĂŶĚƉƌŽƉĞůůĂŶƚĂƌĞ
ŽƌůĞƐƐ͍ ƵƐĞĚƚŽƚŚĞŵĂǆŝŵƵŵĞǆƚĞŶƚ
ĨĞĂƐŝďůĞƵŶĚĞƌŶŽƌŵĂůƵƐĞ
ǇĞƐ
ŝĚƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĂŝŶĞƌ
ŚŽůĚĂŶĐƵƚĞůǇ ǇĞƐ
,ĂǌĂƌĚŽƵƐ
ŵĂƚĞƌŝĂů͍
ŶŽ
/ŶǇŽƵƌŽƉŝŶŝŽŶ WƵƚĂ,ĂǌĂƌĚŽƵƐtĂƐƚĞdĂŐŽŶ
ǁŽƵůĚƉƵƫŶŐ tŝůůƌŝŶƐŝŶŐƚŚĞ ƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĂŝŶĞƌ͘
ƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĂŝŶĞƌŝŶ ǇĞƐ ĐŽŶƚĂŝŶĞƌƌĞŵŽǀĞ
ƚŚĞƚƌĂƐŚƉŽƐĞĂ ƚŚĞŚĂǌĂƌĚ͍ ŶŽ dŚĞĚĂƚĞƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĂŝŶĞƌǁĂƐ
ŚĂǌĂƌĚ͍ ĞŵƉƟĞĚ͘
dŚĞŚĞŵŝĐĂůEĂŵĞĂŶĚdŚĞ
ZĞŵŽǀĞƚŚĞĐĂƉ ZŝŶƐĞƚŚĞ ĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůĐŽŵƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞ
ŽƌůŝĚ͕ĚĞĨĂĐĞƚŚĞ ĐŽŶƚĂŝŶĞƌĂŶĚ ĐŽŶƚĂŝŶĞƌ͛ƐĨŽƌŵĞƌĐŽŶƚĞŶƚƐ͘
ůĂďĞů͕ĂŶĚƉůĂĐĞ ƐĂǀĞƚŚĞƌŝŶƐĂƚĞ
ŝŶƚŚĞƚƌĂƐŚŽƌĂ ĂƐĂŚĂǌĂƌĚŽƵƐ &ŝůůŝŶƚŚĞƌĞƐƚŽĨƚŚĞƚĂŐ͘
ƌĞĐǇĐůŝŶŐďŝŶ ǁĂƐƚĞ
&ůŽǁͲĐŚĂƌƚĨŽƌĂĐŽƌƌĞĐƚŵĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚŽĨƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĂŝŶĞƌƐƐƚŽƌŝŶŐŚĞŵŝĐĂůtĂƐƚĞ
Correct Storage of Waste

Proper practices are:
• don’t consolidate wastes from multiple locations in one room.
• Absolutely don’t stack waste (risk of container rupture/spills).
• Don’t collocate together different typology of waste that can be dangerous in
case of accidental mixing (e.g. strong acid and strong base, aqueous solution
and reagents which could give exothermic/explosive reaction with water;
flammable solvent and not flammable solvent). Examples are:
!" Flammables and Oxidizers;
!" Elemental Metals and Hydrides;
175
!" Cyanides and Acids;

!" Sulfides and Acids;
!" Bases and Acids;
!" Flammables and Acids;
!" Chlorine Compounds and Acids;
!" Elemental Metals and Acids;
!" Chlorine Compounds and Amines;
!" Air or Water Reactives and Anything;
!" Organic Peroxides and Anything.
• Areas where waste chemicals are accumulated must have secondary
containment sufficient to collect any incidental spills from container failure.
• Waste containers should not be overfilled. Full containers must have at least
a 10% headspace to allow for expansion.
• Filled waste containers must be stored in a secure area under the control of
the operator
• Waste containers must be stored for pick up in the room in which they were
generated
;<@<\<((ŝƐƉŽƐĂů
Before handling any kind of chemical waste is mandatory to check the MSDS sec-
tion devoted to Disposal consideration for any chemical (or more chemicals in case
of mixture).
Section 13315 of the official GHS format for MSDS requires, as MINIMUM in-
formation, the ”Description of waste residues and information on their safe handling
and methods for disposal, included the disposal of any contaminated packaging”.
In particular the following information should be provided:
^d/KEϭϯ͗ŝƐƉŽƐĂůĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌĂƟŽŶƐ
ϭϯ͘ϭtĂƐƚĞƚƌĞĂƚŵĞŶƚŵĞƚŚŽĚƐ
ϭϯ͘ϭ͘ϭWƌŽĚƵĐƚͬWĂĐŬĂŐŝŶŐĚŝƐƉŽƐĂů
ϭϯ͘ϭ͘ϮtĂƐƚĞƚƌĞĂƚŵĞŶƚͲƌĞůĞǀĂŶƚŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶ
ϭϯ͘ϭ͘ϯ^ĞǁĂŐĞĚŝƐƉŽƐĂůͲƌĞůĞǀĂŶƚŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶ
ϭϯ͘ϭ͘ϰKƚŚĞƌĚŝƐƉŽƐĂůƌĞĐŽŵŵĞŶĚĂƟŽŶƐ
DŝŶŝŵƵŵŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚďǇŽĸĐŝĂů',^ĨŽƌŵĂƚĨŽƌDĂƚĞƌŝĂů^ĂĨĞƚǇĂƚĂ^ŚĞĞƚ;^ĞĐƟŽŶϭϯͿ
315
part1.pdf (pg39)
176
Hereafter a practical example316 of a commercially available MSDS is shown:

WƌŽĚƵĐƚEĂŵĞ͗ĞŶǌĞŶƐƵůĨŽŶŝĐĐŝĚ
^EƵŵďĞƌ͗ϭϬϴͲϵϱͲϮ
^ĞĐƟŽŶϭϯ͘/^WK^>KE^/Zd/KE^
@M<@(9"12+(27+"2,+#2(,+2*&$1
KīĞƌƐƵƌƉůƵƐĂŶĚŶŽŶͲƌĞĐǇĐůĂďůĞƐŽůƵƟŽŶƐƚŽĂůŝĐĞŶƐĞĚĚŝƐƉŽƐĂůĐŽŵƉĂŶǇ͘
ŽŶƚĂĐƚĂůŝĐĞŶƐĞĚƉƌŽĨĞƐƐŝŽŶĂůǁĂƐƚĞĚŝƐƉŽƐĂůƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƚŽĚŝƐƉŽƐĞŽĨƚŚŝƐŵĂƚĞƌŝĂů͘
ŝƐƐŽůǀĞŽƌŵŝǆƚŚĞŵĂƚĞƌŝĂůǁŝƚŚĂĐŽŵďƵƐƟďůĞƐŽůǀĞŶƚĂŶĚďƵƌŶŝŶĂĐŚĞŵŝĐĂů
ŝŶĐŝŶĞƌĂƚŽƌĞƋƵŝƉƉĞĚǁŝƚŚĂŶĂŌĞƌďƵƌŶĞƌĂŶĚƐĐƌƵďďĞƌ͘
@M<@<@(L&#2",-#"2+$(:")'"/-#/
ŝƐƉŽƐĞŽĨĂƐƵŶƵƐĞĚƉƌŽĚƵĐƚ
ϭϯ͘ϭ͘ϮtĂƐƚĞƚƌĞĂƚŵĞŶƚͲƌĞůĞǀĂŶƚŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶ
Eͬ
ϭϯ͘ϭ͘ϯ^ĞǁĂŐĞĚŝƐƉŽƐĂůͲƌĞůĞǀĂŶƚŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶ
Eͬ
ϭϯ͘ϭ͘ϰKƚŚĞƌĚŝƐƉŽƐĂůƌĞĐŽŵŵĞŶĚĂƟŽŶƐ
Eͬ
Sink Disposal of Chemical Substances:

sink disposal of hazardous substance is a very dangerous abuse; it must be always
checked if the chemical composition of the waste allow sink disposal (for the HW
identification see chapter 4)
Drain Disposal of Chemical Substance:

as general practice hazardous waste absolutely must not be disposed of on site.
For example:
• Sewer drain
• Trash Can
Certain classes of chemicals cannot be poured down the drain – they must be
collected for disposal as hazardous waste. It strictly depends on the national legis-
lation dealing with Environment Protection essays.
In relation to substances not allowed for drain disposal, e.g. according to EPA
rules (U.S. legislation) the following classes must be prohibited317:
• any flammable liquids with a flashpoint less then 60°C - including but not
limited to any quantity of gasoline, kerosene, naptha, benzene, toluene,
xylene, fuel oil, ethers, ketones, aldehydes, chlorates, perchlorates, bromates,
316
Source:http://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MSDS/MSDS/DisplayMSDSPagedo?country=IT&language-
=EN-generic&productNumber=12635&brand=ALDRICH&PageToGoToURL=http%3A%2F
%2Fwww.sigmaaldrich.com%2Fcatalog%2Fsearch%3Finterface%3DCAS%2520No.%26ter-
m%3D98-11-3%26lang%3Dit%26region%3DIT%26focus%3Dproduct%26N%3D220003048%2B21
9853152%2B219853286%26mode%3Dpartialmax
317
Radioactive materials are part of the list even if should be handled following specific rules(see
national Legislation)
177
carbides, hydrides, and sulfides. This list does not include aqueous solutions
of compounds that have a flashpoint greater than 60°C;
• explosive chemicals;
• mercury and mercury compounds;
• photographic used fixer solutions unless they are first passed through a
silver recovery system;
• rinsate from highly hazardous P-listed wastes or any other chemical that
would be classified as a hazardous waste;
• ethidium bromide buffer solutions at concentrations greater than 10 µg/ml;
• certain substances in concentrations above what is listed below cannot be
poured down the drain without a permit:
!" Arsenic – 0.003 mg/l
!" Cadmium – 0.003 mg/l
!" Copper – 0.061 mg/l
!" Cyanide – 0.005 mg/l
!" Lead – 0.049 mg/l
!" Nickel – 0.021 mg/l
!" Silver – 0.005 mg/l
!" Total Chromium – 0.050 mg/l
!" Zinc – 0.175 mg/l
!" Ammonia – 25 mg/l
As for chemicals that can be disposed of down the drain, providing the solution
does not contain prohibited materials, include:
• Aqueous solutions such as salts or buffer solutions within the pH range of
5.0 to 12.0.
• Solutions with a flashpoint greater than 60 °C.
• Chemicals that are water soluble and not hazardous by definition.
• Acids and bases that have been neutralized to fall within the 5.0 to 12.0 pH range.
• Buffer solutions containing less than 10 µg/ml ethidium bromide.
• Aqueous solutions containing alcohols at a concentration of 24% by weight
or less.
• Aqueous solutions containing formalin at concentrations less than 10% by
weight.
;<@<]<((KƚŚĞƌƉƌĂĐƟĐĞƐ
Chemical Inventory Monitoring
Chemicals (in particular Hazardous Chemicals) must not be ordered and stored without
a periodic and careful inventory control; a (at least monthly) check-up is highly recom-
178
mendable to determine which are the product more used (especially harmful solvent) for
planning a more rational chemicals purchase, saving cost and avoiding excess storage.
It must be checked the presence of unused, unopened or unknown Chemicals/
Obsolete Chemicals or Substances and Acutely Hazardous Chemicals
Chemicals identified as expired or no longer needed should be:
• removed from storage
• placed into the laboratory’s chemical waste storage area
• properly labeled and marked
• removed from the laboratory within an established period (e.g.30 days)
Sharing un-needed chemical

It would be advisable to share chemicals surplus among laboratory staff or staff be-
longing to different laboratory but exploiting same kind of substance (e.g. organic
solvent); this co-sharing-practice really would help to decrease the amount of HW
and laboratory management cost.
Chemical Spills
It’s important to keep a Spill Kit ready for use in case of Hazardous waste spills318.
In particular:
• Set-up kit for your specific needs
• Take inventory of the kit frequently
• Quickly replace used or missing items
Acutely Hazardous Chemical Management

Commercial chemical products that are considered “acutely” hazardous (e.g.in
USA legislation when discarded materials are labeled as “P-List” waste by the US
EPA) have to be subject to additional regulatory requirements.
• “Acutely Hazardous Chemical” must be segregated into separate containers,
clearly marked with the words “Waste (name of chemical)”, and labeled
with the date waste is first placed into that container.
• An inventory of the amount (usually in kilograms) of “Acutely Hazardous
Chemical” waste accumulated in the laboratory must be maintained by
laboratory personnel. The inventory must be included in the form used for
Chemical Waste Pick-Up.
• Laboratories may not accumulate more than a limited amount of “Acutely
Hazardous Chemical” waste at any time depending on the facilities frequency
of pick-up (for example: 1kg)
• Empty containers of “Acutely Hazardous Chemical” chemicals must also be
submitted for pick-up.
318
See also Chapter 8.
179
Aerosol Can Management

Aerosol cans may be handled as non-hazardous waste if they meet the following
criteria:
• The aerosol products have been used for their intended purposes so that
when holding the cans upright and pressing down on their nozzles, not
enough product comes out for them to be useful anymore.
• No more than 3% of the original net content weight remains in the cans (or
no more than 2-3 cm of liquid remains in the bottoms of the cans.
• The cans did not hold chemical formulations with sole active ingredients
identified as used and unused formulations for wood preserving or listed as
hazardous waste.
• Aerosol cans that are not empty or may be hazardous should be managed
according to the Chemical Waste Management Practices adopted in place.
• Aerosol cans that are still in use are not considered a waste. Once the user
decides they no longer need the can, the correct disposal path for the can
should be made using the criteria listed above.
Safety Policy practices

People in charge of facilities chemical waste management in order to state safety
policy practice are supposed:
• To promote policy aiming to improve the discovery and mitigation of risks
associated with chemical use.
• To provide a data-gathering process (possibly on-line) to increase awareness
of chemical risks in the workers community.
• To require that operating areas where hazardous chemicals and substances
are present have, or have access to, MSDSs for all hazardous chemicals used
or stored.
Laboratory staff must:

• Complete online reporting of Hazardous Substances (HS) able to periodically
(e.g every 3 months) determine the quantity of Acute Hazardous Substance
present in any lab and submit report. This practice is needed cause the use
of Acute Hazardous Waste will be probably directly proportional to Acute
Hazardous Waste product.
• Sign the report.
• Update the report within a specific period (for example 30 days) of the
addition of any hazardous chemicals or substance to your area.
180
Ěŝƚ ŚĞŵŝĐĂůEĂŵĞ ^ &ĂĐŝůŝƚǇ;^ŝƚĞͿ WĞƌĐĞŶƚĂŐĞй ŵŽƵŶƚ hŶŝƚ

ǇĞƐ ĐƌŽůĞŝŶ ϭϬϳͲϬϮͲϴ >Ăď $$ ϭ͕Ϭ >ŝƚĞƌ
ŶŽ ƌƐĞŶŝĐWĞŶƚŽǆŝĚĞ ϭϯϬϯͲϮϴͲϮ >Ăď ϵϴй #&& ŐƌĂŵƐ
͘͘͘ ͘͘͘ ͘͘͘͘ ͘͘͘ ͘͘͘ ͘͘͘ ͘͘͘
ǆĂŵƉůĞŽĨĨŽƌŵƚŽďĞƐƵďŵŝƩĞĚďǇ&ĂĐŝůŝƚǇ͛ƐƐƚĂīĨŽƌŽŶůŝŶĞĐŚĞĐŬͲƵƉŽĨŚĂǌĂƌĚŽƵƐĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐ
Schedule day for Hazardous Waste Pickup:

It’s important to decide which day of the week are devoted to HW container pick-
up in order to avoid potentially dangerous accumulation of HW in the proper
area: overload increases risk!
Pick-up must be scheduled even if in case of emergency (e.g. not foreseen HW
overload) pick-up should be done on-call basis.
Example of scheduled Pick-up for selected Laboratories; Lab A and Lab B pro-
duce larger quantity of HW with respect to Lab C (whose pick-up is forecast once
a week).
DŽŶĚĂǇ dƵĞƐĚĂǇ tĞĚŶĞƐĚĂǇ dŚƵƌƐĚĂǇ &ƌǇĚĂǇ ^ĂƚƵƌĚĂǇ

>Ăď >Ăď >Ăď >Ăď >Ăď
>Ăď
ǆĂŵƉůĞŽĨƐĐŚĞĚƵůĞĚWŝĐŬͲƵƉĨŽƌƐĞůĞĐƚĞĚ>ĂďŽƌĂƚŽƌŝĞƐ
;<E<(=-&.&/-)".(&F+7F-+0
;<E<@<((/ŶƚƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶ
The most important questions to be asked before discharge of any objects or ma-
terials from laboratories that deal with potentially infectious microorganisms are:
1. Have the objects or materials been effectively decontaminated or disinfected
by an approved procedure?
2. If not, have they been packaged in an approved manner for immediate on-
site incineration or transfer to another facility with incineration capacity?
3. Does the disposal of the decontaminated objects or materials involve any
additional potential hazards, biological or otherwise, to those who carry out the
immediate disposal procedures or who might come into contact with discarded
items outside the facility?319
319
“Laboratory Biosafety Manual”, WHO, 3th edition, 2004, pp. 90-92.
181
Biohazardous waste that are generated within a Health Care Facility (HCF)
should always follow an appropriate and well-identified stream from their gen-
eration point until their final disposal. This stream is composed of several steps
that include: generation, segregation, collection and on-site transportation, on-site
storage, offsite transportation (optional), treatment and disposal.
However, it’s useful to notice that, in terms of daily use, few if any contaminated
materials will require actual removal from the laboratory or destruction because
part of the equipment like glassware, instruments and laboratory clothing will be
reused or recycled even though the reuse of equipment like syringe needles has
almost disappeared due to the marketing of single use items. Moreover, in many
countries, recycling of potentially contaminated items such as the plastic and metal
from syringes/needles is not recommended for the moment due to the absence of
availability of appropriate technologies, lack of specific training / awareness as well
as adequate management procedures320.
The overriding principle is that all infectious materials should be decontaminat-
ed, autoclaved or incinerated within the laboratory.
Medical activities generate waste that should always be discarded at the point
of use by the person who used the item to be disposed of. The quantity of HCW
generated should always be minimized and precautions must be taken during their
handling. Before producing waste, investigation should be carried out on whether
the amount of waste generated could be minimized in order to reduce efforts in
subsequent handling, treatment and disposal operations321.
ͻ ĚŽƉƚĂƉƉƌŽƉƌŝĂƚĞŵĞĂƐƵƌĞƐƚŽŐƵĂƌĂŶƚĞĞĂƐŽƵŶĚǁĂƐƚĞŵĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚĐǇĐůĞŝŶŽƌĚĞƌƚŽƌĞĚƵĐĞ
ƌŝƐŬƐĂƐƐŽĐŝĂƚĞĚǁŝƚŚƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůůǇŝŶĨĞĐƟŽƵƐǁĂƐƚĞ
ͻ WƵƌĐŚĂƐĞĚƵƌĂďůĞĞƋƵŝƉŵĞŶƚ͕ĨƵƌŶŝƐŚŝŶŐĂŶĚƐƵƉƉůǇ
ͻ ǆƉůŽƌĞǁĂƐƚĞƌĞĐǇĐůŝŶŐŽƉƟŽŶƐĨŽƌĨŽŽĚŽƌŐĂƌĚĞŶǁĂƐƚĞƐƵĐŚĂƐĐŽŵƉŽƐƟŶŐ
DŝŶŝŵĂůŽďƐĞƌǀĂŶĐĞĨŽƌǁĂƐƚĞŵŝŶŝŵŝǌĂƟŽŶͬƌĞĐǇĐůŝŶŐĂŶĚǁĂƐƚĞŚĂŶĚůŝŶŐ
;<E<E<((tĂƐƚĞ/ĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶ
'"$"$"!"#^ĞŐƌĞŐĂƟŽŶĂŶĚDŝŶŝŵŝǌĂƟŽŶ
One of the keys to minimization and effective management of health-care waste is
segregation (separation) and identification of the waste. Given the fact that only
about 10-25% of the HCW is hazardous, treatment and disposal costs could be
widely reduced if proper segregation were carried out. Segregating hazardous from
nonhazardous waste also reduces the risks of infecting workers handling HCW. Ac-
tually, the part of the HCW that is hazardous and requires special treatment could
320
“Preparation of Health Care Waste Management Plan in Sub-Saharan Countries”, United
Nation Environmental Programme and World Health Organization, 2004, pp. 13-14.
321
Id.
182
be reduced to some 2-5% if the hazardous part were immediately separated from
the other waste. Segregation, consists in separating the different waste streams
based on the hazardous properties of the waste, the type of treatment and disposal
practices that are applied. A recommended way of identifying HCW categories is
by sorting the waste into colour-coded and well-labelled bags or containers322.
It is important to recall that segregation should always be the responsibility of
the waste producer and should take place as close as possible to where the waste
is generated323.
All the specific procedures of HCW segregation, packaging and labelling
should be explained to the medical and ancillary staff and displayed in each de-
partment on charts located on the walls nearby the HCW containers that should
be specifically suited for each category of waste324.
'"$"$"$"#^ĞŐƌĞŐĂƟŽŶŽĨŝŶĨĞĐƟŽƵƐǁĂƐƚĞ
A specific identification and segregation system for infectious materials and their
containers should be adopted. Categories should include:
1. Non-contaminated (non-infectious) waste that can be reused or recycled or
disposed of as general, “household” waste
2. Contaminated (infectious) “sharps” – hypodermic needles, scalpels, knives
and broken glass; these should always be collected in puncture-proof containers
fitted with covers and treated as infectious
3. Contaminated material for decontamination by autoclaving and thereafter
washing and reuse or recycling
4. Contaminated material for autoclaving and disposal
5. Contaminated material for direct incineration325.
In regards to infectious waste, it is useful to analyze in brief the most important
features of segregation related to the categories established by the United Nations
and previously mentioned in Chapter 4.
B1 (human anatomical waste)
It is primarily for ethical reasons that special requirements must be placed on
the management of waste human body parts, organs and tissues. The waste must
be collected in appropriate containers or bags as soon as possible at the place
where it is generated. It must be kept in tight receptacles and under stable low
temperature (5-8°C) conditions when stored temporarily for a prolonged period of
322
323
“Safe management of waste from health-care activities”, 2nd edition, WHO, 2013, p. 78.
324
325
183
time. Intermediate storage takes place at a location that is accessible only to trained
personnel (in general the mortuary)326.
B2 (sharps)
Sharps require that measures be taken to prevent injury and infection during
their handling within and outside of the HCFs. They have to be collected and
managed separately from the other categories of HCW: the collection containers
(safety boxes) must always be puncture and leak-proof327. The storage of sharps
to be disposed of should always take place at a location that is accessible only to
trained personnel. Once the safety boxes are sealed, they can be disposed of with
the other infectious waste depending on the type of disposal technology that is
selected328.
B5 (blood and body fluids waste)
Special requirements must be imposed on the management of this category
of waste from the point of view of infection prevention in and outside the HCFs.
Double bags or containers made of strong and leak-proof material are used for the
collection of these wastes329.
C1 (infectious waste)
Infectious wastes must be collected in leak-proof containers carefully sealed
and transported to a central storage facility/delivery point in a way that precludes
direct contact330.
'"$"$"%"#ŽůŽƵƌĐŽĚŝŶŐƐǇƐƚĞŵ
The most appropriate way of identifying the categories of health-care waste is by
sorting the waste into colour-coded plastic bags or containers.
The application of a colour coding system aims at ensuring an immediate and
nonequivocal identification of the hazards associated with the type of HCW that is
handled or treated. In that respect, the colour coding system should remain simple
and be applied uniformly throughout the country.
For example, all special HCW of categories B1, B4, B5, C1, C2 should be
placed in yellow containers (preferably yellow polyethylene bags of minimum 300
microns gauge) marked and indicated with the international biohazard symbol.
Preferably, the bags should be fixed in bag-holders. If not available, yellow bins
could be used.
326
Nation Environmental Programme and World Health Organization, 2004, p. 18.
327
Id.
328
Id.
329
Id. p. 19.
330
Id. p. 20.
184
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• ŶŽŶͲƌŝƐŬǁĂƐƚĞŽĨĐĂƚĞŐŽƌǇR
• ĞǆĐĞƉƟŽŶĂůůǇ͕ƐŵĂůůƋƵĂŶƟƚǇŽĨǁĂƐƚĞŽĨĐĂƚĞŐŽƌǇ=@
• ƉŚĂƌŵĂĐĞƵƟĐĂůǁĂƐƚĞŽĨĐĂƚĞŐŽƌǇ=M͕ĐůĂƐƐ=M@(ŽŶůǇ
Q+..&0
• ƐƉĞĐŝĂůǁĂƐƚĞŽĨĐĂƚĞŐŽƌŝĞƐ=@͕=E͕=N͕=;
• ŝŶĨĞĐƟŽƵƐǁĂƐƚĞĂŶĚŚŝŐŚůǇŝŶĨĞĐƟŽƵƐǁĂƐƚĞŽĨĐĂƚĞŐŽƌŝĞƐL@(ĂŶĚLE
• ƌĂĚŝŽĂĐƟǀĞǁĂƐƚĞŽĨĐĂƚĞŐŽƌǇK
=7&0#
• ƉŚĂƌŵĂĐĞƵƟĐĂůǁĂƐƚĞŽĨĐĂƚĞŐŽƌŝĞƐ=M͕ĐůĂƐƐĞƐ=MEĂŶĚ=MM
• ĐĂƚĞŐŽƌǇƐƵĐŚĂƐĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐ͕ŚĞĂǀǇŵĞƚĂůǁĂƐƚĞƐ
ŽůŽƵƌĐŽĚŝŶŐƐǇƐƚĞŵĨŽƌ,t""!
In addition to the colour coding of waste containers, the following practices are
recommended:
• Since costs for safe treatment and disposal of hazardous health-care waste
are typically more than 10 times higher than those for general waste, all
general, i.e. non-hazardous, waste should be handled in the same manner as
domestic refuse and collected in black bags332.
• HCW of category B2 (sharps) should all be collected together, regardless
of whether or not they are contaminated. Containers should be puncture-
proof (usually made of metal or high-density plastic) and fitted with covers.
They should be rigid and impermeable so that they safely retain not only
the sharps but also any residual liquids from syringes. To discourage
abuse, containers should be tamper-proof (difficult to open or break) and
needles and syringes should be rendered unusable. Where plastic or metal
containers are unavailable or too costly, containers made of dense cardboard
are recommended; these fold for ease of transport and may be supplied with
a plastic lining333.
• The safety boxes should always be coloured yellow, marked «Danger !
Contaminated sharps» and indicated with the Biohazard symbol. It shall be
sealed and disposed of when three-quarters full (see Fig. 5.1)334.
• No healthcare waste other than sharps should be deposited in sharps
containers, as these containers are more expensive than the bags used for
other infectious waste335.
331
332
“Safe management of waste from health-care activities”, 1st edition, WHO, 1999, p. 61.
333
Id.
334
Preparation of Health Care Waste Management Plan in Sub-Saharan Countries”, United Na-
tion Environmental Programme and World Health Organization, 2004, p. 20.
335
185
&ŝŐƵƌĞϱ͘ϭ &ŝŐƵƌĞϱ͘Ϯ
ĂŐƐĂŶĚĐŽŶƚĂŝŶĞƌƐĨŽƌŝŶĨĞĐƟŽƵƐǁĂƐƚĞƐŚŽƵůĚďĞŵĂƌŬĞĚǁŝƚŚƚŚĞŝŶƚĞƌŶĂƟŽŶĂůŝŶĨĞĐƟŽƵƐƐƵďͲ
ƐƚĂŶĐĞƐǇŵďŽů
&ŝŐƵƌĞϱ͘ϯ
&ŝŐƵƌĞϱ͘ϰ
186
• Highly infectious waste, such as diagnostic laboratory samples and waste

from infectious patients in isolation, should be collected separately and
autoclaved at the point of generation. Once disinfected, the waste would
leave a medical area in the infectious health-care waste container336.
• Containers should be removed when they are three-quarters full. Ideally,
they should be made of combustible, non-halogenated plastics.
• Staff should never attempt to correct errors of segregation by removing items
from a bag or container after disposal or by placing one bag inside another
bag of a different colour. If general and hazardous wastes are accidentally
mixed, the mixture should be treated as hazardous healthcare waste.
• Anatomical waste, particularly recognizable body parts or fetal material,
should be handled according to prevailing religious and cultural preferences
(most commonly, authorized burial or cremation). In low-resource areas,
placentas and other non-recognizable anatomical waste can be disposed of
in a pit where it can biodegrade naturally.337
^ĞŐƌĞŐĂƟŽŶƐŚŽƵůĚ͗
• ĂůǁĂǇƐ ƚĂŬĞ ƉůĂĐĞ Ăƚ ƚŚĞ ƐŽƵƌĐĞ͕ ƚŚĂƚ ŝƐ Ăƚ ƚŚĞ ǁĂƌĚ ďĞĚƐŝĚĞ͕ KƉĞƌĂƟŽŶ dŚĞĂƚƌĞ͕ DĞĚŝĐĂů ŶĂůǇƐŝƐ
>ĂďŽƌĂƚŽƌǇ͕ŽƌĂŶǇŽƚŚĞƌƌŽŽŵŽƌǁĂƌĚŝŶƚŚĞŚŽƐƉŝƚĂůǁŚĞƌĞƚŚĞǁĂƐƚĞŝƐŐĞŶĞƌĂƚĞĚ͖
• ďĞƐŝŵƉůĞƚŽŝŵƉůĞŵĞŶƚĨŽƌƚŚĞŵĞĚŝĐĂůĂŶĚĂŶĐŝůůĂƌǇƐƚĂīĂŶĚĂƉƉůŝĞĚƵŶŝĨŽƌŵůǇƚŚƌŽƵŐŚŽƵƚƚŚĞĐŽƵŶƚƌǇ͖
• ďĞƐĂĨĞĂŶĚŐƵĂƌĂŶƚǇƚŚĞĂďƐĞŶĐĞŽĨŝŶĨĞĐƟŽƵƐ,tŝŶƚŚĞĚŽŵĞƐƟĐǁĂƐƚĞŇŽǁ͖
• ďĞǁĞůůƵŶĚĞƌƐƚŽŽĚĂŶĚǁĞůůŬŶŽǁŶďǇƚŚĞŵĞĚŝĐĂůĂŶĚĂŶĐŝůůĂƌǇƐƚĂīŽĨƚŚĞ,&Ɛ͖
• ďĞƌĞŐƵůĂƌůǇŵŽŶŝƚŽƌĞĚƚŽĞŶƐƵƌĞƚŚĂƚƚŚĞƉƌŽĐĞĚƵƌĞƐĂƌĞƌĞƐƉĞĐƚĞĚ͘
^ĞŐƌĞŐĂƟŽŶŝŶďƌŝĞĨ
;<E<M<((>ĂďĞůůŝŶŐ͕ĐŽůůĞĐƟŽŶ͕ƚƌĂŶƐƉŽƌƚĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƐƚŽƌĂŐĞ
'"$"%"!"#>ĂďĞůůŝŶŐ
All waste bags or containers should be labeled with basic information on their
content and on the waste producer. This information may be written directly on
the bag or container or on preprinted labels, securely attached.
It is possible to identify two labeling activities inside the laboratories: while
the first one is concerned with purely internal activities, the other, in spite of its
internal nature, it is oriented toward the “out of house” phase of the waste cycle.
The first activity is represented by the labeling of the first collection of waste,
namely the labeling of each single item according to its potential risk of infection.
The following table lists the different possible sentences adopted on each con-
tainer depending on the category of HCW.
336
337
Id.
187
=@( ͨĂŶŐĞƌ͊ŶĂƚŽŵŝĐĂůǁĂƐƚĞ͕ƚŽďĞŝŶĐŝŶĞƌĂƚĞĚŽƌĚĞĞƉůǇďƵƌŝĞĚͩ
=E( ͨĂŶŐĞƌ͊ŽŶƚĂŵŝŶĂƚĞĚƐŚĂƌƉƐ͕ĚŽŶŽƚŽƉĞŶͩ
=NT(=;T(L@( ͨĂŶŐĞƌ͊,ĂǌĂƌĚŽƵƐŝŶĨĞĐƟŽƵƐǁĂƐƚĞͩ
LE ͨĂŶŐĞƌ͊,ŝŐŚůǇŝŶĨĞĐƟŽƵƐǁĂƐƚĞ͕ƚŽďĞƉƌĞͲƚƌĞĂƚĞĚͩ
ϯϮ͕ϯϯ͕ ͨĂŶŐĞƌ͊dŽďĞĚŝƐĐĂƌĚĞĚďǇĂƵƚŚŽƌŝǌĞĚƐƚĂīŽŶůǇͩ
K( ͨĂŶŐĞƌ͊ZĂĚŝŽĂĐƟǀĞǁĂƐƚĞͩ
ĂƚĞŐŽƌǇ>ĂďĞůůŝŶŐ/ŶƚĞƌŶĂƟŽŶĂůƐǇŵďŽůƐ
The second kind of activity, as previously mentioned is carried out “in house”, but
it aims at preparing the wastes for their transportation outside the facility.
According to the United Nations recommendations for dangerous substances,
the following indications should appear on the label:
• the United Nations substance class, e.g. Class 6.2 for infectious waste338;
• the United Nations packaging symbol, e.g. the international symbol for
infectious substances;
• the proper shipping name and the UN number339;
• the total quantity (mass or volume) of waste covered by the description;
• the country authorizing the allocation of the label (identified by international
code system used on motor vehicles).
It is also recommended that the last two digits of the year of manufacture of the
packaging specified by the competent authority are marked on the package, as well
as a special code designating the type of packaging.
The following additional information should be marked on the label: waste
category, date of collection, place in the facility where produced (e.g. ward), waste
destination.
In case of problems involving questions of liability, full and correct labelling
allows the origin of the waste to be traced. Labelling also warns operative staff and
the general public of the hazardous nature of the waste. The hazards posed by con-
tainer contents can be quickly identified in case of accident, enabling emergency
services to take appropriate action340.
338
“Safe management of waste from health-care activities”, 1st edition, WHO, 1999, p. 80, refers
to the following UN classification:
Class 5.1: Oxidizing substances
Class 6.1: Toxic substances
Class 6.2: Infectious substances (containers of sharps should in addition be marked with “Dan-
ger, contaminated sharps”)
Class 7: Radioactive material
Class 8: Corrosive substances
339
For example, category 6.2 3291 CLINICAL WASTE, or (BIO)MEDICAL WASTE, or RE-
GULATED MEDICAL WASTE; 6.2 2814 INFECTIOUS SUBSTANCE, AFFECTING HUMANS;
6.2 2900 INFECTIOUS SUBSTANCE, AFFECTING ANIMALS
340
188
'"$"%"$"#ŽůůĞĐƟŽŶ
In order to avoid accumulation of the waste, it must be collected on a regular basis
and transported to a central storage area within the HCF before being treated or
removed. The collection must follow specific routes through the HCF to reduce
the passage of loaded carts through wards and other clean areas.
Great care should be taken when handling HCW. The most important risks are
linked with the injuries that sharps can produce. When handling HCW, staff and
cleaners should always wear protective clothing including, as minimum, overalls or
industrial aprons, boots and heavy duty gloves341.
Nursing and other clinical staff should ensure that waste bags are tightly closed
or sealed when they are about three-quarters full. Light-gauge bags can be closed
by tying the neck, but heavier-gauge bags probably require a plastic sealing tag of
the self-locking type. Bags should not be closed by stapling. Sealed sharps contain-
ers should be placed in a labelled, yellow infectious health-care waste bag before
removal from the facility.
Wastes should not be allowed to accumulate at the point of production. A rou-

tine programme for their collection should be established as part of the health-care
waste management plan.
Certain recommendations should be followed by the ancillary workers in charge
of waste collection:
• Waste should be collected daily (or as frequently as required) and transported
to the designated central storage site.
• No bags should be removed unless they are labelled with their point of
production (hospital and ward or department) and contents.
• The bags or containers should be replaced immediately with new ones of
the same type.
• A supply of fresh collection bags or containers should be readily available at
all locations where waste is produced342.
'"$"%"%"#dƌĂŶƐƉŽƌƚĂƟŽŶ
Onsite transport should take place during less busy times whenever possible. Set
routes should be used to prevent exposure to staff and patients and to minimize
the passage of loaded carts through patient care and other clean areas. Depending
on the design of the health-care facility, the internal transport of waste should use
separate floors, stairways or elevators as far as possible. Regular transport routes
and collection times should be fixed and reliable.
341
342
189
Transport staff should wear adequate personal protective equipment, gloves,

