01

JUNE 15, 2011

Filter Networks and

Operational Amplifier

TOPIC TITLE SY / TERM OF EFFECTIVITY PREPARED BY

Filter Networks and Operational Amplifier 1st / 2020-2021 L. Valcos 1

 01
JUNE 15, 2011

Filters
• A filter circuit can be constructed using passive components: resistors and capacitors.
• An active filter additionally uses an amplifier to provide voltage amplification
and signal isolation or buffering.
• In signal processing, a filter is a device or process that removes from a signal some
unwanted component or feature.
• Filtering is a class of signal processing, the defining feature of filters being the complete or partial
suppression of some aspect of the signal. Most often, this means removing some frequencies and not
others in order to suppress interfering signals and reduce background noise.
• It is a network which transmit freely one continuous band of frequency and attenuates all other
frequencies.

Types of Filters

1. Low-pass filter
2. High-pass filter
3. Bandpass filter

TOPIC TITLE SY / TERM OF EFFECTIVITY PREPARED BY

Filter Networks and Operational Amplifier 1st / 2020-2021 L. Valcos 2

 01
JUNE 15, 2011

Low-Pass Filter

• It is a filter that transmit all frequencies below Ideal reponse of a

a given cut-off frequency and substantially low-pass filter.
attenuates all other frequencies.
• A filter that provides a constant output from dc
up to a cutoff frequency foh and then passes no
signal above that frequency is called an ideal
low-pass filter.

T-type LPF π-type LPF

R 1 1
L1 = C2 = fC =
πfC πRfC π L1 C2

TOPIC TITLE SY / TERM OF EFFECTIVITY PREPARED BY

Filter Networks and Operational Amplifier 1st / 2020-2021 L. Valcos 3

 01
JUNE 15, 2011

• A first-order, low-pass filter using a single resistor and a capacitor has a practical slope
of -20dB/decade.
where
AV --- voltage gain
fOH --- cut-off frequency

First-Order low-pass active filter

TOPIC TITLE SY / TERM OF EFFECTIVITY PREPARED BY

Filter Networks and Operational Amplifier 1st / 2020-2021 L. Valcos 4

 01
JUNE 15, 2011

The circuit voltage gain and cutoff frequency are the same
for the second order circuit as for the first-order circuit,
except that the filter response drops at a faster rate for a
second filter circuit.

Second-Order low-pass active filter

TOPIC TITLE SY / TERM OF EFFECTIVITY PREPARED BY

Filter Networks and Operational Amplifier 1st / 2020-2021 L. Valcos 5

 01
JUNE 15, 2011

TOPIC TITLE SY / TERM OF EFFECTIVITY PREPARED BY

Filter Networks and Operational Amplifier 1st / 2020-2021 L. Valcos 6

 01
JUNE 15, 2011

Illustrative Problem 1.

Calculate the cut-off frequency of a first-order low pass filter R1=1.2kΩ and C1=0.02µF.

Solution:

1
f OH =
2πR1C1
1
=
2π(1.2x103 )(0.02x10-6 )
=6.63kHz

TOPIC TITLE SY / TERM OF EFFECTIVITY PREPARED BY

Filter Networks and Operational Amplifier 1st / 2020-2021 L. Valcos 7

 01
JUNE 15, 2011

High-Pass Filter
Ideal filter
• It is a filter that transmit all frequencies above response of high-
a given cut-off frequency and substantially pass
attenuates all other frequencies.
• A filter that provides or passes signals above a
cutoff frequency fOL is a high-pass filter.

T-type HPF π-type HPF

1 R 1
C1 = L2 = fC =
4πRfC 4πfC 4π L2 C1

TOPIC TITLE SY / TERM OF EFFECTIVITY PREPARED BY

Filter Networks and Operational Amplifier 1st / 2020-2021 L. Valcos 8

 01
JUNE 15, 2011

• For both First- and second-order high-pass active filters,

where
AV --- voltage gain
fOH --- cut-off frequency

For second-order filter: R1=R2 ; C1=C2

High-pass filter
(a) first order
(b) second order
(c) response plot

TOPIC TITLE SY / TERM OF EFFECTIVITY PREPARED BY

Filter Networks and Operational Amplifier 1st / 2020-2021 L. Valcos 9

 01
JUNE 15, 2011

TOPIC TITLE SY / TERM OF EFFECTIVITY PREPARED BY

Filter Networks and Operational Amplifier 3rd / 2013-2014 L. Valcos

 01
JUNE 15, 2011

Illustrative Problem 2.

