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Matematika 2 Sistemi Jednačina
Matematika 2 Sistemi Jednačina
Definicija 1. Rang matrice A, u oznaci rang(A) je broj linearno nezavisnih kolona (vrsta)
matrice A.
Transformacije matrice koje čuvaju rang zovemo elementrane transformacije nad ma-
tricama. One su:
Kada se elementarne transformacije matrice vrše samo nad vrstama (ili samo nad kolonama),
tada elmentarne transformacije čuvaju i prostor vrsta (kolona) te matrice. Zbog toga, elemen-
tarne transformacije predstavljaju i način ispitivanja linearne nezavisnosti vektora i traženje
baze u sistemu vektora.
Cilj primene elementarnih transformacija je dovod̄enje matrice na oblik iz koga se jednos-
tavno uočavaju linearno nezavisni vektori, tj. iz koga se lako čita rang te matrice. Oblici
1
matrice koji imaju ovo svojstvo su npr. dijagonalni ili trougaoni oblik matrice gde dužina
glavne dijagonale odred̄uje rang matrice. Primeri matrica ranga r :
r
z }| {
u11 u12 . . . u1r u1 r+1 . . . u1n
1 0 ... 0 0 ... 0 0 u22 . . . u2r u2 r+1 . . . u2n
0 1 ... 0 0 ... 0
...
..
.
, 0 0 . . . urr ur r+1 . . . urn , uii 6= 0,
0 0 ... 1 0 ... 0
0 0 ... 0 0 ... 0
0 0 ... 0 0 ... 0
.
.. .. .. .. ..
.
.. .. .. .. .. . . . .
. . . . 0 0 ... 0 0 ... 0
0 0 ... 0 0 ... 0
u11 0 ... 0 0 ... 0
u21 u22 ... 0 0 ... 0
...
ur1 ur2 ... urr 0 . . . 0 , uii 6= 0.
ur+1 1 ur+1 2 . . . ur+1 r 0 . . . 0
. .. .. .. ..
.. . . . .
um1 um2 . . . umr 0 . . . 0
2
Kvadratni sistem od n linearnih jednačina sa n nepoznatih je
a11 x1 +a12 x2 + . . . +a1n xn = b1
a21 x1 +a22 x2 + . . . +a2n xn = b2
.. (1)
.
a x +a x + . . . +a x = b
n1 1 n2 2 nn n n
a11 a12 . . . a1n
a21 a22 . . . a2n
Matrica sistema (1) je kvadratna matrica : A =
. . .
an1 an2 . . . ann
a11 a12 . . . a1n b1
a21 a22 . . . a2n b2
e = [A | b] =
Proširena matrica sistema (1) : A .
. .
an1 an2 . . . ann bn
x1
x2
Vektor nepoznatih sistema (1) : x = ..
.
xn
b1
b2
Kolona slobodnih članova sistema (1) : b = ..
.
bn
Ured̄ena n−torka brojeva (r1 , r2 , . . . , rn ) je rešenje sistema jednačina (1) ukoliko se svaka
jednačina sistema svodi na identitet zamenom vrednosti xk = rk .
Sistem jednačina (1) koji ima bar jedno rešenje naziva se saglasan ili rešiv. Ako sistem nema
nijedno rešenje, onda je on nesaglasan, protivurečan ili nerešiv.
Teorema 4. Sistem (1) ima jedinstveno rešenje akko je matrica A regularna. Rešenje
sistema tada je dato izrazom x = A−1 b.
Teorema 5. Homogen sistem jednačina (1) ima jedinstveno rešenje x = On×1 akko je
matrica A regularna.
3
Pravougaoni sistem od m linearnih jednačina sa n nepoznatih je
a11 x1 +a12 x2 + . . . +a1n xn = b1
a21 x1 +a22 x2 + . . . +a2n xn = b2
.. (2)
.
a x +a x + . . . +a x = b
m1 1 m2 2 mn n m
a11 a12 . . . a1n
a21 a22 . . . a2n
Matrica sistema (2) je pravougaona: A =
. . .
am1 am2 . . . amn
a11 a12 . . . a1n b1
a21 a22 . . . a2n b2
e = [A | b] =
Proširena matrica sistema (2) : A .
. .
am1 am2 . . . amn bm
x1
x2
Vektor nepoznatih sistema (2) : x = ..
.
xn
b1
b2
Kolona slobodnih članova sistema (2) : b = ..