strong and closed shoes, overalls and masks.
Hazardous and non-hazardous waste should always be transported separately.
Infectious waste can be transported together with used sharps waste. Infectious
waste should not be transported together with other hazardous waste, to prevent
the possible spread of infectious agents. Trolleys should be coloured in the appro-
priate colour code for infectious waste (yellow) and should be labelled with an
“Infectious waste” sign343.
Health-care waste should be transported within the hospital or other facility
by means of wheeled trolleys, containers, or carts that are not used for any other
purpose and meet the following specifications:
• easy to load and unload;
• no sharp edges that could damage waste bags or containers during loading
and unloading;
• easy to clean and, if enclosed, fitted with a drainage hole and plug;
• be labelled and dedicated to a particular waste type;
• be easy to push and pull;
• not be too high (to avoid restricting the view of staff transporting waste);
• be secured with a lock (for hazardous waste);
• be appropriately sized according to the volumes of waste generated at a
health-care facility.
Waste, especially hazardous waste, should never be transported by hand due to the
risk of accident or injury from infectious material or incorrectly disposed sharps
that may protrude from a container.
The vehicles should be cleaned and disinfected on a daily basis with an appro-
priate disinfectant. All waste-bag seals should be in place and intact at the end of
transportation344.
&ŝŐƵƌĞϱ͘ϱ
343
344
Id. pp. 87-88.
190
&ŝŐƵƌĞϱ͘ϲ
ͻ ĂĐŚ,&ƐŚŽƵůĚŚĂǀĞĂŶ,tDƉůĂŶǁŚŝĐŚƐŚŽƵůĚŝŶĐůƵĚĞĐŽůůĞĐƟŽŶƉŽŝŶƚƐĂŶĚƌŽƵƚĞƐŽĨǁĂƐƚĞƚƌĂŶƐƉŽƌƚ͘
ƟŵĞƚĂďůĞŽĨƚŚĞĨƌĞƋƵĞŶĐǇŽĨĐŽůůĞĐƟŽŶƐŚŽƵůĚĂůƐŽďĞƐĞƚͲƵƉ͖
ͻ WƌŽǀŝĚĞŚĞĂǀǇĚƵƚǇŐůŽǀĞƐ͕ŝŶĚƵƐƚƌŝĂůďŽŽƚƐĂŶĚĂƉƌŽŶĨŽƌǁĂƐƚĞĐŽůůĞĐƚŽƌƐ͖
ͻ ŶƐƵƌĞƚŚĂƚǁĂƐƚĞĐŽŶƚĂŝŶĞƌƐĂƌĞĂƉƉƌŽƉƌŝĂƚĞůǇƐĞĂůĞĚ͕ƌĞŵŽǀĞĚĂŶĚƌĞƉůĂĐĞĚŝŵŵĞĚŝĂƚĞůǇǁŚĞŶƚŚĞǇĂƌĞ
ŶŽŵŽƌĞƚŚĂŶƚŚƌĞĞͲƋƵĂƌƚĞƌƐĨƵůů͖
ͻ ŶƐƵƌĞƚŚĂƚŚĂǌĂƌĚŽƵƐͬŝŶĨĞĐƟŽƵƐ,tĂŶĚŶŽŶͲƌŝƐŬ,tĂƌĞĐŽůůĞĐƚĞĚŽŶƐĞƉĂƌĂƚĞƚƌŽůůĞǇƐǁŚŝĐŚƐŚŽƵůĚ
ďĞŵĂƌŬĞĚǁŝƚŚƚŚĞĐŽƌƌĞƐƉŽŶĚŝŶŐĐŽůŽƵƌ;ďůĂĐŬͬǇĞůůŽǁͿĂŶĚǁĂƐŚĞĚƌĞŐƵůĂƌůǇ͘%
DŝŶŝŵĂůŽďƐĞƌǀĂŶĐĞĨŽƌǁĂƐƚĞĐŽůůĞĐƟŽŶĂŶĚƚƌĂŶƐƉŽƌƚĂƟŽŶ
'"$"%"&"#^ƚŽƌĂŐĞ
HCW are temporarily stored before being treated/disposed of on-site or trans-
ported off-site. The storage place must be identified as an infectious waste area by
using the biohazard sign. Floors and walls should be sealed or tiled to allow easy
disinfection. If present, the storage room should be connected to a special sewage
system for infectious facility wastewater. The compacting of untreated infectious
waste or waste with a high content of blood or other body fluids destined for
offsite disposal (for which there is a risk of spilling) is not permitted. Sharps can
be stored without problems, but other infectious waste should be kept cool or
refrigerated at a temperature preferably no higher than 3 °C to 8 °C if stored for
more than a week. Unless a refrigerated storage room is available, storage times for
infectious waste (e.g. the time gap between generation and treatment) should not
exceed the following periods:
• Temperate climate: 72 hours in winter, 48 hours in summer.
• Warm climate: 48 hours during the cool season; 24 hours during the hot
season345.
345
“Safe management of waste from health-care activities”, 2nd edition, WHO, 2013, P 91.
191
Non hazardous HCW should always be stored in a separate location from the
infectious/hazardous HCW in order to avoid cross-contamination.
A storage facility, sized according to the volume of waste generated as well as
the frequency of collection, should not be situated near to food stores or food
preparation areas and its access should always be limited to authorized personnel.
It should also be easy to clean, have good lighting and ventilation, and designed to
prevent rodents, insects or birds from entering"'(.
ͻ dŚĞƐƚŽƌĂŐĞĂƌĞĂƐŚŽƵůĚŚĂǀĞĂŶŝŵƉĞƌŵĞĂďůĞ͕ŚĂƌĚͲƐƚĂŶĚŝŶŐŇŽŽƌǁŝƚŚŐŽŽĚĚƌĂŝŶĂŐĞ͖ŝƚƐŚŽƵůĚďĞĞĂƐǇƚŽ
ĐůĞĂŶĂŶĚĚŝƐŝŶĨĞĐƚ͘
ͻ dŚĞƌĞƐŚŽƵůĚďĞĂǁĂƚĞƌƐƵƉƉůǇĨŽƌĐůĞĂŶŝŶŐƉƵƌƉŽƐĞƐ͘
ͻ dŚĞƐƚŽƌĂŐĞĂƌĞĂƐŚŽƵůĚĂīŽƌĚĞĂƐǇĂĐĐĞƐƐĨŽƌƐƚĂīŝŶĐŚĂƌŐĞŽĨŚĂŶĚůŝŶŐƚŚĞǁĂƐƚĞ͘
ͻ /ƚƐŚŽƵůĚďĞƉŽƐƐŝďůĞƚŽůŽĐŬƚŚĞƐƚŽƌĞƚŽƉƌĞǀĞŶƚĂĐĐĞƐƐďǇƵŶĂƵƚŚŽƌŝǌĞĚƉĞƌƐŽŶƐ͘
ͻ ĂƐǇĂĐĐĞƐƐĨŽƌǁĂƐƚĞͲĐŽůůĞĐƟŽŶǀĞŚŝĐůĞƐŝƐĞƐƐĞŶƟĂů͘
ͻ dŚĞƌĞƐŚŽƵůĚďĞƉƌŽƚĞĐƟŽŶĨƌŽŵƚŚĞƐƵŶ͘
ͻ dŚĞƐƚŽƌĂŐĞĂƌĞĂƐŚŽƵůĚďĞŝŶĂĐĐĞƐƐŝďůĞĨŽƌĂŶŝŵĂůƐ͕ŝŶƐĞĐƚƐ͕ĂŶĚďŝƌĚƐ͘
ͻ dŚĞƌĞƐŚŽƵůĚďĞŐŽŽĚůŝŐŚƟŶŐĂŶĚĂƚůĞĂƐƚƉĂƐƐŝǀĞǀĞŶƟůĂƟŽŶ͘
ͻ dŚĞƐƚŽƌĂŐĞĂƌĞĂƐŚŽƵůĚŶŽƚďĞŶĞĂƌĨƌĞƐŚĨŽŽĚƐƚŽƌĞƐŽƌĨŽŽĚƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶĂƌĞĂƐ͘
ͻ ƐƵƉƉůǇŽĨĐůĞĂŶŝŶŐĞƋƵŝƉŵĞŶƚ͕ƉƌŽƚĞĐƟǀĞĐůŽƚŚŝŶŐ͕ĂŶĚǁĂƐƚĞďĂŐƐŽƌĐŽŶƚĂŝŶĞƌƐƐŚŽƵůĚďĞůŽĐĂƚĞĚ
ĐŽŶǀĞŶŝĞŶƚůǇĐůŽƐĞƚŽƚŚĞƐƚŽƌĂŐĞĂƌĞĂ"͘
ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůƌĞĐŽŵŵĞŶĚĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌƐƚŽƌĂŐĞĨĂĐŝůŝƟĞƐĨŽƌŚĞĂůƚŚͲĐĂƌĞǁĂƐƚĞ
;<E<N<((KīͲƐŝƚĞƚƌĂŶƐƉŽƌƚĂƟŽŶ
The health-care waste producer is responsible for safe packaging347 and adequate
labelling of waste to be transported off-site and for authorization of its destination.
Laboratory personnel must ship infectious substances according to applicable
transport regulations. Compliance with the rules will:
1. Reduce the likelihood that packages will be damaged and leak, and thereby
2. Reduce the exposures resulting in possible infections
3. Improve the efficiency of package delivery348.
Packaging and labelling should comply with national regulations governing
the transport of hazardous wastes, and with international agreements if wastes are
shipped abroad for treatment.
In case there are no such national regulations, responsible authorities may refer
to Recommendations on the transport of dangerous goods349, published by the United
Nations.
“Safe management of waste from health-care activities”, 1st edition, WHO, 1999, Pp.64-65.
346
Usually, the waste should be packaged, in sealed bags or containers, to prevent spilling during han-
347
dling and transportation. The bags or containers should be appropriately robust for their content (punc-
ture-proof for sharps, for example, or resistant to aggressive chemicals) and for normal conditions of han-
dling and transportation, such as vibration or changes in temperature, humidity, or atmospheric pressure.
348
349
Source: http://www.unece.org/trans/danger/publi/unrec/12_e.html
192
The control strategy for health-care waste should have many components:
• A consignment note should accompany the waste from its place of production
to the site of final disposal. On completion of the journey, the transporter should
complete the part of the consignment note especially reserved for him and return
it to the waste producer350.
• The transporting organization should be registered with, or known to, the
waste regulation authority.
• Handling and disposal facilities should hold a permit, issued by a waste regu-
lation authority, allowing the facilities to handle and dispose of health-care waste.
As mentioned, the labelling system should comply with the United Nations
Recommendations351.
Moreover, the transportation should always be properly documented and all ve-
hicles should carry a consignment note from the point of collection to the treatment
facility. Furthermore, the vehicles used for the collection of hazardous/infectious
HCW should not be used for any other purpose. They shall be free of sharp edges,
easy to load and unload by hand, easy to clean / disinfect, and fully enclosed to pre-
vent any spillage in the hospital premises or on the road during transportation.
Examples of specific packaging requirements are provided for following boxes.
dŚĞƉĂĐŬĂŐŝŶŐƐŚŽƵůĚŝŶĐůƵĚĞƚŚĞĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐĞƐƐĞŶƟĂůĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐ͗
ͻ ŶŝŶŶĞƌƉĂĐŬĂŐŝŶŐĐŽŵƉƌŝƐŝŶŐ͗
ͻ ǁĂƚĞƌƟŐŚƚƉƌŝŵĂƌǇƌĞĐĞƉƚĂĐůĞŽĨŵĞƚĂůŽƌƉůĂƐƟĐƐǁŝƚŚůĞĂŬͲƉƌŽŽĨƐĞĂů;Ğ͘Ő͘ĂŚĞĂƚƐĞĂů͕ĂƐŬŝƌƚĞĚƐƚŽƉƉĞƌ͕Žƌ
ĂŵĞƚĂůĐƌŝŵƉƐĞĂůͿ͖
ͻ ĂǁĂƚĞƌƟŐŚƚƐĞĐŽŶĚĂƌǇƉĂĐŬĂŐŝŶŐ͖
ͻ ĂďƐŽƌďĞŶƚŵĂƚĞƌŝĂůŝŶƐƵĸĐŝĞŶƚƋƵĂŶƟƚǇƚŽĂďƐŽƌďƚŚĞĞŶƟƌĞĐŽŶƚĞŶƚƐƉůĂĐĞĚďĞƚǁĞĞŶƚŚĞƉƌŝŵĂƌǇƌĞĐĞƉƚĂĐůĞ
ĂŶĚƚŚĞƐĞĐŽŶĚĂƌǇƉĂĐŬĂŐŝŶŐ͘
ͻ Ŷ ŽƵƚĞƌ ƉĂĐŬĂŐŝŶŐ ŽĨ ĂĚĞƋƵĂƚĞ ƐƚƌĞŶŐƚŚ ĨŽƌ ŝƚƐ ĐĂƉĂĐŝƚǇ͕ ŵĂƐƐ͕ ĂŶĚ ŝŶƚĞŶĚĞĚ ƵƐĞ͕ ĂŶĚ ǁŝƚŚ Ă ŵŝŶŝŵƵŵ
ĞǆƚĞƌŶĂůĚŝŵĞŶƐŝŽŶŽĨϭϬϬŵŵ͘
ůŝƐƚ ŽĨ ĐŽŶƚĞŶƚƐ ƐŚŽƵůĚ ďĞ ĞŶĐůŽƐĞĚ ďĞƚǁĞĞŶ ƚŚĞ ƐĞĐŽŶĚĂƌǇ ƉĂĐŬĂŐŝŶŐ ĂŶĚ ƚŚĞ ŽƵƚĞƌ ƉĂĐŬĂŐŝŶŐ͘ dŚĞ ŽƵƚĞƌ
ƉĂĐŬĂŐŝŶŐƐŚŽƵůĚďĞĂƉƉƌŽƉƌŝĂƚĞůǇůĂďĞůůĞĚ'͘
hŶŝƚĞĚEĂƟŽŶƐƉĂĐŬĂŐŝŶŐƌĞƋƵŝƌĞŵĞŶƚƐĨŽƌŝŶĨĞĐƟŽƵƐƐƵďƐƚĂŶĐĞƐ
350
The consignment note should be designed to take into account the waste control system in
operation within the country. The “Multimodal Dangerous Goods Form” recommended by the Unit-
ed Nations may be taken as an example. If a waste regulation authority is sufficiently well established,
it may be possible to pre-notify the agency about the planned system of transport and disposal of the
health-care waste and obtain the agency’s approval. Anyone involved in the production, handling,
or disposal of health-care waste has a general “duty of care”, i.e. an obligation to ensure that waste
handling and associated documentation comply with the national regulations.
351
Within the UN system, health-care wastes that are known or suspected to contain patho-
gens likely to cause human disease should be considered as “Infectious Substances” (UN No. 2814:
INFECTIOUS SUBSTANCE, AFFECTING HUMANS) and should comply with the packaging
requirements indicated in the Box 6.1. The packaging recommended for most health-care wastes,
with a relatively low probability that infectious substances are present and which are not likely to
cause human disease (UN No. 3291: CLINICAL WASTE, UNSPECIFIED., OR (BIO)MEDICAL
WASTE, OR REGULATED MEDICAL WASTE), is simpler.
193
dŚŝƐƉĂĐŬĂŐŝŶŐƐǇƐƚĞŵĨŽƌƚŚĞƚƌĂŶƐƉŽƌƚŽĨŝŶĨĞĐƟŽƵƐĂŶĚƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůůǇŝŶĨĞĐƟŽƵƐ
ƐƵďƐƚĂŶĐĞƐ ĐŽŶƐŝƐƚƐ ŽĨ ƚŚƌĞĞ ůĂǇĞƌƐ͗ ƚŚĞ ƉƌŝŵĂƌǇ ƌĞĐĞƉƚĂĐůĞ͕ ƚŚĞ ƐĞĐŽŶĚĂƌǇ
ƉĂĐŬĂŐŝŶŐĂŶĚƚŚĞŽƵƚĞƌƉĂĐŬĂŐŝŶŐ͘
ͻdŚĞƉƌŝŵĂƌǇƌĞĐĞƉƚĂĐůĞĐŽŶƚĂŝŶŝŶŐƚŚĞƐƉĞĐŝŵĞŶŵƵƐƚďĞǁĂƚĞƌƟŐŚƚ͕ůĞĂŬƉƌŽŽĨ
ĂŶĚĂƉƉƌŽƉƌŝĂƚĞůǇůĂďĞůůĞĚĂƐƚŽĐŽŶƚĞŶƚ͘dŚĞƉƌŝŵĂƌǇƌĞĐĞƉƚĂĐůĞŝƐǁƌĂƉƉĞĚŝŶ
ĞŶŽƵŐŚĂďƐŽƌďĞŶƚŵĂƚĞƌŝĂůƚŽĂďƐŽƌďĂůůŇƵŝĚŝŶĐĂƐĞŽĨďƌĞĂŬĂŐĞŽƌůĞĂŬĂŐĞ͘
ͻ ƐĞĐŽŶĚ ǁĂƚĞƌƟŐŚƚ͕ ůĞĂŬƉƌŽŽĨ ƉĂĐŬĂŐŝŶŐ ŝƐ ƵƐĞĚ ƚŽ ĞŶĐůŽƐĞ ĂŶĚ ƉƌŽƚĞĐƚ ƚŚĞ
ƉƌŝŵĂƌǇ ƌĞĐĞƉƚĂĐůĞ;ƐͿ͘ ^ĞǀĞƌĂů ǁƌĂƉƉĞĚ ƉƌŝŵĂƌǇ ƌĞĐĞƉƚĂĐůĞƐ ŵĂǇ ďĞ ƉůĂĐĞĚ
ŝŶ Ă ƐŝŶŐůĞ ƐĞĐŽŶĚĂƌǇ ƉĂĐŬĂŐŝŶŐ͘ sŽůƵŵĞ ĂŶĚͬŽƌ ǁĞŝŐŚƚ ůŝŵŝƚƐ ĨŽƌ ƉĂĐŬĂŐĞĚ
ŝŶĨĞĐƟŽƵƐƐƵďƐƚĂŶĐĞƐĂƌĞŝŶĐůƵĚĞĚŝŶĐĞƌƚĂŝŶƌĞŐƵůĂƚŽƌǇƚĞǆƚƐ͘
ͻdŚĞƚŚŝƌĚůĂǇĞƌƉƌŽƚĞĐƚƐƚŚĞƐĞĐŽŶĚĂƌǇƉĂĐŬĂŐŝŶŐĨƌŽŵƉŚǇƐŝĐĂůĚĂŵĂŐĞǁŚŝůĞ
ŝŶ ƚƌĂŶƐŝƚ͘ ^ƉĞĐŝŵĞŶ ĚĂƚĂ ĨŽƌŵƐ͕ ůĞƩĞƌƐ ĂŶĚ ŽƚŚĞƌ ƚǇƉĞƐ ŽĨ ŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶ ƚŚĂƚ
ŝĚĞŶƟĨǇ Žƌ ĚĞƐĐƌŝďĞ ƚŚĞ ƐƉĞĐŝŵĞŶ ĂŶĚ ŝĚĞŶƟĨǇ ƚŚĞ ƐŚŝƉƉĞƌ ĂŶĚ ƌĞĐĞŝǀĞƌ͕ ĂŶĚ
ĂŶǇŽƚŚĞƌĚŽĐƵŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ͕ŵƵƐƚĂůƐŽďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚĂĐĐŽƌĚŝŶŐƚŽůĂƚĞƐƚƌĞŐƵůĂƟŽŶƐ͘
dŚĞhŶŝƚĞĚEĂƟŽŶƐDŽĚĞůZĞŐƵůĂƟŽŶƐƉƌĞƐĐƌŝďĞƚŚĞƵƐĞŽĨƚǁŽĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƚƌŝƉůĞƉĂĐŬĂŐŝŶŐƐǇƐƚĞŵƐ͘dŚĞďĂƐŝĐƚƌŝƉůĞ
ƉĂĐŬĂŐŝŶŐƐǇƐƚĞŵĂƉƉůŝĞƐĨŽƌƚŚĞƚƌĂŶƐƉŽƌƚŽĨĂǀĂƌŝĞƚǇŽĨŝŶĨĞĐƟŽƵƐƐƵďƐƚĂŶĐĞƐ͖ŚŽǁĞǀĞƌ͕ŚŝŐŚͲƌŝƐŬŽƌŐĂŶŝƐŵƐ
ŵƵƐƚďĞƐŚŝƉƉĞĚĂĐĐŽƌĚŝŶŐƚŽŵŽƌĞƐƚƌŝŶŐĞŶƚƌĞƋƵŝƌĞŵĞŶƚƐ͘
dŚĞďĂƐŝĐƚƌŝƉůĞƉĂĐŬĂŐŝŶŐƐǇƐƚĞŵ
;<E<;<((37+"2,+#2("#$($-1:&1".(
Each class of HCW require specific treatment. However, it is advisable to distin-
guish three major classes polarizing around 90 % of the biomedical waste produc-
tion. These major categories could be:
• Waste sharps;
• Infectious and cytotoxic wastes;
• Organic wastes (blood and body fluid wastes, human anatomical waste).
Hazardous/infectious HCW can be treated to reach a level of hazard/infec-
tiousness that is considered as acceptable. Thus, after treatment, they follow the
non-risk HCW stream and are disposed of with the general solid waste. They can
also be directly disposed of by incineration or in sanitary landfills.
Moreover, hazardous/infectious HCW can be treated on-site (i.e. in the HCF
itself) or off-site (i.e. in an other HCF or in a dedicated treatment plant).
'"$"'"!"#dƌĞĂƚŵĞŶƚ
On-site treatment
This option is often the only one possible in the rural HCFs of the primary sector
but on-site treatment can be also carried out for HCW generated in major HCFs.
On-site treatment facilities are particularly appropriate in areas where hospitals are
situated far from each other and the road system is poor.
The advantages of providing each health-care establishment with an on-site
treatment facility includes convenience and minimization of risks to public health
and the environment by confinement of hazardous/infectious HCW to the health-
care premises. However, the treatment costs may be high if there are many health
194
care facilities: extra technical staff may be required to operate and maintain the
facilities and it may be difficult for the relevant authorities to monitor the perfor-
mance of many small facilities.
This may result in poor compliance with operating standards, depending on the
type of facilities, and increased environmental pollution.
Off-site treatment
The HCW generated in a HCF can be treated off-site, when centralized regional
facilities exist.
Although off-site treatment increases dependency of the HCF on an external
actor and requires a finetuned transportation system, it provides the following ad-
vantages:
HCFs will not have to devote time and personnel to manage their own instal-
lations;
Efficient operation can be more easily ensured in one centralized facility than in
several plants where skilled workers may not be readily available;
Greater cost-effectiveness for larger units, through economies of scale;
Future modifications or expansions (relating to flue-gas cleaning systems of in-
cinerators, for example) are likely to be less expensive;
Where privatization of facilities is seen as a desirable option, this can be achieved
more easily on a regional basis than for numerous small units;
It will be easier for the relevant government agencies to supervise and monitor
the facilities;
Air pollution may be more easily kept to a minimum at a centralized plant (costs
of monitoring and surveillance as well as flue-gas cleaning, for example, will be
reduced):
ͻ ŶƐƵƌĞƚŚĂƚƚŚĞŵŽƐƚŚĂǌĂƌĚŽƵƐ,t;ŝ͘Ğ͘ƐŚĂƌƉƐͿĂŶĚ;ŚŝŐŚůǇͿŝŶĨĞĐƟŽƵƐǁĂƐƚĞĂƌĞƉƌŽƉĞƌůǇƚƌĞĂƚĞĚĂŶĚ
ĚŝƐƉŽƐĞĚŽĨŝŶĂůů,&ƐŽĨƚŚĞĐŽƵŶƚƌǇ͖
ͻ ŶƐƵƌĞ ƚŚĂƚ ƚƌĞĂƚŵĞŶƚ ͬ ĚŝƐƉŽƐĂů ŽƉƟŽŶƐ ƚŚĂƚ ǁŝůů ďĞ ƌĞĐŽŵŵĞŶĚĞĚ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ EĂƟŽŶĂů ,tD ƉůĂŶ ǁŝůů ďĞ
ŚŽŵŽŐĞŶĞŽƵƐůǇĂƉƉůŝĞĚŝŶƚŚĞĐŽƵŶƚƌǇ͖
ͻ ŶƐƵƌĞƚŚĂƚƚŚĞƐĞůĞĐƚĞĚŽƉƟŽŶƐǁŝůůďĞĐŽŵƉĂƟďůĞǁŝƚŚƚŚĞůŽĐĂůŽƉĞƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŵĂŝŶƚĞŶĂŶĐĞĐĂƉĂĐŝƟĞƐ͖
ͻ ůǁĂǇƐƐĞůĞĐƚƚŚĞŵŽƐƚĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚĂůĨƌŝĞŶĚůǇŽƉƟŽŶƐƚĂŬŝŶŐŝŶƚŽĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌĂƟŽŶƚŚĞŽƉĞƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŵĂŝŶͲ
ƚĞŶĂŶĐĞĐŽƐƚƐ
DŝŶŝŵĂůŽďƐĞƌǀĂŶĐĞƐĨŽƌǁĂƐƚĞƚƌĞĂƚŵĞŶƚĂŶĚĚŝƐƉŽƐĂů
Treatment and disposal technologies for health-care waste

The purpose of treatment is to reduce the potential hazard posed by health-care
waste, while endeavouring to protect the environment.
Measures should first be followed to minimize and reuse waste items where it
is safe to do so. Where this is not possible, the unusable waste materials should
195
preferably be treated to reduce their potential health or environmental hazard and

volume, with remaining residues sent for land disposal to a suitably constructed
site352.
Incineration used to be the method of choice for most hazardous healthcare
wastes and is still widely used. However, recently developed alternative treatment
methods are becoming increasingly popular. The final choice of treatment system
should be made carefully, on the basis of various factors, many of which depend
on local conditions.
Certain treatment options presented in this chapter may effectively reduce the
infectious hazards of health-care waste and prevent scavenging but, at the same
time, give rise to other health and environmental hazards
In choosing a treatment or disposal method for health-care waste, particularly
if there is a risk of toxic emissions or other hazardous consequences, the rela-
tive risks, as well as the integration into the overall framework of comprehensive
waste strategy, should therefore be carefully evaluated in the light of local circum-
stances353.
ŝƐŝŶĨĞĐƟŽŶĞĸĐŝĞŶĐǇ
,ĞĂůƚŚĂŶĚĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚĂůĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌĂƟŽŶƐ
sŽůƵŵĞĂŶĚŵĂƐƐƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶ
KĐĐƵƉĂƟŽŶĂůŚĞĂůƚŚĂŶĚƐĂĨĞƚǇĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌĂƟŽŶƐ
YƵĂŶƟƚǇŽĨǁĂƐƚĞƐĨŽƌƚƌĞĂƚŵĞŶƚĂŶĚĚŝƐƉŽƐĂůͬĐĂƉĂĐŝƚǇŽĨƚŚĞƐǇƐƚĞŵ
dǇƉĞƐŽĨǁĂƐƚĞĨŽƌƚƌĞĂƚŵĞŶƚĂŶĚĚŝƐƉŽƐĂů
/ŶĨƌĂƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞŵĞŶƚƐ
>ŽĐĂůůǇĂǀĂŝůĂďůĞƚƌĞĂƚŵĞŶƚŽƉƟŽŶƐĂŶĚƚĞĐŚŶŽůŽŐŝĞƐ
KƉƟŽŶƐĂǀĂŝůĂďůĞĨŽƌĮŶĂůĚŝƐƉŽƐĂů
dƌĂŝŶŝŶŐƌĞƋƵŝƌĞŵĞŶƚƐĨŽƌŽƉĞƌĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŵĞƚŚŽĚ
KƉĞƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŵĂŝŶƚĞŶĂŶĐĞĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌĂƟŽŶƐ
ǀĂŝůĂďůĞƐƉĂĐĞ
>ŽĐĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƐƵƌƌŽƵŶĚŝŶŐƐŽĨƚŚĞƚƌĞĂƚŵĞŶƚƐŝƚĞĂŶĚĚŝƐƉŽƐĂůĨĂĐŝůŝƚǇ͖
/ŶǀĞƐƚŵĞŶƚĂŶĚŽƉĞƌĂƟŶŐĐŽƐƚƐ
WƵďůŝĐĂĐĐĞƉƚĂďŝůŝƚǇ
ZĞŐƵůĂƚŽƌǇƌĞƋƵŝƌĞŵĞŶƚƐ
&ĂĐƚŽƌƐƚŽďĞĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌĞĚĨŽƌƚŚĞĮŶĂůĐŚŽŝĐĞŽĨƚƌĞĂƚŵĞŶƚƐǇƐƚĞŵ
352
Advantages and drawbacks of the various treatment and disposal technologies discussed in
353
this chapter are summarized in “Safe management of waste from health-care activities”, 1st edition,
WHO, 1999, p. 77.
196
Incineration
Incineration is not the same as burning. However, both methods are used for the
treatment of hazardous waste.
Burning in small-capacity single chamber “incinerators” is a technique often
used in HCFs in low income countries. These installations may nevertheless con-
stitute a serious air pollution hazard to the surrounding area due to the relatively
low operation temperatures and the lack of emission control systems. If biomed-
ical and health-care waste are treated with single chamber “incinerators”, waste
fractions such as cytotoxic drugs, chemicals, halogenated materials or waste with
a high content of heavy metals (batteries, broken mercury thermometers, etc.)
should not be treated with this type of system354.
Incineration is a high-temperature dry oxidation process that reduces organic
and combustible waste to inorganic, incombustible matter and results in a very
significant reduction of waste volume and weight355.
The procedure has the advantage of reducing significantly the volume and
weight of the waste treated and it represents an alternative to autoclaving only if the
incinerator is under laboratory control356. Nevertheless it requires skilled operators,
extensive flue gas emission control systems and, frequently, imported spare parts.
Materials for incineration, even with prior decontamination, should be trans-
ported to the incinerator in bags, preferably plastic. Incinerator attendants should
receive proper instructions about loading and temperature control. It should also
be noted that the efficient operation of an incinerator depends heavily on the right
mix of materials in the waste being treated.
Types of incinerator357
Incinerators range from extremely sophisticated, high-temperature operating
plants to very basic combustion units. Incineration equipment should be chosen
on the basis of the available resources and the local situation, balancing the public
health benefits of pathogen elimination against the technical requirements needed
to avoid the health impacts of air or groundwater pollution from the by-products
of waste combustion. Moreover, incineration generates ash residues and air emis-
sions358 can contain pollutants such as dioxins and heavy metals.
354
355
“Safe management of waste from health-care activities”, 1st edition, WHO, 1999, pp. 77-80.
356
357
The information contained in this section is drawn from “Safe management of waste from
health-care activities”, 1st edition, WHO, 1999, pp. 81-86.
358
The combustion of organic compounds produces mainly gaseous emissions, including steam, car-
bon dioxide, nitrogen oxides, and certain toxic substances (e.g. metals, halogenic acids), and particulate
matter, plus solid residues in the form of ashes. If the conditions of combustion are not properly controlled,
toxic carbon monoxide will also be produced. The ash and wastewater produced by the process also con-
tain toxic compounds, which have to be treated to avoid adverse effects on health and the environment.
197
There are ongoing concerns regarding the possible negative environmental ef-
fects of existing or proposed incinerators, and efforts continue to make incinera-
tors more environmentally friendly and energy-efficient359.
These units permit on-site treatment in HCFs, thus avoiding the need to trans-
port infectious waste through city streets.
Specific waste parameters should be assessed at the planning stage to determine
the most suitable type and size of incinerator:
• current extent of waste production and types of health-care waste;
• estimated future waste production;
• production of incinerable waste per day (and per bed per day);
• all the physical parameters that determine the suitability of waste for inciner-
ation, such as low heating value and moisture content360.
Three generic kinds of incineration technology are commonly used for treating
health-care waste:
dual-chamber starved-air incinerators, which operate in the starved-air mode
(below stochiometric conditions) in the primary chamber and are designed to burn
infectious health-care waste;
Starved-air incineration is a commonly used incineration process for health-
care waste. The process is also known as controlled-air incineration, pyrolytic
incineration, two-stage incineration or static hearth incineration. The combus-
tion air used for incineration is less than stoichiometric (that is, the amount of
oxygen is less than the ideal proportion needed for burning the carbon and
hydrogen).
A starved-air incinerator comprises a primary chamber and a post-combustion
secondary chamber. In the primary chamber, the waste is thermally decomposed
through an oxygen-deficient, medium-temperature combustion process (800 to
900 °C), producing solid ashes and gases. The primary chamber includes a fuel
burner, used to start the process. Waste residence time can vary from 1 to 4 hours,
depending on the size of the installation. The gases produced in the primary cham-
ber are burned at high temperature (ranging from 1100 to 1600 °C) in the sec-
ondary chamber, using an excess of air to minimize smoke, carbon monoxide and
odours. If the temperature drops below 1100 °C (the minimum requirement speci-
fied in the European Union s Waste incineration directive 2000/76/EC), addition-
al energy should be provided by a gas or fuel burner.
Larger pyrolytic incinerators (capacity >20 tonnes/day) are usually designed to
function on a continuous basis. They are also capable of automatic operation, includ-
ing loading of waste, removal of ashes and internal movement of burning waste361.
359
360
“Safe management of waste from health-care activities”, 1st edition, WHO, 1999, pp. 77-80.
361
198
multiple chamber incinerators, including in-line incinerators and retort incin-

