13.1 INTRODUCTION - ‘ries vac. Meee To meet the daily requirement of water by industries, campuses, localities, towns and cites various qe! types of R.C. water tanks are used. Such tanks may be in general, classified as: se (i) Tanks resting on ground, 0 i (ii) Under ground tanks, and @ e (iii) Elevated tanks. (i The tanks may have circular or rectangular sections. Tanks resting on ground and underground “tele tanks have flat bottom slab while elevated water tanks may have flat bottom or conical bottom. () For Apart from strength requirement, another essential requirement in the design of water tank is {i Fo imperviousness. To make water tanks impervious, wider cracks should be avoided in the concrete, {compre which may be achieved by — (i) Use richer concrete mix, say M25 or M30. wm Rei (ii) Give a minimum clear cover of 25 mm, — (iii) Provide smaller diameter bars at closer intervals, Wm (iv) Keep the tensile stresses in concrete low. (0) Follow good constuction practices like thorough mixing, good compaction and good curing. 13.2 DESIGN REQUIREMENT IS: 3370 is the Indian code of Practice for concrete structures for the storage of liquids. This was Sinan Goble in December 196. I incorporated two amendments in 1997 and the same Scitht ern 7 1999, The code is available inthe following four parts: ‘ilness % Part I: General requirements "eh if Part II : Reinforced concrete structures ; Part IIL: Prestressed concrete structures, and eh Part IV : Design tables, “Wiog BI Ji veid leakage problems, imit state method of design should not be used in water tanks. 18 456- cs 2000s silent about permissible stresses in direct tension, Hence from IS: 3370 (Re affirmed in 1999). ti it is obvious that earlier version of IS: 456 guide lines should be used, which is based on working ale % Stress method, Permissible stresses for concrete and stel ae as shown in Tables voy and 13.2. Sng.Water Tanks [J Table 13.1: Permissible Stresses in Concrete [ Grade of Concrete Permissible Stress in Shear in 20 Bee a a eee 17 3S ae 19 [os ae % M35 = M40 a Sees Types of Stress lee i | Mild Steet 1. Direct tensile stress Seg as ae 2. Tensile stress in bending == " () On liquid retaining face 1s (ii) On face away from liquid if itis less than 225 mm | 15 (iii) On face away from liquid, if it is 2 225 mm 125 3. Tensile stress in shear reinforcement (i) For members less than 225 mm thick us __ Gi) Formembers2225mmthick | 4. Compressive stress in columns subjected to direct load _| 125 Minimum Reinforcement For thickness upto 100 mm, minimum percentage of reinforcement should be 0.3. For thicknesses from 100 mm to 450 mm it may be reduced linearly to 0.2 per cent. Hence Pain = 0-3 upto 100 mm thick sections 1-100 = 03-01 ———— for 1= 100 mm to 450 mm 03 0175-100 Minimum reinforcement should be ensured in both directions. It thickness of section is more than 225 mm, z ‘Vis enough if total steel meets the minimum m jired near both face, however 143.2 METHODS OF ANALYSIS Te behaviour of walls of water tank is °F cylindrical tank, bending theory © ‘eclangular tanks, plate theory with ‘sults. The continuity with adjacent ™oments and shears. One can th ‘affirmed in 1999 gives the a ‘Ylindrical as well as rectangular ‘conomical.Advanced R.C.C. Design eG However there are approximate methods of analysis, commonly used in the design. In the approximate method, it is assumed that in case of circular tanks bottom 1/3rd height or 1m, whichever is greater, is predominantly under cantilever action where as in case of rectangular tanks bottom 4 height or | m, whichever is greater is mainly under cantilever action. Rest of the wall is resisting water pressure by forces developed in horizontal directions. Approximate method is always on safer side and hence design is uneconomical. However it has the following advantages: ( Ttis simple (ia) It gives feel of the structural behaviour, Hence designer or site engineer can always avoid disasters of mistakes of draftman or those due to confusion of sign conventions in the analysis. We may have lot of sophisticated methods of analysis to assess the design forces, but it is necessary for engineers to develop feel of structural behaviour, Hence the approximation methods of analysis should be leamt by engineering students. In this book designs are carried out after using approximate methods for the analysis. 13.4 DESIGN OF CIRCULAR TANKS RESTING ON GROUND jest Circular tanks can have flexible base or rigid base. Fig. 13.1 shows typical circular tanks. In case of flexible joints, the wall is free to move outward when intemal water pressure is applied and hence, the Wall is subjected to hoop forces ‘T’ only faci ete Samy ‘Comer reinforcement a1 {) Stiding base (b) Rigid base Fig. 13.1 Typical circular tanks D T=yH— ue 2 (13.1) where y= Unit weight of water H= Height of tank and D= Diameter of circular tank, The reinforcement for hoop forces is to be given i minimum steel is to be Provided, eae Incase of rigid joint, lower portion i Incas Portion is hay mainly in hoop tension Fig. 13.2 gives the height BD, then Cantilever moment at baseWater Tanks EE o = 8 wl (a) Load sharing (b) Load for cantilever action Fig. 13.2 A “>, (13.2) ad maximum hoop tension at D E D T=y(H-h)— WH-H)> For circular tanks *h’ may be taken as a or 1 m whichever is more. Examples 13.1 and 13.2 illustrate the method of design. 