.
bm
Ured̄ena n−torka brojeva (r1 , r2 , . . . , rn ) je rešenje sistema jednačina odnosno (2) ukoliko
se svaka jednačina sistema svodi na identitet zamenom vrednosti xk = rk .
Sistem jednačina (2) koji ima bar jedno rešenje naziva se saglasan ili rešiv. Ako sistem nema
nijedno rešenje, onda je on nesaglasan, protivurečan ili nerešiv.
Definicija 4. Dva sistema jednačina su ekvivalentna ukoliko imaju jednake skupove rešenja.
4
Postupak rešavanja sistema linearnih jednačina naziva se Gausov algoritam. Vrši se
niz transformacija polaznog sistema kroz njemu ekvivalentne sisteme. Cilj transformacija je
dovod̄enje sistema na oblik koji dozvoljava analizu skupa rešenja i konačno izračunavanje samih
rešenja. Dozvoljene transformacije, kojima se čuva skup rešenja, su:
• Dodavanje jednoj vrsti proširene matrice sistema linearne kombinacije preostalih vrsta
proširene matrice sistema.
Napomena 1. Prilikom zamene mesta kolona u matrici sistema (kolona slobodnih članova
ne podleže zameni mesta) menja se redosled promenljivih u sistemu jednačina.
Teorema 7. Saglasan sistem jednačina (2) ima jedinstveno rešenje akko je def (A) = 0.
5
Zadaci
1. Opisati prostor kolona matrice A. Odrediti jezgro matrice A.
0 0 1 1 1 1
1 −2
a) 0 1 ; b) ; c) 0 0 1 1 .
−1 2
1 0 0 0 1 1
0 0 0 0
Rešenje: a) R(A) = L 0 , 1 . Kako su vektori 0 , 1 linearno nezavisni, oni
1 0 1 0
predstavljaju bazu prostora R(A). Zbog toga je rang(A) = dim R(A) = 2.
0 0 0 0 0
R(A) = L 0 , 1 = α 0 + β 1 α, β ∈ R = β α, β ∈ R
1 0 1 0 α
x
N (A) = {v | Av = O}, A ∈ M3×2 =⇒ v ∈ M2×1 =⇒ v= .
y
Kako je
dim N (A) = def (A) = dim(M2×1 ) − rang(A) = 2 − 2 = 0,
to je jezgro matrice A trivijalan prostor, tj. N (A) = {O2×1 }. Ovo možemo potvrditi i ispiti-
vanjem prostora N (A) :
0 0 0 0 0
x
Av = O ⇐⇒ 0 1 = 0
⇐⇒ y = 0
y
1 0 0 x 0
(
x=0
⇐⇒
y=0
1 −1 1 −1
b) R(A) = L , . Kako su vektori , linearno zavisni, jedan od njih
−2 2 −2 2
(bilo koji od njih) predstavlja bazu prostora R(A).
1 −1 1 −1
R(A) = L , =L =L
−2 2 −2 2
Zbog toga je dim R(A) = 1.
1 1 α
R(A) = L = α α∈R = α∈R
−2 −2 −2α
x
N (A) = {v | Av = O}, A ∈ M2×2 =⇒ v ∈ M2×1 =⇒ v = .
y
1 −2 x 0 x − 2y 0
Av = O ⇐⇒ = ⇐⇒ =
−1 2 y 0 −x + 2y 0
(
x = 2y 2y 2
⇐⇒ =⇒ N (A) = y∈R =L
y∈R y 1
=⇒ def (A) = 1.
6
1 1 1 1
c) A = 0 0 1 1
0 0 1
1
1 1 1 1 1 1
R(A) = L 0 , 0 , 1 , 1
=L 0 , 1 .
0 0 1 1 0 1
1 1
Kako su vektori 0 , 1 linearno nezavisni, to oni predstavlja bazu prostora R(A). Zbog
0 1
toga je dim R(A) = 2 i važi
1 1 α+β γ
R(A) = α 0 + β 1 α, β ∈ R = β α, β ∈ R = β γ, β ∈ R .