erators used for pathological waste, which operate in the excess-air mode (above
stochiometric conditions);
Multiple chamber incinerators were more common in the past and are still
used in some countries for pathological waste. There are two major types: in-line
incinerators and retort incinerators. In-line incinerators are rectangular in design
and have a large primary chamber with a moving grate, a secondary chamber to
burn off volatile organic compounds in the flue gas, and additional chambers that
force the gas to turn in different directions to remove particulate matter as ash
residues.
Retort incinerators have a primary and a secondary chamber arranged in a U
shape. Flue gas from the primary chamber (hearth) is generally passed under the
primary chamber to add heat to the hearth. Both types of incinerators operate in
the excess-air mode and use supplementary fuel to reach temperatures of around
800 1000 °C. These designs are not commonly used because of their high volumes
of airborne emissions362.
• rotary kilns, normally capable of reaching temperatures that break down
genotoxic substances and heat-resistant chemicals
However, there are also other kinds of incinerators that could be useful only in
the case of absence of the above mentioned main type of devices.
Incineration in municipal incinerators. In some countries, it is permitted to
incinerate health-care waste in a municipal solid waste incineration plant. It is eco-
nomically attractive to dispose of infectious health-care waste in municipal inciner-
ators if these are located reasonably close to HCFs. As the heating value of health-
care waste is significantly higher than that of domestic refuse, the introduction of
relatively small quantities of health-care waste will not affect the operation of a
municipal incinerator. Care must be taken with the handling and loading of the
health-care wastes to avoid hazardous situations. Municipal incinerators are usual-
ly of a double-chamber design, with an operating temperature of 800°C in the first
combustion chamber and gas combustion in the second chamber at temperatures
of, typically, 1000 1200°C363.
Small-scale incinerators364 are designed to meet an immediate need for public
health protection where there is no access to more sophisticated technologies. This
involves a compromise between the environmental impacts from controlled com-
bustion and an overriding need to protect public health if the only alternative is
indiscriminate dumping. These circumstances exist in many developing situations,
and small-scale incineration can be a realistic response to an immediate require-
362
Id.
363
364
Usually Single-chamber furnaces with static grate. This type of incinerator treats waste in
batches; loading and de-ashing operations are performed manually.
199
ment. As far as possible, a small-scale facility should avoid burning PVC plastics
and other chlorinated waste.
If small-scale incinerators are the only option available, the best practices pos-
sible should be used, to minimize operational impacts on the environment. Best
practices in this context are:
• effective waste reduction and segregation, ensuring only the smallest quanti-
ties of combustible waste types are incinerated;
• an engineered design with sufficient residence time and temperatures to min-
imize products of incomplete combustion;
• siting incinerators away from health-care buildings and residential areas or
where food is grown;
• construction using detailed engineering plans and materials to minimize flaws
that may lead to incomplete destruction of waste and premature failures of the
incinerator;
• a clearly described method of operation to achieve the desired combustion con-
ditions and emissions; for example, appropriate start-up and cool-down procedures,
achievement and maintenance of a minimum temperature before waste is burned,
use of appropriate loading/charging rates (both fuel and waste) to maintain appro-
priate temperatures, proper disposal of ash and equipment to safeguard workers;
• periodic maintenance to replace or repair defective components (including
inspection, spare parts inventory and daily record keeping);
• improved training and management, possibly promoted by certification and
inspection programmes for operators, the availability of an operating and mainte-
nance manual, visible management oversight, and regular maintenance schedules.
Small-scale incineration should be viewed as a transitional means of disposal for
health-care waste365.
365
“Safe management of waste from health-care activities”, 2nd edition, WHO, 2013, pp. 120-121.
200
^( R$+[6"2+(4&7(2*+(4&..&0-#/(0"12+()"2+/&7-+1_
/ŶĨĞĐƟŽƵƐǁĂƐƚĞ;ŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƐŚĂƌƉƐͿĂŶĚƉĂƚŚŽůŽŐŝĐĂůǁĂƐƚĞ;ĞĸĐŝĞŶƚƚƌĞĂƚŵĞŶƚ͖ĞůŝŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨĂůůƉĂƚŚŽŐĞŶƐ
^( >#"$+[6"2+(4&7(2*+(4&..&0-#/(0"12+1_
EŽŶͲƌŝƐŬŚĞĂůƚŚͲĐĂƌĞǁĂƐƚĞƐŝŵŝůĂƌƚŽƵƌďĂŶǁĂƐƚĞ;ƉǇƌŽůǇƟĐŝŶĐŝŶĞƌĂƟŽŶǁŽƵůĚǁĂƐƚĞƌĞƐŽƵƌĐĞƐͿ
'ĞŶŽƚŽǆŝĐǁĂƐƚĞ;ƚƌĞĂƚŵĞŶƚƉƌŽďĂďůǇŶŽƚĞĸĐŝĞŶƚͿ
ZĂĚŝŽĂĐƟǀĞǁĂƐƚĞ;ƚƌĞĂƚŵĞŶƚĚŽĞƐŶŽƚĂīĞĐƚƌĂĚŝŽĂĐƟǀĞƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐĂŶĚŵĂǇĚŝƐƉĞƌƐĞƌĂĚŝĂƟŽŶͿ
^( 9+12+1(2*"2(1*&6.$(#&2(%+(-#)-#+7"2+$_
WƌĞƐƐƵƌŝǌĞĚĐŽŶƚĂŝŶĞƌƐ;ŵĂǇĞǆƉůŽĚĞĚƵƌŝŶŐŝŶĐŝŶĞƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚĐĂƵƐĞĚĂŵĂŐĞƚŽƚŚĞĞƋƵŝƉŵĞŶƚͿ
,ĂůŽŐĞŶĂƚĞĚƉůĂƐƟĐƐƐƵĐŚĂƐWs;ĞǆŚĂƵƐƚŐĂƐĞƐŵĂǇĐŽŶƚĂŝŶŚǇĚƌŽĐŚůŽƌŝĐĂĐŝĚƐĂŶĚĚŝŽǆŝŶƐͿ
tĂƐƚĞƐǁŝƚŚŚŝŐŚŚĞĂǀǇͲŵĞƚĂůĐŽŶƚĞŶƚ;ŝŶĐŝŶĞƌĂƟŽŶǁŝůůĐĂƵƐĞĞŵŝƐƐŝŽŶŽĨƚŽǆŝĐŵĞƚĂůƐŝŶƚŽƚŚĞĂƚŵŽƐƉŚĞƌĞͿ
/ŶĐŝŶĞƌĂƟŽŶƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞ͗ƉƌŝŵĂƌǇĐŚĂŵďĞƌϴϬϬ ϵϬϬΣ͖ƐĞĐŽŶĚĂƌǇĐŚĂŵďĞƌϭϭϬϬͲϭϲϬϬΣ
/ŶĐŝŶĞƌĂƚŽƌĐĂƉĂĐŝƚǇ͗ǀĂŝůĂďůĞĐĂƉĂĐŝƟĞƐƌĂŶŐĞĨƌŽŵϮϬϬŬŐͬĚĂǇƚŽŵŽƌĞƚŚĂŶϮϬƚŽŶŶĞƐͬĚĂǇ͘
ǆŚĂƵƐƚͲŐĂƐĐůĞĂŶŝŶŐĞƋƵŝƉŵĞŶƚ͗EĞĞĚĞĚĨŽƌůĂƌŐĞƌĨĂĐŝůŝƟĞƐ͘
ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůƌĞŵĂƌŬƐ͗tĞůůƚƌĂŝŶĞĚƉĞƌƐŽŶŶĞůĂƌĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ͘
ŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝƐƟĐƐŽĨĚƵĂůͲĐŚĂŵďĞƌƐƚĂƌǀĞĚͲĂŝƌŝŶĐŝŶĞƌĂƚŽƌƐ
^( R$+[6"2+(4&7(2*+(4&..&0-#/(0"12+()"2+/&7-+1_
/ŶĨĞĐƟŽƵƐǁĂƐƚĞ;ŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƐŚĂƌƉƐͿĂŶĚƉĂƚŚŽůŽŐŝĐĂůǁĂƐƚĞ͘WĂƚŚŽŐĞŶƐĂƌĞĞůŝŵŝŶĂƚĞĚŝĨƚŚĞŝŶĐŝŶĞƌĂƚŽƌŝƐ
ĐŽƌƌĞĐƚůǇŽƉĞƌĂƚĞĚ͘ƐŚĞƐƐŚŽƵůĚĐŽŶƚĂŝŶфϯйƵŶďƵƌŶƚŵĂƩĞƌ͘
'ĞŶĞƌĂůŚĞĂůƚŚͲĐĂƌĞǁĂƐƚĞ;ƐŝŵŝůĂƌƚŽĚŽŵĞƐƟĐƌĞĨƵƐĞͿ͘dŚŝƐƚǇƉĞŽĨǁĂƐƚĞŵĂǇďĞŝŶĐŝŶĞƌĂƚĞĚ͕ƉĂƌƟĐƵůĂƌůǇ
ŝĨƚŚĞůŽǁŚĞĂƟŶŐǀĂůƵĞĞǆĐĞĞĚƐϰϬϬϬŬĐĂůͬŬŐ;ϭϲϳϰϬŬ:ͬŬŐͿ͘
^( >#"$+[6"2+(4&7(2*+(4&..&0-#/(0"12+1_
WŚĂƌŵĂĐĞƵƟĐĂů ĂŶĚ ĐŚĞŵŝĐĂů ƌĞƐŝĚƵĞƐ͘ dŚĞ ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐ ŝƐ ŽĨ ůŝŵŝƚĞĚ ƐƵŝƚĂďŝůŝƚǇ ĨŽƌ ƚŚĞƐĞ ǁĂƐƚĞƐ ĂŶĚ ŝƐ ŶŽƚ
ŐĞŶĞƌĂůůǇƌĞĐŽŵŵĞŶĚĞĚ͖ĞǆŚĂƵƐƚŐĂƐĞƐŵĂǇĐŽŶƚĂŝŶƚŽǆŝĐƐƵďƐƚĂŶĐĞƐ͕ƐƵĐŚĂƐĚŝŽǆŝŶƐ͘&ŽƌƐĂĨĞƚǇƌĞĂƐŽŶƐ͕
ƚŚĞƌĞĨŽƌĞ͕ůĂƌŐĞƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐŽĨƚŚĞƐĞǁĂƐƚĞƐƐŚŽƵůĚŶŽƚďĞŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞĚŝŶƚŽƚŚŝƐƚǇƉĞŽĨŝŶĐŝŶĞƌĂƚŽƌ͘
'ĞŶŽƚŽǆŝĐǁĂƐƚĞ;ƚƌĞĂƚŵĞŶƚďǇƚŚŝƐŵĞĂŶƐŝƐŶŽƚĞĸĐŝĞŶƚͿ
ZĂĚŝŽĂĐƟǀĞǁĂƐƚĞ͘dŚŝƐƚǇƉĞŽĨƚƌĞĂƚŵĞŶƚŚĂƐŶŽĞīĞĐƚŽŶƌĂĚŝŽĂĐƟǀĞƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐĂŶĚŵĂǇĂĐƚƵĂůůǇĐĂƵƐĞ
ĚŝƐƉĞƌƐĂůŽĨƌĂĚŝŽĂĐƟǀŝƚǇ͘
/ŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĂŶĚƚŚĞƌŵĂůůǇƌĞƐŝƐƚĂŶƚǁĂƐƚĞ͘
^( 9"12+(2*"2(1*&6.$(#&2(%+(-#)-#+7"2+$_
WƌĞƐƐƵƌŝǌĞĚĐŽŶƚĂŝŶĞƌƐ͘ǆƉůŽƐŝŽŶŵĂǇŽĐĐƵƌĂŶĚĐĂƵƐĞĚĂŵĂŐĞƚŽƚŚĞĞƋƵŝƉŵĞŶƚ͘
,ĂůŽŐĞŶĂƚĞĚƉůĂƐƟĐƐ;Ğ͘Ő͘WsͿ͘ǆŚĂƵƐƚŐĂƐĞƐĐŽŶƚĂŝŶŚǇĚƌŽŐĞŶĐŚůŽƌŝĚĞĂŶĚŵĂǇĐŽŶƚĂŝŶĚŝŽǆŝŶƐ͘
tĂƐƚĞƐǁŝƚŚŚŝŐŚĐŽŶƚĞŶƚŽĨŚĞĂǀǇŵĞƚĂůƐ;Ğ͘Ő͘ƚŚĞƌŵŽŵĞƚĞƌƐ͕ďĂƩĞƌŝĞƐͿ͘/ŶĐŝŶĞƌĂƟŽŶǁŝůůĐĂƵƐĞĞŵŝƐƐŝŽŶ
ŽĨƚŽǆŝĐŵĞƚĂůƐ;Ğ͘Ő͘ůĞĂĚ͕ĐĂĚŵŝƵŵ͕ŵĞƌĐƵƌǇͿŝŶƚŽƚŚĞĂƚŵŽƐƉŚĞƌĞ͘
^( /ŶĐŝŶĞƌĂƟŽŶƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞ͗ϯϬϬ ϰϬϬΣ͘
^( >#)-#+7"2&7()":")-28_(ϭϬϬʹϮϬϬŬŐͬĚĂǇ͘
^( K?*"612( /"1( ).+"#-#/_( EŽƚ ƵƐƵĂůůǇ ƉƌĂĐƟĐĂďůĞ͖ ƚŚŝƐ ƚǇƉĞ ŽĨ ŝŶĐŝŶĞƌĂƚŽƌ ƐŚŽƵůĚ ƚŚĞƌĞĨŽƌĞ ŶŽƚ ďĞ ŝŶƐƚĂůůĞĚ
ǁŚĞƌĞĂŝƌƉŽůůƵƟŽŶŝƐĂůƌĞĂĚǇĂƉƌŽďůĞŵ͘
^ŵĂůůƐĐĂůĞŝŶĐŝŶĞƌĂƚŽƌƐŽƌƐŝŶŐůĞͲĐŚĂŵďĞƌŝŶĐŝŶĞƌĂƚŽƌƐ"((
Steam treatment technologies

Autoclaves are capable of treating a range of infectious waste, including cultures
and stocks, sharps, materials contaminated with blood and limited amounts of
fluids, isolation and surgery waste, laboratory waste (excluding chemical waste)
367
. With sufficient time and temperature, it is technically possible to treat small
quantities of human tissue, but ethical, legal, cultural, religious and other consid-
erations may preclude their treatment. Autoclaves are generally not used for large
366
367
Safe management of waste from health-care activities”, 2nd edition, WHO, 2013, pp. 108-112.
201
anatomical remains (body parts), because it is difficult to determine beforehand

the time and temperature parameters needed to allow full penetration of heat to
the centre of the body part.
An autoclave consists of a metal vessel designed to withstand high pressures,
with a sealed door and an arrangement of pipes and valves through which steam is
introduced into, and removed from, the vessel. Some autoclaves are designed with
a steam jacket surrounding the vessel; steam is introduced into both the outside
jacket and the inside chamber. Heating the outside jacket reduces condensation
on the inside chamber wall and allows the use of steam at lower temperatures. An
autoclave without a steam jacket, sometimes called a “retort”, is commonly found
in large-scale applications and is cheaper to construct.
Air is an effective insulator and a principal factor in determining the efficiency

of steam treatment. Removal of air from the autoclave is essential to ensure pene-
tration of heat into the waste. Waste-treatment autoclaves must treat the air that is
removed at the start of the process to prevent the release of pathogenic aerosols.
This is usually done by treating the air with steam or passing it through a high-ef-
ficiency particulate air (HEPA) filter before it is released.
Consequently, autoclaves can be subcategorized according to the method of air
removal. The three common types are:
• gravity-displacement autoclaves
• pre-vacuum or high-vacuum autoclaves
• pressure pulse autoclaves368.
Since autoclaves must be able to withstand repeated build-up and release of
steam pressures, their construction materials, engineering design, fabrication, ac-
curacy of pressure and temperature sensors, and testing must meet basic require-
ments to operate safely.
For waste treatment, autoclaves should be rated to operate between 1 and 2
bar gauge pressure (about 15–30 psig, or 1540–2280 mm Hg absolute) or higher.
Waste-treatment autoclaves can range in size from about 20 litres to more than
20 000 litres. Low-heat thermal processes produce significantly less air pollution
emissions than high-heat thermal processes. Consequently, there are no specific
pollutant emission limits for autoclaves and other steam treatment systems.
368
Safe management of waste from health-care activities”, 2nd edition, WHO, 2013, pp. 108-109.
202
ͻtĂƐƚĞĐŽůůĞĐƟŽŶ͗/ŶĨĞĐƟŽƵƐǁĂƐƚĞďĂŐƐĂƌĞƉůĂĐĞĚŝŶĂŵĞƚĂůĐĂƌƚŽƌďŝŶ͘dŚĞĐĂƌƚŽƌďŝŶƐŚŽƵůĚďĞůŝŶĞĚǁŝƚŚ
ĂƉůĂƐƟĐůŝŶĞƌƚŽƉƌĞǀĞŶƚǁĂƐƚĞĨƌŽŵƐƟĐŬŝŶŐƚŽƚŚĞƐŝĚĞƐŽĨƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĂŝŶĞƌ͘
ͻWƌĞͲŚĞĂƟŶŐ;ĨŽƌĂƵƚŽĐůĂǀĞƐǁŝƚŚƐƚĞĂŵũĂĐŬĞƚƐͿ͗^ƚĞĂŵŝƐŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞĚŝŶƚŽƚŚĞŽƵƚƐŝĚĞũĂĐŬĞƚŽĨƚŚĞĂƵƚŽĐůĂǀĞ͘
^( 9"12+( .&"$-#/_( dŚĞ ŵĞƚĂů ĐĂƌƚ Žƌ ďŝŶ ŝƐ ůŽĂĚĞĚ ŝŶƚŽ ƚŚĞ ĂƵƚŽĐůĂǀĞ ĐŚĂŵďĞƌ͘ tŝƚŚ ĞǀĞƌǇ ůŽĂĚ͕ Ă ĐŽůŽƵƌͲ
ĐŚĂŶŐŝŶŐ ŝŶĚŝĐĂƚŽƌ ŝƐ ĂƩĂĐŚĞĚ ƚŽ ƚŚĞ ŽƵƚĞƌ ƐƵƌĨĂĐĞ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ǁĂƐƚĞ ďĂŐ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ ŵŝĚĚůĞ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ǁĂƐƚĞ ůŽĂĚ ƚŽ
ŵŽŶŝƚŽƌƚƌĞĂƚŵĞŶƚ͘dŚĞĞŶƚƌǇ;ŽƌĐŚĂƌŐŝŶŐͿĚŽŽƌŝƐĐůŽƐĞĚ͕ƐĞĂůŝŶŐƚŚĞĐŚĂŵďĞƌ͘
ͻŝƌĞǀĂĐƵĂƟŽŶ͗ŝƌŝƐƌĞŵŽǀĞĚƚŚƌŽƵŐŚŐƌĂǀŝƚǇĚŝƐƉůĂĐĞŵĞŶƚ͕ƉƌĞͲǀĂĐƵƵŵŝŶŐŽƌƉƵůƐĞǀĂĐƵƵŵŝŶŐ͘
^( 52+",( 27+"2,+#2_( ^ƚĞĂŵ ŝƐ ŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞĚ ŝŶƚŽ ƚŚĞ ĐŚĂŵďĞƌ ƵŶƟů ƚŚĞ ƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ ƉƌĞƐƐƵƌĞ Žƌ ƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞ ŝƐ
ƌĞĂĐŚĞĚ͘ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůƐƚĞĂŵŝƐĂƵƚŽŵĂƟĐĂůůǇĨĞĚŝŶƚŽƚŚĞĐŚĂŵďĞƌƚŽŵĂŝŶƚĂŝŶƚŚĞƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞĂŶĚƉƌĞƐƐƵƌĞ
ĨŽƌĂƐĞƚƟŵĞƉĞƌŝŽĚ͘WƌĞƐƐƵƌĞƉƵůƐŝŶŐĂƵƚŽĐůĂǀĞƐǀĂƌǇƚŚĞƉƌĞƐƐƵƌĞĂĐĐŽƌĚŝŶŐƚŽĂƐĞƚƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĐǇĐůĞ͘
^(52+",($-1)*"7/+_(^ƚĞĂŵŝƐǀĞŶƚĞĚĨƌŽŵƚŚĞĐŚĂŵďĞƌ͕ƵƐƵĂůůǇƚŚƌŽƵŐŚĂĐŽŶĚĞŶƐĞƌ͕ƚŽƌĞĚƵĐĞƚŚĞƉƌĞƐƐƵƌĞ
ĂŶĚƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞ͘/ŶƐŽŵĞƐǇƐƚĞŵƐ͕ĂƉŽƐƚͲǀĂĐƵƵŵĐǇĐůĞŝƐƵƐĞĚƚŽƌĞŵŽǀĞƌĞƐŝĚƵĂůƐƚĞĂŵĂŶĚƚŽĚƌǇƚŚĞ
ǁĂƐƚĞ͘
^(U#.&"$-#/_(hƐƵĂůůǇ͕ĂĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůƟŵĞŝƐƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚƚŽĂůůŽǁƚŚĞǁĂƐƚĞƚŽĐŽŽůĚŽǁŶĨƵƌƚŚĞƌ͕ĂŌĞƌǁŚŝĐŚƚŚĞ
ƚƌĞĂƚĞĚǁĂƐƚĞŝƐƌĞŵŽǀĞĚĂŶĚƚŚĞŝŶĚŝĐĂƚŽƌƐƚƌŝƉŝƐĐŚĞĐŬĞĚ͘dŚĞƉƌŽĐĞƐƐŝƐƌĞƉĞĂƚĞĚŝĨƚŚĞĐŽůŽƵƌĐŚĂŶŐĞŽŶ
ƚŚĞŝŶĚŝĐĂƚŽƌƐŚŽǁƐƚŚĂƚƚŚĞƚƌĞĂƚŵĞŶƚĐǇĐůĞǁĂƐŝŶƐƵĸĐŝĞŶƚ͘
ͻ ŽĐƵŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶ͗ ǁƌŝƩĞŶ ůŽŐ ŝƐ ŵĂŝŶƚĂŝŶĞĚ ƚŽ ƌĞĐŽƌĚ ƚŚĞ ĚĂƚĞ͕ ƟŵĞ ĂŶĚ ŽƉĞƌĂƚŽƌ ŶĂŵĞ͖ ƚǇƉĞ ĂŶĚ
ĂƉƉƌŽǆŝŵĂƚĞ ĂŵŽƵŶƚ ŽĨ ǁĂƐƚĞ ƚƌĞĂƚĞĚ͖ ĂŶĚ ƉŽƐƚͲƚƌĞĂƚŵĞŶƚ ĐŽŶĮƌŵĂƟŽŶ ƌĞƐƵůƚƐ ĨƌŽŵ ĂŶǇ ĂƵƚŽŵĂƚĞĚ
ĞƋƵŝƉŵĞŶƚƌĞĐŽƌĚŝŶŐŽƌƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞʹƉƌĞƐƐƵƌĞŵŽŶŝƚŽƌŝŶŐŝŶĚŝĐĂƚŽƌ͕ƐƵĐŚĂƐƚŚĞŝŶĚŝĐĂƚŽƌƐƚƌŝƉ͘
ͻ DĞĐŚĂŶŝĐĂů ƚƌĞĂƚŵĞŶƚ͗ /Ĩ ĚĞƐŝƌĞĚ͕ ƚŚĞ ƚƌĞĂƚĞĚ ǁĂƐƚĞ ŵĂǇ ďĞ ĨĞĚ ŝŶƚŽ Ă ƐŚƌĞĚĚĞƌ Žƌ ĐŽŵƉĂĐƚŽƌ ďĞĨŽƌĞ
ĚŝƐƉŽƐĂůŝŶĂůĂŶĚĮůů͘
dǇƉŝĐĂůŽƉĞƌĂƟŽŶĨŽƌĂŶĂƵƚŽĐůĂǀĞ
Volatile and semivolatile organic compounds, chemotherapeutic waste, mercury,

other hazardous chemical waste and radiological waste should not be treated in
an autoclave. Large and bulky bedding material, large animal carcasses, sealed
heat-resistant containers and other waste loads that impede the transfer of heat
should be avoided.
Treated waste from an autoclave retains its physical appearance. If desired, a
mechanical process such as a shredder or grinder is used after treatment to make
the waste unrecognizable. Shredding reduces the volume of the treated waste by
60–80%, but is prone to breakdowns.
The operation of autoclaves requires the proper combination of temperature/
pressure and exposure time to achieve disinfection. In the past, a minimum rec-
ommended temperature exposure time criterion of 121 °C for 30 minutes was sug-
gested. This corresponds to a pressure of 205 kPa or 2.05 bar (15 psig or 30 psia).
However, the effective penetration of steam and moist heat depends on many fac-
tors, including time, temperature/pressure, process sequence, load size, stacking
configuration and packing density, types and integrity of bags or containers used,
physical properties of the materials in the waste (such as bulk density, heat capacity
and thermal conductivity), the amount of residual air and the moisture content
in the waste. For these reasons, initial challenge tests should be conducted using
waste samples that are representative of actual waste produced in a health-care
facility to determine or validate the minimum temperature, pressure and exposure
time or pulsing cycle required to achieve the microbial inactivation standard.
203
After the initial tests, regular validation tests using biological indicators should
be performed at periodic intervals (typically, every week, every 40 hours of use, or
once a month, depending on usage).
A second generation of steam-based systems has been developed for the pur-
pose of improving the transfer of heat into the waste, achieving more uniform heat-
ing of the waste, rendering the waste unrecognizable and/or making the treatment
system a continuous (rather than a batch) process. These systems function as auto-
claves but combine steam treatment with various kinds of mechanical processing
before, during or after steam treatment.
These and other integrated steam treatment technologies have the advantag-
es of being able to achieve high levels of disinfection at shorter times through
improved rates of heat transfer. They are highly automated and computer con-
trolled, and require very little operator attention. Treatment parameters are auto-
matically recorded, providing the required documentation. Many are designed to
remove odours using activated carbon or HEPA filters. Since they involve internal
or post-treatment shredding and many have a drying cycle, the resulting waste is
not only unrecognizable but also dry and compact, corresponding to as much as
85–90% volume reduction. Unlike standard autoclaves, some of these integrated
have been tested successfully for use with pathological waste, including anatomical
parts. The biggest disadvantage with the more sophisticated steam treatment sys-
tems is the capital cost: steam treatment systems cost more than standard autoclave
designs with the same capacity.
The output from an autoclave is non-hazardous material that can normally be
land-filled with municipal waste.369
Microwave irradiation
Irradiation treatment encompasses designs using irradiation from electron
beams, cobalt-60 or ultraviolet sources.
Microwave technology is essentially a steam-based process where treatment oc-
curs through the action of moist heat and steam generated by microwave energy.
Water contained in the waste is rapidly heated by microwave energy at a frequency
of about 2450 MHz and a wavelength of 12.24 cm. In general, microwave-treat-
ment systems consist of a treatment area or chamber into which microwave energy
is directed from a microwave generator (magnetron).
Generally, 2 to 6 magnetrons are used with an output of about 1.2 kW each.
Some systems are designed as batch processes and others are semicontinuous370.
369
370
A typical semicontinuous microwave system consists of an automatic charging system, hop-
per, shredder, conveyor screw, steam generator, microwave generators, discharge screw, secondary
shredder and controls. The equipment includes hydraulics, HEPA filter and microprocessor-based
controls protected in an all-weather steel enclosure. Waste bags are introduced into the hopper,
204
Typical batch systems are designed to handle 30 to 100 litres of waste. Some
units require reusable, fully enclosed, microwavable containers. The systems may
have multiple programmable cycles corresponding to different treatment tempera-
tures or levels of disinfection. A cycle may range from 30 minutes to one hour.
The types of waste commonly treated in microwave systems are identical to
those treated in autoclaves: cultures and stocks, sharps, materials contaminated
with blood and body fluids, isolation and surgery waste and laboratory waste (ex-
cluding chemical waste).
Volatile and semivolatile organic compounds, chemotherapeutic waste, mercu-
ry, other hazardous chemical waste and radiological waste should not be treated in
a microwave.
A fully enclosed microwave unit can be installed in an open area and, with a
HEPA filter to prevent the release of aerosols during the feed process, odour is
somewhat reduced, except in the immediate vicinity of the microwave unit371.
The HCW passes through a preparative process which may include segregation
to remove undesirable material before it is shredded and then eventually humid-
ified prior to being treated in the irradiation chamber. At the end, the waste goes
through a compactor before being disposed of.
Similar to the autoclaving technique, the output from a microwave facility is
considered nonhazardous and can be land-filled together with municipal waste.
Since electricity is the main source of energy for operating this technology, gas
emissions are also minimal compared to incineration or even autoclaving, which
can require the combustion of fuel for the generation of steam372.
Dry-heat treatment technologies
This concept of dry-heat treatment has been applied to treatment of infectious
health waste more recently. In dry-heat processes, heat is applied without add-
ing steam or water. Instead, the waste is heated by conduction, natural or forced
convection, or thermal radiation. In forced convection heating, air heated by re-
sistance heaters or natural gas is circulated around the waste in the chamber. In
some technologies, the hot walls of the chamber heat the waste through conduc-
tion and natural convection. Other technologies use radiant heating by means of
infrared or quartz heaters. As a general observation, dry-heat processes use higher
where steam may also be injected. To prevent release of airborne pathogens, air is extracted through
a HEPA filter as the waste bags are loaded. After the hopper lid is closed, waste goes through a
shredder. The waste particles are conveyed through an auger (conveyor screw), where they are fur-
ther exposed to steam and heated to 100 °C by four or six microwave generators. Some systems have
a holding section to achieve a minimum exposure time. A secondary shredder may be used if treated
sharps require finer shredding. A large-scale, semicontinuous microwave unit is capable of treating
about 250 kg/hour (3000 tonnes per year).
371
“Safe management of waste from health-care activities”, 2nd edition, WHO, 2013, P 112.
372
205
temperatures and longer exposure times than steam-based processes. They are not
commonly used in large-scale facilities and usually treat only small volumes.
Bacillus atrophaeus spores are known to be resistant to dry heat and are com-
monly used as a microbiological indicator to measure the effectiveness of dry-heat
technologies
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In all waste systems, the removal of the remaining health-care waste materials after
minimization or treatment will require access to land for final disposal. The disposal
of laboratory and medical waste is subject to various regional, national and inter-
national regulations, and the latest versions of such relevant documents must be
consulted before designing and implementing a programme for handling, transpor-
tation and disposal of biohazardous waste373. In general, wastes that have been pro-
cessed through one of the above mentioned treatment methods, lose their hazardous
characteristics. For example, ashes resulting from the incineration may be handled
as normal domestic waste and removed by local authorities. Autoclaved waste may
be disposed of by off-site incineration or in licensed landfill sites. On the contrary,
untreated waste shall not be land-fill disposed, unless special precautions are taken.
The alternative is often an accumulation of health-care waste at HCFs where
it is openly burnt or spread indiscriminately around the facility’s grounds. This
constitutes a far higher risk of transmission of infection than controlled disposal
in a land disposal site, even if the land disposal site is not designed to the precise
standards used in higher income places.
There are two distinct types of waste disposal to land:
• Uncontrolled dumping is characterized by the scattered, uncontrolled depos-
it of wastes at a site. It is a practice that almost always leads to acute pollution prob-
lems, fires, higher risks of disease transmission and open access to scavengers and
animals. Health-care waste should not be deposited on or around uncontrolled
dumps. The risk to people and animals coming into contact with infectious patho-
gens or hazardous materials is obvious, with the further risk of subsequent disease
transmission through direct contact, wounds, inhalation or ingestion, as well as
indirectly through the food chain or a pathogenic host species.
• Controlled landfilling represents various types of disposal to land character-
ized by better operating practices and design improvements to reduce health and
environmental impacts. The first step to improvement is “controlled dumping”,
where small improvements can restrict environmental consequences and physical
access to waste. This is followed by “engineered landfill” where increasing stan-
dards of engineering are used to improve geological isolation of wastes from the
environment and to allow wastes to be covered daily. Disposing of certain types
373
“Laboratory Biosafety Manual”, WHO, 3th edition, 2004, p. 93.
206
of health-care waste (for example biohazardous waste) in engineered landfills is

possible within the constraints of local regulations. A well-engineered landfill is
designed to minimize contamination of soil, surface water and groundwater; limit
atmospheric releases and odours; block access to waste by pests and vectors; and
prevent contact with the public. Where skills and resources are available, still high-
er standards of site preparation are possible to achieve a “sanitary landfill374”, with
trained staff and specialized equipment present onsite to manage operations375.
In less developed areas, where a municipality or health-care facility lacks the
means to treat wastes before disposal, the direct use of a landfill is likely to be re-
quired for much of the material produced. Land disposal of untreated HCW isn’t
recommended and should only be used as a last resort option. If a municipality or
medical authority genuinely lacks the means to treat wastes before disposal, the use
of a landfill has to be regarded as an acceptable disposal route. Allowing health-
care waste to accumulate at hospitals or elsewhere constitutes a far higher risk of
the transmission of infection than careful disposal in a municipal landfill, even
if the site is not designed to the standard used in higher-income countries. The
primary objections to landfill disposal of hazardous health-care waste, especially
untreated waste, may be cultural or religious or based on a perceived risk of the
release of pathogens to air and water or on the risk of access by scavengers.
• Safe burial on HCF premises
Minimal approaches to health-care waste management need to be used in re-
mote health-care facilities and underdeveloped areas. In addition, minimal practic-
es may also be necessary in temporary refugee encampments and areas experienc-
ing exceptional hardship. Consequently, the safe burial of waste on hospital prem-
ises may be the only viable option available at that time. Even in these difficult
circumstances, the HCF management can establish the following basic principles:
• Access to the disposal site should be restricted to authorized personnel only.
• The burial site should be lined with a material of low permeability, such as
clay, dung and river silt, if available, to prevent pollution of shallow groundwater
and nearby wells.
• New water wells should not be dug near the disposal pit.
• Only infectious health-care waste should be buried (if general hospital waste
were also buried on the premises, available space would be quickly filled).
• Larger quantities (<1 kg) of chemical wastes should not be buried at one time;
however, burying small quantities occasionally is less likely to create adverse pollution.
374
Sanitary landfills are designed to have at least four advantages over open dumps: geological iso-
lation of wastes from the environment, appropriate engineering preparations before the site is ready to
accept wastes, staff present on site to control operations, and organized deposit and daily coverage of
waste. Disposing of certain types of health-care waste (infectious waste and small quantities of pharma-
ceutical waste) in sanitary landfills is acceptable; sanitary landfill prevents contamination of soil and of
surface water and groundwater, and limits air pollution, smells, and direct contact with the public.
375
207
• The burial site should be managed as a landfill, with each layer of waste cov-
ered by a layer of soil to prevent odours and contact with the decomposing waste,
and to deter rodents and insects376.
Alternatively, a specially constructed burial pit can be used. Ideally it should
be lined with a material of low permeability such as clay to prevent pollution of
shallow groundwater and have a fence around it to prevent scavengers accessing
the waste. HCW should be covered immediately with a layer of soil after each load.
For added health protection and odor suppression, it is suggested that lime be
spread over each waste load. Once the pit is filled, it should be sealed off377.
ŝƐƉŽƐĂů ŽĨ ŚĞĂůƚŚͲĐĂƌĞ ǁĂƐƚĞ ŝŶ ŵƵŶŝĐŝƉĂů ůĂŶĚĮůůƐ ŝƐ ůĞƐƐ

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Within the limitations mentioned in the relevant sections, almost all the treatment
methods outlined are suitable for infectious waste and sharps.
Destroying infectious microorganisms—by heat, by chemical means, or by mi-
crowave irradiation—is relatively easy. Highly infectious waste, such as cultures
and stocks of infectious agents from laboratory work, should be sterilized by wet
thermal treatment (e.g. autoclaving) at the earliest stage possible. For other infec-
tious health-care waste, disinfection is adequate.
Sharps should undergo incineration whenever possible, and can be incinerated
together with other infectious waste. Encapsulation is also suitable for sharps. Af-
ter incineration or other disinfection, the residues may be landfilled.
In exceptional emergency situations, such as outbreaks of communicable dis-
eases, burning of infectious health-care waste in open dumps may also be envis-
aged if it is not possible to use any of the treatment options described.
Id. p. 135.
376

377
208
Unless there is an adequate wastewater treatment plant, blood should be disin-

fected before discharge to a sewer; it may also be incinerated378.
As for the specific categories of biohazardous waste adopted in this handbook, the
following scheme offered by “Preparation of Health Care Waste Management Plan
in Sub-Saharan Countries” (UNEP and WHO) has to be taken into consideration.
B1 human anatomical waste