13.5 DESIGN CONSTANTS Referring to Fig. 13.3, depth of neutral axis is ‘nd’ where - hob + ‘ Cae, He) oye I cS | mos Fig. 13.3, n= laid 16. + Fu (13.3) Lever arm is ‘jd’ where jz ieERM) Advanced R.C.C. Design Se Om 3 (3. where ke 30 Jn 5 ‘The equivalent concrete section ASA, +mAg=A,t(m—1) Ag 146) the above expressions, : : : _— 6.4, = Permissible compressive stress in concrete in bending che = 6, = Permissible stress in steel and m = Modular ration = Es = =, which is usually rounded of to nearest full number (13.7) be A. = Area of concrete A,,= Area of steel A, = Gross area of cross-section. Free Board In all water tanks a free board of about 200 mm is to be given; in other words depth of water tanks in kept 200 mm more than the required depth for the full capacity. However for the design depth of water is taken as the total depth only since occasionally a stagnant water upto full height may be stored. Example 13.4: Design a circular water tank with flexible base resting on the ground to store 50,000 litres of water. The depth of tank may be kept 4 m. Use M25 concrete and Fe-415 steel, Solution: . Capacity of tank = 50,000 litres = 50 m3 Depth of tank =4m +. If D is the diameter, then =p? x4 =50 4 D=3.989 m Provide 4 m diameter Free board = 200 mm Total height of tank H=4+0.2= 4.2 m Unit weight of water Y= 9.8 kN/m? Permissible tensile stress in Fe-415 steel = 150 N/mm? Permissible tensile stress in concrete = 1.3 N/mm? Maximum hoop tension apie 4 T= YH =98%42x— = 82.32 kN/per meter height at base gee =zeeret9, = 150 N/mm? .. Area of steel required for taking hoop tension A 82.32 x 1000 pe 2 150 = 548.8 mm’ Using 12 mm bars, spacing Exi2 5488 * 1000 = 206 mm Provide 12 mm bars at 200 mm c/c, Awprovided = x 12? x ~ = 565.5 mm? per metre height. Increase the spacing to 300 mm at a height 1.5 m from base. Thickness of Wall Maximum hoop tension T = 82.32 kN Permissible stress in tension= 1.3 N/mm? Modular ratio for M25 concrete 280. 280 m=——_ =a 3xO4. 3X85 If ‘r is the thickness of wall, equivalent area of concrete per metre height = 10001+(m-1) A, Hence fr, oe 10001 +(m—1A, 82.32 x 1000 ~~ 10000-+ (11) x 5655 t= 57.66 mm t= 100 mm oO Provide Vertical Steet Only minimum reinforcement is required, * A, minimum ae 100 x 1000 = 300 mm? : 100 * 100 x 1000. i Using 8 mm bars, Provide & mum bars at 150 mm ole 259)ne El Adtonced RC. Desi _— it elt. Since the load gets trap, ered with tarf gets Base Slab i ided with minimum reinforee, "td ibe aid ona 75 mi 50 ey be provided with mini ‘ ‘The base slab will be laid on a Ay at 1 i yminal thickn Teemen to ground directly, a not SLY . both direction. ee = 93.5 150% 1000 = 45 E ». Ay minimum os th face Providing half the reinforcement neat = A,y= 225 mm’ Using 8 mm bars, 2 xg Provide 8 mm bars at 220 mm c/c on both faces in both directions. a vi Fig. 13.4 shows the details of reinforcement. To} Let Let Example 43.2: Design Note: between wall and bases Solution: Dimensions of he tank: Diameter D =4 m Total height H=42m Mix used: M25, Steel to be used Fe-415 See= 8.5 Nin? and g,, = Wee Montene eae sll 3x85, Design constants are mo n= PG moa +0,— Water Tanks 7% 7 iy tees 03 ie, 15-194 = 0,872 3 ke! aoe i 3 Oete xpXn= 7% 8:5 0872 x 0.384 = 1.428 Design for Cantilever Action The height “h’ above base upto which cantilever action exist is given by h= or 1 m whichever is more Cantilever moment = 3 Hx hx 2 = i xosxa2 «idx a = 13.446 KN-m Depth of balance section 7 in (EME = [IBERHOS a kxb 1.428 x 1000 To keep the section sufficiently under reinforced. : la as = 4x93 = 129.7 mm Let us keep d = 130 mm and total thickness 165 mm. (Note: Minimum thickness of 150 mm is normally kept to avoid leakage problems). 6 a _M____13446%10" _ _ 790.8 mm? = jd 1500872130 Using 10 mm bars, *rovide 10 mm bars at 95 Hence let us provide 10 mn ‘0 that a spacing of 190 mFIG Advanced R.C.C. Design _ Design of Section for Hoop Action For this reinforcement is to be provided in horizontal ee ‘at height h =1.4 m in this case. Hoop tension is given ry T=y(H-h)xD2 Max hoop tension is to be considereq 4 =9.8(4.2- 14) x5 = 54.88 KN Ay = 2288%1000 365.8 mm? 5 150 Using 10 mm bars, spacing = x10? x1000 = 214 mm 3658 Provide 10 mm bars @ 200 mm c/e. Check for tensile stress in concrete: zg x10? ‘ Ag= 1000 = 392.6 mm’ Actual a4 i ogee Equivalent conerete area 5488 x 1000 = = 1.10 Nimm? 165% 1000+ 1=1)x3926 ~ 110 Nm Permissible 6,, for M25 concrete = 1.3 N/mm? Hence safe. For bottom 1.4 m above base the spacin; g of 100 mm may be maintained. In the remaining portion it may be raised to 300 mm c/c. Distribution Steel (In vertical direction) Minimum steel required = Fax lesx 1000 = 495 mm? +. Vertical steel for cantilever action serves this Purpose also. Base Slab Provide nominal thickness of 150 mm with nominal Teinforcement of in bat aca of 8 mm bars at 220 mm o/c in Provide 150 mm x 150 mm haunches at junction. To ensure the rividi i i = Sena Tigidity of connection, provide Junction reinforcement of 8 mm bars at 220 mm cf. It takes care of development jired for cantilever steel. S length required Fig. 13.5 shows