0 1 β β
x
y
N (A) = {v | Av = O}, A ∈ M3×4 =⇒ v ∈ M4×1 =⇒ v=
z .
t
x
1 1 1 1 0 x+y+z+t 0
Av = O ⇐⇒ 0 0 1 1 y = 0 ⇐⇒ z + t = 0
z
0 0 1 1 0 z+t 0
t
x = −y
( (
x+y+z+t=0 x+y =0
⇐⇒ ⇐⇒ ⇐⇒ z = −t
z+t=0 z+t=0
y, t ∈ R
−y
−1 0 1 0
y 1 , 0 = L −1 , 0 .
=⇒ N (A) = −t y, t ∈ R = L 0 −1 0 1
t 0 1 0 −1
=⇒ def (A) = 2.
7
2. Odrediti rang i defekt matrice A.
1 2 1 1 2 1
a) A = ; b) A = ;
−2 −4 −2 −2 −4 2
1 −2 1 1 a 1 −1 1
−3 7 −2 2 2a + 1 3 −2 3
c) A = ; d) A = 2
.
2 −5 1 −1 2a − 1 3a − 2 1 3a − 2
3 −4 5 3 2a − 1 2 − a −3 −a2 + a + 1
1 2 1 ·2 1 2 1
a) A = ∼ =⇒ rang(A) = 1.
−2 −4 −2 ←−+ 0 0 0
y
y
1 2 1 ·2 1 2 1 1 1 2
b) A = ∼ ∼ =⇒ rang(A) = 2.
−2 −4 2 ←
−+ 0 0 4 0 4 0
·(−1) +
·(−1)
·2 +
+
y
y y
1 −2 1 1 0 0 1 0 0
∼ −3 1 0 =⇒ rang(A) = 2.
−3 7 −2
∼ −3 1 1
c) A =
2 −5 1 2 −1 −1 2 −1 0
3 −4 5 3 2 2 3 2 0
8
1 a 1 −1 1 ·(−2) ·(−3)
2 2a + 1 3 −2 3 ←
− +
d) A =
−1 2a − 1 3a − 2 1 3a2 − 2 ←−−−−− +
3 2a − 1 2 − a −3 −a2 + a + 1 ←−−−−−−−− +
1 a 1 −1 1
0 1 1 0 1 ·(−3a+1) ·(a+1)
∼
2
3a − 1 3a − 1 0 3a − 1 ←−+
0
0 −a − 1 −a − 1 0 −a2 + a − 2 ←−−−−−−−− +
1 a 1 −1 1 1 a 1 −1 1
0 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1
∼ 2
=
0 0 0 0 3a − 3a 0 0 0 0 3a(a − 1)
0 0 0 0 −a2 + 2a − 1 0 0 0 0 −(a − 1)2
Konačan rang matrice zavisiće od vrednosti parametra a, tačnije od nula polinoma 3a(a − 1) i
(a − 1)2 .
1 1 1 −1 1
0 1 1 0 1
I slučaj: a = 1 A ∼
0 0
=⇒ rang(A) = 2.
0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0
y
y
1 0 1 −1 1 1 0 1 −1 1
0 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1
II slučaj: a = 0 A ∼ ∼
0 0 0 0 0 ←− 0 0 0 0 −1
0 0 0 0 −1 ← − 0 0 0 0 0
1 0 1 −1 1
0 1 1 0 1
∼ =⇒ rang(A) = 3.
0 0 −1 0 0
0 0 0 0 0
9
3. Koliki je rang matrice A za različite vrednosti parametra x?
3 1 1 4
x 4 10 1 3 x −1 2 x 1 1
a) A = 1 7 17 3 , b) A = 2 −1 x 5 , c) (2018.) A = −x
x −x2 .