Normally, the waste must always be incinerated completely in an appropriate
facility. Household waste incineration plants are, as a rule, not suitable for the
incineration of amputated body parts, removed organs and placentas. Crematoria
are usually used to dispose of amputated body parts.
When cremation (or incineration) isn’t possible/acceptable, waste can be bur-
ied in a dedicated area.
B2 Sharps
All disposable syringes and needles must be discarded of immediately following
use. Syringes even without needles must be considered as unsafe. Needles should
never be recapped. In addition, under no circumstances are used syringes or nee-
dles, or safety boxes, to be disposed of in normal garbage or dumped randomly
without prior treatment.
Two possibilities currently exist to dispose of needles and syringes:
They can be collected in safety boxes that are then disposed of with the in-
fectious HCW if the disposal/treatment technologies are suitable: incineration or
encapsulation are in general the adequate treatment technologies. This option is
certainly the safest since it minimizes the handling of the syringe and the needle.
Other options include shredding and autoclaving;
They can also be “treated on the spot”. The treatment consists either in destroy-
ing the needle using a needle destroyer or separating the needle from the syringe
using a device where the needle drops directly in a puncture-proof container ")$.
B5 blood and body fluids waste
If a household waste incineration plant is available or a controlled sanitary land-
fill site exists, this waste can be disposed of with the general domestic waste380.
C1 infectious waste
They must either be incinerated or be disinfected prior to final disposal using
a recognized method, preferably treatment with saturated steam (autoclaving).
Disinfected wastes may be disposed of in the same way as domestic waste. The
disinfection plants must be operated under the operating parameters prescribed
for waste disinfection, and this mode of operation must be documented and con-
trolled.
378
379
380
Id. p. 19.
209
If autoclaving is the selected option for infectious waste treatment, the efficien-
cy of the vapour disinfection plant must be verified by a recognized institution
when the plant is first put into operation and at regular intervals thereafter (e.g.
twice a year), using appropriate microbiological indicators.
Exemptions and special provisions
Body fluids and excreta of infected patients with hazardous communicable
diseases can be discharged to the sewerage system if there is a strict separation
between the waste and drinking water installations and the sewerage system is con-
nected to a wastewater treatment plant. In other cases, the body fluids and excreta
have to be disinfected before being discharged to the sewerage system.
Exceptionally, infectious waste can be disposed of by using a special area in a
controlled landfill if there is no risk of contamination of ground or drinking water
and the infectious waste is directly covered with earth or other material381.
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ZĞƋƵŝƌĞƐƋƵĂůŝĮĞĚƚĞĐŚŶŝĐŝĂŶƐ
27+"2,+#2( ƌĂƐƟĐƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŝŶǁĂƐƚĞǀŽůƵŵĞ
/ŶĂĚĞƋƵĂƚĞĨŽƌĂŶĂƚŽŵŝĐĂů͕ƉŚĂƌŵĂĐĞƵƟĐĂů
2+)*#&.&/-+1 ZĞůĂƟǀĞůǇůŽǁŝŶǀĞƐƚŵĞŶƚĂŶĚŽƉĞƌĂƟŶŐĐŽƐƚ
ĂŶĚĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůǁĂƐƚĞĂƐǁĞůůĂƐǁĂƐƚĞƚŚĂƚŝƐ
ŶŽƚƌĞĂĚŝůǇƐƚĞĂŵͲƉĞƌŵĞĂďůĞ͘
'ŽŽĚĚŝƐŝŶĨĞĐƟŽŶĞĸĐŝĞŶĐǇƵŶĚĞƌĂƉƉƌŽƉƌŝĂƚĞ ZĞůĂƟǀĞŚŝŐŚŝŶǀĞƐƚŵĞŶƚĂŶĚŽƉĞƌĂƟŶŐ
DŝĐƌŽǁĂǀĞ ŽƉĞƌĂƟŶŐĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐ ĐŽƐƚ͘
ŝƌƌĂĚŝĂƟŽŶ ƌĂƐƟĐƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŝŶǁĂƐƚĞǀŽůƵŵĞ WŽƚĞŶƟĂůŽƉĞƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŵĂŝŶƚĞŶĂŶĐĞ
ŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚĂůůǇƐŽƵŶĚ ƉƌŽďůĞŵƐ
^ŝŵƉůĞ͕ůŽǁͲĐŽƐƚĂŶĚƐĂĨĞ EŽƚƌĞĐŽŵŵĞŶĚĞĚĨŽƌŶŽŶͲƐŚĂƌƉŝŶĨĞĐƟŽƵƐ
ŶĐĂƉƐƵůĂƟŽŶ
/ƚŵĂǇĂůƐŽďĞĂƉƉůŝĞĚƚŽƉŚĂƌŵĂĐĞƵƟĐĂůƐ ǁĂƐƚĞ
>ŽǁĐŽƐƚƐ
^ĂĨĞŽŶůǇŝĨĂĐĐĞƐƐƚŽƐŝƚĞŝƐůŝŵŝƚĞĚĂŶĚ
5"4+(%678-#/ ZĞůĂƟǀĞůǇƐĂĨĞŝĨĂĐĐĞƐƐƚŽƐŝƚĞŝƐƌĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚĂŶĚ
ĐĞƌƚĂŝŶƉƌĞĐĂƵƟŽŶĂƌĞƚĂŬĞŶ
ǁŚĞƌĞŶĂƚƵƌĂůŝŶĮůƚƌĂƟŽŶŝƐůŝŵŝƚĞĚ
^ƵŵŵĂƌǇŽĨŵĂŝŶĂĚǀĂŶƚĂŐĞƐĂŶĚĚŝƐĂĚǀĂŶƚĂŐĞƐŽĨƚƌĞĂƚŵĞŶƚĂŶĚĚŝƐƉŽƐĂůŽƉƟŽŶƐ
381
Nation Environmental Programme and World Health Organization, 2004, p. 20
210
;<E<\<((tĂƐƚĞŵĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚŝŶĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚ^>ĨĂĐŝůŝƟĞƐ͗ƉĞĐƵůŝĂƌŝƟĞƐ
The management of HCW in medical laboratories remains a sensitive issue since
highly infectious waste of category C2 are often generated there. International
standard procedures of highly infectious waste management should therefore be
respected. Consequently, each laboratory should be equipped with the adequate
material and rigorous protocols set-up to ensure a pre-treatment of the highly in-
fectious waste before it joins the other medical waste for final treatment/disposal.
Highly infectious waste from medical laboratories, such as all laboratory sam-
ples containing body fluids, tissues or faecal stools; isolation wards; and medi-
cal research facilities handling class 3 or higher pathogens, should be collected in
leak proof yellow bags or containers suitable for autoclaving and properly sealed.
Ideally, each laboratory should have an autoclave room dedicated for the specific
pre-treatment of this category of waste only. Autoclaving at a temperature of 121°C
at 1- 1.5 bars for at least 20 minutes should be the selected pre-treatment option.
No office waste or other miscellaneous waste should be placed in this room, which
shouldn t be either used for waste storage. Once disinfected, medical laboratory
waste should be collected and treated with the infectious HCW of category C1.
However, if a distinct autoclave is not available at source to ensure a thermal
treatment, highly infectious waste can be disinfected in a concentrated 2% solu-
tion of sodium hypochlorite and left overnight before being discarded in a specific
yellow bag properly sealed and itself discarded with the infectious HCW of cate-
gory C1382.
During the handling of HCW in medical laboratories, a number of precautions
should be taken to avoid cross-contamination, such as:
The re-useable laboratory items should never be mixed with disposable ones;
The contaminated items must be autoclaved or alternatively chemically disin-
fected and should never be discarded with general waste;
Single-use/disposable laboratory items must be autoclaved and never discarded
with general waste;
All sharps (including broken glass) must be autoclaved and never discarded with
general waste. They must be disposed of in approved yellow sharps containers383.
After these generic considerations, taking into account the provisions of the most
relevant international manuals on this matter, we can describe the basic rules re-
lating to the management of health care waste in the different BSL facilities, as
described by CDC Manual “Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Labo-
ratories”.
382
383
Id. p. 49.
211
^>ϭͲŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝƐƟĐƐĂŶĚďĂƐŝĐƌƵůĞƐ
WŽůŝĐŝĞƐĨŽƌƚŚĞƐĂĨĞŚĂŶĚůŝŶŐŽĨƐŚĂƌƉƐ͕ƐƵĐŚĂƐŶĞĞĚůĞƐ͕ƐĐĂůƉĞůƐ͕ƉŝƉĞƩĞƐ͕ĂŶĚďƌŽŬĞŶŐůĂƐƐǁĂƌĞŵƵƐƚďĞ
ĚĞǀĞůŽƉĞĚĂŶĚŝŵƉůĞŵĞŶƚĞĚ͘tŚĞŶĞǀĞƌƉƌĂĐƟĐĂů͕ůĂďŽƌĂƚŽƌǇƐƵƉĞƌǀŝƐŽƌƐƐŚŽƵůĚĂĚŽƉƚŝŵƉƌŽǀĞĚĞŶŐŝŶĞĞƌŝŶŐ
ĂŶĚǁŽƌŬƉƌĂĐƟĐĞĐŽŶƚƌŽůƐƚŚĂƚƌĞĚƵĐĞƌŝƐŬŽĨƐŚĂƌƉƐŝŶũƵƌŝĞƐ͘WƌĞĐĂƵƟŽŶƐ͕ŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƚŚŽƐĞůŝƐƚĞĚďĞůŽǁ͕ŵƵƐƚ
ĂůǁĂǇƐďĞƚĂŬĞŶǁŝƚŚƐŚĂƌƉŝƚĞŵƐ͘dŚĞƐĞŝŶĐůƵĚĞ͗
Ă͘ĂƌĞĨƵůŵĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚŽĨŶĞĞĚůĞƐĂŶĚŽƚŚĞƌƐŚĂƌƉƐĂƌĞŽĨƉƌŝŵĂƌǇŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞ͘EĞĞĚůĞƐŵƵƐƚŶŽƚďĞďĞŶƚ͕ƐŚĞĂƌĞĚ͕
@<
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ĐŽŶƚĂŝŶĞƌƐƵƐĞĚĨŽƌƐŚĂƌƉƐĚŝƐƉŽƐĂů͘
Đ͘EŽŶͲĚŝƐƉŽƐĂďůĞƐŚĂƌƉƐŵƵƐƚďĞƉůĂĐĞĚŝŶĂŚĂƌĚǁĂůůĞĚĐŽŶƚĂŝŶĞƌĨŽƌƚƌĂŶƐƉŽƌƚƚŽĂƉƌŽĐĞƐƐŝŶŐĂƌĞĂĨŽƌ
ĚĞĐŽŶƚĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶ͕ƉƌĞĨĞƌĂďůǇďǇĂƵƚŽĐůĂǀŝŶŐ͘
ůů ĐƵůƚƵƌĞƐ͕ ƐƚŽĐŬƐ͕ ĂŶĚ ŽƚŚĞƌ ƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůůǇ ŝŶĨĞĐƟŽƵƐ ŵƵƐƚ ďĞ ĚĞĐŽŶƚĂŵŝŶĂƚĞĚ ŵĂƚĞƌŝĂůƐ ƚŚƌŽƵŐŚ ƚŚĞ ƵƐĞ
ŽĨĂŶĞīĞĐƟǀĞŵĞƚŚŽĚďĞĨŽƌĞĚŝƐƉŽƐĂů͘ĞƉĞŶĚŝŶŐŽŶǁŚĞƌĞƚŚĞĚĞĐŽŶƚĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶǁŝůůďĞƉĞƌĨŽƌŵĞĚ͕ƚŚĞ
ĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐŵĞƚŚŽĚƐƐŚŽƵůĚďĞƵƐĞĚƉƌŝŽƌƚŽƚƌĂŶƐƉŽƌƚ͗
E< Ă͘DĂƚĞƌŝĂůƐƚŽďĞĚĞĐŽŶƚĂŵŝŶĂƚĞĚŽƵƚƐŝĚĞŽĨƚŚĞŝŵŵĞĚŝĂƚĞůĂďŽƌĂƚŽƌǇŵƵƐƚďĞƉůĂĐĞĚŝŶĂĚƵƌĂďůĞ͕ůĞĂŬ
ƉƌŽŽĨĐŽŶƚĂŝŶĞƌĂŶĚƐĞĐƵƌĞĚĨŽƌƚƌĂŶƐƉŽƌƚ͘
ď͘ DĂƚĞƌŝĂůƐ ƚŽ ďĞ ƌĞŵŽǀĞĚ ĨƌŽŵ ƚŚĞ ĨĂĐŝůŝƚǇ ĨŽƌ ĚĞĐŽŶƚĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶ ŵƵƐƚ ďĞ ƉĂĐŬĞĚ ŝŶ ĂĐĐŽƌĚĂŶĐĞ ǁŝƚŚ
ĂƉƉůŝĐĂďůĞůŽĐĂů͕ƐƚĂƚĞ͕ĂŶĚŝŶƚĞƌŶĂƟŽŶĂůƌĞŐƵůĂƟŽŶƐ͘
'ůŽǀĞƐ ŵƵƐƚ ďĞ ǁŽƌŶ ƚŽ ƉƌŽƚĞĐƚ ŚĂŶĚƐ ĨƌŽŵ ĞǆƉŽƐƵƌĞ ƚŽ ŚĂǌĂƌĚŽƵƐ ŵĂƚĞƌŝĂůƐ͘ 'ůŽǀĞ ƐĞůĞĐƟŽŶ ƐŚŽƵůĚ ďĞ
M< ďĂƐĞĚŽŶĂŶĂƉƉƌŽƉƌŝĂƚĞƌŝƐŬĂƐƐĞƐƐŵĞŶƚ͘ŽŶŽƚǁĂƐŚŽƌƌĞƵƐĞĚŝƐƉŽƐĂďůĞŐůŽǀĞƐ͘ŝƐƉŽƐĞŽĨƵƐĞĚŐůŽǀĞƐ
ǁŝƚŚŽƚŚĞƌĐŽŶƚĂŵŝŶĂƚĞĚůĂďŽƌĂƚŽƌǇǁĂƐƚĞ͘
WŽƚĞŶƟĂůůǇŝŶĨĞĐƟŽƵƐŵĂƚĞƌŝĂůƐŵƵƐƚďĞƉůĂĐĞĚŝŶĂĚƵƌĂďůĞ͕ůĞĂŬƉƌŽŽĨĐŽŶƚĂŝŶĞƌĚƵƌŝŶŐĐŽůůĞĐƟŽŶ͕ŚĂŶĚůŝŶŐ͕
N<
ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐŝŶŐ͕ƐƚŽƌĂŐĞ͕ŽƌƚƌĂŶƐƉŽƌƚǁŝƚŚŝŶĂĨĂĐŝůŝƚǇ
^>ϭͲŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝƐƟĐƐĂŶĚďĂƐŝĐƌƵůĞƐ
^>ϮͲŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝƐƟĐƐĂŶĚďĂƐŝĐƌƵůĞƐ
ĚĞǀĞůŽƉĞĚĂŶĚŝŵƉůĞŵĞŶƚĞĚ͘tŚĞŶĞǀĞƌƉƌĂĐƟĐĂů͕ůĂďŽƌĂƚŽƌǇƐƵƉĞƌǀŝƐŽƌƐƐŚŽƵůĚĂĚŽƉƚŝŵƉƌŽǀĞĚĞŶŐŝŶĞĞƌŝŶŐ
ĂŶĚǁŽƌŬƉƌĂĐƟĐĞĐŽŶƚƌŽůƐƚŚĂƚƌĞĚƵĐĞƌŝƐŬŽĨƐŚĂƌƉƐŝŶũƵƌŝĞƐ͘WƌĞĐĂƵƟŽŶƐ͕ŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƚŚŽƐĞůŝƐƚĞĚďĞůŽǁ͕ŵƵƐƚ
ĂůǁĂǇƐďĞƚĂŬĞŶǁŝƚŚƐŚĂƌƉŝƚĞŵƐ͘dŚĞƐĞŝŶĐůƵĚĞ͗
Ă͘ĂƌĞĨƵůŵĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚŽĨŶĞĞĚůĞƐĂŶĚŽƚŚĞƌƐŚĂƌƉƐĂƌĞŽĨƉƌŝŵĂƌǇŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞ͘EĞĞĚůĞƐŵƵƐƚŶŽƚďĞďĞŶƚ͕
@< ƐŚĞĂƌĞĚ͕ ďƌŽŬĞŶ͕ ƌĞĐĂƉƉĞĚ͕ ƌĞŵŽǀĞĚ ĨƌŽŵ ĚŝƐƉŽƐĂďůĞ ƐǇƌŝŶŐĞƐ͕ Žƌ ŽƚŚĞƌǁŝƐĞ ŵĂŶŝƉƵůĂƚĞĚ ďǇ ŚĂŶĚ ďĞĨŽƌĞ
ĚŝƐƉŽƐĂů͘
ůůĐƵůƚƵƌĞƐ͕ƐƚŽĐŬƐ͕ĂŶĚŽƚŚĞƌƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůůǇŝŶĨĞĐƟŽƵƐŵƵƐƚďĞĚĞĐŽŶƚĂŵŝŶĂƚĞĚŵĂƚĞƌŝĂůƐƚŚƌŽƵŐŚƚŚĞƵƐĞŽĨĂŶ
ĞīĞĐƟǀĞŵĞƚŚŽĚďĞĨŽƌĞĚŝƐƉŽƐĂů͘ĞƉĞŶĚŝŶŐŽŶǁŚĞƌĞƚŚĞĚĞĐŽŶƚĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶǁŝůůďĞƉĞƌĨŽƌŵĞĚ͕ƚŚĞĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐ
ŵĞƚŚŽĚƐƐŚŽƵůĚďĞƵƐĞĚƉƌŝŽƌƚŽƚƌĂŶƐƉŽƌƚ͗
E< Ă͘DĂƚĞƌŝĂůƐƚŽďĞĚĞĐŽŶƚĂŵŝŶĂƚĞĚŽƵƚƐŝĚĞŽĨƚŚĞŝŵŵĞĚŝĂƚĞůĂďŽƌĂƚŽƌǇŵƵƐƚďĞƉůĂĐĞĚŝŶĂĚƵƌĂďůĞ͕ůĞĂŬ
ĂƉƉůŝĐĂďůĞůŽĐĂů͕ƐƚĂƚĞ͕ĂŶĚŝŶƚĞƌŶĂƟŽŶĂůƌĞŐƵůĂƟŽŶƐ͘
'ůŽǀĞƐ ŵƵƐƚ ďĞ ǁŽƌŶ ƚŽ ƉƌŽƚĞĐƚ ŚĂŶĚƐ ĨƌŽŵ ĞǆƉŽƐƵƌĞ ƚŽ ŚĂǌĂƌĚŽƵƐ ŵĂƚĞƌŝĂůƐ͘ 'ůŽǀĞ ƐĞůĞĐƟŽŶ ƐŚŽƵůĚ ďĞ
M< ďĂƐĞĚŽŶĂŶĂƉƉƌŽƉƌŝĂƚĞƌŝƐŬĂƐƐĞƐƐŵĞŶƚ͘ŽŶŽƚǁĂƐŚŽƌƌĞƵƐĞĚŝƐƉŽƐĂďůĞŐůŽǀĞƐ͘ŝƐƉŽƐĞŽĨƵƐĞĚŐůŽǀĞƐ
WŽƚĞŶƟĂůůǇŝŶĨĞĐƟŽƵƐŵĂƚĞƌŝĂůƐŵƵƐƚďĞƉůĂĐĞĚŝŶĂĚƵƌĂďůĞ͕ůĞĂŬƉƌŽŽĨĐŽŶƚĂŝŶĞƌĚƵƌŝŶŐĐŽůůĞĐƟŽŶ͕ŚĂŶĚůŝŶŐ͕
N<
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ǇĞĂŶĚĨĂĐĞƉƌŽƚĞĐƟŽŶ;ŐŽŐŐůĞƐ͕ŵĂƐŬ͕ĨĂĐĞƐŚŝĞůĚŽƌŽƚŚĞƌƐƉůĂƩĞƌŐƵĂƌĚͿŵƵƐƚďĞĚŝƐƉŽƐĞĚŽĨǁŝƚŚŽƚŚĞƌ
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212
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ĚĞǀĞůŽƉĞĚĂŶĚŝŵƉůĞŵĞŶƚĞĚ͘
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ĚĞĐŽŶƚĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶ͘hƐĞĚĚŝƐƉŽƐĂďůĞŶĞĞĚůĞƐŵƵƐƚďĞĐĂƌĞĨƵůůǇƉůĂĐĞĚŝŶƉƵŶĐƚƵƌĞͲƌĞƐŝƐƚĂŶƚĐŽŶƚĂŝŶĞƌƐƵƐĞĚ
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213
Given the above mentioned characteristics of BSL 4 facilities, we can make a

more accurate distinction between two types of BSL-4 laboratories:
Cabinet Laboratory—Manipulation of agents must be performed in a Class III
BSC;
Suit Laboratory—Personnel must wear a positive pressure supplied air protec-
tive suit.
'"$"("!"#ĂďŝŶĞƚ>ĂďŽƌĂƚŽƌǇͲŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝƐƟĐƐ
All manipulations of infectious materials within the laboratory must be con-
ducted in the Class III biological safety cabinet.
Double-door, pass through autoclaves must be provided for decontaminating
materials passing out of the Class III BSC(s). The autoclave doors must be inter-
locked so that only one can be opened at any time and be automatically controlled
so that the outside door to the autoclave can only be opened after the decontami-
nation cycle has been completed.
• The Class III cabinet must also have a pass-through dunk tank, fumigation
chamber, or equivalent decontamination method so that materials and
equipment that cannot be decontaminated in the autoclave can be safely
removed from the cabinet. Containment must be maintained at all
times384.
• All protective clothing must be removed in the dirty side change room
before showering. Reusable clothing must be autoclaved prior to removal
from the laboratory for laundering385.
• Do not wash or reuse disposable gloves. Dispose of used gloves with other
contaminated laboratory waste386.
• A double-door autoclave, dunk tank, fumigation chamber, or ventilated
airlock must be provided at the containment barrier for the passage of
materials, supplies, or equipment387
• A hands-free sink must be provided near the door of the cabinet room(s) and
the inner change room. A sink must be provided in the outer change room.
All sinks in the room(s) containing the Class III BSC must be connected to
the wastewater decontamination system388.
384
385
Id. p. 50.
386
“Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories”, U.S. Department of Health and
Human Services, 5th edition, 2009, p. 51.
387
Id. p. 52.
388
Id. p. 52.
214
• Drains in the laboratory floor (if present) must be connected directly to the
liquid waste decontamination system389 390.
• Pass through dunk tanks, fumigation chambers, or equivalent decontamination
methods must be provided so that materials and equipment that cannot be
decontaminated in the autoclave can be safely removed from the cabinet
room(s)391.
• Liquid effluents from cabinet room sinks, floor drains, autoclave chambers,
and other sources within the cabinet room must be decontaminated by a
proven method, preferably heat treatment, before being discharged to the
sanitary sewer.
• Decontamination of all liquid wastes must be documented. The
decontamination process for liquid wastes must be validated physically and
biologically. Biological validation must be performed annually or more often
if required by institutional policy.
• Effluents from showers and toilets may be discharged to the sanitary sewer
without treatment392.
• Gas and liquid discharge from the autoclave chamber must be decontaminated.
When feasible, autoclave decontamination processes should be designed so
that unfiltered air or steam exposed to infectious material cannot be released
to the environment393.
389
Effluent Decontamination Systems (EDS) are required to treat all laboratory wastewater/ef-
fluent produced within biocontainment boundaries. This effluent typically originates from the labo-
ratory sinks, showers, floor drains, and autoclaves.
Effluent Decontamination Systems use a combination of heat and pressure to ensure that any
potentially dangerous microbiological agents in the effluent are destroyed before release to the public
sewer.
Typically these systems are located in sub-contained basement areas directly below the laborato-
ries which they serve.
An EDS process involves:
Filling - Waste effluent is either pumped or gravity flows into the receiving tank via the inlet waste
lines.
Heating - To ensure a uniform temperature rise across the system, the recirculation pump will
start, providing agitation to the vessel contents.
Sterilizing - During this phase the vessel contents will be held at (or slightly above) 132°C for a
period of one hour.
Cooling - EDS typically cool in one of two ways depending on each individual facility and its
corresponding waste effluent stream.
Draining - When the sterile effluent has cooled to the desired temperature, it is then pumped to
the drain. When the vessel is empty it automatically shuts down and the vessel will go into Stand by
Mode.
For more information see: http://www.biosafelifesciences.com/effluent_decontamination_systems.
390
391
Id. p. 54.
392
393
Id.
215
'"$"("$"#^ƵŝƚůĂďŽƌĂƚŽƌŝĞƐͲŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝƐƟĐƐ
• Inner gloves must be removed and discarded in the inner change room prior
to entering the personal shower. Dispose of used gloves with other contam-
inated waste394.
• A double-door autoclave, dunk tank, or fumigation chamber must be pro-
vided at the containment barrier for the passage of materials, supplies, or
equipment in or out of the laboratory395.
• Sinks inside the suit laboratory should be placed near procedure areas and
be connected to the wastewater decontamination system396.
• Drains, if present, in the laboratory floor must be connected directly to the
liquid waste decontamination system397 398.
• Pass through dunk tanks, fumigation chambers, or equivalent decontamina-
tion methods must be provided so that materials and equipment that cannot
be decontaminated in the autoclave can be safely removed from the BSL-4
laboratory. Access to the exit side of the pass-through shall be limited to
those individuals authorized to be in the BSL-4 laboratory399.
• Liquid effluents from chemical showers, sinks, floor drains, autoclave cham-
bers, and other sources within the laboratory must be decontaminated by a
proven method, preferably heat treatment, before being discharged to the
sanitary sewer.
• Decontamination of all liquid wastes must be documented. The decontam-
ination process for liquid wastes must be validated physically and biolog-
394
395
Id. p. 56.
396
Id.
397
Id.
398
Effluent Decontamination Systems (EDS) are required to treat all laboratory wastewater/ef-
fluent produced within biocontainment boundaries. This effluent typically originates from the labo-
ratory sinks, showers, floor drains, and autoclaves. Effluent Decontamination Systems use a combina-
tion of heat and pressure to ensure that any potentially dangerous microbiological agents in the effluent
are destroyed before release to the public sewer. Typically these systems are located in sub-contained
basement areas directly below the laboratories which they serve. An EDS process involves:
Filling - Waste effluent is either pumped or gravity flows into the receiving tank via the inlet waste
lines.
Heating - To ensure a uniform temperature rise across the system, the recirculation pump will
start, providing agitation to the vessel contents.
Sterilizing - During this phase the vessel contents will be held at (or slightly above) 132°C for a
period of one hour.
Cooling - EDS typically cool in one of two ways depending on each individual facility and its
corresponding waste effluent stream.
Draining - When the sterile effluent has cooled to the desired temperature, it is then pumped to the
drain. When the vessel is empty it automatically shuts down and the vessel will go into Stand by Mode.
For more information see: http://www.biosafelifesciences.com/effluent_decontamination_systems.
399
216
ically. Biological validation must be performed annually or more often if

required by institutional policy.
• Effluents from personal body showers and toilets may be discharged to the
sanitary sewer without treatment400.
• A double-door, pass through autoclave(s) must be provided for decontami-
nating materials passing out of the cabinet laboratory. Autoclaves that open
outside of the laboratory must be sealed to the interior wall. This bioseal
must be durable, airtight, and capable of expansion and contraction. Posi-
tioning the bioseal so that the equipment can be accessed and maintained
from outside the laboratory is strongly recommended. The autoclave doors
must be interlocked so that only one can be opened at any time and be au-
tomatically controlled so that the outside door to the autoclave can only be
opened after the decontamination cycle has been completed.
• Gas and liquid discharge from the autoclave chamber must be decontam-
inated. When feasible, autoclave decontamination processes should be de-
signed so that unfiltered air or steam exposed to infectious material cannot
be released to the environment401.
400
401
Id.
217
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This section is not intended to provide an overview about disaster management due to
incorrect HW procedures application (e.g. huge spills, explosions, extensive discharge
of toxic products in water) but simple emergency first response procedures aiming to:
• mitigate risk intrinsic in HW handling
• minimize further negative consequences for people and environment.
“First emergency response” notions and warning here outlined are mainly ded-
icated to the users of this document,” laboratory staff” and” large scale practi-
tioners”, in order to prevent and manage small scale accident; they absolutely don’t
replace a First Aid training course on site which should be mandatory for any
workers involved in harmful chemical management to attend; moreover the safety
information here provided absolutely must not preclude the workers from calling
for medical aid and assistance in case of necessity.
In any case the starting point for a correct emergency first response/reaction
for any workers dealing with Hazardous waste must remain a careful and correct
reading and understanding of the Material Safety Data Sheet(MSDS) related to
ALL the Hazardous chemicals potentially present in the waste.
The structure of this paragraph is divided in 6 part:
• Personal Protective equipment
• MSDS First response Measures
• Spill/leakage First Response
• Browsing MSDS to be aware of First Emergency Response Indications: an
example
• The HW emergency first response decision-making scheme
• HW emergency first response example
The first five part focus on different good practices/procedures aiming to pre-
vent and manage consequence from accident due to Hazardous Waste; the last one
depicts some practical case.
219
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Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) can be defined as “as any device or appli-
ance designed to be worn or held by an individual for protection against one or
more health and safety hazards402”.Wearing effective PPE in working time is bas-
ilar to decrease probability of HW exposure; on the other hand the body protec-
tion is not sufficient in itself but have to be coupled with elementary good practice
For example, the use of affordable gloves could prevent skin exposure and dam-
age but HW, whenever possible, must be handled in the fume hood (reduces the
inhalation hazard and provides protection from splashes) or other aspiration system.
PPE can be generally divided in category depending on three different param-
eters:
1) the area of the body protected (e.g. skin, respiratory tract, eyes, skin, feet)
2) the types of hazard (e.g. corrosive, flammable, toxic for respiratory tract, skin
sensitizer)
3) the type of garment or accessory (e.g. goggle, respirator, gloves, boot, all-
body protective clothing)
Wearing the appropriate PPE represents the first barrier/step to insure Work-
er’s Safety in handling Hazardous waste.
The two most common routes of exposure when handling chemicals are:
• inhalation
• skin contact or absorption.
A large variety of PPE are commercially available depending on the level of
Hazardousness; approved PPE must meet the minimum safety requirement of the
National Competent Authority.
Usually the standard laboratory PPE includes:
1) a laboratory coat/chemical coverall
2) safety glasses
3) gloves
4) closed shoes
5) other protection
Hereafter basic information about PPE characteristics and use will be outlined.
1) Laboratory coats/ chemical Coverall

Laboratory coats/ chemical Coverall must be available for all workers involved
in direct use of hazardous chemicals.
The main features provided are:
402
Article 1 of Directive 89/686/EEC
220
HANDBOOK ON CHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL WASTE MANAGEMENT – RISK MANAGEMENT
• Chemical resistance
• Corrosion resistance
• Abrasion resistance
• Durability
There are many types commercially available depending on the hazardousness
of the chemicals. Laboratory coat usually are not disposable but have to be peri-
odically washed.
2)Safety Glasses
As a minimum standard, safety glasses must be worn whenever handling haz-
ardous materials.
Safety glasses offer good impact protection, but very limited splash protection.
The eyes and face should be protected from potential splashes by conducting
work with hazardous substances in a chemical fume hood or in open-space potentially
dangerous procedure (e.g. Exothermic reaction, pouring off of corrosive substance)
Note: Do not remove side shields from these glasses.
Contacts-Lens
People wearing contact lens when handling chemicals, must be aware of the
intrinsic risk .
Note: In the event of a chemical splash to the eyes, contacts lens can hold the
chemical against the eye prolonging the exposure and increasing eye damage. be sure
to wear safety glasses!
3)Gloves:
Chemicals are often in contact with hands; this means a potentially long ex-
posure time through hands skin. The choice of the appropriate type of gloves is
crucial for the worker safety; much care must be taken in browsing all the com-
mercially available type of gloves, cause permeation of hazardous waste up to skin
could be very health-threatening.
The main source of information is a chemical resistance chart or database.
These are available from many manufacturers and provide guidance on glove’s
compatibility with a chemical.
Manufacturers provide information useful for assessing glove chemical resis-
tance such as:
• Breakthrough Time: time it takes for the chemical to travel through the
glove material (it’s a measure of the permeation rate:)
• Permeation Rate: Highest rate at which the chemical migrates after
breakthrough has occurred: it’s a measure of the permeability
• Degradation rating: An esteem of the changes in the physical properties of
the material (e.g. hardening, softening, cracking, swelling).
Note: always check Gloves Manufactures Information taking care that glove charts
and databases sometimes use different rating systems making comparison difficult.
221
The crucial characteristics for guiding the selection are:

• Gloves material
• Gloves thickness
• Potential contact time and splash hazard
• Dexterity
• Additional information
The information available may not include every glove type; also compatibil-
ity data for every chemical may not be easily found; in any case good practice is
consulting Material safety data sheets which could provide some guidance on the
selection of glove material.
The most common gloves material are the following:

Latex rubber
• Good for water-based materials.
• Poor for organic solvents.
• Can cause or trigger latex allergies
Nitrile rubber
• Good for solvents, oils, greases, and some acids and bases.
• Usually don’t cause allergies.
• More resistant to tearing than Latex rubber.
Butyl rubber
• Good for ketones and esters.
• Poor for aliphatic, aromatic and halogenated hydrocarbons (e.g.Chloroform).
Neoprene
• Good for acids, bases, alcohols, fuels, peroxides, hydrocarbons, and phenols.
• Poor for halogenated and aromatic hydrocarbons.
• Good for most hazardous chemicals.
PolyVinylChloride (PVC)
• Good for acids, bases, oils, fats, peroxides, and amines.
• Good resistance to abrasions.
• Poor for most organic solvents.
Norfoil
• Good for most hazardous chemicals.
• Poor fit (Note: Dexterity can be partially improved by using thicker Nitrile
glove over them)
222
Viton
• Good for chlorinated and aromatic solvents.
• Good resistance to cuts and abrasions.
• Poor for ketones.
Depending on thickness (but also skin-contact surface and time of contact) gloves
can be divided in 2 categories:
• Disposable Gloves (small quantity handling)
• Reusable Gloves (large quantity handling)
Disposable gloves are conceived for not being reused; they are thin (generally
4-8 millimeter) and most commonly made from:
• latex rubber
• nitrile rubber
• polyvinyl chloride
• Neoprene
Latex gloves typically offer sufficient protection when handling small quantities
or diluted chemicals with a low chance for contact or splash (not helpful for ap-
plications involving prolonged, direct exposure to chemicals and incidental splash
exposures).
Note:
1)If contamination results from incidental contact (small amounts of chemicals
that will dry quickly):
remove and discard the gloves.
2)If gloves are grossly contaminated (were immersed in, saturated with, or are still
wet with chemicals), immediately
Collect them as hazardous waste.
After removing contaminated gloves, wash your hands.
Reusable gloves are conceived for being reused and can be congenial for haz-
ardous chemicals especially if they protect from extended contact (e.g. part of
the arm); they are thicker (>8mm) and offered in a wider range of materials with
respect to disposable gloves. These gloves are necessary when handling large quan-
tities or chemicals where significant contact or splash is likely.
Notes: Once contaminated, they may be washed and dried. Signs of degradation
include tears, holes, cracking, swelling, hardening, etc.
The higher the potential contact time or risk of splash (by nature of the task or
volume) the higher protection via a thicker or longer glove will be required.
Note: Potentially dangerous practice are:
1)Immersing fingers, hands or forearms into a hazardous material: greater protec-
tion than from incidental contact with small volumes will be required.
2)Pouring a substance: the risk of splashing during pouring is improved.
223
In terms of dexterity, a balance must be struck when selecting gloves when hazard-
ous materials are involved with precise tasks.
Note: A thicker glove may provide better protection but loss of dexterity may
increase the risk of a spill.
Additional information
Incompatibility with non-hazardous materials
Another important factor to take into account is the compatibility of gloves
material with non-hazardous materials.
Note: Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA) glove, for example, work very well for protection
against some organic solvents but the coating is water soluble and will quickly de-
grade when in contact with an aqueous solution.
Gloves Use Restrictions
Gloves should not be worn outside the work facilities: hazardous chemicals
contamination could spread in public not restricted area (e.g. touching door knob,
walls, people).
Note: If you are wearing gloves, remove them before answering the phone or
touching equipment or doorknobs. This will prevent contamination of facilities and
other personnel if your gloves are contaminated. Conversely, it will prevent contami-
nation of your gloves if they are being used to protect the material you are handling.
Use a secondary container to transport materials. It will allow you to remove your
gloves as well as protect your work.
4) Foot protection
Employees working in a lab must wear sturdy-soled, well-fitting shoes that cover
the entire foot . Sandals, slip-ons, perforated shoes and open-toe shoes are not
acceptable in labs. Leather shoes are recommended.
5) Other protection:
Respiratory Tract
Laboratory ventilation and chemical fume hoods typically control exposure to haz-
ardous chemicals.
Note: Ventilation system must be operative In case of a potential for overexposure
cartridge respirator must be available.
Management practices
Prevention practice and safety procedure are the cornerstone for risk manage-
ment; especially dealing with dangerous substance, much care must be taken in
avoiding emergency situation to happen.
These practices can be summoned up as follows:
• Minimize Waste production: less hazardous waste can be proportional to
less accident probability.
224
• Advised practices about equipment or technology modifications:

!" reformulation or redesign of product synthesis process
!" substitution of less toxic raw materials
• Appropriate Waste identification/ labeling: easy recognition of the GHS
Hazardous class of waste can prevent incorrect practice. Advised practices:
!" Correct identification process
!" Accurate labeling
• Appropriate waste packaging/storage: Hazardous Waste must be stored in
apposite area and under the direct control of qualified personnel. Advised
practices:
!" avoid storing excess chemicals
!" correct container Management
!" correct storage of Acutely Hazardous Waste
!" limits the access to authorized individuals only
• Appropriate waste transportation: Incorrect transportation procedure can
increase worker risks to be exposed to waste exposure. Advised practices:
!" Check up presence of leakage before transportation
!" Lock-up properly the waste container during transportation
!" Be sure waste containers are steady (if using a wheeled transportation)
• Appropriate on-site Disposal: not allowed on-site waste disposal can cause
accident. Advised practice:
!" Check if the waste is allowed to be disposed of by sink or drain.
• Clearly Identify staff responsibility:
!" any person belonging to staff must be aware of the risk of Hazardous
Waste handling and of his own duties and competences;
!" never allow not-trained staff to handle Hazardous waste;
!" specify requested competencies for any personnel member
Training
Training in Hazardous Waste handling should ensure that workers acquire knowl-
edge and understanding of the potential risks associated .
Absent or not adequate training can provide a false sense of security and can
increase the risk to laboratory workers. Training courses should be periodically
attended by any personnel member. Moreover training courses need to be updated
depending on different factors (e.g. PPE new models, fire extinguisher updating,
different dislocation of emergency first response equipment inside the facilities).
Basic training topics should be:
• information on the role and responsibilities of each staff member
• correct use of Personal Protective Equipment
• reading, understanding and interpreting of chemicals Material Safety Sheet
225
• technical instructions on the application of waste management practices

• information on monitoring procedure (e.g. checking container integrity)
• dislocation of first emergency response equipment (e.g. fire extinguisher,
spill kit)
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A Contingency Plan, generally speaking, provides a plan of action during and
following an emergency situation. National hazardous waste regulations usually
require that large quantity hazardous waste generators and treatment, storage
and disposal facilities must have a Contingency Plan specifically created to min-
imize hazards (both to human health or environmental) from fires, explosions
or any unplanned release of hazardous waste constituents to air, soil or surface
water.
The Contingency Plan sets out an organized, planned and coordinated scheme
of actions to be followed by specifically trained facilities staff. In addition to the
training given to all personnel, the emergency coordinators should receive special-
ized training for this role.
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Contingency Plan has to be tailored for each different facility (depending on his
structure and peculiarities).
Notwithstanding, as general criteria, the following key-points should be specif-
ically treated in the contingency plan:
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WŽƐƐŝďůĞƌĞůĞĂƐĞŽĨƚŽǆŝĐůŝƋƵŝĚƐŽƌĨƵŵĞƐ͘
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WŽƐƐŝďůĞŝŐŶŝƟŽŶŽĨŽƚŚĞƌŵĂƚĞƌŝĂůƐŽƌŚĞĂƚͲŝŶĚƵĐĞĚĞǆƉůŽƐŝŽŶƐ͘
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WŽƐƐŝďůĞĮƌĞƐƉƌĞĂĚŝŶŐƚŽŽīͲƐŝƚĞĂƌĞĂƐ͘
hƐĞŽĨǁĂƚĞƌŽƌǁĂƚĞƌĂŶĚĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůĮƌĞƐƵƉƉƌĞƐƐĂŶƚĐŽƵůĚƌĞƐƵůƚŝŶĐŽŶƚĂŵŝŶĂƚĞĚƌƵŶͲŽī͘
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226
Factors that could affect response to the emergency can include:

• The type of waste
• The potential for fires, explosions or releases.
• The immediate health and safety effect of the incident on personnel.
• The potential hazard to the outside environment.
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The contingency plan must contain procedures related to different phases of the
emergency:
• Immediately on discovery.
• During control phase.
• Immediately after situation is under control.
The emergency coordinator is the figure in charge to coordinate all the planned
actions; during the three emergency’s phases, he is supposed act as follows (see
scheme below):
WŚĂƐĞŽĨĞŵĞƌŐĞŶĐǇ ŵĞƌŐĞŶĐǇŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƚŽƌĐƟŽŶ
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dŽŶŽƟĨǇƚŚĞĂƉƉƌŽƉƌŝĂƚĞůŽĐĂůĂƵƚŚŽƌŝƟĞƐ;ŝĨƚŚƌĞĂƚƚŽƚŚĞĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚŽƌŚƵŵĂŶ
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ŚĂǌĂƌĚŽƵƐǁĂƐƚĞĂƚƚŚĞĨĂĐŝůŝƚǇ͘
dŽƐƚŽƉŽƉĞƌĂƟŽŶƐ;ǁŚĞƌĞĂƉƉůŝĐĂďůĞͿ
ƵƌŝŶŐƚŚĞĞŵĞƌŐĞŶĐǇ dŽŵŽŶŝƚŽƌĨŽƌůĞĂŬƐ͕ƉƌĞƐƐƵƌĞďƵŝůĚƵƉ͕ŐĂƐŐĞŶĞƌĂƟŽŶ͕ŽƌƌƵƉƚƵƌĞƐŝŶǀĂůǀĞƐ͕ƉŝƉĞƐ͕
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dŽŚĞůƉĞŵĞƌŐĞŶĐǇƉĞƌƐŽŶŶĞůƚŽĐŚŽŽƐĞƚŚĞĐŽƌƌĞĐƚŽŶͲƐŝƚĞĞŵĞƌŐĞŶĐǇĞƋƵŝƉŵĞŶƚ
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ŽƌƐƵƌĨĂĐĞǁĂƚĞƌ͕ŽƌĂŶǇŽƚŚĞƌŵĂƚĞƌŝĂů͘
ŌĞƌƚŚĞĞŵĞƌŐĞŶĐǇ dŽĂƐĐĞƌƚĂŝŶƚŚĂƚƚŚĞƌĞĐŽǀĞƌĞĚŵĂƚĞƌŝĂůŵƵƐƚďĞŚĂŶĚůĞĚĂƐĂŚĂǌĂƌĚŽƵƐǁĂƐƚĞ
;ƵŶƟůĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĞĚŶŽƚƚŽďĞŚĂǌĂƌĚŽƵƐͿ͘
dŽĂƐĐĞƌƚĂŝŶƚŚĂƚĂůůĞŵĞƌŐĞŶĐǇĞƋƵŝƉŵĞŶƚŵƵƐƚďĞĐůĞĂŶĞĚĂŶĚƌĞƵƐĂďůĞ͘
dŚĞƚŚƌĞĞƉŚĂƐĞŽĨƚŚĞĞŵĞƌŐĞŶĐǇĂŶĚƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞŵĂŝŶĂĐƟŽŶƐƚŚĞŵĞƌŐĞŶĐǇŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƚŽƌŝƐŝŶĐŚĂƌŐĞŽĨ͘
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Hereafter a scheme outlining basic information that the Contingency Plan should
provide, is suggested403:
403
Source: http://www.in.gov/idem/files/la-036-gg.pdf
227
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ǀĂůƵĂƟŽŶWůĂŶ
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Ě͘ůƚĞƌŶĂƚĞǀĂĐƵĂƟŽŶZŽƵƚĞƐ
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C+:&721 ď͘EŽƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨŽŵƉůŝĂŶĐĞĞĨŽƌĞZĞƐƵŵŝŶŐKƉĞƌĂƟŽŶƐ
Ă͘ZĞǀŝƐĞĚZĞŐƵůĂƟŽŶƐ
R,+#$,+#2(&4( ď͘&ĂĐŝůŝƚǇŚĂŶŐĞ
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Ě͘ŵĞƌŐĞŶĐǇƋƵŝƉŵĞŶƚŚĂŶŐĞ
^ĐŚĞŵĞŽĨĂŽŶƟŶŐĞŶĐǇWůĂŶ͗ĨŽƌĂŶǇƐĞĐƟŽŶƚŚĞďĂƐŝĐŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĂƌĞƐŚŽǁŶ͘
\<@<N<((ŵĞƌŐĞŶĐǇWƌŽĐĞĚƵƌĞƐ
("!"&"!"#ĞĂůŝŶŐǁŝƚŚƐƉŝůůĂŐĞ
Spill and leakage of Hazardous Waste are the most typical accident occurring in the
HW Management. The range and quantities of hazardous substances require chem-
ical safety training in order to minimize accidental chemical releases and ensure that
when one does occur, it is handled in a safe manner. For this reason only knowl-
edgeable and experienced personnel should handle cleanup of a chemical spill.
Hazardous Waste spills can be classified as:
• Minor Spills
228
• Major Spills
A minor spill could be defined as where the individual responsible for the spill
feel that they are capable of handling the spill safely without the use of respiratory
protection or the assistance of specially trained emergency response personnel .
Major spills: any other chemical spills are considered
General Best practices in prevention

MSDS Consultation
Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDSs) provide (see section 4) spill and leak pro-
cedures for individual chemicals. The MSDS will provide instructions and proper
Personal Protective Equipment requirements for cleaning up minor spills.
Note: This information should be reviewed during periodic training session.
Spill kits Availability

A spill kit is a collection of items, to be used in case of a spill, leak or other dis-
charge of chemicals. Spill kits are developed so that a quick response and efficient
clean-up may be performed. The contents of a spill kit will vary depending on the
size of the spill and the type of chemicals involved.
A small spill kit should contain at least the following elements:
• Gloves
• Sorbent
A container to collect and store the clean-up material.
It might also be helpful to have a whisk broom, a dust pan, and a heavy duty
plastic bag and a plastic bucket. By keeping it clean you may be able to re-use it.
It’s a safe practice to label the bucket to ease identification. The cover should be
placed loosely on top to keep the contents dry and clean, but the bucket should
be easy to open.
Note: Spill kits are commercially available from most chemical supply companies.
Laboratory staff must be aware of spill kit localization inside the facility.
General Procedures in case of spills/leakage:

• Minor Spills
In the event of a minor spill of hazardous material:
• Alert people in immediate area of spill.
• Wear protective equipment as needed, including safety goggles or face
shield, gloves and lab coat. Note: Consult the MDSD for proper person-
al protective equipment requirements.
• Avoid breathing vapors from the spill. Increase area ventilation by
turning on hoods and opening windows.
• Confine spill to small area with absorbent materials
229
• Use an appropriate spill kit to neutralize and absorb inorganic acids

and bases. For other chemicals, use appropriate kit or absorb spill
with vermiculite, dry sand, diatomaceous earth, paper towels.
• Collect residue, place in container, label container, and contact emer-
gency number for proper disposal information.
• Clean spill area with water.
• Major Chemical Spills

In the event of a major spill of hazardous material, evacuate and immediate-
ly call emergency number.
If possible, the following information should be made available to emergen-
cy response personnel:
• Your name and phone number
• Identity of material
• Location of spill
• Time of spill
• Amount of spilled material
Attend to injured or contaminated persons and remove them from exposure. In

case of personal contamination, remove affected clothing and flush contaminated
skin with water for at least 15 minutes (being mindful of the practices described in
this chapter). In addion:
• call for medical attention immediately. Bring the MDSD along with you if
available.
• Immediately alert people in the surrounding area to evacuate.
• Switch off ignition and heat sources, maintain fume hood ventilation and
open windows to increase ventilation (If there is no health or safety risk).
• Close doors (do not lock them) after evacuation is completed.
• Ask someone eyewitness of the incident and aware of the laboratory facilities
to assist emergency personnel when they arrive.
("!"&"$"#D^^&ŝƌƐƚƌĞƐƉŽŶƐĞDĞĂƐƵƌĞƐ
The measures for a an efficient first response greatly varies depending on which
type of Hazardous Waste we are handling (e.g. toxic, flammable, corrosive);if the
Hazardous Waste is a pure substance (e.g. a product purchased and not used at
all), consulting the MSDS relative to the single product is the right procedure in
order to know the GHS hazardous class the product belongs to and which are the
measure more indicated to put in force in case of accident.
230
Notes: Copies of MSDSs should be received with shipments of new materials and
should be maintained in each applicable work location.
If the waste is well-known, the worker have to peruse section 4 of the MSDS be-
fore handling and storing HW so that in case of accident, response will be quicker
and efficient.
If the waste is a complex mixture, practices described in chapter 4 and 5 have
to be kept in mind, aiming to identify the mixture’s GHS Hazardous Class; after
classification process has been terminated (e.g flammable waste), the proper pro-
cedure to minimize effect in case of accident can be chosen (e.g. proper type of fire
extinguishing media).
ϰ͘ϯ͘ϰ^d/KEϰ͗&ŝƌƐƚͲĂŝĚŵĞĂƐƵƌĞƐ
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĚĞƐĐƌŝďĞƐƚŚĞŝŶŝƟĂůĐĂƌĞƚŚĂƚĐĂŶďĞŐŝǀĞŶďǇĂŶƵŶƚƌĂŝŶĞĚƌĞƐƉŽŶĚĞƌǁŝƚŚŽƵƚƚŚĞƵƐĞŽĨƐŽƉŚŝƐͲ
ƟĐĂƚĞĚĞƋƵŝƉŵĞŶƚĂŶĚǁŝƚŚŽƵƚĂǁŝĚĞƐĞůĞĐƟŽŶŽĨŵĞĚŝĐĂƟŽŶƐĂǀĂŝůĂďůĞ͘/ĨŵĞĚŝĐĂůĂƩĞŶƟŽŶŝƐƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ͕ƚŚĞ
ŝŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶƐƐŚŽƵůĚƐƚĂƚĞƚŚŝƐ͕ŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐŝƚƐƵƌŐĞŶĐǇ͘/ƚŵĂǇďĞƵƐĞĨƵůƚŽƉƌŽǀŝĚĞŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽŶƚŚĞŝŵŵĞĚŝĂƚĞ
ĞīĞĐƚƐ͕ďǇƌŽƵƚĞŽĨĞǆƉŽƐƵƌĞ͕ĂŶĚŝŶĚŝĐĂƚĞƚŚĞŝŵŵĞĚŝĂƚĞƚƌĞĂƚŵĞŶƚ͕ĨŽůůŽǁĞĚďǇƉŽƐƐŝďůĞĚĞůĂǇĞĚĞīĞĐƚƐǁŝƚŚ
ƐƉĞĐŝĮĐŵĞĚŝĐĂůƐƵƌǀĞŝůůĂŶĐĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ͘
)&"%"&"!
ĞƐĐƌŝƉƟŽŶŽĨŶĞĐĞƐƐĂƌǇĮƌƐƚͲĂŝĚŵĞĂƐƵƌĞƐ
ϰ͘ϯ͘ϰ͘ϭ͘ϭWƌŽǀŝĚĞĮƌƐƚͲĂŝĚŝŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶƐďǇƌĞůĞǀĂŶƚƌŽƵƚĞƐŽĨĞǆƉŽƐƵƌĞ͘hƐĞƐƵďͲŚĞĂĚŝŶŐƐƚŽŝŶĚŝĐĂƚĞƚŚĞƉƌŽͲ
ĐĞĚƵƌĞ ĨŽƌ ĞĂĐŚ ƌŽƵƚĞ ;Ğ͘Ő͘ ŝŶŚĂůĂƟŽŶ͕ ƐŬŝŶ͕ ĞǇĞ ĂŶĚ ŝŶŐĞƐƟŽŶͿ͘ ĞƐĐƌŝďĞ ĞǆƉĞĐƚĞĚ ŝŵŵĞĚŝĂƚĞ ĂŶĚ ĚĞůĂǇĞĚ
ƐǇŵƉƚŽŵƐ͘
ϰ͘ϯ͘ϰ͘ϭ͘ϮWƌŽǀŝĚĞĂĚǀŝĐĞǁŚĞƚŚĞƌ͗
;ĂͿŝŵŵĞĚŝĂƚĞŵĞĚŝĐĂůĂƩĞŶƟŽŶŝƐƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĂŶĚŝĨĚĞůĂǇĞĚĞīĞĐƚƐĐĂŶďĞĞǆƉĞĐƚĞĚĂŌĞƌĞǆƉŽƐƵƌĞ͖
;ďͿŵŽǀĞŵĞŶƚŽĨƚŚĞĞǆƉŽƐĞĚŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂůĨƌŽŵƚŚĞĂƌĞĂƚŽĨƌĞƐŚĂŝƌŝƐƌĞĐŽŵŵĞŶĚĞĚ͖
;ĐͿƌĞŵŽǀĂůĂŶĚŚĂŶĚůŝŶŐŽĨĐůŽƚŚŝŶŐĂŶĚƐŚŽĞƐĨƌŽŵƚŚĞŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂůŝƐƌĞĐŽŵŵĞŶĚĞĚ͖ĂŶĚ
;ĚͿƉĞƌƐŽŶĂůƉƌŽƚĞĐƟǀĞĞƋƵŝƉŵĞŶƚ;WWͿĨŽƌĮƌƐƚͲĂŝĚƌĞƐƉŽŶĚĞƌƐŝƐƌĞĐŽŵŵĞŶĚĞĚ͘
)&"%"&"$
DŽƐƚŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚƐǇŵƉƚŽŵƐͬĞīĞĐƚƐ͕ĂĐƵƚĞĂŶĚĚĞůĂǇĞĚ
',^ŽĸĐŝĂůƚĞƐƚŽĨƚŚĞƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞŽĨ^ĞĐƟŽŶϰŽĨĂŐĞŶĞƌŝĐD^^
Note: Each emergency situation is unique; first-responder should be trained to exer-

cise good judgment before carrying out any first-aid procedure. First-response recom-
mendations have to be tuned up on situational factors. The Safety Data Sheet is only
a starting point for developing a worksite-specific program. A doctor familiar with
the product or specializing in occupational health and safety and familiar with the
product, toxicity and potential routes of exposure, the work environment and local
community medical facilities should be evaluated.
In any case the information contained in section 4404 (Title: First Aid Measure) of
MSDS (GHS Advised Format) must be acquainted as minimum prerequisite, by any
laboratory personnel (see BOX below).
404
http://echa.europa.eu/documents/10162/13643/sds_en.pdf
231
The structure of section 4 can be schematized as follows:

4.1 Description of first aid measures
- general notes
- after inhalation
- after skin contact
- after eye contact
- after ingestion
- self-protection of the first aider
4.2. Most important symptoms and effects, both acute and delayed
It deals with symptoms and effects (treatments are in sub-section 4.3)
4.3. Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed
provide special means for specific and immediate treatment at the workplace.
Note: check (if present) heading “Notes for the doctor”!(symptoms, hazards, treat-
ment).The information provided under this heading may contain special medical
terms which may be difficult to understand for non-medical personnel (e.g. specif-
ic antidote treatment, positive airway pressure, prohibition of certain drugs, eating,
drinking or smoking).
("!"&"%"#ƌŽǁƐŝŶŐD^^ƚŽďĞĂǁĂƌĞŽĨ&ŝƌƐƚŵĞƌŐĞŶĐǇZĞƐƉŽŶƐĞ/ŶĚŝĐĂƟŽŶƐ͗ĂŶ
ĞǆĂŵƉůĞ
This paragraph deals with the section of MSDS more relevant for developing an
efficient Fist emergency response: sections 2/4/5/6 extracted from one MSDS of
a commercially available Hazardous Substance (Methylamine)405 are taken in ac-
count.
Reading and understanding these sections is the cornerstone for the first re-
sponse training. Anyway the procedure can be schematized as:
Step 1:
Check the GHS Hazardous Classification of the Waste browsing MSDS .
Step 2
In case of more complex emergencies: consult the decision-making Scheme (see
next paragraph) as guide document.
Note: consider the suggested best practice!
Step 3
Take (if necessary) further decision(s).
In doing so, choose the most conservative decision considering the real situation.
Consider, for example:
405
http://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MSDS/MSDS/DisplayMSDSPage.do?country=IT&language=EN-
generic&productNumber=295531&brand=ALDRICH&PageToGoToURL=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.
sigmaaldrich.com%2Fcatalog%2Fproduct%2Faldrich%2F295531%3Flang%3Dit
232
Knowledge of: facilities structure (e.g. presence of windows)/ laboratory emer-

gency equipment dislocation/ laboratory staff training level/presence of physician)
Un-expected reaction of people injured,
Awareness of potential situation of risk (e.g. flammable materials stored near
accidental fire, electric equipment not turned off)
Example of Hazardous waste (pure product) MSDS more relevant section
Name: Methyl-Amine CAS:74-89-5
Note: Below each section extracted, a brief note is added to issue best advised
practice related to.
2.1 Classification of the substance or mixture
Ϯ͘,Z^/Ed/&/d/KE
Ϯ͘ϭůĂƐƐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƐƵďƐƚĂŶĐĞŽƌŵŝǆƚƵƌĞ
ůĂƐƐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶĂĐĐŽƌĚŝŶŐƚŽZĞŐƵůĂƟŽŶ;ͿEŽϭϮϳϮͬϮϬϬϴ΀hͲ',^ͬ>W΁
Ž &ůĂŵŵĂďůĞŐĂƐĞƐ;ĂƚĞŐŽƌǇϭͿ
Ž 'ĂƐĞƐƵŶĚĞƌƉƌĞƐƐƵƌĞ;ŽŵƉƌĞƐƐĞĚŐĂƐͿ
Ž ĐƵƚĞƚŽǆŝĐŝƚǇ͗/ŶŚĂůĂƟŽŶ;ĂƚĞŐŽƌǇϰͿ
Ž ^ƉĞĐŝĮĐƚĂƌŐĞƚŽƌŐĂŶƚŽǆŝĐŝƚǇͲƐŝŶŐůĞĞǆƉŽƐƵƌĞ;ĂƚĞŐŽƌǇϯͿ
Ž ^ŬŝŶŝƌƌŝƚĂƟŽŶ;ĂƚĞŐŽƌǇϮͿ
Ž ^ĞƌŝŽƵƐĞǇĞĚĂŵĂŐĞ;ĂƚĞŐŽƌǇϭͿ
ůĂƐƐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶĂĐĐŽƌĚŝŶŐƚŽhŝƌĞĐƟǀĞƐϲϳͬϱϰϴͬŽƌϭϵϵϵͬϰϱͬ
Ž ǆƚƌĞŵĞůǇŇĂŵŵĂďůĞ͘
Ž ,ĂƌŵĨƵůďǇŝŶŚĂůĂƟŽŶ͘
Ž /ƌƌŝƚĂƟŶŐƚŽƌĞƐƉŝƌĂƚŽƌǇƐǇƐƚĞŵĂŶĚƐŬŝŶ͘
Ž ZŝƐŬŽĨƐĞƌŝŽƵƐĚĂŵĂŐĞƚŽĞǇĞƐ
ŶĞǆĂŵƉůĞ͗dŚĞ^ĞĐƟŽŶϮ͘ϭ;,ĂǌĂƌĚůĂƐƐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶͿŽĨƚŚĞD^^ŽĨĂƉƵƌĞƐƵďƐƚĂŶĐĞ;DĞƚŚǇůͲŵŝŶĞͿ
Note: always be mindful of which Hazardous Class the Chemicals handled belongs
to, and be aware of the GHS Hazardous Classification.
WƌĞĐĂƵƟŽŶĂƌǇƐƚĂƚĞŵĞŶƚƐ
WϮϭϬ<ĞĞƉĂǁĂǇĨƌŽŵŚĞĂƚͬƐƉĂƌŬƐͬŽƉĞŶŇĂŵĞƐͬŚŽƚƐƵƌĨĂĐĞƐ͘ͲEŽƐŵŽŬŝŶŐ͘
WϮϲϭǀŽŝĚďƌĞĂƚŚŝŶŐĚƵƐƚͬĨƵŵĞͬŐĂƐͬŵŝƐƚͬǀĂƉŽƵƌƐͬƐƉƌĂǇ͘
WϮϴϬtĞĂƌƉƌŽƚĞĐƟǀĞŐůŽǀĞƐͬĞǇĞƉƌŽƚĞĐƟŽŶͬĨĂĐĞƉƌŽƚĞĐƟŽŶ͘
WϯϬϱнWϯϱϭнWϯϯϴ/&/Ez^͗ZŝŶƐĞĐĂƵƟŽƵƐůǇǁŝƚŚǁĂƚĞƌĨŽƌƐĞǀĞƌĂůŵŝŶƵƚĞƐ͘ZĞŵŽǀĞĐŽŶƚĂĐƚůĞŶƐĞƐ͕ŝĨƉƌĞƐĞŶƚ
ĂŶĚĞĂƐǇƚŽĚŽ͘ŽŶƟŶƵĞƌŝŶƐŝŶŐ͘
WϰϭϬнWϰϬϯWƌŽƚĞĐƚĨƌŽŵƐƵŶůŝŐŚƚ͘^ƚŽƌĞŝŶĂǁĞůůͲǀĞŶƟůĂƚĞĚƉůĂĐĞ
ŶĞǆĂŵƉůĞ͗dŚĞ^ĞĐƟŽŶϮ͘ϭ;WƌĞĐĂƵƟŽŶĂƌǇ^ƚĂƚĞŵĞŶƚͿŽĨƚŚĞD^^ŽĨĂƉƵƌĞƐƵďƐƚĂŶĐĞ;DĞƚŚǇůͲŵŝŶĞͿ
233
Section 2.2: Label elements

Note: peruse all Hazardous Statement/Precautionary Statement! These information
could be useful for any type of accident
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WŝĐƚŽŐƌĂŵ
^ŝŐŶĂůǁŽƌĚ͗ĂŶŐĞƌ
,ĂǌĂƌĚƐƚĂƚĞŵĞŶƚƐ
,ϮϮϬǆƚƌĞŵĞůǇŇĂŵŵĂďůĞŐĂƐ͘
,ϮϴϬŽŶƚĂŝŶƐŐĂƐƵŶĚĞƌƉƌĞƐƐƵƌĞ͖ŵĂǇĞǆƉůŽĚĞŝĨŚĞĂƚĞĚ͘
,ϯϭϱĂƵƐĞƐƐŬŝŶŝƌƌŝƚĂƟŽŶ͘
,ϯϭϴĂƵƐĞƐƐĞƌŝŽƵƐĞǇĞĚĂŵĂŐĞ͘
,ϯϯϮ,ĂƌŵĨƵůŝĨŝŶŚĂůĞĚ
,ϯϯϱDĂǇĐĂƵƐĞƌĞƐƉŝƌĂƚŽǇŝƌƌŝƚĂƟŽŶ
ŶĞǆĂŵƉůĞ͗dŚĞ^ĞĐƟŽŶϮ͘Ϯ;>ĂďĞůůĞŵĞŶƚͿŽĨƚŚĞD^^ŽĨĂƉƵƌĞƐƵďƐƚĂŶĐĞ;DĞƚŚǇůͲŵŝŶĞͿ
Section 4: First Aid Measure
ϰ͘&/Z^d/D^hZ^
ϰ͘ϭĞƐĐƌŝƉƟŽŶŽĨĮƌƐƚĂŝĚŵĞĂƐƵƌĞƐ
D+#+7".("$-F)+
ŽŶƐƵůƚĂƉŚǇƐŝĐŝĂŶ͘^ŚŽǁƚŚŝƐƐĂĨĞƚǇĚĂƚĂƐŚĞĞƚƚŽƚŚĞĚŽĐƚŽƌŝŶĂƩĞŶĚĂŶĐĞ͘
>4(-#*".+$
/ĨďƌĞĂƚŚĞĚŝŶ͕ŵŽǀĞƉĞƌƐŽŶŝŶƚŽĨƌĞƐŚĂŝƌ͘/ĨŶŽƚďƌĞĂƚŚŝŶŐ͕ŐŝǀĞĂƌƟĮĐŝĂůƌĞƐƉŝƌĂƟŽŶ͘ŽŶƐƵůƚĂƉŚǇƐŝĐŝĂŶ͘
>#()"1+(&4(1'-#()&#2")2
tĂƐŚŽīǁŝƚŚƐŽĂƉĂŶĚƉůĞŶƚǇŽĨǁĂƚĞƌ͘dĂŬĞǀŝĐƟŵŝŵŵĞĚŝĂƚĞůǇƚŽŚŽƐƉŝƚĂů͘ŽŶƐƵůƚĂƉŚǇƐŝĐŝĂŶ͘
>#()"1+(&4(+8+()&#2")2
ZŝŶƐĞƚŚŽƌŽƵŐŚůǇŽĨǁĂƚĞƌĨŽƌĂƚůĞĂƐƚϭϱŵŝŶƵƚĞƐĂŶĚĐŽŶƐƵůƚĂƉŚǇƐŝĐŝĂŶ͘
ŶĞǆĂŵƉůĞ͗dŚĞ^ĞĐƟŽŶϰ͘ϭ;&ŝƌƐƚͲŝĚDĞĂƐƵƌĞƐͿŽĨƚŚĞD^^ŽĨĂƉƵƌĞƐƵďƐƚĂŶĐĞ;DĞƚŚǇůͲŵŝŶĞͿ
Note: read carefully all the information! The given advise could be quite basic or more
specific depending on the MSDS Chemical Company providing the MSDS. Always re-
mind the technical note shown in the Decision- Making Scheme
234
Section 5: Fire-fighting Measures
ϱ͘&/Z&/',d/E'D^hZ^
ϱ͘ϭǆƟŶŐƵŝƐŚŝŶŐŵĞĚŝĂ
^ƵŝƚĂďůĞĞǆƟŶŐƵŝƐŚŝŶŐŵĞĚŝĂ
hƐĞǁĂƚĞƌƐƉƌĂǇ͕ĂůĐŽŚŽůͲƌĞƐŝƐƚĂŶƚĨŽĂŵ͕ĚƌǇĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůŽƌĐĂƌďŽŶĚŝŽǆŝĚĞ͘
ϱ͘Ϯ^ƉĞĐŝĂůŚĂǌĂƌĚƐĂƌŝƐŝŶŐĨƌŽŵƚŚĞƐƵďƐƚĂŶĐĞŽƌŵŝǆƚƵƌĞ
ĂƌďŽŶŽǆŝĚĞƐ͕ŶŝƚƌŽŐĞŶŽǆŝĚĞƐ;EKǆͿ
ϱ͘ϯĚǀŝĐĞĨŽƌĮƌĞĮŐŚƚĞƌƐ
tĞĂƌƐĞůĨĐŽŶƚĂŝŶĞĚďƌĞĂƚŚŝŶŐĂƉƉĂƌĂƚƵƐĨŽƌĮƌĞĮŐŚƟŶŐŝĨŶĞĐĞƐƐĂƌǇ͘
ϱ͘ϰ&ƵƌƚŚĞƌŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶ
hƐĞǁĂƚĞƌƐƉƌĂǇƚŽĐŽŽůƵŶŽƉĞŶĞĚĐŽŶƚĂŝŶĞƌƐ͘
ŶĞǆĂŵƉůĞ͗dŚĞ^ĞĐƟŽŶϱ͘ϭ;ǆƟŶŐƵŝƐŚŝŶŐDĞĚŝĂͿŽĨƚŚĞD^^ŽĨĂƉƵƌĞƐƵďƐƚĂŶĐĞ;DĞƚŚǇůͲŵŝŶĞͿ
Note: read carefully (e.g. Inappropriate extinguishing media could get much worse
the consequence of the fire.)Training course for all the personnel should be attended
to gain practice in extinguisher use.
Section 6: Accidental Release Measure
ϲ͘/Ed>Z>^D^hZ^
ϲ͘ϭWĞƌƐŽŶĂůƉƌĞĐĂƵƟŽŶƐ͕ƉƌŽƚĞĐƟǀĞĞƋƵŝƉŵĞŶƚĂŶĚĞŵĞƌŐĞŶĐǇƉƌŽĐĞĚƵƌĞƐ
tĞĂƌƌĞƐƉŝƌĂƚŽƌǇƉƌŽƚĞĐƟŽŶ͘ǀŽŝĚďƌĞĂƚŚŝŶŐǀĂƉŽƌƐ͕ŵŝƐƚŽƌŐĂƐ͘ŶƐƵƌĞĂĚĞƋƵĂƚĞǀĞŶƟůĂƟŽŶ͘ǀĂĐƵĂƚĞ
ƉĞƌƐŽŶŶĞůƚŽƐĂĨĞĂƌĞĂƐ͘
ϲ͘ϮŶǀŝƌŽŵĞŶƚĂůƉƌĞĐĂƵƟŽŶƐ
WƌĞǀĞŶƚĨƵƌƚŚĞƌůĞĂŬĂŐĞŽƌƐƉŝůůĂŐĞŝĨƐĂĨĞƚŽĚŽƐŽ͘ŽŶŽƚůĞƚƉƌŽĚƵĐƚĞŶƚĞƌĚƌĂŝŶƐ͘
ϲ͘ϯDĞƚŚŽĚƐĂŶĚŵĂƚĞƌŝĂůƐĨŽƌĐŽŶƚĂŝŶŵĞŶƚĂŶĚĐůĞĂŶŝŶŐƵƉ
ŶĞǆĂŵƉůĞ͗dŚĞ^ĞĐƟŽŶϲ;ĐĐŝĚĞŶƚĂůZĞůĞĂƐĞDĞĂƐƵƌĞƐͿŽĨƚŚĞD^^ŽĨĂƉƵƌĞƐƵďƐƚĂŶĐĞ;DĞƚŚͲ
ǇůͲŵŝŶĞͿ
Note: read carefully! In case of accident (e.g. spill, leakage) is truly important the first
responder quickness to limit potentially worst consequence (e.g. drain water contam-
ination) both for people and environment.
Case 2: the Hazardous Waste is a complex mixture:

In case of a hazardous Waste mixture (not pure product!) correct procedure will be:
Step 1
Make the GHS Hazardous Classification of the Waste browsing MSDS of any
component present in the mixture
Note: see previous Chapter 4 and 5 for GHS Hazard identification procedure.
Note: consult Hazardous Waste labeling (in case HW has been already classified and stored)!
235
Step 2
Use the decision-making Scheme (see next paragraph) as guide document.
Note: consider the suggested best practice!
Step 3
Take (if necessary) further decision(s).
In doing so, choose the most conservative decision considering the real situa-
tion!
Consider, for example:
Knowledge of: facilities structure(e.g. presence of windows)/ laboratory emer-
gency equipment dislocation/ laboratory staff training level/presence of physician)
Un-expected reaction of people injured,
Awareness of potential situation of risk (e.g.flammable materials stored near
accidental fire, electric equipment not turned off)
("!"&"&"#hƐŝŶŐƚŚĞĚĞĐŝƐŝŽŶͲŵĂŬŝŶŐƐĐŚĞŵĞ
Starting from the assumptions of the previous paragraph (Step 2)a decision-mak-
ing scheme can be helpful to develop a more complete and safe first response
practice to face any kind of emergency.
The scheme is constituted by a series of 15 consecutive easy question guiding
the decision-making process.
Note: No*= see decision-making scheme
Questions:
1)is the phase of the waste solid, liquid or gaseous?
Yes/No?
The phase helps determine which exposure routes and first-aid measures are
relevant for a particular waste.
Example: ingestion is not a relevant route of exposure for a gas.
2)Is the waste soluble in water?
Yes: flush with water
No: reduce contact of the chemical with water, by quickly blotting or brush-
ing the chemical away, prior to flushing. (In addition, mild, non-abrasive soap
may facilitate the removal of products that are not water soluble or are oily or
adherent).
3)Does the waste react with water to produce heat or a more hazardous chem-
ical?
Yes: reduce contact of the chemical with water, by quickly blotting or brushing
the chemical away, prior to flushing.
No*.
236
4)Is the waste an oxidizer406?

Yes: remove contaminated clothing immediately and submerse in water so that
it does not become a fire hazard.
No*.
5)Is the waste flammable?
Yes: Remove all sources of ignition; remove waste from the exposed person.
No*.
6)Does the waste pose an immediate health threat to the first-aid provider407?
Yes: be protected when responding to incidents involving these chemicals.
Note: use of specific protective equipment, for example, butyl rubber gloves rather
than lattice gloves.
No*
7)Is the waste toxic?
Yes: Take minimal precautionary measures.
No*.
8) Is the waste non-irritating, or a mild, moderate or severe irritant?
Yes: rinse immediately for skin or eye contact.
Note: The degree of irritancy can be used to determine the duration of rinsing. For
example, a non-irritant or mild irritant should only need 5 minutes of rinsing/wash-
ing. A moderate or severe irritant may require 15-20 minutes of rinsing/washing to
ensure complete removal.
No*.
9)Is the waste corrosive?
Yes: Rinse/wash immediately.
Note: Corrosives may require longer rinsing/washing than irritants to ensure
their complete removal. (e.g. strong alkalis, like sodium hydroxide, may require 60
minutes; hydrochloric acid may require 30 minutes).
No*.
10)Is the waste capable of causing frostbite or freezing tissue408?
Yes: a)re-warm with body heat (brief contact with a small amount of the lique-
fied gas)
b)immediately call a Poison Center/doctor for more extensive contact or con-
tact with a large amount.
No*.
11)Can the waste cause pulmonary edema409?
406
Oxidizers create a fire hazard by producing oxygen or another oxidizing substance
407
A chemical can pose an immediate health threat to the first-aid provider if it is a simple
asphyxiant, very acutely toxic by any route of exposure, or corrosive.
408
Chemicals can cause frostbite or freeze tissue if they have a low boiling point (below 0 °C)
409
Pulmonary edema is a life-threatening accumulation in the lungs of fluid corrosive to the
respiratory tract. It interferes with the ability of oxygen to cross through the lungs into the body.
237
Yes: Provide Oxygen, as a first-aid measure, to victims who develop symptoms

of pulmonary edema.
Note: Symptoms of pulmonary edema may not appear for up to 48 hours after
exposure. Anyone with a significant exposure to a chemical that can cause pulmonary
edema must be made aware of this delay.
Chlorine and ammonia are examples of chemicals that can cause rapid pulmo-
nary edema.
Phosgene and nitrogen dioxides can cause delayed pulmonary edema.
No*.
12)Is the waste capable of interfering with the body’s ability to use oxygen?
Yes: provide oxygen.
Note: example of chemicals that can interfere with the body’s use of oxygen are:
1) carbon monoxide (impairs oxygen transport in the blood)
2) cyanide anion (affects use of oxygen in the cells)
3) toluene diisocyanate (causes a severe asthmatic attack, interfering with the
exchange of oxygen and carbon)
No*.
13)Is the waste fatal410/toxic?
Yes: start rescue breathing, and cardiopulmonary resuscitation or automated
external defibrillation as appropriate.
Note: cardiopulmonary resuscitation or automated external defibrillation require
advanced first-aid training.
No*.
14)Is the product an aspiration hazard411?
Yes: Call a Poison Center or doctor immediately; never induce vomiting
No*.
15)Is the product capable of causing toxicity to the first-aid provider through
mouth-to-mouth contact?
Yes: Avoid direct mouth-to-mouth contact and use barrier.
Note: Chemicals that are fatal/toxic if absorbed through the skin (e.g. cyanide
compounds) could harm the first-aid provider during rescue breathing.
No*
Fatal by any route of exposure

410
Some chemicals (e.g. low viscosity hydrocarbons) can easily be aspirated during ingestion or
411
vomiting and attack lung tissue.
238
ĞĐŝƐŝŽŶͲDĂŬŝŶŐ^ĐŚĞŵĞ
ϭͿWŚǇƐŝĐĂů^ƚĂƚĞ 'ĂƐͬ>ŝƋƵŝĚͬ^Žů
ϮͿtĂƚĞƌ^ŽůƵďůĞ zĞƐͬEŽ-
ϯͿZĞĂĐƚƐǁŝƚŚtĂƚĞƌƚŽWƌŽĚƵĐĞ,ĞĂƚ
zĞƐ-ͬEŽ
ŽƌĂDŽƌĞ,ĂǌĂƌĚŽƵƐŚĞŵŝĐĂů
ϰͿKǆŝĚŝǌĞƌ zĞƐ-ͬEŽ
ϱͿ&ůĂŵŵĂďůĞ zĞƐ-ͬEŽ
ϲͿ/ŵŵĞĚŝĂƚĞ,ĞĂůƚŚdŚƌĞĂƚƚŽ&ŝƌƐƚͲŝĚ
zĞƐ-ͬEŽ
WƌŽǀŝĚĞƌ
ϳͿZŝƐŬŽĨdŽǆŝĐŝƚǇƚŽ&ŝƌƐƚͲŝĚWƌŽǀŝĚĞƌ
zĞƐ-ͬEŽ
ƚŚƌŽƵŐŚDŽƵƚŚͲƚŽͲDŽƵƚŚŽŶƚĂĐƚ
ϴͿEŽŶͲdŽǆŝĐ zĞƐ-ͬEŽ
ϵͿĞŐƌĞĞŽĨ/ƌƌŝƚĂƟŽŶ EŽŶͲŝƌƌŝƚĂƟŶŐͬDŝůĚͬDŽĚĞƌĂƚĞͬ^ĞǀĞƌĞ-
ϭϬͿŽƌƌŽƐŝǀĞ zĞƐ-ͬEŽ
ϭϭͿĂƵƐĞƐ&ƌŽƐƚďŝƚĞŽƌ&ƌĞĞǌŝŶŐŽĨ
zĞƐ-ͬEŽ
dŝƐƐƵĞ
ϭϮͿĂƵƐĞƐWƵůŵŽŶĂƌǇĚĞŵĂ
zĞƐ-ͬEŽ
;ŽƌƌŽƐŝǀĞƚŽZĞƐƉŝƌĂƚŽƌǇdƌĂĐƚͿ
ϭϯͿ/ŶƚĞƌĨĞƌĞƐǁŝƚŚŽĚǇ͛ƐhƐĞŽĨ
zĞƐ-ͬEŽ
KǆǇŐĞŶ
ϭϰͿ&ĂƚĂůͬdŽǆŝĐ zĞƐ-ͬEŽ
ϭϱͿƐƉŝƌĂƟŽŶ,ĂǌĂƌĚ zĞƐ-ͬEŽ
-
ĐŚŽŽƐĞƚŚĞŝŶĚŝĐĂƟŽŶƐƌĞƐƵůƟŶŐĨƌŽŵƚŚĞŵŽƐƚĐŽŶƐĞƌǀĂƟǀĞĮƌƐƚͲĂŝĚƉƌŽĐĞĚƵƌĞƐ
ŶĞǆĂŵƉůĞŽĨĂĞĐŝƐŝŽŶͲDĂŬŝŶŐƐĐŚĞŵĞƵƐĞĨƵůŝŶĐĂƐĞŽĨĮƌƐƚͲĞŵĞƌŐĞŶĐǇƌĞƐƉŽŶƐĞ
("!"&"'"#,tĞŵĞƌŐĞŶĐǇĮƌƐƚƌĞƐƉŽŶƐĞĞǆĂŵƉůĞ
Hereafter four hypothetical example of suggested first response practice following
different exposure scenarios are shown:
Example 1: Inhalation Route
Example 2: Skin Contact
Example 3: Eyes contact
Example 4: Ingestion
The three steps procedure adopted has been outlined in the previous paragraph.
239
K?",:.+(@
,tǆƉŽƐƵƌĞZŽƵƚĞ͗/ŶŚĂůĂƟŽŶ
52+:(@_(R)[6-7-#/(
^ƚĞƉϮ͗^ƵŐŐĞƐƚĞĚƉƌĂĐƟĐĞ ^ƚĞƉϯ͗&ƵƌƚŚĞƌĞĐŝƐŝŽŶ;ĞǆĂŵƉůĞͿ
/ŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶ
&ůĂŵŵĂďůĞ dĂŬĞƉƌĞĐĂƵƟŽŶƐƚŽĞŶƐƵƌĞǇŽƵƌŽǁŶƐĂĨĞƚǇ
dŚƌĞĂƚƚŽƌĞƐĐƵĞƌ ůŝŵŝŶĂƚĞĂůůŝŐŶŝƟŽŶƐŽƵƌĐĞƐŝĨƐĂĨĞƚŽĚŽƐŽͿ͘ ďĞĨŽƌĞ ĂƩĞŵƉƟŶŐ ƌĞƐĐƵĞ ;Ğ͘Ő͕͘ǁĞĂƌ ĂƉƉƌŽͲ
ŝĨŝŶŚĂůĞĚ ƉƌŝĂƚĞƉƌŽƚĞĐƟǀĞĞƋƵŝƉŵĞŶƚ
'ĂƐ ZĞŵŽǀĞƐŽƵƌĐĞŽĨĞǆƉŽƐƵƌĞŽƌŵŽǀĞƉĞƌƐŽŶ /Ĩ ďƌĞĂƚŚŝŶŐ ;Žƌ ŚĞĂƌƚͿ ŚĂƐ ƐƚŽƉƉĞĚ͕ ƌĞƐĐƵĞ
sĞƌǇƚŽǆŝĐ ƚŽĨƌĞƐŚĂŝƌĂŶĚŬĞĞƉĐŽŵĨŽƌƚĂďůĞĨŽƌďƌĞĂƚŚͲ ďƌĞĂƚŚŝŶŐƐŚŽƵůĚƐƚĂƌƚŝŵŵĞĚŝĂƚĞůǇ͘
ĂƵƐĞƐƉƵůŵŽŶĂƌǇ ŝŶŐ͘/ŵŵĞĚŝĂƚĞůǇĐĂůůĂWŽŝƐŽŶĞŶƚĞƌŽƌĚŽĐͲ ĂůůĨŽƌƉĞƌƐŽŶŶĞůƚƌĂŝŶĞĚƚŽƉƌĂĐƟĐĞĐĂƌĚŝŽͲ
ĞĚĞŵĂ ƚŽƌ͘^ƉĞĐŝĮĐƚƌĞĂƚŵĞŶƚŝƐƵƌŐĞŶƚ͘/ĨďƌĞĂƚŚŝŶŐ ƉƵůŵŽŶĂƌǇƌĞƐƵƐĐŝƚĂƟŽŶŽƌĂƵƚŽŵĂƚĞĚĞǆƚĞƌͲ
ŝƐ ĚŝĸĐƵůƚ͕ ƚƌĂŝŶĞĚ ƉĞƌƐŽŶŶĞů ƐŚŽƵůĚ ĂĚŵŝŶͲ ŶĂůĚĞĮďƌŝůůĂƟŽŶ͘
ŝƐƚĞƌ ĞŵĞƌŐĞŶĐǇ ŽǆǇŐĞŶ ŝĨ ĂĚǀŝƐĞĚ ƚŽ ĚŽ ƐŽ
ďǇƚŚĞWŽŝƐŽŶĞŶƚĞƌŽƌĚŽĐƚŽƌ͘^ǇŵƉƚŽŵƐŽĨ
ƉƵůŵŽŶĂƌǇ ĞĚĞŵĂ ĐĂŶ ďĞ ĚĞůĂǇĞĚ ƵƉ ƚŽ ϰϴ
ŚŽƵƌƐĂŌĞƌĞǆƉŽƐƵƌĞ͘
K?",:.+(E
!9(K?:&167+(C&62+_(5'-#(L&#2")2(
52+:(@_(R)[6-7-#/(
^ƚĞƉϮ͗ƐƵŐŐĞƐƚĞĚƉƌĂĐƟĐĞ ^ƚĞƉϯ͗&ƵƌƚŚĞƌĞĐŝƐŝŽŶ;ĞǆĂŵƉůĞͿ
/ŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶ
dĂŬĞŽīŝŵŵĞĚŝĂƚĞůǇĐŽŶƚĂŵŝŶĂƚĞĚĐůŽƚŚŝŶŐ͕ /ĨĚĞĞƉƐŬŝŶŝƌƌŝƚĂƟŽŶŽĐĐƵƌƐ͗ĐĂůůĨŽƌŵĞĚŝĐĂůĂŝĚ͊
>ŝƋƵŝĚ ƐŚŽĞƐ ĂŶĚ ůĞĂƚŚĞƌ ŐŽŽĚƐ ;Ğ͘Ő͕͘ ǁĂƚĐŚďĂŶĚƐ͕
&ůĂŵŵĂďůĞ ďĞůƚƐͿ͘'ĞŶƚůǇďůŽƚĂǁĂǇĞǆĐĞƐƐƉƌŽĚƵĐƚ͘tĂƐŚ
WƌĂĐƟĐĂůůǇ ǁŝƚŚƉůĞŶƚǇŽĨůƵŬĞǁĂƌŵ͕ŐĞŶƚůǇŇŽǁŝŶŐǁĂͲ
ŝŶƐŽůƵďůĞŝŶǁĂƚĞƌ ƚĞƌĂŶĚŵŝůĚƐŽĂƉĨŽƌϭϱͲϮϬŵŝŶƵƚĞƐ͘͘
^ŬŝŶŝƌƌŝƚĂŶƚ ^ƚŽƌĞĐŽŶƚĂŵŝŶĂƚĞĚĐůŽƚŚŝŶŐƵŶĚĞƌǁĂƚĞƌĂŶĚ
ǁĂƐŚďĞĨŽƌĞƌĞͲƵƐĞŽƌĚŝƐĐĂƌĚ͘
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ŽŶŽƚĂůůŽǁǀŝĐƟŵƚŽƌƵďĞǇĞ;ƐͿ͘ /Ĩ ŝƌƌŝƚĂƟŽŶ ƉĞƌƐŝƐƚƐ͕ ĐĂůů ĨŽƌ ŵĞĚŝĐĂů
>Ğƚ ƚŚĞ ĞǇĞ;ƐͿ ǁĂƚĞƌ ŶĂƚƵƌĂůůǇ ĨŽƌ Ă ĨĞǁ ŵŝŶͲ ĂƩĞŶƟŽŶ͘ ŶĚ ĂďƐŽůƵƚĞůǇ K EKd ĂƚͲ
^ŽůŝĚ ƵƚĞƐ͘,ĂǀĞǀŝĐƟŵůŽŽŬƌŝŐŚƚĂŶĚůĞŌ͕ĂŶĚƚŚĞŶ ƚĞŵƉƚ ƚŽ ŵĂŶƵĂůůǇ ƌĞŵŽǀĞ ĂŶǇƚŚŝŶŐ
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EŽŶͲŝƌƌŝƚĂƟŶŐ /Ĩ ƉĂƌƟĐůĞͬĚƵƐƚ ĚŽĞƐ ŶŽƚ ĚŝƐůŽĚŐĞ͕ ŇƵƐŚ ǁŝƚŚ
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ƵƚĞƐ Žƌ ƵŶƟů ƉĂƌƟĐůĞͬĚƵƐƚ ŝƐ ƌĞŵŽǀĞĚ͕ ǁŚŝůĞ
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ZŝŶƐĞŵŽƵƚŚ͘ /Ĩ ǀŽŵŝƟŶŐ ŽĐĐƵƌƐ ŶĂƚƵƌĂůůǇ͕ ŚĞůƉ ƚŚĞ
/ŵŵĞĚŝĂƚĞůǇĐĂůůĂWŽŝƐŽŶĞŶƚĞƌŽƌĚŽĐƚŽƌ͘ ǀŝĐƟŵ ƚŽ ůŝĞ ŽŶ ŚŝƐ ƐŝĚĞ͕ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ ƌĞĐŽǀͲ
>ŝƋƵŝĚ ŽŶŽƚŝŶĚƵĐĞǀŽŵŝƟŶŐ͘ ĞƌǇ ƉŽƐŝƟŽŶ EŽƚĞ͗ dŚŝƐ ƉŽƐŝƟŽŶ ůĞƚ
^ŬŝŶŝƌƌŝƚĂŶƚ ƚŚĞ ŵŽƵƚŚ ďĞ ĚŽǁŶǁĂƌĚ ;ŚĞůƉŝŶŐ ŇƵͲ
ƐƉŝƌĂƟŽŶ,ĂǌĂƌĚ ŝĚ ĚƌĂŝŶŝŶŐ ĨƌŽŵ ƚŚĞ ĂŝƌǁĂǇͿ ĂŶĚ ƚŚĞ
ĐŚŝŶ ďĞ ǁĞůů ƵƉ ;ƚŽ ŬĞĞƉ ƚŚĞ ĞƉŝŐůŽƫƐ
ŽƉĞŶĞĚͿ͘ ƌŵƐ ĂŶĚ ůĞŐƐ ĂƌĞ ůŽĐŬĞĚ ƚŽ
ƐƚĂďŝůŝǌĞƚŚĞƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƉĂƟĞŶƚ
240
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Workers are the first line of defense for protecting themselves, their colleagues
in the laboratory, and the public from exposure to hazardous agents. Protection
depends on the careful and proficient use of good microbiological practices and
the correct use of safety equipment. A risk assessment should identify any potential
deficiencies in the practices of the HCF workers. Carelessness is the most serious
concern, because it can compromise any safeguards of the HCF and increase the
risk for coworkers. Training, experience, knowledge of procedure hazards, good
practices, caution, attentiveness, and concern for the health of coworkers are pre-
requisites for a laboratory staff in order to reduce the inherent risks that attend
work with hazardous waste412.
On account of this, the following chapter focuses on two aspects: the prevention
and response to emergencies.
According to the international guidelines, in a microbiology laboratory, we can