the sehSe Water Tanks Q%3 10 mm @ 96 che 8 mm @ 200 c\c on both faces 2) alld Ss tn 150 Fig. 13.5 136 RECTANGULAR TANKS RESTING ON GROUND Consider the design of rectangular water tank of size L x B x H, where L— Length of tank B— Breadth of tank H— Total height of tank In the approximate methods such tanks are divided into two categories: (@ Tanks with LB < 2 (i) Tanks with L/B > 2 \) Design of tanks with L/B < 2: Similar to design of circular tanks, here also lower part is sumed to have predominantly cantilever action and upper portion to have resistance by hortvontal ‘ston. The load taken by the two actions is shown in Fig. 13.6(a), where D is a point at a height h = H/4 or 1 m, whichever is more --(13.8) Hence maximum cantilever moment on the wall S 5vHne +-(13.9) For horizontal action, maximum Pressure is at (H — h) m below top (at D). Hence p, = (H —h) as shown in Fig. 13.6 (6).EEq] Advanced RC.C. Design = is sed frame ac he frame being symmetric, analys ame actio a D y: Jjosed fra This is resisted by cl ‘end moment at A are BAL Bi Pr pm a 3.19) nts may be balanced, the momet Using moment distribution ; : : e long wall supports short wall and short wall supports long wall, horizontal tension de Since long wall s ssh nd short in the walls. At D, horizontal forces developed are elope T= HW) (311g) L ee, Tp nH-m) A311) The effect of horizontal tensile forces is to reduce the net moment in walls to an extend Tx, where xis distance of tensile reinforcement from the centre of wall. Thus final horizontal design moment is =M-Tr (13.12) The bending moment reduces towards top above ‘h’. Hence spacing may be increased towards the top. However minimum reinforcement requirement should not be violated. It may be noted that, near corners bending tension is on inner face and near centre it is on outer side. (ii) Design of tanks with L/B 2 2: In such cases, long walls behave like cantilevers of height H. Thickness of walls may be decided on the basis of cantilever moments in long wall. The horizontal i ; iB. eli : Steel required in the long wall is to resist direct tension T, = (Hi — fh). Designer will find this requirement is automatically satisfied by providing minimum reinforcement of 0.3 per cent, Lower portion of short wall of height ‘h’ is resisting the load by cantilever action and top H-h resist the load by horizontal frame action, as discussed in case (i), Hence cantilever moment in shot 2 walls is Wai. J 2 Pue to horizontal fame action, bending moment may be taken equal to Y= WB" both avends 16 tre it is on outer face. Though long walls a end 1 m may be considered as supported by and centre. At ends, tension is predominantly tesisting the I short walls on inner face and at cen load by cantilever action, Tg =y(H-h)x1 This will reduce the design moment by T, i i i $ : i where x is the distan from centt of section. The reinforcement is calculated for bending and direct an ee stelis Provided in horizontal directioy . aoe a The design procedure is illustrated with two examples below:Water Tanks EE ple 13.3: Design a rectangular water tank of size 5m x 4m x3 m deep resting on firm round. Use M2S concrete and mild steel, Solution: Size of tank =5mx4mx3m, deep Grade of concrete M25 Gey = 8.5 N/m? 280. 3x85 6,,= 115 N/mm? Design constants are m= pe ae MKS Moye +O 11X8.5+115 Cae sh 3 i JoerciN= 5X8.5X0850X 0488 = 1.619 In this problem, g23 =2=125<2 Hence both long and short el resist the load by cantilever action for height h = 1 m and by horizontal action resist the load in the top H-h = 3 — 1 = 2 m. In such water tanks, moment due to horizontal action is considerable and it governs the selection of thickness of walls. Hence horizontal frame action is first considered. Horizontal Frame Action The critical section is at a height h = a or | m whichever is more. Hence in this caseh=1m Pa = WH - h) = 9.8(3 - 1) = 19.6 KN/m> “. Fixed end moments are = 40.833 kN-m, in long wall _ ppl? _19.6xS? ial 12 PB?Advanced R.C.C. Design 2 Pane - Member Short wall 5 en t distribution as shown in tab) Due to symmetry one balancing will take care of moment dis He belo: 4 0.444 Long wal} Short wall 05: =26.133 40.883 - 8.20 Bue ee 34.333 Perens anesn = 34.333 KN-m, tension outside. Effective thickness required for balance section is 7 Fe 34333%105 46 am kb \1.619 x1000 Section is to be kept sufficiently under reinforced. Hence let us keep overall thickness of 200 mn, with effective cover of 35 mm, : d= 200 ~ 35 = 165 mm Pirect pul on long and short walls are given by T= mAx5=196x4 = 39.2 kN ib and THe PAX 7=196%5 = 49 4 Eccentricity of Teinforcement from centre of wall 200 Beeson +. Design moment at comer Me =M-Tx b = 34.333 — 399 x 9, i 2 x 0.065 = 31.795 Hence at comer, horizontal reinforce : -785 KN-m_ It * ‘ment required for bending resistance Ag = 3E785x106 31785 x 198 ; oj. = ii for direct tension wt Uisx0850x 165 ea 4b 392x110- Water Tanks FH o ;, Total Ay = 2311 mm? Using 20 mm bars, spacing required is n 9? s= 4 x1000 = 136 mm 211 provide 20 mm bars at 130 mm c/e, Itis to be provided on water face. Reinforcement at middle of long walls: . v Bending moment = 4 ~ — Moment at corner 2 = 96x -34333 = 26.917 kN-m Design moment =M-Tyx = 26.917 — 39.2 x 0.065 = 24.369 