Calculate the cutoff frequency of

a second-order high-pass filter
for the circuit.

Solution:

1
f OL =
2πR1C1
1
=
2π(20x103 )(0.02x10-6 )
=397.89Hz
TOPIC TITLE SY / TERM OF EFFECTIVITY PREPARED BY

Filter Networks and Operational Amplifier 1st / 2020-2021 L. Valcos 11

 01
JUNE 15, 2011

Bandpass filter

• It is a filter that transmit all frequencies

between a given upper and lower cut-off
values while substantially attenuating all
other frequencies outside this band.
• When the filter circuit passes signals that are
above one ideal cutoff frequency and below
a second cutoff frequency, it is called a
bandpass filter.

T-type BPF π-type BPF

R f2 - f1 R (f2 - f1 ) 1
L1 = C1 = L2 = C2 =
π (f2 - f1 ) 4π R f2 f1 4π f2 f1 πR (f2 - f1 )

TOPIC TITLE SY / TERM OF EFFECTIVITY PREPARED BY

Filter Networks and Operational Amplifier 1st / 2020-2021 L. Valcos 12

 01
JUNE 15, 2011

Bandpass filter using two stages, the first a high-pass filter and the second a low-pass filter, the
combined operation being the desired bandpass response.

TOPIC TITLE SY / TERM OF EFFECTIVITY PREPARED BY

Filter Networks and Operational Amplifier 1st / 2020-2021 L. Valcos 13

 01
JUNE 15, 2011

TOPIC TITLE SY / TERM OF EFFECTIVITY PREPARED BY

Filter Networks and Operational Amplifier 1st / 2020-2021 L. Valcos 14

 01
JUNE 15, 2011

Illustrative Problem 3.

Calculate the cutoff frequencies of the bandpass filter circuit in Fig.1.h with R1=R2=10kΩ,
C1=0.1µF and C2=0.002µF.

Solution:

1 1
f OL = f OH =
2πR1C1 2πR 2 C 2
1 1
= =
2π(10x103 )(0.1x10-6 ) 2π(10x103 )(0.002x10-6 )
=159.15Hz =7.96Hz

TOPIC TITLE SY / TERM OF EFFECTIVITY PREPARED BY

Filter Networks and Operational Amplifier 1st / 2020-2021 L. Valcos 15

 01
JUNE 15, 2011

Operational Amplifier
Operational Amplifier is a high-gain amplifier with an output that corresponds to the
difference between two input signals. It has a very high input impedance typically a few
megohms) and low output impedance (less than 100Ω).

Basic Op-amp

TOPIC TITLE SY / TERM OF EFFECTIVITY PREPARED BY

Filter Networks and Operational Amplifier 1st / 2020-2021 L. Valcos 16

 01
JUNE 15, 2011

TOPIC TITLE SY / TERM OF EFFECTIVITY PREPARED BY

Filter Networks and Operational Amplifier 1st / 2020-2021 L. Valcos 17

 01
JUNE 15, 2011

TOPIC TITLE SY / TERM OF EFFECTIVITY PREPARED BY

Filter Networks and Operational Amplifier 1st / 2020-2021 L. Valcos 18

 01
JUNE 15, 2011

TOPIC TITLE SY / TERM OF EFFECTIVITY PREPARED BY

Filter Networks and Operational Amplifier 1st / 2020-2021 L. Valcos 19

 01
JUNE 15, 2011

AC equivalent of op-amp (a) practical; (b) ideal

TOPIC TITLE SY / TERM OF EFFECTIVITY PREPARED BY

Filter Networks and Operational Amplifier 1st / 2020-2021 L. Valcos 20

 01
JUNE 15, 2011

Operation of op-amp as constant gain

multiplier:
a) op-amp ac equivalent circuit;
b) ideal op-amp equivalent circuit ;
c ) redrawn equivalent circuit

TOPIC TITLE SY / TERM OF EFFECTIVITY PREPARED BY

Filter Networks and Operational Amplifier 1st / 2020-2021 L. Valcos 21

 01
JUNE 15, 2011

Thank You for listening!

Let’s have some basic problems showing Op-Amps operational principles…

TOPIC TITLE SY / TERM OF EFFECTIVITY PREPARED BY

Filter Networks and Operational Amplifier 1st / 2020-2021 L. Valcos 22