1 10 −6 1 x3 −x 1
2 2 4 3
y
y
3 1 1 4 1 1 4 3
∼ 4 10 1 x ←
x 4 10 1 −
Rešenje: a) A =
1 7 17 3 7 17 3 1
2 2 4 3 2 4 3 2 ← −
1 1 4 3 ·(−2) ·(−7) ·(−4) 1 1 4 3
←−+ 2 −5 −4
2 4 3 2 0 ·(−5) ·(−3)
∼ ∼
1 ←−−−−− + 10 −25 −20 ← −+
7 17 3 0
4 10 1 x ←−−−−−−−−−− + 0 6 −15 x − 12 ←−−−−− +
1 1 4 3 1 1 4 3
0 2 −5 −4
0 2 −5 −4
∼ ∼
0 ← −
0 0 0 0 0 0 x
0 0 0 x ←− 0 0 0 0
y
y
3 x −1 2 3 2 −1 x ←
− 1 1 −6 10 ·(−2) ·(−3)
b) A = 2 −1 x 5 ∼ 2 5 x −1 ∼ 2 5 x −1 ← −+
1 10 −6 1 1 1 −6 10 ← − 3 2 −1 x ←−−−−− +
1 1 −6 10 1 1 −6 10
∼ 0 3 x + 12 −21 ← − ∼ 0 −1 17 x − 30
·3
0 −1 17 x − 30 ← − 0 3 x + 12 −21 ←−+
1 1 −6 10 1 1 −6 10
∼ 0 −1 17 x − 30 = 0 −1 17 x − 30
10
y
y
x 1 1 1 1 x ·(−x) ·x 1 1 x
c) A = −x
x −x2 ∼ x −x2 −x ← −+ ∼ 0 −x2 − x −x − x2
x3 −x 1 −x 1 x3 ←−−−−−− + 0 1+x x3 + x2
1 1 x 1 1 x
= 0 −x(x + 1) −x(x + 1) ← − ∼ 0 x+1 x2 (x + 1) ·x
2
0 x+1 x (x + 1) ← − 0 −x(x + 1) −x(x + 1) ← −+
1 1 x 1 1 x
∼ 0 x+1 x2 (x + 1) = 0 x + 1 x2 (x + 1)
1 1 x 1 1 0
I slučaj : x = 0 A ∼ 0 x + 1 x2 (x + 1) = 0 1 0 =⇒ rang(A) = 2
0 0 x(x − 1)(x + 1)2 x = 0 0 0 0
=⇒ def (A) = 3 − 2 = 1.
1 1 x 1 1 1
II slučaj : x = 1 A ∼ 0 x + 1 x2 (x + 1) = 0 2 2 =⇒ rang(A) = 2
2
0 0 x(x − 1)(x + 1) x = 1 0 0 0
=⇒ def (A) = 3 − 2 = 1.
1 1 x 1 1 −1
III slučaj : x = −1 A ∼ 0 x + 1 x2 (x + 1) = 0 0 0
0 0 x(x − 1)(x + 1)2 x = −1 0 0 0
11
4. (2020.) Diskutovati linearnu zavisnost vektora u, v i w u funkciji od parametra α.
α 1 1
α 1 2
u= α , v = 1 , w = 2 .
1 1 2
Rešenje: Formiramo matricu čije su kolone dati vektori i ispitujemo rang te matrice.
·(−α) +
·(−1) +
y
y y
y
α 1 1 1 1 α 1 0 0
1 0 0
α 1 2 1 2 α 1 1 0 1 1 0
A= ∼ ∼ ∼
0 ←
− 1 1 1 − α
α 1 2 1 2 α 1 1
1 1 2 1 2 1 1 1 1−α ←− 1 1 0
(
2, α=1
=⇒ rang(A) = ⇐⇒ vektori u, v i w su linearno zavisni akko α = 1.
3, α 6= 1
Prve dve vrste matrice A su linearno nezavisne pa one čine bazu prostora L(v1 , v2 , v3 ), tj.
L(v1 , v2 , v3 ) = L(v1 , v2 ).
Inače, iz transformisane matrice čitamo još jednu bazu ovog prostora. To su vektori
L(v1 , v2 ) = L(u1 , u2 ).
12
v1 1 2 3 4 ·(−2) ·(−3) ·(−4)
v2 2 3 4 5 ←
− +
b) A =
v3 = 3 4 5
6 ←−−−−− +
v4 4 5 6 7 ←−−−−−−−−−− +
1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4
0 −1 −2 −3 ·(−2) ·(−3) 0 −1 −2 −3
∼
0 −2 −4
∼
−6 ← −+ 0 0 0 0
0 −3 −6 −9 ←−−−−− + 0 0 0 0
=⇒ L(v1 , v2 , v3 , v4 ) = L(v1 , v2 ).
v1 2 1 −3 1 ←−−− v4 1 1 1 1 ·(−2)
v2 4
| : 2 ∼ v1 2 1 −3 1
2 −6 2 ·(−1) ·(−1) ←
−+
c) A =
v3 = 6
3 −9 3 | : 3
v2 2 1 −3 1 ←
− +
v4 1 1 1 1 ←−−− v3 2 1 −3 1 ←−−−−− +
1 1 1 1
0 −1 −5 −1
∼0
=⇒ L(v1 , v2 , v3 , v4 ) = L(v4 , v1 ).