kN-m 24.369 x 108 = oe = 1511 mm? “= Ti5x0850x165 _ 39.2x 1000 Bis WMS E Ag = Aga + Aga =1852 mm Using 20 mm bars, spacing = 341 mm x20" = 1000 = 169 mm aesesD These bars are to be provided at outer face. Here also bars may be provided at 130 mm c/c, so that bars may be bent and used. Reinforcement for Short Wall M = 34.333 — Tyr = 34.333 - 49 x 0.065 = 31,148 kN-m _ 3148x108 * 15x 0850x165 49 x 1000 Avy = —— 2 Pa Total Ay= 2357 mm” T pe 2357 Aw = 1931 mm” = 426 mm? ‘Using 20 mm bars, spacing =EQ) Advanced R.C.C, Design ek ee an Provide 20 mm bars at 130 mm c/c. Bending moment at centre of wall 2 B = y(H-h)— - Moment at ends = Hl) 2 = 9,8(3-1)x Te 34.333 = 4.867 KN-m {tis quite small. It is taken care by minimum reinforcement. Bend alternate bars Provided fy moment ata distance Ge 1m from each end and continue remaining half throughout. Hen, CE at centre of wall reinforcement consist of 20 mm bars at 260 mm c/c, Reinforcement in Vertical Direction 2 2 Cantilever moment =yn4 98x3x— 6 4.9 kN-m M 49x10° Ag= = __49x108 2 "Gy jd 115%x0850x165 = 3904 mm Minimum. Teinforcement = 03 0% 200 x 1000 = 600 mm? Provide 304 mm? area on each face so that required distribution Steel is also available. ae Using 10 mm bars, me Go ae ONSpce: a re pase Slab provide nominal base slab of thickness 150 mm with 8 mm bars at 220 mm c/c in both direction at top ani bottom of slab. A lean concrete bed of 100 mm may be provided on which bottom slab can rest. Details of reinforcement are shown in Fig. 13.8, ‘Section plan bent line this Fig. 13.8 ample 13.4: Design an open rectangular tank of size 3 m x 8 m x 3 m deep resting on a firm found, Use M25 grade concrete and Fe 415 steel. Approximate method may be used. for the analysis. Solution: Size of the tank 3 mx 8 mx 3 m deep Grade of concrete: M25, Grade of steel Fe-415 a Gye = 8.5 N/mm? and 6,, = 150 N/mm? ps RO 3x85 Modular ratio nTAdvanced R,C.C. Design Nas gaa L 8 Now, ie Hence long wall predominantly acts as cantilever of height H = 3 m smemeremeagnee Design of Long Wall . YH 9g 3 2 44.1 kNem w= WE moan Equating moment of resistance to bending moment, for balanced section we get kbd? = M | M _ | 44.1x10° mie ee aoa . 4 Vip ~ Viax3x 1000 ~17°™ Provide 220 mm total thickness with effective cover 35 mm. Hence d= 220-35 = 185mm .. Reinforcement for cantilever action (vertical on water side) M____ 441x108 Using 16 mm bars, spacing is Exe s=—=——— x 1000 = 110.3 mm 1823 Provide 16 mm bars at 110 mm c/c in vertical direction near innerface of the tank. Curtailment of bars: Moment is given by y° at any depth ‘h’ below top. Hence ‘“h’ the distance from top where alternate bars can be curtailed is given by Rw or h = 2.38 m from top or 0.62 m from base. However the above value is only theoretical. As per code requirement actual curtailment should be at = 0.62 + 12 x diameter of bar 16 = 0.62 + 12x —— =0; + * F000 0.812 m Hence curtail alternate bars at 0.9 m from base. Reinforcement in Long Wall in Horizontal Direction Direct tensile force transferred by short wall on long wall B TL= H-h)> = 980-13 = 29.4 kNWater Tanks ii :, Horizontal reinforcement required 150 Minimum reinforcement to be provided = 196 mm’, too small 03 i x 220 x 1000 = 660 mm? Hence 330 mm” area may be provided on each face. Using 8 mm bars, = x8? =4 s= = 330 1000 = 152 mm :. Provide 8 mm bars at 150 mm c/c near each face in horizontal direction. Design of Short Wall Reinforcement in vertical direction: 2 2 oq WHALE _98%3x1" _ 49 iN-m 6 6 ___4.9x10° ~ 150% 0.872 x 185 Too small, Provide minimum reinforcement of 8 mm bars at 150 mm c/c near each face. Ag = 202 mm? Reinforcement In Horizontal Direction Water pressure at h =1 m above base Pp = 9.8 x (3 1) = 19.6 KNim? B? _ 19.6x3* .. Bending moment at ends may be taken as aa = BOSS = 14.7 Nm Actual tension due to 1 m length of long wall Tp = WH - fh) x1 = 9.83 - 1) x1 = 19.6 KN ae 14.7%10° = 607 mm? #1 150 x 0.872 x 185 19.6 x 1000 oS ae = 130 mm? Using 12 mm bars7.35 10° 2 tl 150 x 0.872 x 185 ( Note : It is ; of A,, required at =) Hence provide 12 mm bars at 300 c/c. Base Slab Provide nominal base slab. Reinforcement details are shown in Fig. 13.9. 84 @ 150 cc a ‘Sectional plan at bare Ses ‘Section through short (Section -y) wall Fig. 13.9 13.7 UNDERGROUND TANKS In water supply system to towns underground water tanks are used to store water received from mains. The tanks may be circular or rectangular. For larger capacities circular tanks are preferabl 0 = 4 capacities circular le, since forthe same capacity they consume less material. As the cost of shutering foro bas per unit areas large, rectangular tank work out cheaper fr small capacities. Under ground to be designed to sustain the following two cases: a es Case (i) Tank full and no earthfill. Case (ii) Tank empty and active earthet atereiaisl plained for tanks resting on ground. In case (ii), external pressure Design for case (i) is same as ex; depends upon the type of back fill (a) Active earth pressure due to dry soll or wet cohestonless soil ee KA WH | (a) Dry or back fil (b) Submerged saturated sand fill of cohesioniess soil mh sf Fig. 13.10 The active earth pressure acting on wall varies linearly (Ref. Fig. 13.10) and its maximum value is Py=Ky,H (13.13) where, K— Rankines coefficient of earth pressure : Y, — Unit weight of soil H— Total depth of tank. Rankines coefficient of earth pressure is given by x= esing +sind where, 9 is angle of repose. (b) If back fill is saturated sandy soil It consist of active earth pressure due to saturated backfill (y’,) and due to water pressure from outside. This situation for water table upto top of tank is also shown in Fig. 13.10. In this case maximum pressure from outside is Py = Ky’ H+ YH (13.14) where’, — Unit weight of saturated sandy soil and %y — 9.8 N/m’ is unit weight of water. Designer has to adjust the reinforcements judiciously to take care of both loading cases discussed above, Apart from designing the walls bottom slab also needs the design. It is designed for uplift Pressure from saturated soil below. The tank should not get lifted due to this uplift pressure. Hence bottom slab is projected beyond the walls so that weight of soil on this projected portion helps in adding downward load to resist upward water pressure, Underground tanks need roof slab to keep water clean. Hence the designer must design the roof slab, which is similar to design of slabs in buildings. The example below illustrate the desig e of circular tanks also may be tal horizontal plane where as r¢Advanced R.C.C. Design 2 __._ ae Example 23.5: Design an underground water tank of size 3m x 8 m x3 m for the following darq, Type of soil: Submerged sandy soil, with Y= 16 kN/im’, $= 30° Water table can rise upto ground level. Grade of concrete (i) For tank M25 (ii) For roof slab: M20 Grade of steel : Fe-415 Unit weight of water = 9.8 kN/m? Live load on roof slab = 2 kN/m? Solution: Design of Roof Slab Size3mx8m Ly B Hence it may be designed as one way slab. It may be designed by working stress method with higher permissible stresses (230 N/mm? for Fe-415 steel or 140 N/mm? for mild steel) since there is no leakage problem for this element. One can use limit state method also. Concrete of grade M20 is Preferred from the consideration of economy. Let J, _ 3000 = > = 120mm 2525) Let us select d = 120 mm and overall depth D = 150 mm Using M20 concrete and Fe-415 steel, the slab will be designed Self weight = 0.15 x 1x 1 x 25 =3.75 kN/m2 Liveload =2.0 kN/m? Finishing load =0.5 kN/m? ane Total = 6.25 kN/m? annette 3 M=625x y= 703 KN-m M,= 1.5 x 7.03 = 10.55 KN-m My tim = 0.138 fy bd” = 0.138 x 20 x 1000 x 120? = 39.744 x 10° N-mm 39.744 KN-m > M, Hence under reinforced secon, Equating momento moment of resistance, Asics = 087f,A,d\1-—* x M, ie 4 ba 1 wesWater Tanks A 41s 10.55 x 10° = 0.8" eK 7 x 415 x Ay, x 120] 1 F000 1a aa A : 243.5 afi. Hi ) e s 578313, ra Ay? - $783.13 A, + 243.5 x 5783.13 = 0 Ag = 254.7 mm? Minimum to be provided = 2 1000 x 120 = 144 mm? Using 10 mm bars, a x10? ‘ = x = $= Seq * 1000 = 308 mm Provide 10 mm bars at 300 mm c/e Distribution steel = 0.12% = 144 mm? Using 8 mm bars, ix 3 F = 1000 = 349 Saree mm’ Provide 8 mm bars at 300 mm c/c. Design of Walls * These are to be designed with working stress method with lower values of Permissible stresses to avoid leakage problem. Using M25 concrete and Fe-415 steel, Gepe = 8.5 kKN/m™ sm=i11 G,,= 150 N/mm? = Ode. _1KBS_ _ gg, 10,4, +6, 11X85+150 ~ jot-$n1-9 - 0872 Kes 5Oaenj=X85x 0384x0872 = 1.423 In such tanks usually cantilever moment Hence let us first consider the design of , when tank is empty, governs the choice of thickness, wallsi nn Advanced R.C.C. Design Yy = 9.8 kNim! 2 Pre dy 62%3498%3 = 35.6 kN/m’ 3 3 , Hl 356x3x = = 53.4 KN-m Ma XSSSXH XT 3 3 + Depth of balanced section Provide d =195 mm and D = 195 + 35 = 230 mm 6 he nota "150 x 0.872 x 195 : Using 20 mm bars, spacing required is Ex 20? ( =4__ x 1000 = 150 mm 2094 Provide 20 mm bars at 150 mm c/c near outer face of the wall. Alternate bars may be curtailed where bending moment is half that at base i.e. at a depth 1 ie ( ) w=5) A=|=)3=238m wD 2 i.e., at a height 3 — 2.38 = 0.62 m from base. ‘The above value is theoretical value, As per code requirement add 12 x diameter of bars to above | value. Hence the bars are to be curtailed at a height = 620 + 12x 20 = 860 mm from base. Hence | Curtail alternate bars at 0.9 m from base. (b) When tank is full and no earth pressure Ph=Yy H=9.8 x3 = 29.4 KN/m? # Here canievermomen M= 1.29433 x3 = 66.15 kN-m 5 66.15 10° i be [eee ese (OTL 5 i 150% 0.872 x195 ~ 2594 mm Using 16 mm bars, Bag ss “7594 1000 =77.51 mm Provide 16 mm bars at 75 mm. Cte on inne face in vertical dretion, | Horizontal Bars in Long WallsWater Tanks YR Since thickness of wall is more than 225 mm, minimum percentage of steel to be provided is = 03-01230= 100 F50=100 = 0.263 0.263 Ay= a 230 x 1000 = 604 mm? Steel required on each face = 302 mm? Using 8 m bars, spacing required = 300 * 1000 = 166 mm Provide 8 mm bars at 160 mm c/c. They hold the vertical steel provided for cantilever action due to the two loading cases considered, Check for Direct Tension T= Y4(H-W)5 = 98G-1)x3 = 29.4 KN «. Area of steel required = BAXTO00 ~ 196 mm? < 604 mm? -. Distribution steel takes care of this tensile force. Design of Short Wall Design of lower portion for cantilever action (Vertical reinforcement) nae or 1 m whichever is more = 1m, in this problem ‘When