distinguish two kind of barriers against the incidents.
The first one which include safety equipment (such as BSCs, enclosed contain-
ers and other engineering controls designed to remove or minimize exposures to
hazardous biological materials) and items for personal protection, such as gloves,
coats, gowns, shoe covers, boots, respirators, face shields, safety glasses, or goggles.
In some situations personal protective equipment may form the primary barrier
between personnel and the infectious materials such as during the activities relat-
ing to maintenance, service, or support of the laboratory facility.413
The second kind of barrier, on the other hand, is constitute by the design and
construction of the facility. These structural elements contribute to the laboratory
workers’ protection, provide a barrier to protect persons outside the laboratory,
and protect persons or animals in the community from infectious agents that may
be accidentally released from the laboratory414.
For the purpose of this chapter we will focus our attention to the first barrier and
more specifically to the type and use of PPE.
As previously sustained in this manual, the production, segregation, transpor-
tation, treatment, and disposal of health-care waste involves the handling of poten-
tially hazardous material.
Protection against personal injury is therefore essential for all workers who are at
412
“Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories” CDC, 5th. Edition, 2009, p. 15.
413
Id. pp. 22-23.
414
“Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories” CDC, 5th. Edition, 2009, pp.
22-23.
241
risk. The individuals responsible for management of health-care waste should ensure
that all risks are identified and that suitable protection from those risks is provided.
A comprehensive risk assessment of all activities involved in health-care waste
management, carried out during preparation of the waste management plan, will
allow the identification of necessary protective measures.In order for a possible
biohazardous waste management plan to be effectively established, a number of
key questions should be taken into consideration. The following boxes (BOX 1
and BOX 2), include the points proposed by WHO.
KyϭͲ,ĞĂůƚŚĂŶĚƐĂĨĞƚǇŽĨƐƚĂī
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Ϯ͘ƌĞĮƌƐƚͲĂŝĚďŽǆĞƐƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚĂƚƐƚƌĂƚĞŐŝĐůŽĐĂƟŽŶƐ͍
ϯ͘ƌĞƋƵĂůŝĮĞĚĮƌƐƚͲĂŝĚĞƌƐĂǀĂŝůĂďůĞ͍
ϰ͘ƌĞƐƵĐŚĮƌƐƚͲĂŝĚĞƌƐƚƌĂŝŶĞĚƚŽĚĞĂůǁŝƚŚĞŵĞƌŐĞŶĐŝĞƐƉĞĐƵůŝĂƌƚŽƚŚĞůĂďŽƌĂƚŽƌǇ͕Ğ͘Ő͘ĐŽŶƚĂĐƚǁŝƚŚĐŽƌƌŽƐŝǀĞ
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ϱ͘ ƌĞ ŶŽŶͲůĂďŽƌĂƚŽƌǇ ǁŽƌŬĞƌƐ͕ Ğ͘Ő͘ ĚŽŵĞƐƟĐ ĂŶĚ ĐůĞƌŝĐĂů ƐƚĂī͕ ŝŶƐƚƌƵĐƚĞĚ ŽŶ ƚŚĞ ƉŽƚĞŶƟĂů ŚĂǌĂƌĚƐ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ
ůĂďŽƌĂƚŽƌǇĂŶĚƚŚĞŵĂƚĞƌŝĂůŝƚŚĂŶĚůĞƐ͍
ϲ͘ƌĞŶŽƟĐĞƐƉƌŽŵŝŶĞŶƚůǇƉŽƐƚĞĚŐŝǀŝŶŐĐůĞĂƌŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶĂďŽƵƚƚŚĞůŽĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĮƌƐƚͲĂŝĚĞƌƐ͕ƚĞůĞƉŚŽŶĞŶƵŵďĞƌƐ
ŽĨĞŵĞƌŐĞŶĐǇƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐ͕ĞƚĐ͍͘
ϳ͘ ƌĞ ǁŽŵĞŶ ŽĨ ĐŚŝůĚďĞĂƌŝŶŐ ĂŐĞ ǁĂƌŶĞĚ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ĐŽŶƐĞƋƵĞŶĐĞƐ ŽĨ ǁŽƌŬ ǁŝƚŚ ĐĞƌƚĂŝŶ ŵŝĐƌŽŽƌŐĂŶŝƐŵƐ͕
ĐĂƌĐŝŶŽŐĞŶƐ͕ŵƵƚĂŐĞŶƐĂŶĚƚĞƌĂƚŽŐĞŶƐ͍
ϴ͘ƌĞǁŽŵĞŶŽĨĐŚŝůĚďĞĂƌŝŶŐĂŐĞƚŽůĚƚŚĂƚŝĨƚŚĞǇĂƌĞ͕ŽƌƐƵƐƉĞĐƚƚŚĂƚƚŚĞǇĂƌĞ͕ƉƌĞŐŶĂŶƚƚŚĞǇƐŚŽƵůĚŝŶĨŽƌŵ
ƚŚĞĂƉƉƌŽƉƌŝĂƚĞŵĞŵďĞƌŽĨƚŚĞŵĞĚŝĐĂůͬƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐƐƚĂīƐŽƚŚĂƚĂůƚĞƌŶĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬŝŶŐĂƌƌĂŶŐĞŵĞŶƚƐŵĂǇďĞŵĂĚĞ
ĨŽƌƚŚĞŵŝĨŶĞĐĞƐƐĂƌǇ͍
ϵ͘/ƐƚŚĞƌĞĂŶŝŵŵƵŶŝǌĂƟŽŶƉƌŽŐƌĂŵŵĞƌĞůĞǀĂŶƚƚŽƚŚĞǁŽƌŬŽĨƚŚĞůĂďŽƌĂƚŽƌǇ͍
ϭϬ͘ƌĞƐŬŝŶƚĞƐƚƐĂŶĚͬŽƌƌĂĚŝŽůŽŐŝĐĂůĨĂĐŝůŝƟĞƐĂǀĂŝůĂďůĞĨŽƌƐƚĂīǁŚŽǁŽƌŬǁŝƚŚƚƵďĞƌĐƵůŽƵƐŵĂƚĞƌŝĂůƐŽƌŽƚŚĞƌ
ŵĂƚĞƌŝĂůƐƌĞƋƵŝƌŝŶŐƐƵĐŚŵĞĂƐƵƌĞƐ͍
ϭϭ͘ƌĞƉƌŽƉĞƌƌĞĐŽƌĚƐŵĂŝŶƚĂŝŶĞĚŽĨŝůůŶĞƐƐĞƐĂŶĚĂĐĐŝĚĞŶƚƐ͍
ϭϮ͘ƌĞǁĂƌŶŝŶŐĂŶĚĂĐĐŝĚĞŶƚƉƌĞǀĞŶƟŽŶƐŝŐŶƐƵƐĞĚƚŽŵŝŶŝŵŝǌĞǁŽƌŬŚĂǌĂƌĚƐ͍
ϭϯ͘ƌĞƉĞƌƐŽŶŶĞůƚƌĂŝŶĞĚƚŽĨŽůůŽǁĂƉƉƌŽƉƌŝĂƚĞďŝŽƐĂĨĞƚǇƉƌĂĐƟĐĞƐ͍
ϭϰ͘ƌĞůĂďŽƌĂƚŽƌǇƐƚĂīĞŶĐŽƵƌĂŐĞĚƚŽƌĞƉŽƌƚƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůĞǆƉŽƐƵƌĞƐ͍
KyϮͲ&ŝƌĞƉƌĞǀĞŶƟŽŶĂŶĚĮƌĞƉƌŽƚĞĐƟŽŶ
ϭ͘/ƐƚŚĞƌĞĂĮƌĞĂůĂƌŵƐǇƐƚĞŵ͍
Ϯ͘ƌĞƚŚĞĮƌĞĚŽŽƌƐŝŶŐŽŽĚŽƌĚĞƌ͍
ϯ͘/ƐƚŚĞĮƌĞĚĞƚĞĐƟŽŶƐǇƐƚĞŵŝŶŐŽŽĚǁŽƌŬŝŶŐŽƌĚĞƌĂŶĚƌĞŐƵůĂƌůǇƚĞƐƚĞĚ͍
ϰ͘ƌĞĮƌĞĂůĂƌŵƐƚĂƟŽŶƐĂĐĐĞƐƐŝďůĞ͍
ϱ͘ƌĞĂůůĞǆŝƚƐŵĂƌŬĞĚďǇƉƌŽƉĞƌ͕ŝůůƵŵŝŶĂƚĞĚƐŝŐŶƐ͍
ϲ͘/ƐĂĐĐĞƐƐƚŽĞǆŝƚƐŵĂƌŬĞĚǁŚĞƌĞƚŚĞƌŽƵƚĞƐƚŽƚŚĞŵĂƌĞŶŽƚŝŵŵĞĚŝĂƚĞůǇǀŝƐŝďůĞ͍
ϳ͘ ƌĞ Ăůů ĞǆŝƚƐ ƵŶŽďƐƚƌƵĐƚĞĚ ďǇ ĚĞĐŽƌĂƟŽŶƐ͕ ĨƵƌŶŝƚƵƌĞ ĂŶĚ ĞƋƵŝƉŵĞŶƚ͕ ĂŶĚ ƵŶůŽĐŬĞĚ ǁŚĞŶ ƚŚĞ ďƵŝůĚŝŶŐ ŝƐ
ŽĐĐƵƉŝĞĚ͍
ϴ͘/ƐĂĐĐĞƐƐƚŽĞǆŝƚƐĂƌƌĂŶŐĞĚƐŽƚŚĂƚŝƚŝƐŶŽƚŶĞĐĞƐƐĂƌǇƚŽƉĂƐƐƚŚƌŽƵŐŚĂŚŝŐŚͲŚĂǌĂƌĚĂƌĞĂƚŽĞƐĐĂƉĞ͍
ϵ͘ŽĂůůĞǆŝƚƐůĞĂĚƚŽĂŶŽƉĞŶƐƉĂĐĞ͍
ϭϬ͘ƌĞĐŽƌƌŝĚŽƌƐ͕ĂŝƐůĞƐĂŶĚĐŝƌĐƵůĂƟŽŶĂƌĞĂƐĐůĞĂƌĂŶĚƵŶŽďƐƚƌƵĐƚĞĚĨŽƌŵŽǀĞŵĞŶƚŽĨƐƚĂīĂŶĚĮƌĞͲĮŐŚƟŶŐ
ĞƋƵŝƉŵĞŶƚ͍
ϭϭ͘/ƐĂůůĮƌĞͲĮŐŚƟŶŐĞƋƵŝƉŵĞŶƚĂŶĚĂƉƉĂƌĂƚƵƐĞĂƐŝůǇŝĚĞŶƟĮĞĚďǇĂŶĂƉƉƌŽƉƌŝĂƚĞĐŽůŽƵƌĐŽĚĞ͍
ϭϮ͘ƌĞƉŽƌƚĂďůĞĮƌĞĞǆƟŶŐƵŝƐŚĞƌƐŵĂŝŶƚĂŝŶĞĚĨƵůůǇĐŚĂƌŐĞĚĂŶĚŝŶǁŽƌŬŝŶŐŽƌĚĞƌ͕ĂŶĚŬĞƉƚŝŶĚĞƐŝŐŶĂƚĞĚƉůĂĐĞƐ
ĂƚĂůůƟŵĞƐ͍
ϭϯ͘ ƌĞ ůĂďŽƌĂƚŽƌǇ ƌŽŽŵƐ ǁŝƚŚ ƉŽƚĞŶƟĂů ĮƌĞ ŚĂǌĂƌĚƐ ĞƋƵŝƉƉĞĚ ǁŝƚŚ ĂƉƉƌŽƉƌŝĂƚĞ ĞǆƟŶŐƵŝƐŚĞƌƐ ĂŶĚͬŽƌ ĮƌĞ
ďůĂŶŬĞƚƐĨŽƌĞŵĞƌŐĞŶĐǇƵƐĞ͍
ϭϰ͘ /Ĩ ŇĂŵŵĂďůĞ ůŝƋƵŝĚƐ ĂŶĚ ŐĂƐĞƐ ĂƌĞ ƵƐĞĚ ŝŶ ĂŶǇ ƌŽŽŵ͕ ŝƐ ƚŚĞ ŵĞĐŚĂŶŝĐĂů ǀĞŶƟůĂƟŽŶ ƐƵĸĐŝĞŶƚ ƚŽ ƌĞŵŽǀĞ
ǀĂƉŽƵƌƐďĞĨŽƌĞƚŚĞǇƌĞĂĐŚĂŚĂǌĂƌĚŽƵƐĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶ͍
ϭϱ͘ƌĞƉĞƌƐŽŶŶĞůƚƌĂŝŶĞĚƚŽƌĞƐƉŽŶĚƚŽĮƌĞĞŵĞƌŐĞŶĐŝĞƐ͍
242
The plan should include provision for the continuous monitoring of workers’
health and safety to ensure that correct handling, treatment, storage, and disposal
procedures are being followed. Essential occupational health and safety measures
include the following:
proper training of workers;
provision of equipment and clothing for personal protection;
establishment of an effective occupational health programme that includes im-
munization, post-exposure prophylactic treatment, and medical surveillance415.
\<E<E<((tŽƌŬĞƌƐ^ĂĨĞƚǇ͗ƉƌŽƚĞĐƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƌĞǀĞŶƟŽŶ
("$"$"!"#,ǇŐŝĞŶĞĂŶĚŚĞĂůƚŚĂŶĚŵĞĚŝĐĂůƐƵƌǀĞŝůůĂŶĐĞ
Management of HCW is an integral part of facility hygiene and infection control.
Infectious HCW contributes to putting the health of medical staff and patients at
risk.
Proper HCWM practices should therefore be strictly followed as part of a com-
prehensive and systematic approach to the facility hygiene and infection control.
A range of measures should be developed in relation with the handling and the
treatment/disposal of HCW to promote personal hygiene and protective mea-
sures. These measures should also concern municipal staff operating in solid waste
management at the city level416.
Personal hygiene
Basic personal hygiene is important for reducing the risks posed by the handling
of health-care waste. Planning officers should ensure that washing facilities (with
warm water and soap) are made available to people handling HCW. This is partic-
ularly important in storage and treatment facilities.
As the hands are the most frequent vectors of nosocomial infections, hand hy-
giene is the primary preventive measure. Thorough hand washing with adequate
quantities of water and soap removes more than 90% of micro-organisms encoun-
tered on the hands. However, the efficacy of the cleaning process depends com-
pletely on this mechanical action, since neither soap nor detergents possess any
antimicrobial activity and can be counterproductive if is done too superficially.
Cleaning has therefore to be carried out in a standardized manner417.
415
“Safe management of waste from health-care activities”, WHO, 1999, p. 140.
416
“ Preparation of National Health-Care Waste Management Plans in Sub-Saharan Countries,
Guidance Manual”, UNEP and WHO, 2003, p. 20.
417
Guidance Manual”, UNEP and WHO, 2003, p. 20.
243
Health and medical surveillance

The employing authority, through the laboratory director, is responsible for ensur-
ing that there is adequate surveillance of the health of laboratory personnel. The
objective of such surveillance is to monitor for occupationally acquired diseases.
Appropriate activities to achieve these objectives are:
Provision of active or passive immunization where indicated
Facilitation of the early detection of laboratory-acquired infections
Exclusion of highly susceptible individuals (e.g. pregnant women or immuno-
compromised individuals) from highly hazardous laboratory work
Provision of effective personal protective equipment and procedures.
As for immunization, viral hepatitis B infections have been reported among health-
care personnel and waste handlers, and immunization against the disease is there-
fore recommended. The risk of infection with hepatitis B is more than 10 times
greater than for hepatitis C, and up to 100 times greater than for human immu-
nodeficiency virus (HIV)418. Tetanus immunization is also recommended for all
personnel handling waste.
Ideally, all laboratory workers should undergo a pre-employment health check
at which their medical history is recorded. Prompt reporting of illnesses or labo-
ratory accidents is desirable and all staff members should be made aware of the
importance of maintaining GMT419.
("$"$"$"#DĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚƉƌĂĐƟĐĞƐ
Many of the management practices recommended in Chapters 5 contribute to a
reduction in risk for personnel who handle health-care waste.
Such practices may be summarized as follows:
Waste segregation: careful separation of different types of waste into different
and distinct containers or bags defines the risk linked to each waste package.
Appropriate packaging: prevents spillage of waste and protects workers from
contact with waste.
Waste identification (through distinct packaging and labelling): allows for easy
recognition of the class of waste and of its source.
Appropriate waste storage: limits the access to authorized individuals only, pro-
tects against infestation by insects and rodents, and prevents contamination of
surrounding areas.
Appropriate transportation: reduces risks of workers being exposed to waste420.
418
419
“Laboratory biosafety manaual”, WHO, 3th edition, 2004, pp. 23-24.
420
244
("$"$"%"#WĞƌƐŽŶĂůWƌŽƚĞĐƟǀĞƋƵŝƉŵĞŶƚ;WWͿĂŶĚĐůŽƚŚŝŶŐ
Personal protective equipment and clothing, as previously mentioned, may act as a
barrier to minimize the risk of exposure to aerosols, splashes and accidental inocu-
lation.
The type of protective clothing used will depend to an extent upon the risk
associated with the health-care waste, but the following should be made available
to all personnel who collects or handles health-care waste:
• obligatory
!" disposable gloves (medical staff) or heavy-duty gloves (waste workers)
!" industrial aprons
!" overalls (coveralls)
!" leg protectors and/or industrial boots
• depending on type of operation
!" eye protectors (safety goggles)
!" face masks (if there is a risk of splash into eyes)
!" helmets, with or without visors421.
Here below (and summarized in the following table) some personal protective
equipment used in laboratories and the protection afforded.
Laboratory coats, gowns, coveralls, aprons422

Laboratory coats should preferably be fully buttoned. However, long-sleeved,
backopening gowns or coveralls give better protection than laboratory coats and
are preferred in microbiology laboratories and when working at the biological safe-
ty cabinet. Aprons may be worn over laboratory coats or gowns where necessary to
give further protection against spillage of chemicals or biological materials such as
blood or culture fluids. Laundering services should be provided at/near the facility.
Laboratory coats, gowns, coveralls, or aprons should not be worn outside the
laboratory areas.
Goggles, safety spectacles, face shields423

The choice of equipment to protect the eyes and face from splashes and impacting
objects will depend on the activity performed. Prescription or plain eye glasses can
be manufactured with special frames that allow lenses to be placed in frame from
the front, using shatterproof material either curved or fitted with side shields (safety
glasses). Safety spectacles do not provide for adequate splash protection even when
421
422
423
Id.
245
side shields are worn with them. Goggles for splash and impact protection should be
worn over normal prescription eye glasses and contact lenses (which do not provide
protection against biological or chemical hazards). Face shields (visors) are made of
shatterproof plastic, fit over the face and are held in place by head straps or caps. Gog-
gles, safety spectacles, or face shields should not be worn outside the laboratory areas.
Respirators424
Respiratory protection may be used when carrying out
high-hazard procedures (e.g. cleaning up a spill of infec-
tious material). The choice of respirator will depend on
the type of hazard(s). Respirators are available with in-
terchangeable filters for protection against gases, vapors,
particulates and microorganisms. It is imperative that
the filter is fitted in the correct type of respirator. To
achieve optimal protection, respirators should be indi-
vidually fitted to the operator’s face and tested. Fully self-contained respirators
with an integral air supply provide full protection. Advice should be sought from
a suitably qualified person, e.g. an occupational hygienist, for selection of the cor-
rect respirator. Surgical type masks are designed solely for patient protection and
do not provide respiratory protection to workers. Some single-use disposable res-
pirators have been designed for protection against exposures to biological agents.
Respirators should not be worn outside the laboratory areas.
Gloves425
Contamination of hands may occur when laboratory
procedures are performed. Hands are also vulnerable
to “sharps” injuries. Disposable microbiologically ap-
proved latex, vinyl or nitrile surgical-type gloves are
used widely for general laboratory work, and for han-
dling infectious agents and blood and body fluids. Re-
usable gloves may also be used but attention must be
given to their correct washing, removal, cleaning and disinfection.
Gloves should be removed and hands thoroughly washed after handling infectious
materials, working in a biological safety cabinet and before leaving the laboratory.
Used disposable gloves should be discarded with infected laboratory wastes.
Allergic reactions such as dermatitis and immediate hypersensitivity have been
reported in laboratory and other workers wearing latex gloves, particularly those
with powder. Alternatives to powdered latex gloves should be available.
424
Id.
425
246
Stainless steel mesh gloves should be worn when there is a potential exposure
to sharp instruments. Such gloves protect against slicing motion but do not protect
against puncture injury.
Gloves should not be worn outside the laboratory areas.
WĞƌƐŽŶĂůƉƌŽƚĞĐƟǀĞĞƋƵŝƉŵĞŶƚ
Yh/WDEd ,ZKZZd ^&dz&dhZ^
>ĂďŽƌĂƚŽƌǇĐŽĂƚƐ͕ŐŽǁŶƐ͕ ŽŶƚĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶ ͻĂĐŬŽƉĞŶŝŶŐ
ĐŽǀĞƌĂůůƐ ŽĨĐůŽƚŚŝŶŐ ͻŽǀĞƌƐƚƌĞĞƚĐůŽƚŚŝŶŐ
WůĂƐƟĐĂƉƌŽŶƐ ŽŶƚĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨ ͻtĂƚĞƌƉƌŽŽĨ
ĐůŽƚŚŝŶŐ
&ŽŽƚǁĞĂƌ /ŵƉĂĐƚĂŶĚƐƉůĂƐŚ ͻůŽƐĞĚͲƚŽĞ
'ŽŐŐůĞƐ /ŵƉĂĐƚĂŶĚƐƉůĂƐŚ ͻ/ŵƉĂĐƚͲƌĞƐŝƐƚĂŶƚůĞŶƐĞƐ;ŵƵƐƚďĞŽƉƟĐĂůůǇĐŽƌƌĞĐƚŽƌ
ǁŽƌŶŽǀĞƌĐŽƌƌĞĐƟǀĞĞǇĞŐůĂƐƐĞƐͿ
ͻ^ŝĚĞƐŚŝĞůĚƐ
^ĂĨĞƚǇƐƉĞĐƚĂĐůĞƐ /ŵƉĂĐƚ ͻ/ŵƉĂĐƚͲƌĞƐŝƐƚĂŶƚůĞŶƐĞƐ;ŵƵƐƚďĞŽƉƟĐĂůůǇĐŽƌƌĞĐƚͿ
ͻ^ŝĚĞƐŚŝĞůĚƐ
&ĂĐĞƐŚŝĞůĚƐ /ŵƉĂĐƚĂŶĚƐƉůĂƐŚ ͻ^ŚŝĞůĚĞŶƟƌĞĨĂĐĞ
ͻĂƐŝůǇƌĞŵŽǀĂďůĞŝŶĐĂƐĞŽĨĂĐĐŝĚĞŶƚ
ZĞƐƉŝƌĂƚŽƌƐ /ŶŚĂůĂƟŽŶŽĨĂĞƌŽƐŽůƐ ͻĞƐŝŐŶƐĂǀĂŝůĂďůĞŝŶĐůƵĚĞƐŝŶŐůĞͲƵƐĞĚŝƐƉŽƐĂďůĞ͖ĨƵůůͲĨĂĐĞ
ŽƌŚĂůĨͲĨĂĐĞĂŝƌƉƵƌŝĨǇŝŶŐ͖ĨƵůůͲĨĂĐĞŽƌŚŽŽĚĞĚƉŽǁĞƌĞĚĂŝƌ
ƉƵƌŝĨǇŝŶŐ;WWZͿ͖ĂŶĚƐƵƉƉůŝĞĚĂŝƌƌĞƐƉŝƌĂƚŽƌƐ͘
'ůŽǀĞƐ ŝƌĞĐƚĐŽŶƚĂĐƚǁŝƚŚ ͻŝƐƉŽƐĂďůĞŵŝĐƌŽďŝŽůŽŐŝĐĂůůǇĂƉƉƌŽǀĞĚůĂƚĞǆ͕ǀŝŶǇůŽƌ
ŵŝĐƌŽŽƌŐĂŶŝƐŵƐ ŶŝƚƌŝůĞ
ƵƚƐ ͻ,ĂŶĚƉƌŽƚĞĐƟŽŶ
ͻDĞƐŚ
WĞƌƐŽŶĂůƉƌŽƚĞĐƟǀĞĞƋƵŝƉŵĞŶƚ
It’s important to notice that industrial boots and heavy-duty gloves are particularly
important for waste workers. The thick soles of the boots offer protection in the
storage area, as a precaution from spilled sharps, and where floors are slippery.
If segregation is inadequate, needles or other sharp items may have been placed
in plastic bags; such items may also pierce thin-walled or weak plastic containers.
If it is likely that health-care waste bags will come into contact with workers’ legs
during handling, leg protectors may also need to be worn.
Operators of manually loaded incinerators should wear protective face visors
and helmets. During ash and slag removal and other operations that create dust,
dust masks should be provided for operators.
("$"$"&"#WĞƌƐŽŶĂůƉƌŽƚĞĐƟǀĞĞƋƵŝƉŵĞŶƚŝŶĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚ^>ĨĂĐŝůŝƟĞƐ
Working in a facility with different containment levels, including high containment
laboratories, requires a different approach to PPE. For the purposes of this hand-
book, the tables offered by CDC guidelines on the most important PPE measures
are provided below.
247
=5Y(@426
WĞƌƐŽŶĂůWƌŽƚĞĐƟǀĞƋƵŝƉŵĞŶƚ
ϭ͘^ƉĞĐŝĂůĐŽŶƚĂŝŶŵĞŶƚĚĞǀŝĐĞƐŽƌĞƋƵŝƉŵĞŶƚ͕ƐƵĐŚĂƐ^Ɛ͕ĂƌĞŶŽƚŐĞŶĞƌĂůůǇƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ͘
Ϯ͘WƌŽƚĞĐƟǀĞůĂďŽƌĂƚŽƌǇĐŽĂƚƐ͕ŐŽǁŶƐ͕ŽƌƵŶŝĨŽƌŵƐĂƌĞƌĞĐŽŵŵĞŶĚĞĚƚŽƉƌĞǀĞŶƚĐŽŶƚĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƉĞƌƐŽŶĂůĐůŽƚŚŝŶŐ͘
ϯ͘tĞĂƌƉƌŽƚĞĐƟǀĞĞǇĞǁĞĂƌǁŚĞŶĐŽŶĚƵĐƟŶŐƉƌŽĐĞĚƵƌĞƐƚŚĂƚŚĂǀĞƚŚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƚŽĐƌĞĂƚĞƐƉůĂƐŚĞƐŽĨŵŝĐƌŽŽƌŐĂŶŝƐŵƐ
ŽƌŽƚŚĞƌŚĂǌĂƌĚŽƵƐŵĂƚĞƌŝĂůƐ͘WĞƌƐŽŶƐǁŚŽǁĞĂƌĐŽŶƚĂĐƚůĞŶƐĞƐŝŶůĂďŽƌĂƚŽƌŝĞƐƐŚŽƵůĚĂůƐŽǁĞĂƌĞǇĞƉƌŽƚĞĐƟŽŶ͘
ϰ͘ 'ůŽǀĞƐ ŵƵƐƚ ďĞ ǁŽƌŶ ƚŽ ƉƌŽƚĞĐƚ ŚĂŶĚƐ ĨƌŽŵ ĞǆƉŽƐƵƌĞ ƚŽ ŚĂǌĂƌĚŽƵƐ ŵĂƚĞƌŝĂůƐ͘ 'ůŽǀĞ ƐĞůĞĐƟŽŶ ƐŚŽƵůĚ ďĞ
ďĂƐĞĚŽŶĂŶĂƉƉƌŽƉƌŝĂƚĞƌŝƐŬĂƐƐĞƐƐŵĞŶƚ͘ůƚĞƌŶĂƟǀĞƐƚŽůĂƚĞǆŐůŽǀĞƐƐŚŽƵůĚďĞĂǀĂŝůĂďůĞ͘tĂƐŚŚĂŶĚƐƉƌŝŽƌƚŽ
ůĞĂǀŝŶŐƚŚĞůĂďŽƌĂƚŽƌǇ͘/ŶĂĚĚŝƟŽŶ͕^>ͲϭǁŽƌŬĞƌƐƐŚŽƵůĚ͗
Ă͘ŚĂŶŐĞŐůŽǀĞƐǁŚĞŶĐŽŶƚĂŵŝŶĂƚĞĚ͕ŐůŽǀĞŝŶƚĞŐƌŝƚǇŝƐĐŽŵƉƌŽŵŝƐĞĚ͕ŽƌǁŚĞŶŽƚŚĞƌǁŝƐĞŶĞĐĞƐƐĂƌǇ͘
ď͘ZĞŵŽǀĞŐůŽǀĞƐĂŶĚǁĂƐŚŚĂŶĚƐǁŚĞŶǁŽƌŬǁŝƚŚŚĂǌĂƌĚŽƵƐŵĂƚĞƌŝĂůƐŚĂƐďĞĞŶĐŽŵƉůĞƚĞĚĂŶĚďĞĨŽƌĞůĞĂǀŝŶŐ
ƚŚĞůĂďŽƌĂƚŽƌǇ͘
Đ͘ŽŶŽƚǁĂƐŚŽƌƌĞƵƐĞĚŝƐƉŽƐĂďůĞŐůŽǀĞƐ͘ŝƐƉŽƐĞŽĨƵƐĞĚŐůŽǀĞƐǁŝƚŚŽƚŚĞƌĐŽŶƚĂŵŝŶĂƚĞĚůĂďŽƌĂƚŽƌǇǁĂƐƚĞ͘
,ĂŶĚǁĂƐŚŝŶŐƉƌŽƚŽĐŽůƐŵƵƐƚďĞƌŝŐŽƌŽƵƐůǇĨŽůůŽǁĞĚ͘
^ƉĞĐŝĂůWƌĂĐƟĐĞƐ
ϭ͘ůůƉĞƌƐŽŶƐĞŶƚĞƌŝŶŐƚŚĞůĂďŽƌĂƚŽƌǇŵƵƐƚďĞĂĚǀŝƐĞĚŽĨƚŚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůŚĂǌĂƌĚƐĂŶĚŵĞĞƚƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĞŶƚƌǇͬĞǆŝƚƌĞƋƵŝƌĞŵĞŶƚƐ͘
Ϯ͘ >ĂďŽƌĂƚŽƌǇ ƉĞƌƐŽŶŶĞů ŵƵƐƚ ďĞ ƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚ ŵĞĚŝĐĂů ƐƵƌǀĞŝůůĂŶĐĞ͕ ĂƐ ĂƉƉƌŽƉƌŝĂƚĞ͕ ĂŶĚ ŽīĞƌĞĚ ĂǀĂŝůĂďůĞ
ŝŵŵƵŶŝǌĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌĂŐĞŶƚƐŚĂŶĚůĞĚŽƌƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůůǇƉƌĞƐĞŶƚŝŶƚŚĞůĂďŽƌĂƚŽƌǇ͘
ϯ͘ĂĐŚŝŶƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƐŚŽƵůĚĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌƚŚĞŶĞĞĚĨŽƌĐŽůůĞĐƟŽŶĂŶĚƐƚŽƌĂŐĞŽĨƐĞƌƵŵƐĂŵƉůĞƐĨƌŽŵĂƚͲƌŝƐŬƉĞƌƐŽŶŶĞů͘
ϰ͘ůĂďŽƌĂƚŽƌǇͲƐƉĞĐŝĮĐďŝŽƐĂĨĞƚǇŵĂŶƵĂůŵƵƐƚďĞƉƌĞƉĂƌĞĚĂŶĚĂĚŽƉƚĞĚĂƐƉŽůŝĐǇ͘dŚĞďŝŽƐĂĨĞƚǇŵĂŶƵĂůŵƵƐƚ
ďĞĂǀĂŝůĂďůĞĂŶĚĂĐĐĞƐƐŝďůĞ͘
ϱ͘WŽƚĞŶƟĂůůǇŝŶĨĞĐƟŽƵƐŵĂƚĞƌŝĂůƐŵƵƐƚďĞƉůĂĐĞĚŝŶĂĚƵƌĂďůĞ͕ůĞĂŬƉƌŽŽĨĐŽŶƚĂŝŶĞƌĚƵƌŝŶŐĐŽůůĞĐƟŽŶ͕ŚĂŶĚůŝŶŐ͕
ϲ͘ >ĂďŽƌĂƚŽƌǇ ĞƋƵŝƉŵĞŶƚ ƐŚŽƵůĚ ďĞ ƌŽƵƟŶĞůǇ ĚĞĐŽŶƚĂŵŝŶĂƚĞĚ͕ ĂƐ ǁĞůů ĂƐ͕ ĂŌĞƌ ƐƉŝůůƐ͕ ƐƉůĂƐŚĞƐ͕ Žƌ ŽƚŚĞƌ
ƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůĐŽŶƚĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶ͘
Ă͘^ƉŝůůƐŝŶǀŽůǀŝŶŐŝŶĨĞĐƟŽƵƐŵĂƚĞƌŝĂůƐŵƵƐƚďĞĐŽŶƚĂŝŶĞĚ͕ĚĞĐŽŶƚĂŵŝŶĂƚĞĚ͕ĂŶĚĐůĞĂŶĞĚƵƉďǇƐƚĂīƉƌŽƉĞƌůǇ
ƚƌĂŝŶĞĚĂŶĚĞƋƵŝƉƉĞĚƚŽǁŽƌŬǁŝƚŚŝŶĨĞĐƟŽƵƐŵĂƚĞƌŝĂů͘
ď͘ƋƵŝƉŵĞŶƚŵƵƐƚďĞĚĞĐŽŶƚĂŵŝŶĂƚĞĚďĞĨŽƌĞƌĞƉĂŝƌ͕ŵĂŝŶƚĞŶĂŶĐĞ͕ŽƌƌĞŵŽǀĂůĨƌŽŵƚŚĞůĂďŽƌĂƚŽƌǇ͘
ϳ͘/ŶĐŝĚĞŶƚƐƚŚĂƚŵĂǇƌĞƐƵůƚŝŶĞǆƉŽƐƵƌĞƚŽŝŶĨĞĐƟŽƵƐŵĂƚĞƌŝĂůƐŵƵƐƚďĞŝŵŵĞĚŝĂƚĞůǇĞǀĂůƵĂƚĞĚĂŶĚƚƌĞĂƚĞĚĂĐĐŽƌĚŝŶŐ
ƚŽƉƌŽĐĞĚƵƌĞƐĚĞƐĐƌŝďĞĚŝŶƚŚĞůĂďŽƌĂƚŽƌǇďŝŽƐĂĨĞƚǇŵĂŶƵĂů͘ůůƐƵĐŚŝŶĐŝĚĞŶƚƐŵƵƐƚďĞƌĞƉŽƌƚĞĚƚŽƚŚĞůĂďŽƌĂƚŽƌǇ
ƐƵƉĞƌǀŝƐŽƌ͘DĞĚŝĐĂůĞǀĂůƵĂƟŽŶ͕ƐƵƌǀĞŝůůĂŶĐĞ͕ĂŶĚƚƌĞĂƚŵĞŶƚƐŚŽƵůĚďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚĂŶĚĂƉƉƌŽƉƌŝĂƚĞƌĞĐŽƌĚƐŵĂŝŶƚĂŝŶĞĚ͘
ϭ͘WƌŽƚĞĐƟǀĞůĂďŽƌĂƚŽƌǇĐŽĂƚƐ͕ŐŽǁŶƐ͕ƐŵŽĐŬƐ͕ŽƌƵŶŝĨŽƌŵƐĚĞƐŝŐŶĂƚĞĚĨŽƌůĂďŽƌĂƚŽƌǇƵƐĞŵƵƐƚďĞǁŽƌŶǁŚŝůĞ
ǁŽƌŬŝŶŐǁŝƚŚŚĂǌĂƌĚŽƵƐŵĂƚĞƌŝĂůƐ͘ZĞŵŽǀĞƉƌŽƚĞĐƟǀĞĐůŽƚŚŝŶŐďĞĨŽƌĞůĞĂǀŝŶŐĨŽƌŶŽŶͲůĂďŽƌĂƚŽƌǇĂƌĞĂƐ͕Ğ͘Ő͕͘
ĐĂĨĞƚĞƌŝĂ͕ ůŝďƌĂƌǇ͕ ĂŶĚ ĂĚŵŝŶŝƐƚƌĂƟǀĞ ŽĸĐĞƐͿ͘ ŝƐƉŽƐĞ ŽĨ ƉƌŽƚĞĐƟǀĞ ĐůŽƚŚŝŶŐ ĂƉƉƌŽƉƌŝĂƚĞůǇ͕ Žƌ ĚĞƉŽƐŝƚ ŝƚ ĨŽƌ
ůĂƵŶĚĞƌŝŶŐďǇƚŚĞŝŶƐƟƚƵƟŽŶ͘/ƚŝƐƌĞĐŽŵŵĞŶĚĞĚƚŚĂƚůĂďŽƌĂƚŽƌǇĐůŽƚŚŝŶŐŶŽƚďĞƚĂŬĞŶŚŽŵĞ͘
Ϯ͘ ǇĞ ĂŶĚ ĨĂĐĞ ƉƌŽƚĞĐƟŽŶ ;ŐŽŐŐůĞƐ͕ ŵĂƐŬ͕ ĨĂĐĞ ƐŚŝĞůĚ Žƌ ŽƚŚĞƌ ƐƉůĂƩĞƌ ŐƵĂƌĚͿ ŵƵƐƚ ďĞ ĚŝƐƉŽƐĞĚ ŽĨ ǁŝƚŚ
ŽƚŚĞƌĐŽŶƚĂŵŝŶĂƚĞĚůĂďŽƌĂƚŽƌǇǁĂƐƚĞŽƌĚĞĐŽŶƚĂŵŝŶĂƚĞĚďĞĨŽƌĞƌĞƵƐĞ͘WĞƌƐŽŶƐǁŚŽǁĞĂƌĐŽŶƚĂĐƚůĞŶƐĞƐŝŶ
ůĂďŽƌĂƚŽƌŝĞƐƐŚŽƵůĚĂůƐŽǁĞĂƌĞǇĞƉƌŽƚĞĐƟŽŶ͘
ϯ͘'ůŽǀĞƐŵƵƐƚďĞǁŽƌŶƚŽƉƌŽƚĞĐƚŚĂŶĚƐĨƌŽŵĞǆƉŽƐƵƌĞƚŽŚĂǌĂƌĚŽƵƐŵĂƚĞƌŝĂůƐ͘'ůŽǀĞƐĞůĞĐƟŽŶƐŚŽƵůĚďĞ
ďĂƐĞĚŽŶĂŶĂƉƉƌŽƉƌŝĂƚĞƌŝƐŬĂƐƐĞƐƐŵĞŶƚ͘ůƚĞƌŶĂƟǀĞƐƚŽůĂƚĞǆŐůŽǀĞƐƐŚŽƵůĚďĞĂǀĂŝůĂďůĞ͘'ůŽǀĞƐŵƵƐƚŶŽƚďĞ
ǁŽƌŶŽƵƚƐŝĚĞƚŚĞůĂďŽƌĂƚŽƌǇ͘/ŶĂĚĚŝƟŽŶ͕^>ͲϮůĂďŽƌĂƚŽƌǇǁŽƌŬĞƌƐƐŚŽƵůĚ͗
Ă͘ŚĂŶŐĞŐůŽǀĞƐǁŚĞŶĐŽŶƚĂŵŝŶĂƚĞĚ͕ŐůŽǀĞŝŶƚĞŐƌŝƚǇŝƐĐŽŵƉƌŽŵŝƐĞĚ͕ŽƌǁŚĞŶŽƚŚĞƌǁŝƐĞŶĞĐĞƐƐĂƌǇ͘
426
248
Depending on national or international guidelines waste operators (laboratory