tank is empty and outside sandy soil is saturated Pp = 35.6 kN/m? = Sxas6xixd = 5.933 kN-m __M____5933x10® Gy, jd 150x 0872x195 Direct compression due to load on 1 e long Ay = 232 mm? Concrete alone can resist When the tank is full aBR) Advanced R.C.C. Design _ _ ——-- which is 8 mm bar at 160 mm c/e as foung Provide minimum reinforcement in vertical direction, earlier, It is to be provided near both faces. Design of top H-h=3-1=2m portion y= ky’, (H-h) + ¥,(H - h) = |x (16-98) (3-1) +9.8(3=1) = 23.73 kN/m? 3 23,73 x3* Moment at support eae = 17.8 kN-m 6. Nga ATM 60 at? 150 x 0872 x 195 At mid span bending moment is half of 17.8 KN-m Hence A,,= 399 mm? At support, using 10 mm bars spacing required is ax 10? se 1000 = 112 Gog * 1000 mm Provide 10 mm bars at 110 mm c/c (near outer face). At middle portion alternate bars may be bent inside. Bottom Stab Assuming thickness of bottom slab = 0.2 m, H=3+02=3.2m +. Upward pressure when sandy soil is saturated =9.8 x 3.2 = 31.36 kN/im? a The bottom slab is to be projected beyond walls of tank so that soil over it helps in avoiding Se Hence first the required project is to be determined, Let it be x metres as shown in ‘ig. 13.11. ¢ x:Water Tanks Downward Loads (a) Weight of top slab = 0,15 (8 + 2 0,23) (3+ 2% 0,23) x25 = 109,77 KN (b) Weight of long walls = 2x 0.23 (8 + 2% 0.23) x 3% 25 291,9 KN (c) Weight of short walls = 2 x 0,23 y 3% 3% 25 = 103.5 KN (d) Weight of bottom slab = (8.46 + x) (3.46 + 4) 0,2 % 25 m 1464 + 59.6% + 5x2 (e) Weight of soil on the Projection of bottom slab = [(8.46 + 2x) (3.46 + 2x) ~ 8.46 x 3.46) 3% 16 = (23.84 x + 40) x 48 © 114432. 4192.2 Uplift force on bottom slab = 31.36 (8.46 + 2x)(3.46 + 2x) = 917.96 + 747.62x 4125.44 Equating upward force to total downward force, minimum x required can be obtained, 917.96 + 747.62x + 125.44? = 109.77 + 291.9 + 103.5 + 1464 + 59.6% +5174 1144,32x + 192.2 11.56x? + 456.3 x ~ 266.39 = 0 ce 4563 + 456.3? + 4x 71.56 x 26639 = 0.538 m 2x 71,56 e Hence provide a projection of 0.6 m alll around, The base slab is to be The loads acting on this slab is shown in Fig. 13.12, [sae | ei eran rey Tt soil neces designed as one way slab,™ ee panced R.C.C. Design : | Advanced R.C.C. Design _ pward pressure to be Considereg fy soil. Hence uy Self weight of slab directly get transferred t0 bending moment calculation is 2 =31.36-0.2x1x1 x 25 = 26.36 KN/m' Weight of soil on projected portion = 163 = 48 kN/m? 3 ing at 240.2 = 1.2m Roar icaloa walle 5 .X3= ; 356x3 = 534 KN acting at 5 Cantilever moment at the face of the wall 2 48x06" : = 2636x2S 4 s34x12— SOUS Moment at Centre of Slab Load transferred by wall per meter length of base slab = weight of 1m long wall + ; weight of roof slab per meter length 702313 x25 45 x(.0+2%023) x02.x25 = 25.9 kN -+ Moment at centre of slab 3.46 + 1.2) = 26.36 x EE sua 12-48x06x (E+ 58) -259(5 403) 2 = 25.2 KN-m, Producing tension at bottom. Moment at centre of slab is crit 1 3 == os peeves = 44.1 kN +. Moment at centre of slab (see Fig. 13.12 b) : 3.46412) = 263 ¢ Oras zen 9 po sostl =~ 50.23 kN-m q = 50.23 kN, s+ Thickness of Bg tension at topProvide d = 215 mm and D = 250 mm A. = — 6018 10° “150 x0872 x 215 = 2139 mm? Using 16 mm bars, x16 = = x 1000 = s= 39 * 1000 = 94 mm Provide 16 mm bars at 90 mm c/c near bottom face for the cantilever moment. In the middle portion, reinforcement required at top is 50.23 x 108 ~ 150 x0872.x 215 Continue cantilever reinforcement throu At bottom st = 1786 mm? ighout i.e., 16 mm bars at 90 mm e/c, = __252x10° > a 150x0872x215 ~ 896 mm Using 12 mm bars, spacing required is Ag = x12 896 Provide 12 mm bars at 120 mm c/e, s= 1000 = 126 mm Distribution Steel 250295 = 03~ 2507225 _ 929 % of steel 03 B=2 Ag= 922 x 050x100 = 572 mm? 100 a , A,, on each face = Using 8 mm barsAdvanced R.C.C, Design in Fig. 13.13. Reinforcement detail is shown in Fig. (@) Section along x-x 20 6 @ 150 8e@ic0 Se *t 10¢@ 110_— 209 @ 150 reo" He 1250 86@170 12 @ 120 (€) Section along y.y Fig. 13.13 13.8 OVERHEAD WATER TANKS Various overhead tanks being useq may be classified as (a) Rectangular over (®) Circular overhead tanks, and (©) Intz type tanks,Water Tanks PER] are used to store large quantity of water. Intz tanks of capacity one million liters are commonly used in water supplies in cities, All overhead water tanks need top slab cover and also. staging to support them. When top slab is provided, the top edge of tank wall may be treated as hinged. Walls are always monolithic with base slab. Hence walls may be treated as having edges fixed at base, and hinged at top. In case of circular tanks, dome is preferred to top flat slab. Many times bottom flat slab is replaced by dome. The exact analysis of over head tanks is not simple since all structural elements (top slab, walls bottom slab and beam supporting bottom slab) are built monolithic. The continuity analysis is required. The attempt of Jai Krishna and O.P. Jain (Ref.3) for continuity analysis is note worthy, However since now a days finite Element Analysis packages are available one can think of using them to get better results. Approximate analysis based on assumed boundary conditions and membrane theories may be practiced, provided detailing is made to take care of edge disturbances in the form of edge moments, In this book designs are made by approximate methods. 13.9 RECTANGULAR OVER HEAD WATER TANKS Top slab may be designed by limit state method or by working stress method in which permissible stress in mild steel = 190 N/mm? and for Fe-415, 6,,= 230 N/mm?. Live load on tank may be taken as 2 KN/m?, The walls may be designed by approximate method as discussed in this chapter earlier or one can make use of moment shear coefficients given in IS: 3370 (Part IV) (reaffirmed in 1999), Base slab is heavily loaded when tank is full. Hence it is designed for the water pressure when tank is full, taking edges as fixed. The base slab is supported along its edges by wall or beams and some time additional beams may be there in the middle also. Beams are Supported by columns of the s For the design of tank and base slab working stress method with Stresses in steel should be used, since in these element: sj leakage problem. taging. 13.10 CIRCULAR OVER HEAD WATER As stated earlier circular water tanks are Provided with dome as top cover. The inves has shown that the rise of spherical domAdvanced R.C.C. Design Fig. 13.14 D= Diameter of Dome R= Radius of curvature of dome h= Rise of dome, =th Dz t= Thickness of dome usually minimum of 75 mm and maximum of 100 5 KN/m?. Finishing load may be added to get tot area of surface. If ‘w’ is load on the surface Per unit are following expression: Meridional thrust T= — Per unit length A a ml) Circumferential force, = wa Maximum values of above forces occur when o=6 } per unit length , ie, » at junction with top ring beam. ircumferential directions. n top ring beam. Top ring beam is Subjected to load from meridional thrust T, in top ring beam is given by Hence hoop tensionWater Tanks FE] Hence maximum tension in wall _YHD a Reinforcement is to be provided for the above forces on appropriate side. Provide minimum reinforcement on the other side. To ensure the continuity in actual structure bars on inner face of tank should be looped at comer and anchorage length is ensured. Design of base slab depends on how it is supported. Fig. 13.15 shows different methods of supporting base slab. and cantilever moment is prmad., | | LLL VILLEILITLITD [Fae (0) SectionBLD) Advanced R.C.C. Design at lesser heights, circular ted on wall: In smaller diameter Set pom design a Bisa eens the tank along its rey ens The end condition may be assy : we f ee eet ; tial moments are circ a bjected to water pressure -adial and circumferent S are giy, San Saran circular plate theory we know radial Biven by the expressions q an al M, = £3+n)(@ -r’) a r -—(1+3p) 16 = Load per unit area = y,, H + self weight = Radius of bottom slab H= Poissons ratio 2 Mo=4°-(3+H) where = Radial distance where values are required. Radial and circumfe, with appropriate steel, (5) Tank supported base slab with a rin, ential reinforcement for the base slab may be designed. Tank wall is Provideq on ring beam: In case of larger tanks it is econo g beam of diameter 07 ported by a number of colu by the arc between any two consecutive c mical to support Circular 9 of the diameter of tank as shown in Fig. 13.14 (6). The ins spaced at regular intervals. If 6 is the angle subtended olumns at the centre of ring beam, then Let support moment Mid-span moment and Maximum torsional Moment = &” wR? o © = The angle at which maximum twisting moment moment occurs. Then structural analysis (Ref, Structural Si : of k, KY, k” and o, f : ysis, Vol. II by i ing waited ‘OT various number of Columns used to en = eee eo si a Si aa aa tari.ae a aWateriionieneias Table 13.2 Coefficient for Bending Moment, Torsional Moments and Location of Point of Maximum Torsion in Ring Beams No. of Column ¢ k ke ike, @ for Maximum __ Supports | (Degre Torsion 90 . 0.070 | 0.021 “19.25 5 72 0.108 0.054 0.150 15.25 6 60 0.089 0.045 0.009 12.75 8 45 0.066 0.030 0.005 9.33 10 36 0.054 0.023 0.003 7.50 12 36 0.045 0.017 0.002 6.25 It is to be noted that the section at which torque is maximum bending moment is zero and at support there is no torsional moment. In such case, slab may be analyzed by plate theory. Fig. 13.16 shows load on slab which consists of total weight of dome, top ring beam and wall transferred at the edge of base slab and uniformly distributed load of ¥,, H plus self weight. The slab is resting on ring beam of radius b. The total load on ting beam from slab may be found which consists of total load on slab. Let it be W. Then slab is analyzed as Load from wall Weight of water ction from ring beam Fig. 13.16 : : iphery by walls and subjected to y,, H plus self weight. (® Circular slab simply supported at outer periphery “ : (ii) Circular slab simply supported at outer periphery by walls and subjected to total ring load W at a concentric circle of radius b. In plate theory the expressions for moment for the above Case I: two cases are given below:FED Advanced RC.6, Design —_ and For case UH: Forr) m= Hlamet—(2) «(2) 2 2 aw Cs *) +2-(2) and y= Main ( a Note that in this case M,=0 at r=a. (©) Slab supported on four beams as shown in Fig. 13.15 (c) © The slab between the beams has size L= 2asin 45° = 3 a, The square slab of size JZ down. Sufficient