support staff) must or must not accede to BSL3 and BSL4 facilities. In such high
containment facilities all waste should be decontaminated through appropriate
measures before leaving the facility. Accordingly, in case where access is prohibited
to waste operators, the laboratory personnel (medical doctors, biologists techni-
cians), will be charged of handling the wastes along its complete cycle within the
facility. They will have to apply the necessary special practices and adopt the PPE
in the correct manner.
=5Y(M427
ϭ͘ ůů ƉĞƌƐŽŶƐ ĞŶƚĞƌŝŶŐ ƚŚĞ ůĂďŽƌĂƚŽƌǇ ŵƵƐƚ ďĞ ĂĚǀŝƐĞĚ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ƉŽƚĞŶƟĂů ŚĂǌĂƌĚƐ ĂŶĚ ŵĞĞƚ ƐƉĞĐŝĮĐ ĞŶƚƌǇͬĞǆŝƚ
ƌĞƋƵŝƌĞŵĞŶƚƐ͘
Ϯ͘ >ĂďŽƌĂƚŽƌǇ ƉĞƌƐŽŶŶĞů ŵƵƐƚ ďĞ ƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚ ŵĞĚŝĐĂů ƐƵƌǀĞŝůůĂŶĐĞ ĂŶĚ ŽīĞƌĞĚ ĂƉƉƌŽƉƌŝĂƚĞ ŝŵŵƵŶŝǌĂƟŽŶƐ ĨŽƌ
ĂŐĞŶƚƐŚĂŶĚůĞĚŽƌƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůůǇƉƌĞƐĞŶƚŝŶƚŚĞůĂďŽƌĂƚŽƌǇ͘
ϰ͘ůĂďŽƌĂƚŽƌǇͲƐƉĞĐŝĮĐďŝŽƐĂĨĞƚǇŵĂŶƵĂůŵƵƐƚďĞƉƌĞƉĂƌĞĚĂŶĚĂĚŽƉƚĞĚĂƐƉŽůŝĐǇ͘dŚĞďŝŽƐĂĨĞƚǇŵĂŶƵĂůŵƵƐƚ
ďĞĂǀĂŝůĂďůĞĂŶĚĂĐĐĞƐƐŝďůĞ͘
ϱ͘WŽƚĞŶƟĂůůǇŝŶĨĞĐƟŽƵƐŵĂƚĞƌŝĂůƐŵƵƐƚďĞƉůĂĐĞĚŝŶĂĚƵƌĂďůĞ͕ůĞĂŬƉƌŽŽĨĐŽŶƚĂŝŶĞƌĚƵƌŝŶŐĐŽůůĞĐƟŽŶ͕ŚĂŶĚůŝŶŐ͕
ϲ͘ >ĂďŽƌĂƚŽƌǇ ĞƋƵŝƉŵĞŶƚ ƐŚŽƵůĚ ďĞ ƌŽƵƟŶĞůǇ ĚĞĐŽŶƚĂŵŝŶĂƚĞĚ͕ ĂƐ ǁĞůů ĂƐ͕ ĂŌĞƌ ƐƉŝůůƐ͕ ƐƉůĂƐŚĞƐ͕ Žƌ ŽƚŚĞƌ
ƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůĐŽŶƚĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶ͘
Ă͘^ƉŝůůƐŝŶǀŽůǀŝŶŐŝŶĨĞĐƟŽƵƐŵĂƚĞƌŝĂůƐŵƵƐƚďĞĐŽŶƚĂŝŶĞĚ͕ĚĞĐŽŶƚĂŵŝŶĂƚĞĚ͕ĂŶĚĐůĞĂŶĞĚƵƉďǇƐƚĂīƉƌŽƉĞƌůǇ
ƚƌĂŝŶĞĚĂŶĚĞƋƵŝƉƉĞĚƚŽǁŽƌŬǁŝƚŚŝŶĨĞĐƟŽƵƐŵĂƚĞƌŝĂů͘
ď͘ƋƵŝƉŵĞŶƚŵƵƐƚďĞĚĞĐŽŶƚĂŵŝŶĂƚĞĚďĞĨŽƌĞƌĞƉĂŝƌ͕ŵĂŝŶƚĞŶĂŶĐĞ͕ŽƌƌĞŵŽǀĂůĨƌŽŵƚŚĞůĂďŽƌĂƚŽƌǇ͘
ϳ͘/ŶĐŝĚĞŶƚƐƚŚĂƚŵĂǇƌĞƐƵůƚŝŶĞǆƉŽƐƵƌĞƚŽŝŶĨĞĐƟŽƵƐŵĂƚĞƌŝĂůƐŵƵƐƚďĞŝŵŵĞĚŝĂƚĞůǇĞǀĂůƵĂƚĞĚĂŶĚƚƌĞĂƚĞĚ
ĂĐĐŽƌĚŝŶŐƚŽƉƌŽĐĞĚƵƌĞƐĚĞƐĐƌŝďĞĚŝŶƚŚĞůĂďŽƌĂƚŽƌǇďŝŽƐĂĨĞƚǇŵĂŶƵĂů͘ůůƐƵĐŚŝŶĐŝĚĞŶƚƐŵƵƐƚďĞƌĞƉŽƌƚĞĚƚŽ
ƚŚĞůĂďŽƌĂƚŽƌǇƐƵƉĞƌǀŝƐŽƌ͘DĞĚŝĐĂůĞǀĂůƵĂƟŽŶ͕ƐƵƌǀĞŝůůĂŶĐĞ͕ĂŶĚƚƌĞĂƚŵĞŶƚƐŚŽƵůĚďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚĂŶĚĂƉƉƌŽƉƌŝĂƚĞ
ƌĞĐŽƌĚƐŵĂŝŶƚĂŝŶĞĚ͘
ϭ͘ůůƉƌŽĐĞĚƵƌĞƐŝŶǀŽůǀŝŶŐƚŚĞŵĂŶŝƉƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨŝŶĨĞĐƟŽƵƐŵĂƚĞƌŝĂůƐŵƵƐƚďĞĐŽŶĚƵĐƚĞĚǁŝƚŚŝŶĂ^;ƉƌĞĨĞƌĂďůǇ
ůĂƐƐ//ŽƌůĂƐƐ///Ϳ͕ŽƌŽƚŚĞƌƉŚǇƐŝĐĂůĐŽŶƚĂŝŶŵĞŶƚĚĞǀŝĐĞƐ͘
Ϯ͘tŽƌŬĞƌƐŝŶƚŚĞůĂďŽƌĂƚŽƌǇǁŚĞƌĞƉƌŽƚĞĐƟǀĞůĂďŽƌĂƚŽƌǇĐůŽƚŚŝŶŐǁŝƚŚĂƐŽůŝĚͲĨƌŽŶƚ͕ƐƵĐŚĂƐƟĞͲďĂĐŬŽƌǁƌĂƉͲ
ĂƌŽƵŶĚ ŐŽǁŶƐ͕ ƐĐƌƵď ƐƵŝƚƐ͕ Žƌ ĐŽǀĞƌĂůůƐ͘ WƌŽƚĞĐƟǀĞ ĐůŽƚŚŝŶŐ ŝƐ ŶŽƚ ǁŽƌŶ ŽƵƚƐŝĚĞ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ůĂďŽƌĂƚŽƌǇ͘ ZĞƵƐĂďůĞ
ĐůŽƚŚŝŶŐŝƐĚĞĐŽŶƚĂŵŝŶĂƚĞĚďĞĨŽƌĞďĞŝŶŐůĂƵŶĚĞƌĞĚ͘ůŽƚŚŝŶŐŝƐĐŚĂŶŐĞĚǁŚĞŶĐŽŶƚĂŵŝŶĂƚĞĚ͘
ϯ͘ ǇĞ ĂŶĚ ĨĂĐĞ ƉƌŽƚĞĐƟŽŶ ;ŐŽŐŐůĞƐ͕ ŵĂƐŬ͕ ĨĂĐĞ ƐŚŝĞůĚ Žƌ ŽƚŚĞƌ ƐƉůĂƐŚ ŐƵĂƌĚͿ ŵƵƐƚ ďĞ ĚŝƐƉŽƐĞĚ ŽĨ ǁŝƚŚ
ŽƚŚĞƌĐŽŶƚĂŵŝŶĂƚĞĚůĂďŽƌĂƚŽƌǇǁĂƐƚĞŽƌĚĞĐŽŶƚĂŵŝŶĂƚĞĚďĞĨŽƌĞƌĞƵƐĞ͘WĞƌƐŽŶƐǁŚŽǁĞĂƌĐŽŶƚĂĐƚůĞŶƐĞƐŝŶ
ůĂďŽƌĂƚŽƌŝĞƐŵƵƐƚĂůƐŽǁĞĂƌĞǇĞƉƌŽƚĞĐƟŽŶ͘
ϰ͘ 'ůŽǀĞƐ ŵƵƐƚ ďĞ ǁŽƌŶ ƚŽ ƉƌŽƚĞĐƚ ŚĂŶĚƐ ĨƌŽŵ ĞǆƉŽƐƵƌĞ ƚŽ ŚĂǌĂƌĚŽƵƐ ŵĂƚĞƌŝĂůƐ͘ 'ůŽǀĞ ƐĞůĞĐƟŽŶ ƐŚŽƵůĚ ďĞ
ďĂƐĞĚŽŶĂŶĂƉƉƌŽƉƌŝĂƚĞƌŝƐŬĂƐƐĞƐƐŵĞŶƚ͘ůƚĞƌŶĂƟǀĞƐƚŽůĂƚĞǆŐůŽǀĞƐƐŚŽƵůĚďĞĂǀĂŝůĂďůĞ͘'ůŽǀĞƐŵƵƐƚŶŽƚďĞ
ǁŽƌŶŽƵƚƐŝĚĞƚŚĞůĂďŽƌĂƚŽƌǇ͘/ŶĂĚĚŝƟŽŶ͕^>ͲϯůĂďŽƌĂƚŽƌǇǁŽƌŬĞƌƐ͗
Ă͘ŚĂŶŐĞƐŐůŽǀĞƐǁŚĞŶĐŽŶƚĂŵŝŶĂƚĞĚ͕ŐůŽǀĞŝŶƚĞŐƌŝƚǇŝƐĐŽŵƉƌŽŵŝƐĞĚ͕ŽƌǁŚĞŶŽƚŚĞƌǁŝƐĞŶĞĐĞƐƐĂƌǇ͘tĞĂƌƚǁŽ
ƉĂŝƌƐŽĨŐůŽǀĞƐǁŚĞŶĂƉƉƌŽƉƌŝĂƚĞ͘
427
40-42.
249
=5Y(N428
ϭ͘ ůů ƉĞƌƐŽŶƐ ĞŶƚĞƌŝŶŐ ƚŚĞ ůĂďŽƌĂƚŽƌǇ ŵƵƐƚ ďĞ ĂĚǀŝƐĞĚ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ƉŽƚĞŶƟĂů ŚĂǌĂƌĚƐ ĂŶĚ ŵĞĞƚ ƐƉĞĐŝĮĐ ĞŶƚƌǇ
ƌĞƋƵŝƌĞŵĞŶƚƐŝŶĂĐĐŽƌĚĂŶĐĞǁŝƚŚŝŶƐƟƚƵƟŽŶĂůƉŽůŝĐŝĞƐ͘
KŶůǇƉĞƌƐŽŶƐǁŚŽƐĞƉƌĞƐĞŶĐĞŝŶƚŚĞĨĂĐŝůŝƚǇŽƌŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂůůĂďŽƌĂƚŽƌǇƌŽŽŵƐŝƐƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĨŽƌƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐŽƌƐƵƉƉŽƌƚ
ƉƵƌƉŽƐĞƐĂƌĞĂƵƚŚŽƌŝǌĞĚƚŽĞŶƚĞƌ͘
tŚŝůĞƚŚĞůĂďŽƌĂƚŽƌǇŝƐŽƉĞƌĂƟŽŶĂů͕ƉĞƌƐŽŶŶĞůŵƵƐƚĞŶƚĞƌĂŶĚĞǆŝƚƚŚĞůĂďŽƌĂƚŽƌǇƚŚƌŽƵŐŚƚŚĞĐůŽƚŚŝŶŐĐŚĂŶŐĞ
ĂŶĚƐŚŽǁĞƌƌŽŽŵƐĞǆĐĞƉƚĚƵƌŝŶŐĞŵĞƌŐĞŶĐŝĞƐ͘ůůƉĞƌƐŽŶĂůĐůŽƚŚŝŶŐŵƵƐƚďĞƌĞŵŽǀĞĚŝŶƚŚĞŽƵƚĞƌĐůŽƚŚŝŶŐ
ĐŚĂŶŐĞƌŽŽŵ͘ůůƉĞƌƐŽŶƐĞŶƚĞƌŝŶŐƚŚĞůĂďŽƌĂƚŽƌǇŵƵƐƚƵƐĞůĂďŽƌĂƚŽƌǇĐůŽƚŚŝŶŐ͕ŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƵŶĚĞƌŐĂƌŵĞŶƚƐ͕ƉĂŶƚƐ͕
ƐŚŝƌƚƐ͕ũƵŵƉƐƵŝƚƐ͕ƐŚŽĞƐ͕ĂŶĚŐůŽǀĞƐ;ĂƐĂƉƉƌŽƉƌŝĂƚĞͿ͘ůůƉĞƌƐŽŶƐůĞĂǀŝŶŐƚŚĞůĂďŽƌĂƚŽƌǇŵƵƐƚƚĂŬĞĂƉĞƌƐŽŶĂů
ďŽĚǇƐŚŽǁĞƌ͘hƐĞĚůĂďŽƌĂƚŽƌǇĐůŽƚŚŝŶŐŵƵƐƚŶŽƚďĞƌĞŵŽǀĞĚĨƌŽŵƚŚĞŝŶŶĞƌĐŚĂŶŐĞƌŽŽŵƚŚƌŽƵŐŚƚŚĞƉĞƌƐŽŶĂů
ƐŚŽǁĞƌ͘dŚĞƐĞŝƚĞŵƐŵƵƐƚďĞƚƌĞĂƚĞĚĂƐĐŽŶƚĂŵŝŶĂƚĞĚŵĂƚĞƌŝĂůƐĂŶĚĚĞĐŽŶƚĂŵŝŶĂƚĞĚďĞĨŽƌĞůĂƵŶĚĞƌŝŶŐ͘
ŌĞƌƚŚĞůĂďŽƌĂƚŽƌǇŚĂƐďĞĞŶĐŽŵƉůĞƚĞůǇĚĞĐŽŶƚĂŵŝŶĂƚĞĚĂŶĚĂůůŝŶĨĞĐƟŽƵƐĂŐĞŶƚƐĂƌĞƐĞĐƵƌĞĚ͕ŶĞĐĞƐƐĂƌǇƐƚĂī
ŵĂǇĞŶƚĞƌĂŶĚĞǆŝƚǁŝƚŚŽƵƚĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐƚŚĞĐůŽƚŚŝŶŐĐŚĂŶŐĞĂŶĚƐŚŽǁĞƌƌĞƋƵŝƌĞŵĞŶƚƐĚĞƐĐƌŝďĞĚĂďŽǀĞ͘
Ϯ͘>ĂďŽƌĂƚŽƌǇƉĞƌƐŽŶŶĞůĂŶĚƐƵƉƉŽƌƚƐƚĂīŵƵƐƚďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚĂƉƉƌŽƉƌŝĂƚĞŽĐĐƵƉĂƟŽŶĂůŵĞĚŝĐĂůƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐ
ŵĞĚŝĐĂůƐƵƌǀĞŝůůĂŶĐĞĂŶĚĂǀĂŝůĂďůĞŝŵŵƵŶŝǌĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌĂŐĞŶƚƐŚĂŶĚůĞĚŽƌƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůůǇƉƌĞƐĞŶƚŝŶƚŚĞůĂďŽƌĂƚŽƌǇ͘
ƐǇƐƚĞŵ ŵƵƐƚ ďĞ ĞƐƚĂďůŝƐŚĞĚ ĨŽƌ ƌĞƉŽƌƟŶŐ ĂŶĚ ĚŽĐƵŵĞŶƟŶŐ ůĂďŽƌĂƚŽƌǇ ĂĐĐŝĚĞŶƚƐ͕ ĞǆƉŽƐƵƌĞƐ͕ ĞŵƉůŽǇĞĞ
ĂďƐĞŶƚĞĞŝƐŵĂŶĚĨŽƌƚŚĞŵĞĚŝĐĂůƐƵƌǀĞŝůůĂŶĐĞŽĨƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůůĂďŽƌĂƚŽƌǇͲĂƐƐŽĐŝĂƚĞĚŝůůŶĞƐƐĞƐ͘ŶĞƐƐĞŶƟĂůĂĚũƵŶĐƚ
ƚŽƐƵĐŚĂŶŽĐĐƵƉĂƟŽŶĂůŵĞĚŝĐĂůƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐƐǇƐƚĞŵŝƐƚŚĞĂǀĂŝůĂďŝůŝƚǇŽĨĂĨĂĐŝůŝƚǇĨŽƌƚŚĞŝƐŽůĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŵĞĚŝĐĂůĐĂƌĞ
ŽĨƉĞƌƐŽŶŶĞůǁŝƚŚƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůŽƌŬŶŽǁŶůĂďŽƌĂƚŽƌǇͲĂĐƋƵŝƌĞĚŝŶĨĞĐƟŽŶƐ͘
ϰ͘ůĂďŽƌĂƚŽƌǇͲƐƉĞĐŝĮĐďŝŽƐĂĨĞƚǇŵĂŶƵĂůŵƵƐƚďĞƉƌĞƉĂƌĞĚ͘dŚĞďŝŽƐĂĨĞƚǇŵĂŶƵĂůŵƵƐƚďĞĂǀĂŝůĂďůĞ͕ĂĐĐĞƐƐŝďůĞ͕
ĂŶĚĨŽůůŽǁĞĚ͘
ϱ͘dŚĞůĂďŽƌĂƚŽƌǇƐƵƉĞƌǀŝƐŽƌŝƐƌĞƐƉŽŶƐŝďůĞĨŽƌĞŶƐƵƌŝŶŐƚŚĂƚůĂďŽƌĂƚŽƌǇƉĞƌƐŽŶŶĞů͗
ď͘ZĞĐĞŝǀĞĂƉƉƌŽƉƌŝĂƚĞƚƌĂŝŶŝŶŐŝŶƚŚĞƉƌĂĐƟĐĞƐĂŶĚŽƉĞƌĂƟŽŶƐƐƉĞĐŝĮĐƚŽƚŚĞůĂďŽƌĂƚŽƌǇĨĂĐŝůŝƚǇ͘
Đ͘ZĞĐĞŝǀĞĂŶŶƵĂůƵƉĚĂƚĞƐĂŶĚĂĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůƚƌĂŝŶŝŶŐǁŚĞŶƉƌŽĐĞĚƵƌĂůŽƌƉŽůŝĐǇĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŽĐĐƵƌ͘
ϲ͘>ĂďŽƌĂƚŽƌǇĞƋƵŝƉŵĞŶƚŵƵƐƚƐďĞƌŽƵƟŶĞůǇĚĞĐŽŶƚĂŵŝŶĂƚĞĚ͕ĂƐǁĞůůĂƐĂŌĞƌƐƉŝůůƐ͕ƐƉůĂƐŚĞƐ͕ŽƌŽƚŚĞƌƉŽƚĞŶƟĂů
ĐŽŶƚĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶ͘
Ă͘ ^ƉŝůůƐ ŝŶǀŽůǀŝŶŐ ŝŶĨĞĐƟŽƵƐ ŵĂƚĞƌŝĂůƐ ŵƵƐƚ ďĞ ĐŽŶƚĂŝŶĞĚ͕ ĚĞĐŽŶƚĂŵŝŶĂƚĞĚ͕ ĂŶĚ ĐůĞĂŶĞĚ ƵƉ ďǇ ĂƉƉƌŽƉƌŝĂƚĞ
ƉƌŽĨĞƐƐŝŽŶĂůƐƚĂī͕ŽƌŽƚŚĞƌƐƉƌŽƉĞƌůǇƚƌĂŝŶĞĚĂŶĚĞƋƵŝƉƉĞĚƚŽǁŽƌŬǁŝƚŚŝŶĨĞĐƟŽƵƐŵĂƚĞƌŝĂů͘ƐƉŝůůƉƌŽĐĞĚƵƌĞ
ŵƵƐƚďĞĚĞǀĞůŽƉĞĚĂŶĚƉŽƐƚĞĚǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚĞůĂďŽƌĂƚŽƌǇ͘
ď͘ƋƵŝƉŵĞŶƚŵƵƐƚďĞĚĞĐŽŶƚĂŵŝŶĂƚĞĚƵƐŝŶŐĂŶĞīĞĐƟǀĞĂŶĚǀĂůŝĚĂƚĞĚŵĞƚŚŽĚďĞĨŽƌĞƌĞƉĂŝƌ͕ŵĂŝŶƚĞŶĂŶĐĞ͕Žƌ
ƌĞŵŽǀĂůĨƌŽŵƚŚĞůĂďŽƌĂƚŽƌǇ͘
ϳ͘/ŶĐŝĚĞŶƚƐƚŚĂƚŵĂǇƌĞƐƵůƚŝŶĞǆƉŽƐƵƌĞƚŽŝŶĨĞĐƟŽƵƐŵĂƚĞƌŝĂůƐŵƵƐƚďĞŝŵŵĞĚŝĂƚĞůǇĞǀĂůƵĂƚĞĚĂŶĚƚƌĞĂƚĞĚ
ĂĐĐŽƌĚŝŶŐ ƚŽ ƉƌŽĐĞĚƵƌĞƐ ĚĞƐĐƌŝďĞĚ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ ůĂďŽƌĂƚŽƌǇ ďŝŽƐĂĨĞƚǇ ŵĂŶƵĂů͘ ůů ŝŶĐŝĚĞŶƚƐ ŵƵƐƚ ďĞ ƌĞƉŽƌƚĞĚ ƚŽ
ƚŚĞ ůĂďŽƌĂƚŽƌǇ ƐƵƉĞƌǀŝƐŽƌ͕ ŝŶƐƟƚƵƟŽŶĂů ŵĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚ ĂŶĚ ĂƉƉƌŽƉƌŝĂƚĞ ůĂďŽƌĂƚŽƌǇ ƉĞƌƐŽŶŶĞů ĂƐ ĚĞĮŶĞĚ ŝŶ
ƚŚĞ ůĂďŽƌĂƚŽƌǇ ďŝŽƐĂĨĞƚǇ ŵĂŶƵĂů͘ DĞĚŝĐĂů ĞǀĂůƵĂƟŽŶ͕ ƐƵƌǀĞŝůůĂŶĐĞ͕ ĂŶĚ ƚƌĞĂƚŵĞŶƚ ƐŚŽƵůĚ ďĞ ƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚ ĂŶĚ
ĂƉƉƌŽƉƌŝĂƚĞƌĞĐŽƌĚƐŵĂŝŶƚĂŝŶĞĚ͘
ϴ͘ĂŝůǇŝŶƐƉĞĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĞƐƐĞŶƟĂůĐŽŶƚĂŝŶŵĞŶƚĂŶĚůŝĨĞƐƵƉƉŽƌƚƐǇƐƚĞŵƐŵƵƐƚďĞĐŽŵƉůĞƚĞĚĂŶĚĚŽĐƵŵĞŶƚĞĚ
ďĞĨŽƌĞ ůĂďŽƌĂƚŽƌǇ ǁŽƌŬ ŝƐ ŝŶŝƟĂƚĞĚ ƚŽ ĞŶƐƵƌĞ ƚŚĂƚ ƚŚĞ ůĂďŽƌĂƚŽƌǇ ŝƐ ŽƉĞƌĂƟŶŐ ĂĐĐŽƌĚŝŶŐ ƚŽ ĞƐƚĂďůŝƐŚĞĚ
ƉĂƌĂŵĞƚĞƌƐ͘
ϵ͘ WƌĂĐƟĐĂů ĂŶĚ ĞīĞĐƟǀĞ ƉƌŽƚŽĐŽůƐ ĨŽƌ ĞŵĞƌŐĞŶĐǇ ƐŝƚƵĂƟŽŶƐ ŵƵƐƚ ďĞ ĞƐƚĂďůŝƐŚĞĚ͘ dŚĞƐĞ ƉƌŽƚŽĐŽůƐ ŵƵƐƚ
ŝŶĐůƵĚĞƉůĂŶƐĨŽƌŵĞĚŝĐĂůĞŵĞƌŐĞŶĐŝĞƐ͕ĨĂĐŝůŝƚǇŵĂůĨƵŶĐƟŽŶƐ͕ĮƌĞƐ͕ĂŶĚŽƚŚĞƌƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůĞŵĞƌŐĞŶĐŝĞƐ͘dƌĂŝŶŝŶŐ
ŝŶĞŵĞƌŐĞŶĐǇƌĞƐƉŽŶƐĞƉƌŽĐĞĚƵƌĞƐŵƵƐƚďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚƚŽĞŵĞƌŐĞŶĐǇƌĞƐƉŽŶƐĞƉĞƌƐŽŶŶĞůĂŶĚŽƚŚĞƌƌĞƐƉŽŶƐŝďůĞ
ƐƚĂīĂĐĐŽƌĚŝŶŐƚŽŝŶƐƟƚƵƟŽŶĂůƉŽůŝĐŝĞƐ͘
428
47-51.
250
L"%-#+2(Y"%&7"2&78
dŚĞůĂƐƐ///ĐĂďŝŶĞƚŵƵƐƚŚĂǀĞĂ,WĮůƚĞƌŽŶƚŚĞƐƵƉƉůǇĂŝƌŝŶƚĂŬĞĂŶĚƚǁŽ,WĮůƚĞƌƐŝŶƐĞƌŝĞƐŽŶƚŚĞĞǆŚĂƵƐƚ
ŽƵƚůĞƚŽĨƚŚĞƵŶŝƚ͘dŚĞƌĞŵƵƐƚďĞŐĂƐƟŐŚƚĚĂŵƉĞƌƐŽŶƚŚĞƐƵƉƉůǇĂŶĚĞǆŚĂƵƐƚĚƵĐƚƐŽĨƚŚĞĐĂďŝŶĞƚƚŽƉĞƌŵŝƚ
ŐĂƐŽƌǀĂƉŽƌĚĞĐŽŶƚĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƵŶŝƚ͘WŽƌƚƐĨŽƌŝŶũĞĐƟŽŶŽĨƚĞƐƚŵĞĚŝƵŵŵƵƐƚďĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚŽŶĂůů,WĮůƚĞƌ
ŚŽƵƐŝŶŐƐ͘
ůůƐŚĂƌƉĞĚŐĞƐŽŶĐĂďŝŶĞƚĮŶŝƐŚĞƐŵƵƐƚďĞĞůŝŵŝŶĂƚĞĚƚŽƌĞĚƵĐĞƚŚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůĨŽƌĐƵƚƐĂŶĚƚĞĂƌƐŽĨŐůŽǀĞƐ͘
ƋƵŝƉŵĞŶƚƚŽďĞƉůĂĐĞĚŝŶƚŚĞůĂƐƐ///ĐĂďŝŶĞƚƐŚŽƵůĚĂůƐŽďĞĨƌĞĞŽĨƐŚĂƌƉĞĚŐĞƐŽƌŽƚŚĞƌƐƵƌĨĂĐĞƐƚŚĂƚŵĂǇ
ĚĂŵĂŐĞŽƌƉƵŶĐƚƵƌĞƚŚĞĐĂďŝŶĞƚŐůŽǀĞƐ͘
ůĂƐƐ///ĐĂďŝŶĞƚŐůŽǀĞƐŵƵƐƚďĞŝŶƐƉĞĐƚĞĚĨŽƌĚĂŵĂŐĞƉƌŝŽƌƚŽƵƐĞĂŶĚĐŚĂŶŐĞĚŝĨŶĞĐĞƐƐĂƌǇ͘'ůŽǀĞƐƐŚŽƵůĚďĞ
ƌĞƉůĂĐĞĚĂŶŶƵĂůůǇĚƵƌŝŶŐĐĂďŝŶĞƚƌĞͲĐĞƌƟĮĐĂƟŽŶ͘
dŚĞůĂƐƐ///ĐĂďŝŶĞƚŵƵƐƚďĞĐĞƌƟĮĞĚĂƚůĞĂƐƚĂŶŶƵĂůůǇ͘
ϭ͘tŽƌŬĞƌƐŝŶƚŚĞůĂďŽƌĂƚŽƌǇŵƵƐƚǁĞĂƌƉƌŽƚĞĐƟǀĞůĂďŽƌĂƚŽƌǇĐůŽƚŚŝŶŐǁŝƚŚĂƐŽůŝĚͲĨƌŽŶƚ͕ƐƵĐŚĂƐƟĞͲďĂĐŬŽƌǁƌĂƉͲ
ĂƌŽƵŶĚŐŽǁŶƐ͕ƐĐƌƵďƐƵŝƚƐ͕ŽƌĐŽǀĞƌĂůůƐ͘EŽƉĞƌƐŽŶĂůĐůŽƚŚŝŶŐ͕ũĞǁĞůƌǇ͕ŽƌŽƚŚĞƌŝƚĞŵƐĞǆĐĞƉƚĞǇĞŐůĂƐƐĞƐƐŚŽƵůĚ
ďĞƚĂŬĞŶƉĂƐƚƚŚĞƉĞƌƐŽŶĂůƐŚŽǁĞƌĂƌĞĂ͘ůůƉƌŽƚĞĐƟǀĞĐůŽƚŚŝŶŐŵƵƐƚďĞƌĞŵŽǀĞĚŝŶƚŚĞĚŝƌƚǇƐŝĚĞĐŚĂŶŐĞƌŽŽŵ
ďĞĨŽƌĞƐŚŽǁĞƌŝŶŐ͘ZĞƵƐĂďůĞĐůŽƚŚŝŶŐŵƵƐƚďĞĂƵƚŽĐůĂǀĞĚƉƌŝŽƌƚŽƌĞŵŽǀĂůĨƌŽŵƚŚĞůĂďŽƌĂƚŽƌǇĨŽƌůĂƵŶĚĞƌŝŶŐ͘
Ϯ͘ǇĞ͕ĨĂĐĞĂŶĚƌĞƐƉŝƌĂƚŽƌǇƉƌŽƚĞĐƟŽŶƐŚŽƵůĚďĞƵƐĞĚŝŶƌŽŽŵƐĐŽŶƚĂŝŶŝŶŐŝŶĨĞĐƚĞĚĂŶŝŵĂůƐĂƐĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĞĚďǇ
ƚŚĞ ƌŝƐŬ ĂƐƐĞƐƐŵĞŶƚ͘ WƌĞƐĐƌŝƉƟŽŶ ĞǇĞŐůĂƐƐĞƐ ŵƵƐƚ ďĞ ĚĞĐŽŶƚĂŵŝŶĂƚĞĚ ďĞĨŽƌĞ ƌĞŵŽǀĂů ƚŚƌŽƵŐŚ ƚŚĞ ƉĞƌƐŽŶĂů
ďŽĚǇƐŚŽǁĞƌ͘
ϯ͘ ŝƐƉŽƐĂďůĞ ŐůŽǀĞƐ ŵƵƐƚ ďĞ ǁŽƌŶ ƵŶĚĞƌŶĞĂƚŚ ĐĂďŝŶĞƚ ŐůŽǀĞƐ ƚŽ ƉƌŽƚĞĐƚ ƚŚĞ ǁŽƌŬĞƌ ĨƌŽŵ ĞǆƉŽƐƵƌĞ ƐŚŽƵůĚ
Ă ďƌĞĂŬ Žƌ ƚĞĂƌ ŽĐĐƵƌ ŝŶ Ă ĐĂďŝŶĞƚ ŐůŽǀĞ͘ 'ůŽǀĞƐ ŵƵƐƚ ŶŽƚ ďĞ ǁŽƌŶ ŽƵƚƐŝĚĞ ƚŚĞ ůĂďŽƌĂƚŽƌǇ͘ ůƚĞƌŶĂƟǀĞƐ ƚŽ
ůĂƚĞǆŐůŽǀĞƐƐŚŽƵůĚďĞĂǀĂŝůĂďůĞ͘ŽŶŽƚǁĂƐŚŽƌƌĞƵƐĞĚŝƐƉŽƐĂďůĞŐůŽǀĞƐ͘ŝƐƉŽƐĞŽĨƵƐĞĚŐůŽǀĞƐǁŝƚŚŽƚŚĞƌ
ĐŽŶƚĂŵŝŶĂƚĞĚůĂďŽƌĂƚŽƌǇǁĂƐƚĞ͘
56-2(Y"%&7"2&78
ϭ͘ůůƉƌŽĐĞĚƵƌĞƐŵƵƐƚďĞĐŽŶĚƵĐƚĞĚďǇƉĞƌƐŽŶŶĞůǁĞĂƌŝŶŐĂŽŶĞͲƉŝĞĐĞƉŽƐŝƟǀĞƉƌĞƐƐƵƌĞƐƵƉƉůŝĞĚĂŝƌƐƵŝƚ͘
Ϯ͘ tŽƌŬĞƌƐ ŵƵƐƚ ǁĞĂƌ ůĂďŽƌĂƚŽƌǇ ĐůŽƚŚŝŶŐ͕ ƐƵĐŚ ĂƐ ƐĐƌƵď ƐƵŝƚƐ͕ ďĞĨŽƌĞ ĞŶƚĞƌŝŶŐ ƚŚĞ ƌŽŽŵ ƵƐĞĚ ĨŽƌ ĚŽŶŶŝŶŐ
ƉŽƐŝƟǀĞƉƌĞƐƐƵƌĞƐƵŝƚƐ͘ůůůĂďŽƌĂƚŽƌǇĐůŽƚŚŝŶŐŵƵƐƚďĞƌĞŵŽǀĞĚŝŶƚŚĞĚŝƌƚǇƐŝĚĞĐŚĂŶŐĞƌŽŽŵďĞĨŽƌĞĞŶƚĞƌŝŶŐ
ƚŚĞƉĞƌƐŽŶĂůƐŚŽǁĞƌ͘
ϯ͘/ŶŶĞƌĚŝƐƉŽƐĂďůĞŐůŽǀĞƐŵƵƐƚďĞǁŽƌŶƚŽƉƌŽƚĞĐƚĂŐĂŝŶƐƚďƌĞĂŬŽƌƚĞĂƌƐŝŶƚŚĞŽƵƚĞƌƐƵŝƚŐůŽǀĞƐ͘ŝƐƉŽƐĂďůĞ
ŐůŽǀĞƐŵƵƐƚŶŽƚďĞǁŽƌŶŽƵƚƐŝĚĞƚŚĞĐŚĂŶŐĞĂƌĞĂ͘ůƚĞƌŶĂƟǀĞƐƚŽůĂƚĞǆŐůŽǀĞƐƐŚŽƵůĚďĞĂǀĂŝůĂďůĞ͘ŽŶŽƚǁĂƐŚ
Žƌ ƌĞƵƐĞ ĚŝƐƉŽƐĂďůĞ ŐůŽǀĞƐ͘ /ŶŶĞƌ ŐůŽǀĞƐ ŵƵƐƚ ďĞ ƌĞŵŽǀĞĚ ĂŶĚ ĚŝƐĐĂƌĚĞĚ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ ŝŶŶĞƌ ĐŚĂŶŐĞ ƌŽŽŵ ƉƌŝŽƌ ƚŽ
ĞŶƚĞƌŝŶŐƚŚĞƉĞƌƐŽŶĂůƐŚŽǁĞƌ͘ŝƐƉŽƐĞŽĨƵƐĞĚŐůŽǀĞƐǁŝƚŚŽƚŚĞƌĐŽŶƚĂŵŝŶĂƚĞĚǁĂƐƚĞ͘
ϰ͘ĞĐŽŶƚĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨŽƵƚĞƌƐƵŝƚŐůŽǀĞƐŝƐƉĞƌĨŽƌŵĞĚĚƵƌŝŶŐůĂďŽƌĂƚŽƌǇŽƉĞƌĂƟŽŶƐƚŽƌĞŵŽǀĞŐƌŽƐƐĐŽŶƚĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶ
ĂŶĚŵŝŶŝŵŝǌĞĨƵƌƚŚĞƌĐŽŶƚĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞůĂďŽƌĂƚŽƌǇ͘
("$"$"'"#dƌĂŝŶŝŶŐ
In order to be effective, a HCWM policy has to be applied carefully, consistent-
ly and universally an training is crucial to its success. Inadequate training in the
proper use of personal protective equipment may reduce its effectiveness, provide
a false sense of security, and could increase the risk to laboratory workers'%$.
Training in health and safety should ensure that workers430 know of and under-
stand the potential risks associated with health-care waste and the importance of
consistent use of personal protective equipment431.
429
430
Workers at risk include health-care providers, hospital cleaners, maintenance workers,
operators of waste treatment equipment, and all operators involved in waste handling and disposal
within and outside health-care establishments.
431
251
Staff education programmes should cover:

Information on, and justification for, all aspects of the HCWM policy;
Information on the role and responsibilities of each hospital staff member in
implementing the policy;
Technical instructions, relevant for the target group, on the application of waste
management practices;
Information on monitoring techniques432.
\<E<M<((ŽŶƟŶŐĞŶĐǇƉůĂŶ
Every laboratory that works with infective microorganisms should institute safety
precautions appropriate to the hazard of the organisms being handled.
A written contingency plan for dealing with laboratory facility accidents is a ne-
cessity in any facility that works with or stores Risk Group 3 or 4 microorganisms
(BSL3 and BSL4). National and/or local health authorities should be involved in
the development of the emergency preparedness plan.
The contingency plan should provide operational procedures for433:

1. Precautions against natural disasters, e.g. fire, flood, earthquake and explosion
2. Biohazard risk assessment
3. Incident-exposure management and decontamination
4. Emergency evacuation of people from the premises
5. Emergency medical treatment of exposed and injured persons
6. Medical surveillance of exposed persons
7. Clinical management of exposed persons
8. Epidemiological investigation
9. Post-incident continuation of operations.
In the development of this plan the following items should be considered for in-
clusion434:
1. Identification of high-risk organisms
2. Location of high-risk areas, e.g. laboratories, storage areas
3. Identification of at-risk personnel and populations
4. Identification of responsible personnel and their duties, e.g. biosafety offi-
cer, safety personnel, local health authority, clinicians, microbiologists, epidemiol-
ogists, and fire and police services (specifications on responsible personnel to be
contacted in case of emergency are provided for in BOX 8.5).
432
Guidance Manual”, UNEP and WHO, p. 20.
433
“Laboratory biosafety manaual”, WHO, 3th edition, 2004, p. 78.
434
Id.
252
5. Lists of treatment and isolation facilities that can receive exposed or infected persons
6. Transport of exposed or infected persons
7. Lists of sources of immune serum, vaccines, drugs, special equipment and supplies
8. Provision of emergency equipment, e.g. protective clothing, disinfectants, chemical
and biological spill kits, decontamination equipment and supplies (specifica-
tions on emergency equipment are provided for in BOX 8.6).
This applies to different kind of emergencies and, accordingly, to possible specif-

ic emergencies related to biohazardous waste. Moreover, one person should be
designated as responsible for the handling of emergencies, including coordination
of actions, reporting to managers and regulators, and liaising with emergency ser-
vices, and a deputy should be appointed to act in case of absence.
The response to emergencies should ensure the following:
the waste management plan should be respected;

contaminated areas should be cleared and, if necessary, disinfected;
the exposure of workers should be limited as much as possible during the operation;
the impact on personnel, and the environment should be limited to the extent possible.
The staff should be well prepared for emergency response, and the required equip-
ment should be easily available at all points in time and within reasonable distance
to ensure that an adequate response can be made safely and rapidly. Written pro-
cedures for the different types of emergencies should be drawn up.
Particularly a response programme should be established for immediate reac-
tion to injuries or exposure to a biohazardous substance. All staff handling bio-
medical and health-care waste should be trained in dealing with injuries. Such a
programme should include the following elements435:
Immediate first aid measures, such as cleansing of wounds and skin and irri-
gation (splashing) of eyes (specifications on first aid measures are provided for in
BOX 8.4);
Immediate reporting to a responsible designated person;
Retention, if possible, of the item and details of its source for identification of
possible infection;
Additional medical care from an accident, emergency or occupational health
department as soon as possible;
Medical surveillance;
Blood or other tests if indicated;
Recording of the incident;
435
“Technical guidelines on the environmentally Sound Mannagement of Biomedical and
Healthce Wastes (Y1;Y3) BC+ UNEP, 2003, PP 42-45.
253
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("$"&"!"#ĞĂůŝŶŐǁŝƚŚƐƉŝůůĂŐĞƐ
For health-care establishments, spills of infectious or other hazardous material or
waste are probably the most common emergencies related to hazardous materi-
al. Basically, the same response procedures are applied, regardless of whether the
spills are from material or waste.
For dangerous spills, clean-up should be carried out by designated, specifically
trained for the purpose.
Spillages usually require clean-up only of the contaminated area. For spillages of
infectious material, however, it is important to determine the type of infectious
agent; in some cases, immediate evacuation of the area may be necessary. In gen-
eral, the more hazardous spillages occur in laboratories rather than in health-care
departments. Procedures for dealing with spillages should specify safe handling
operations and appropriate protective clothing.
For example, if we are in presence of broken containers contaminated with
infectious substances and spilled infectious substances we should be covered it
with a cloth or paper towels. Disinfectant should then be poured over these and
left for the appropriate amount of time. The cloth or paper towels and the broken
material can then be cleared away; glass fragments should be handled with forceps.
The contaminated area should then be swabbed with disinfectant.
If dustpans are used to clear away the broken material, they should be au-
toclaved or placed in an effective disinfectant. Cloths, paper towels and swabs
used for cleaning up should be placed in a contaminated-waste container. Gloves
should be worn for all these procedures.
If laboratory forms or other printed or written matter are contaminated, the
information should be copied onto another form and the original discarded into
the contaminated-waste container'"(͘
Appropriate equipment for collecting the waste and new containers should be
available as well as means for disinfection. An example of this procedure is provid-
ed for in BOX 8.3.
For clearing up spillages of body fluids or other potentially hazardous substances,

particularly if there is any risk of splashing, eye protectors and masks should be
worn, in addition to gloves and overalls.
Respirators (gas masks) are also needed if an activity is particularly dangerous,
for example if it involves toxic dusts, the clearance of incinerator residues, or the
cleaning of contaminated equipment.
436
254
Residues should be recovered as completely as possible using hand tools (e.g. a

shovel), and then packed safely. If a leakage or spillage involves infectious material, the
floor should be cleaned and disinfected after most of the waste has been recovered.
In case of skin and eye contact with hazardous substances, there should be
immediate decontamination. The exposed person should be removed from the
area of the incident for decontamination, generally with copious amounts of water.
Special attention should be paid to the eyes and any open wounds437.
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ǁĂƐƚĞďĂŐƐŽƌĐŽŶƚĂŝŶĞƌƐ͘
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ǆĂŵƉůĞŽĨŐĞŶĞƌĂůƉƌŽĐĞĚƵƌĞĨŽƌĚĞĂůŝŶŐǁŝƚŚƐƉŝůůĂŐĞƐ
437
255
("$"&"$"#^ƉĞĐŝĂůƉƌŽǀŝƐŝŽŶƐĨŽƌŶĞĞĚůĞƐƟĐŬŝŶũƵƌŝĞƐ͕ĐƵƚƐĂŶĚĂďƌĂƐŝŽŶƐ
Due to their high potential for injuries and contamination, needles are one of the
most dangerous items that are handled in a HCFs. Any accident should be report-
ed to the infection control nurse and a reporting system should be established in
each HCF. This information should then be reported to the competent authorities
at central level438.
In case of a needle stick injury, the affected individual should remove protec-
tive clothing, wash the hands and any affected area(s), apply an appropriate skin
disinfectant439, and the area should be washed under clean running water440. Fur-
thermore, it is highly recommended to perform blood tests after such an injury to
ensure that the person has not been contaminated by any pathogen, in particular
hepatitis B and C or HIV441.
("$"&"%"#/ŶŐĞƐƟŽŶŽĨƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůůǇŝŶĨĞĐƟŽƵƐŵĂƚĞƌŝĂů
Protective clothing should be removed and medical attention sought. Identifica-
tion of the material ingested and circumstances of the incident should be reported,
and appropriate and complete medical records kept''%.
("$"&"&"#WŽƚĞŶƟĂůůǇŝŶĨĞĐƟŽƵƐĂĞƌŽƐŽůƌĞůĞĂƐĞ;ŽƵƚƐŝĚĞĂďŝŽůŽŐŝĐĂůƐĂĨĞƚǇĐĂďŝŶĞƚͿ
All persons should immediately evacuate the affected area and any exposed per-
sons should be referred for medical advice''". The laboratory supervisor and the
biosafety officer should be informed at once. No one should enter the room for
an appropriate amount of time (e.g. 1 h), to allow aerosols to be carried away and
heavier particles to settle. If the laboratory does not have a central air exhaust sys-
tem, entrance should be delayed (e.g. for 24 h).
Signs should be posted indicating that entry is forbidden. After the appropriate
time, decontamination should proceed, supervised by the biosafety officer. Appro-
priate protective clothing and respiratory protection should be worn.
438
Guidance Manual”, UNEP and WHO, pp. 21-22.
439
440
441
Guidance Manual”, UNEP and WHO, pp. 21-22.
442
443
256
("$"&"'"#&ŝƌĞĂŶĚŶĂƚƵƌĂůĚŝƐĂƐƚĞƌ
Fire and other services should be involved in the development of emergency pre-
paredness plans'''. They should be told in advance which rooms contain poten-
tially infectious materials. It is beneficial to arrange for these services to visit the
laboratory to become acquainted with its layout and contents.
After a natural disaster, local or national emergency services should be warned
of the potential hazards within and/or near laboratory buildings. They should en-
ter only when accompanied by a trained laboratory worker. Infectious materials
should be collected in leakproof boxes or strong disposable bags. Salvage or final
disposal should be determined by biosafety staff on the basis of local ordinances.
("$"&"("#ZĞƉŽƌƟŶŐĂĐĐŝĚĞŶƚƐĂŶĚŝŶĐŝĚĞŶƚƐ
All waste management staff should be trained in emergency response and made aware
of the correct procedure for prompt reporting445. Accidents or incidents, including
near-misses, spillages, damaged containers, inappropriate segregation, and any inci-
dents involving sharps should be reported to the Waste Management Officer (if waste
is involved) or to another designated person. The report should include details of:
• the nature of the accident or incident;
• the place and time of the accident or incident;
• the staff who were directly involved;
• any other relevant circumstances.
The cause of the accident or incident should be investigated by the Waste Man-
agement Officer (in case of waste) or other responsible officer, who should also
take all possible action to prevent recurrence. The records of the investigation and
subsequent remedial measures should be kept446.
It is important to notice that the purpose of incident reporting should not be
seen as punitive; active support by managers should encourage prompt and accu-
rate reporting.
Z-712S"-$(
&ŝƌƐƚ ĂŝĚ ŝƐ ƚŚĞ ƐŬŝůůĞĚ ĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶ ŽĨ ĂĐĐĞƉƚĞĚ ƉƌŝŶĐŝƉůĞƐ ŽĨ ŵĞĚŝĐĂů ƚƌĞĂƚŵĞŶƚ Ăƚ ƚŚĞ ƟŵĞ ĂŶĚ ƉůĂĐĞ ŽĨ ĂŶ
ĂĐĐŝĚĞŶƚ͘/ƚŝƐƚŚĞĂƉƉƌŽǀĞĚŵĞƚŚŽĚŽĨƚƌĞĂƟŶŐĂĐĂƐƵĂůƚǇƵŶƟůŚĞŽƌƐŚĞŝƐƉůĂĐĞĚŝŶƚŚĞĐĂƌĞŽĨĂĚŽĐƚŽƌĨŽƌ
ĚĞĮŶŝƟǀĞƚƌĞĂƚŵĞŶƚŽĨƚŚĞŝŶũƵƌǇ͘
dŚĞŵŝŶŝŵƵŵĮƌƐƚͲĂŝĚĞƋƵŝƉŵĞŶƚĐŽŶƐŝƐƚƐŽĨĂĮƌƐƚͲĂŝĚďŽǆ͕ƉƌŽƚĞĐƟǀĞĐůŽƚŚŝŶŐĂŶĚƐĂĨĞƚǇĞƋƵŝƉŵĞŶƚĨŽƌƚŚĞ
ƉĞƌƐŽŶƌĞŶĚĞƌŝŶŐƚŚĞĮƌƐƚĂŝĚ͕ĂŶĚĞǇĞŝƌƌŝŐĂƟŽŶĞƋƵŝƉŵĞŶƚ͘
444
445
446
“Safe management of waste from health-care activities”, WHO, 1999, pp. 145-147.
257
Z-712("-$(%&?
dŚĞ ĮƌƐƚͲĂŝĚ ďŽǆ ƐŚŽƵůĚ ďĞ ĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƚĞĚ ĨƌŽŵ ŵĂƚĞƌŝĂůƐ ƚŚĂƚ ǁŝůů ŬĞĞƉ ƚŚĞ ĐŽŶƚĞŶƚƐ ĚƵƐƚͲ ĂŶĚ ĚĂŵƉͲĨƌĞĞ͘ /ƚ
ƐŚŽƵůĚďĞŬĞƉƚŝŶĂƉƌŽŵŝŶĞŶƚƉŽƐŝƟŽŶĂŶĚďĞĞĂƐŝůǇƌĞĐŽŐŶŝǌĞĚ͘
ǇŝŶƚĞƌŶĂƟŽŶĂůĐŽŶǀĞŶƟŽŶ͕ƚŚĞĮƌƐƚͲĂŝĚďŽǆŝƐŝĚĞŶƟĮĞĚďǇĂǁŚŝƚĞĐƌŽƐƐŽŶĂŐƌĞĞŶďĂĐŬŐƌŽƵŶĚ͘
dŚĞĮƌƐƚͲĂŝĚďŽǆƐŚŽƵůĚĐŽŶƚĂŝŶ͗
ϭ͘/ŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶƐŚĞĞƚŐŝǀŝŶŐŐĞŶĞƌĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Ϯ͘/ŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂůůǇͲǁƌĂƉƉĞĚƐƚĞƌŝůĞĂĚŚĞƐŝǀĞĚƌĞƐƐŝŶŐƐŝŶĂǀĂƌŝĞƚǇŽĨƐŝǌĞƐ
ϯ͘^ƚĞƌŝůĞĞǇĞͲƉĂĚƐǁŝƚŚĂƩĂĐŚŵĞŶƚďĂŶĚĂŐĞƐ
ϰ͘dƌŝĂŶŐƵůĂƌďĂŶĚĂŐĞƐ
ϱ͘^ƚĞƌŝůĞǁŽƵŶĚĐŽǀĞƌŝŶŐƐ
ϲ͘^ĂĨĞƚǇƉŝŶƐ
ϳ͘ƐĞůĞĐƟŽŶŽĨƐƚĞƌŝůĞďƵƚƵŶŵĞĚŝĐĂƚĞĚǁŽƵŶĚĚƌĞƐƐŝŶŐƐ
ϴ͘ŶĂƵƚŚŽƌŝƚĂƟǀĞĮƌƐƚͲĂŝĚŵĂŶƵĂů͕Ğ͘Ő͘ŽŶĞŝƐƐƵĞĚďǇƚŚĞ/ŶƚĞƌŶĂƟŽŶĂůZĞĚƌŽƐƐ͘
WƌŽƚĞĐƟǀĞĞƋƵŝƉŵĞŶƚĨŽƌƚŚĞƉĞƌƐŽŶƌĞŶĚĞƌŝŶŐĮƌƐƚĂŝĚŝŶĐůƵĚĞƐ͗
ϭ͘DŽƵƚŚƉŝĞĐĞĨŽƌŵŽƵƚŚͲƚŽͲŵŽƵƚŚƌĞƐƵƐĐŝƚĂƟŽŶ
Ϯ͘'ůŽǀĞƐĂŶĚŽƚŚĞƌďĂƌƌŝĞƌƉƌŽƚĞĐƟŽŶƐĂŐĂŝŶƐƚďůŽŽĚĞǆƉŽƐƵƌĞƐ͕ĂŶĚ
ϯ͘ůĞĂŶͲƵƉŬŝƚĨŽƌďůŽŽĚƐƉŝůůƐ
ǇĞŝƌƌŝŐĂƟŽŶĞƋƵŝƉŵĞŶƚƐŚŽƵůĚĂůƐŽďĞƌĞĂĚŝůǇĂǀĂŝůĂďůĞĂŶĚƐƚĂīƚƌĂŝŶĞĚŝŶŝƚƐĐŽƌƌĞĐƚƵƐĞ͘
ǆĂŵƉůĞŽĨĮƌƐƚĂŝĚĐŚĞĐŬůŝƐƚ
K,+7/+#)8(1+7F-)+1_(0*&,(2&()&#2")2
dŚĞƚĞůĞƉŚŽŶĞŶƵŵďĞƌƐĂŶĚĂĚĚƌĞƐƐĞƐŽĨƚŚĞĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐƐŚŽƵůĚďĞƉƌŽŵŝŶĞŶƚůǇĚŝƐƉůĂǇĞĚŝŶƚŚĞĨĂĐŝůŝƚǇ͗
ϭ͘dŚĞŝŶƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŽƌůĂďŽƌĂƚŽƌǇŝƚƐĞůĨ;ƚŚĞĂĚĚƌĞƐƐĂŶĚůŽĐĂƟŽŶŵĂǇŶŽƚďĞŬŶŽǁŶŝŶĚĞƚĂŝůďǇƚŚĞĐĂůůĞƌŽƌƚŚĞ
ƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐĐĂůůĞĚͿ
Ϯ͘ŝƌĞĐƚŽƌŽĨƚŚĞŝŶƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŽƌůĂďŽƌĂƚŽƌǇ
ϯ͘>ĂďŽƌĂƚŽƌǇƐƵƉĞƌǀŝƐŽƌ
ϰ͘ŝŽƐĂĨĞƚǇŽĸĐĞƌ
ϱ͘&ŝƌĞƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐ
ϲ͘,ŽƐƉŝƚĂůƐͬĂŵďƵůĂŶĐĞƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐͬŵĞĚŝĐĂůƐƚĂī;ŶĂŵĞƐŽĨŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂůĐůŝŶŝĐƐ͕ĚĞƉĂƌƚŵĞŶƚƐ͕ĂŶĚͬŽƌŵĞĚŝĐĂůƐƚĂī͕ŝĨ
ƉŽƐƐŝďůĞͿ
ϳ͘WŽůŝĐĞ
ϴ͘DĞĚŝĐĂůŽĸĐĞƌ
ϵ͘ZĞƐƉŽŶƐŝďůĞƚĞĐŚŶŝĐŝĂŶ
ϭϬ͘tĂƚĞƌ͕ŐĂƐĂŶĚĞůĞĐƚƌŝĐŝƚǇƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐ͘
ǆĂŵƉůĞŽĨĐŽŶƚĂĐƚůŝƐƚŝŶĐĂƐĞŽĨĞŵĞƌŐĞŶĐǇ
K,+7/+#)8(+[6-:,+#2
dŚĞĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐĞŵĞƌŐĞŶĐǇĞƋƵŝƉŵĞŶƚŵƵƐƚďĞĂǀĂŝůĂďůĞ͗
ϭ͘&ŝƌƐƚͲĂŝĚŬŝƚ͕ŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƵŶŝǀĞƌƐĂůĂŶĚƐƉĞĐŝĂůĂŶƟĚŽƚĞƐ
Ϯ͘ƉƉƌŽƉƌŝĂƚĞĮƌĞĞǆƟŶŐƵŝƐŚĞƌƐ͕ĮƌĞďůĂŶŬĞƚƐ
dŚĞĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐĂƌĞĂůƐŽƐƵŐŐĞƐƚĞĚďƵƚŵĂǇďĞǀĂƌŝĞĚĂĐĐŽƌĚŝŶŐƚŽůŽĐĂůĐŝƌĐƵŵƐƚĂŶĐĞƐ͗
ϭ͘&ƵůůƉƌŽƚĞĐƟǀĞĐůŽƚŚŝŶŐ;ŽŶĞͲƉŝĞĐĞĐŽǀĞƌĂůůƐ͕ŐůŽǀĞƐĂŶĚŚĞĂĚĐŽǀĞƌŝŶŐʹĨŽƌŝŶĐŝĚĞŶƚƐŝŶǀŽůǀŝŶŐŵŝĐƌŽŽƌŐĂŶŝƐŵƐ
ŝŶZŝƐŬ'ƌŽƵƉƐϯĂŶĚϰͿ
Ϯ͘&ƵůůͲĨĂĐĞƌĞƐƉŝƌĂƚŽƌƐǁŝƚŚĂƉƉƌŽƉƌŝĂƚĞĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůĂŶĚƉĂƌƟĐƵůĂƚĞĮůƚĞƌĐĂŶŝƐƚĞƌƐ
ϯ͘ZŽŽŵĚŝƐŝŶĨĞĐƟŽŶĂƉƉĂƌĂƚƵƐ͕Ğ͘Ő͘ƐƉƌĂǇƐĂŶĚĨŽƌŵĂůĚĞŚǇĚĞǀĂƉŽƌŝǌĞƌƐ
ϰ͘^ƚƌĞƚĐŚĞƌ
ϱ͘dŽŽůƐ͕Ğ͘Ő͘ŚĂŵŵĞƌƐ͕ĂǆĞƐ͕ƐƉĂŶŶĞƌƐ͕ƐĐƌĞǁĚƌŝǀĞƌƐ͕ůĂĚĚĞƌƐ͕ƌŽƉĞƐ
ϲ͘,ĂǌĂƌĚĂƌĞĂĚĞŵĂƌĐĂƟŽŶĞƋƵŝƉŵĞŶƚĂŶĚŶŽƟĐĞƐ͘
ǆĂŵƉůĞŽĨĞŵĞƌŐнĞŶĐǇĞƋƵŝƉŵĞŶƚ
258
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268
HANDBOOK ON CHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL WASTE MANAGEMENT – IMAGES INDEX
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ŽĨƚŚĞD^^ŽĨĂƉƵƌĞƐƵďƐƚĂŶĐĞ;DĞƚŚǇůͲŵŝŶĞͿ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ %"'
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ŽĨƚŚĞD^^ŽĨĂƉƵƌĞƐƵďƐƚĂŶĐĞ;DĞƚŚǇůͲŵŝŶĞͿ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ %"#
ŶĞǆĂŵƉůĞ͗dŚĞ^ĞĐƟŽŶϲ;ĐĐŝĚĞŶƚĂůZĞůĞĂƐĞDĞĂƐƵƌĞƐͿ
ŽĨƚŚĞD^^ŽĨĂƉƵƌĞƐƵďƐƚĂŶĐĞ;DĞƚŚǇůͲŵŝŶĞͿ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ %"#
ŶĞǆĂŵƉůĞŽĨĂĞĐŝƐŝŽŶͲDĂŬŝŶŐƐĐŚĞŵĞƵƐĞĨƵůŝŶĐĂƐĞ
ŽĨĮƌƐƚͲĞŵĞƌŐĞŶĐǇƌĞƐƉŽŶƐĞ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ %"$
WĞƌƐŽŶĂůƉƌŽƚĞĐƟǀĞĞƋƵŝƉŵĞŶƚ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ %')
ǆĂŵƉůĞŽĨĂůŝƐƚŽĨŝƚĞŵƐĨŽƌƐƉŝůůĂŐĞĐůĞĂŶŝŶŐ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ %##
ǆĂŵƉůĞŽĨŐĞŶĞƌĂůƉƌŽĐĞĚƵƌĞĨŽƌĚĞĂůŝŶŐǁŝƚŚƐƉŝůůĂŐĞƐ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ %##
ǆĂŵƉůĞŽĨĮƌƐƚĂŝĚĐŚĞĐŬůŝƐƚ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ Ϯϱϴ
ǆĂŵƉůĞŽĨĐŽŶƚĂĐƚůŝƐƚŝŶĐĂƐĞŽĨĞŵĞƌŐĞŶĐǇ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ Ϯϱϴ
ǆĂŵƉůĞŽĨĞŵĞƌŐĞŶĐǇĞƋƵŝƉŵĞŶƚ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ Ϯϱϴ
269
FORMIT
Fondazione per la Ricerca sulla Migrazione e Integrazione delle Tecnologie
FORMIT Foundation is an independent no-profit organization, recognized
by the Italian Ministry of Research (in 1991) and with consultative status by
the UN Economic and Social Council (since 2004) on topics related to tech-
nological deployment. Its impartiality enables FORMIT to support national
and international institutions in their decision making processes, in policy
definition actions, in research analysis and training activities. Through its ap-
proaches and methodologies FORMIT has established itself as a key player
at international level in several research areas including business innovation,
security, transportation, information and communication technologies. The
fields of action in the security research area are socio-economic modelling,
organisation and intervention analysis, training and best practices transfer,
technological assessment. FORMIT operates with its offices in Rome, Na-
ples and Brussels with a qualified multidisciplinary team supporting Italian
Public Administrations, DGs of the European Commission and the United
Nations.
www.formit.org
University Hospital “Luigi Sacco” (IT)

“Luigi Sacco” University Hospital is a teaching hospital serving about
345.000 people. The institution is a center of excellence in biomedical re-
search and its laboratories are equipped with advanced technology platforms
for nanomedicine, gene profiling, molecular and cellular biology, bioinfor-
matics, pharmacogenomics and pharmacokinetics. Moreover, the hospital
participates in international, national and regional programs on cardiologic
emergency, prevention, infectivology and in several national and internation-
al research projects. Among the excellences of L. Sacco University Hospital,
the diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases is to be mentioned. Sacco
can count on a strong network of partnerships and relationships at both na-
tional, European and international level. Furthermore, Sacco collaborates
with different governmental and non-governmental international organiza-
tions and has years of experience in project management at international
level. In particular, it has implemented European Commission and United
Nation projects on topics involving bio-threats (biorisk, epidemics/pandem-
ics, biosafety, biosecurity) and biohazardous waste management).
www.hsacco.it

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discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at:

Handbook on chemical and

TECHNICAL REPORT · DECEMBER 2014

Available from: Simona Cavallini

Authors and suggested citation:

For further information on CBRN Centres of Excellence:

For further information on the CB Waste Management Project:

Moreover, the Handbook can be used for different purposes:

The list of chapters is the following:

ADR European Agreement concerning the international carriage of

E-Waste Electronic Waste

RCRA Resources Conservation and Recovery Act

Biohazardous Waste Management

present minimal potential hazard to laboratory personnel and the environment.

Chemical Hazardous Waste

3. Local availability of effective preventive measures. These may include: pro-

ZŝƐŬ'ƌŽƵƉϭ ŵŝĐƌŽŽƌŐĂŶŝƐŵ ƚŚĂƚ ŝƐ ƵŶůŝŬĞůǇ ƚŽ ĐĂƵƐĞ ŚƵŵĂŶ Žƌ

“In-House Hazardous Waste Management” shall mean segregation, collection,

The purpose of this manual is to present an overview of the international practic-

UNEP has also facilitated the negotiations of a number of international treaties on

UNEP official definitions (Basel Convention16)

Manual for the implementation of the Recommendation was published in Novem-

OECD official definitions (Council Decision C(2001)107/FINAL22)

EU Official definitions (Directive 2008/98/EC25)

AU Official definitions (Bamako Convention29)

SPREP official definitions (Waigani Convention)

Hazardous Waste Management is of course regulated also at national level, usually

EPA official definitions (RCRA)

ĂƐĞů hEW;hŶŝƚĞĚ ŽŶĨĞƌĞŶĐĞKĨ ϭϵϴϵͬϭϵϵϮ ϭϴϬ dƌĂŶƐďŽƵŶĚĂƌǇDŽǀĞŵĞŶƚƐ

KŽƵŶĐŝů K K ϮϬϬϮͬϮϬϬϮ "' dƌĂŶƐďŽƵŶĚĂƌǇŵŽǀĞŵĞŶƚƐ

tĂŝŐĂŵŝ ^WZW ŽŶĨĞƌĞŶĐĞKĨ ϭϵϵϱͬϮϬϬϭ !" /ŵƉŽƌƚĂƟŽŶŝŶƚŽ&ŽƌƵŵ

Summary of more relevant international conventions and legislative act dealing

The following summary table collects definitions from mentioned conventions.

O",+ tĂƐƚĞDĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚ ,ĂǌĂƌĚŽƵƐtĂƐƚĞ

ĂƐĞů ĐŽůůĞĐƟŽŶ͕ ƚƌĂŶƐƉŽƌƚ ĂŶĚ ĚŝƐƉŽƐͲ ;ĂͿtĂƐƚĞƐƚŚĂƚďĞůŽŶŐƚŽĂŶǇĐĂƚĞŐŽƌǇĐŽŶƚĂŝŶĞĚŝŶŶͲ

ZŽƩĞƌĚĂŵ ^ĞĞĂƐĞůŽŶǀĞŶƟŽŶ !""ĂƐĞůŽŶǀĞŶƟŽŶ

K ĂͿ ĐŽůůĞĐƟŽŶ͕ ƚƌĂŶƐƉŽƌƚ͕ ƚƌĞĂƚͲ ;ŝͿtĂƐƚĞƐƚŚĂƚďĞůŽŶŐƚŽĂŶǇĐĂƚĞŐŽƌǇĐŽŶƚĂŝŶĞĚŝŶR:S

ĂŵĂŬŽ ƉƌĞǀĞŶƟŽŶ ĂŶĚ ƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶ ŽĨ ŚĂǌͲ ;ĂͿtĂƐƚĞƐƚŚĂƚďĞůŽŶŐƚŽĂŶǇĐĂƚĞŐŽƌǇĐŽŶƚĂŝŶĞĚŝŶR#S

tĂŝŐĂŵŝ ƉƌĞǀĞŶƟŽŶ ĂŶĚ ƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶ ŽĨ ŚĂǌͲ ;ĂͿtĂƐƚĞƐƚŚĂƚďĞůŽŶŐƚŽĂŶǇĐĂƚĞŐŽƌǇĐŽŶƚĂŝŶĞĚŝŶŶͲ

ZZ ƚŚĞ ƐǇƐƚĞŵĂƟĐ ĐŽŶƚƌŽů ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ĐŽůͲ ĂǁĂƐƚĞǁŝƚŚƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐƚŚĂƚŵĂŬĞŝƚĚĂŶŐĞƌŽƵƐŽƌƉŽƚĞŶͲ

The remaining 10-25% is regarded as hazardous healthcare waste material that

handlers are at immediate risk of needle-stick injuries and exposure to toxic or

UNDP - United Nations Development Programme - Global Healthcare Waste Project

World Health Organization – WHO Healthcare Waste Management

duced in different facilities, creating national action plans, developing national

European Biosafety Association (EBSA)

OECD Decision is Multilateral document. These are the main characteristics:

Depository of the document is International Maritime Organization (IMO)

Inspections and records71

Decision 2000/532/EC72 of 3 May 2000, establishing a list of wastes

• the Recommendation providing for minimum criteria for environmental

European Parliament and Council Directive: 1999/31/EC97 on the landfill of

It was enacted in 1976 by the Congress and it is implemented by the US Environ-

The main purpose of the act is to provide a comprehensive “cradle to grave”

The definition of Hazardous Waste and Hazardous Waste Management is pro-

Permits for treatment, storage or disposal of hazardous waste115

State programs, inspections and enforcement

Environment and waste legislation

Seizure of Vehicles) Regulations. Waste-carrier registration can also be checked

!" duty to control discharges to sewers;

Health and safety legislation

1) Hazardous Waste Training Resource Pack160

ĂƐĞů hEW;hŶŝƚĞĚ ŽŶĨĞƌĞŶĐĞKĨ ϭϵϴϵͬϭϵϵϮ ϭϴϬ dƌĂŶƐďŽƵŶĚĂƌǇDŽǀĞŵĞŶƚƐ

KŽƵŶĐŝů K K ϮϬϬϮͬϮϬϬϮ "' dƌĂŶƐďŽƵŶĚĂƌǇŵŽǀĞŵĞŶƚƐ

tĂŝŐĂŵŝ ^WZW ŽŶĨĞƌĞŶĐĞKĨ ϭϵϵϱͬϮϬϬϭ !" /ŵƉŽƌƚĂƟŽŶŝŶƚŽ&ŽƌƵŵ

ĂƐĞů ĐŽůůĞĐƟŽŶ͕ ƚƌĂŶƐƉŽƌƚ ĂŶĚ ĚŝƐƉŽƐͲ ;ĂͿtĂƐƚĞƐƚŚĂƚďĞůŽŶŐƚŽĂŶǇĐĂƚĞŐŽƌǇĐŽŶƚĂŝŶĞĚŝŶŶͲ

ZŽƩĞƌĚĂŵ ^ĞĞĂƐĞůŽŶǀĞŶƟŽŶ !""ĂƐĞůŽŶǀĞŶƟŽŶ

K ĂͿ ĐŽůůĞĐƟŽŶ͕ ƚƌĂŶƐƉŽƌƚ͕ ƚƌĞĂƚͲ ;ŝͿtĂƐƚĞƐƚŚĂƚďĞůŽŶŐƚŽĂŶǇĐĂƚĞŐŽƌǇĐŽŶƚĂŝŶĞĚŝŶR:S

ĂŵĂŬŽ ƉƌĞǀĞŶƟŽŶ ĂŶĚ ƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶ ŽĨ ŚĂǌͲ ;ĂͿtĂƐƚĞƐƚŚĂƚďĞůŽŶŐƚŽĂŶǇĐĂƚĞŐŽƌǇĐŽŶƚĂŝŶĞĚŝŶR#S

ZZ ƚŚĞ ƐǇƐƚĞŵĂƟĐ ĐŽŶƚƌŽů ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ĐŽůͲ ĂǁĂƐƚĞǁŝƚŚƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐƚŚĂƚŵĂŬĞŝƚĚĂŶŐĞƌŽƵƐŽƌƉŽƚĞŶͲ

" ŽŵƉŽƐŝƟŽŶͬ ^ƵďƐƚĂŶĐĞ

ǆƉŽƐƵƌĞƌŽƵƚĞ ĂƚĞŐŽƌǇϭ ĂƚĞŐŽƌǇϮ ĂƚĞŐŽƌǇϯ ĂƚĞŐŽƌǇϰ ĂƚĞŐŽƌǇϱ