reinforcem: ax V2 ais designed as a two way slab with comers held ent is provided in the beams to take up negative moment, Gi) If Wis the total load of water and self weight of slab, each beam Carries a load of e ‘The load is triangular in shape with maximum ordinate at mid span of beam. Hence maximum moment in the beam is x x ew hemes The beam is designed as a T-beam. (d) the slab and it acts as a T-beam. The tank wall acts as a curved and hence needs additional steel at top and bottom oft (©) Slab supported on a number of be in Fie slab needs support from Several beams, arr: it of beams is shown st (13.15. ¢). Each pane! of slab between: istics, Eccnione slab. The beams‘ designed as continuous beams subjected to ‘iangular loading. The tank wall is additional steel to act as a beam.a 2 Water Tanks PTD} example 13.6: Design a flat bottom circular elevated water tank of diameter 10 m and total height 4 which is'0 be Sspporied by ring beam Of m Glameters The Ying beam Jet be support aoe columns ee Placed. Use M25 concrete and Fe-413 steel. Design the following components of water tan (a) Top dome (b) Top ring beam (c) Olindrical walt (d) Bottom slab (e) Bottom ring beam. Solution: Diameter of tank = 10 m Radius a= 5m H=4m. Diameter of bottom ring beam =7.5 m Radius b = 3.75 m Concrete Mix:M 25 Steel: Fe-415 Design of Top Dome Referring to Fig. 13.14, D=10m 7 Dr say h=1.5 m. R = radius of dome 2 Then QR -hyh= (3) QR - 15) 15 =5? 2 2 Rare 9.083 m. 3 Se a+). 9083-15 0, Semi central angle 8 = cos G+ cos 9083 = 33.4°. Assuming thickness of dome 75 mm, Self weight of dome = 0.075 x 1 x 1 x 25 = 1.875 kN/m? Live load = LS kN/im? Finishing load = 0.5 kN/m* Total w= 3.875 kN/m* Max, meridional thrust = "8 = 3825% 9.083 19.13 anim, 1+cos® 14005334 Maxi ‘ocunieausianee\ i p EE) Advanced R.C.C. Design z a 1 = 3875 sonoma rie si] = 10.202 kN/m. 18.93 x1000 9,959 N/mm? 1000 x 75 concrete in compression = 6 N/mm*, Hence safe. . Maximum stress Permissible stress in M25 c -. Provide only nominal reinforcement of 8 mm dia at 180 mm c/c in both circumferentay . : meridional directions. Design of Top Ring Beam D Hoop Tension = T, cos 8 =18.93 c0538.4 xe = 79.02 KN. ! | 79.02 1000 ; 1 150 7527 ma Provide 6 bars of 12 mm. A, provide = 6x Fi x12? = 678 mm? 280 m = modular ratio = 3x85 +. Area of concrete required is given by 79.02 1000 _ A. +11x678 EA A.= 53327 mm’, Provide 250 mm x 300 mm top ring beam with 6 bars of 12 mm main reinforcement. Nominal stirrups of 6 mm at 225 mm c/c are to be provided in the beam. Design of Tank Wall Depth of water tank =4m and diameter of water tank =10m ~, Maximum hoop tension in the wall —YhD_ 10 s Se = 196 kN/m A. = 196x1000 150 = 1306 mm?A,, on each face = ee = 653 Using 12 mm bars spacing required is nt 2 ali: 4 653 1000 = 173 mm. Provide 12 mm bars at 170 mm c/c near base, on eacl 173xXh _173x4 300 300 =2.3 m below the top. In the top 2.3 m maintain 300 mm spacing. h face. It may be gradually increased to 300 mm spacing at Ext? + Ay provided at base = 4 x = 2 170 1000 = 665 mm‘ Let thickness of wall be #, Then to keep direct tension in wall within limiting value 1961000 _ 10001 + 11 x 665 t= 188.7 mm. Provide 200 mm thickness, 13 Vertical Steel Bottom < = 1.333 m is under cantilever moment 2 2 Cantilever moment - me = Sextet = 11.61 kN-m For M25 concrete and Fe-415 steel. eye = 8.5 Nimm? m=11 6, = 150 n= 0.384 j=0872 and K= 1.423, Effective depth d= 200-35 = 165 11.61x 10° * =. = $3 Au 50x 08723165 7538 mm E x10? Using 10 mm bars s= 4 x1000 = 145 mm,FEB Advanced R.C.C. Design Ber + Minimum steel on each face = 300 mm? T x10? Using 10 mm bars ss an x 1000 = 261 mm. Hence provide 10 mm bars at 130 mm e/c in the lower 1.3 m on inner face. Curtail alternate bees On outer face provide 10 mm bars at 260 mm c/c. Design of Base Slab : D Total load from dome =) sin 0x 2n > = 19.18 sin 33.4 x 2m x 5 = 331.7 KN Weight of ring beam = 0.25 x 0.30 x 2m x 5 x 25 = 58.90 kN Weight of wall = 0.20 x (4 - 0.3) x 2m x 5.2 x 25 = 604.4 KN Total weight = 995 kN 2 2 Weight of water =yHn np 98x41 so7aR KN On edge of slab Self-weight of slab: Assuming slab thickness t = = 0.29 m, say 300 mm. Self-weight of slab =0.3X 11x25 =7.5 kNim -- Total self-weight (Note, total slab diameter = 10 + 2 x 0.2 = 10.4 m) = 15x 4x 104 = 637.1 KN. Finishing load = 06x2 x10? = 47.1 kN. +, Total downward load = 995 + 3078.8 + 637.1 + 47.1 = 4758 kN “. Total upward force from ring beam = 4758 KN. 3763 kN 995 kN 102m__Water Tanks FEE] Fig.13.17 shows free body diagram of base slab in which total loads are indicated. Now the slab may be treated as freely supported by walls and subjected to ( Uniformly distributed downward load of g = —3763_ ~ = 46.05 kN/m?. =x 102? ax (i) Upward ring load of W = 4758 kN, For case (i) loading 2 = Sai a — 34a? qr’ M,= 76 (a? ~r?) and My = 16 16 where @ = 2 5.1m :. Moments at critical Points are as listed below: rinm 0 1.875 3.75 5.1 M,inkN-m 294.6 194.2 103.2 0 MjinkKN-m 224.6 214.5 184.1 149.7 In Case II, For r < 3.75 For r > 3.75 : ope) +] Ww a (by by = <|2log=-|"] 49_(2 me sree’-(2) +2-(2) Noting that a = 5.1 m and bogs. Moment at critical points are as listed below: (Note: W upward. Hence may be taken as —ve) rinm 0 1.875 M,inkN-m 201.4 -201.4