0 0 0
0 0 0 0
v1 1 2 3 ← − v5 1 1 1 ·(−1) ·(−2) ·(−3) ·(−4)
v2 2
3 4
v1
1 2 3
←− +
d) A =
v3 = 3
2 3
∼ v2 2 3
4
←−−−−− +
v4 4 3 4 v3 3 2 3 ←−−−−−−−−−− +
v5 1 1 1 ← − v4 4 3 4 ←−−−−−−−−−−−−−−− +
1 1 1 v5 1 1 1 v5 1 1 1 1 1 1
0 −1 0
0 1 2 ←
−
v1 0 −1 0
v3
0 1 2 ·(−1)
∼ 0 1 2 ←
−+ ∼ v2
0 0 0
∼ v1
0 1 2 ←
− + ∼ 0 0 2
0 −1 0 ·(−1) v3 0 −1 0 ← − v2 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 −1 0 ←−+ v4 0 0 0 v4 0 0 0 0 0 0
=⇒ L(v1 , v2 , v3 , v4 , v5 ) = L(v5 , v1 , v3 )
13
6. (2020.) Odrediti rang matrice
1 0 −2 5 3
0 0 1 −4 1
e = [A | b] =
A 0 0 1 0 0
.
0 0 0 0 0
0 0 −2 0 0
Na osnovu dobijenog rezultata odrediti bazu prostora kolona matrice A i rešiti sistem jednačina
T
Ax = b, gde je x vektor nepoznatih x = x1 x2 x3 x4 .
1 0 −2 5 3 1 0 −2 5 3
0 0 1 −4 1 0 0 1 −4 1
Rešenje: A , A = 0 0 1 0
, b = 0 .
e = 0 0 1 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 −2 0 0 0 0 −2 0 0
1 0 −2 5 3 1 0 −2 5 3
0
0 1 −4 1 ←
− 0
0 1 0 0 ·(−1) ·2
A = 0 0 1 0 0 ←− ∼ 0 0 1 −4 1 ←−+
e
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 −2 0 0 0 0 −2 0 0 ←−−−−− +
x1 x2 x3 xy
y 4 x1 x3 x 4 x2
1 −2 5 0 3
1 0 −2 5 3
0 1 0 0 0
∼ 0 0 1 0 0 ∼ =⇒ rang(A)
e =3
0 0 0 −4 1
0
0 −4 0 1
0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1 −2 5
0 1 −4
R(A) = L 0 , 0 , 0 , ovi vektori su linearno nezavisni, pa predstavljaju bazu
0 0 0
0 −2 0
prostora kolona R(A) =⇒ rang(A) = 3 =⇒ sistem Ax = b je saglasan.
Rešavanje sistema Ax = b :
1 −2 5 0 | 3 ←
−+ ← −+
x x3 x4 x2
1 0 1 0 0 | 0
1 −2 5 0 | 3
·2
0 1 0 0 | 0 1
∼ 0 0 1 0 | − 4
·(−5)
0 0 −4 0 | 1 | : (−4)
0 0 0 0 | 0 0 0 0 0 | 0
0 0 0 0 | 0 0 0 0 0 | 0
7
1 0 0 0 | = 74
4 x1
0 1 0 0 | 0
x3 =0
∼
0 0 1 0 | − 41
=⇒ x
0 0 0 0 | 0
4 = − 14
∈R
0 0 0 0 | 0 x2
14
7. Rešiti sledeće sisteme linearnih jednačina.
x −y +z = 4 2x−y +3z= 9 2x−5y+3z+t = 5
a) 2x −5y+3z= 13 b) 3x−5y+z = −4 c) 3x−7y+3z−t = −1
−x−y +z = 2 4x−7y+z = 5 5x−9y+6z+3t= 7
2x+y +4z+8t= −1 2x+5y−8z= 8
3x−5y+2z+4t= 2
x +3y−6z+2t= 3 4x+3y−9z= 9
d) e) 7x−4y+z +3t= 5 f)
3x−2y+2z−2t= 8 2x+3y−5z= 7
5x+7y−4z−6t= 3
2x−y +2z =4 x +8y−7z= 12
Gausov algoritam
Faza eliminacije:
1 −1 1 | 4 ·(−2) 1 −1 1 | 4 1 −1 1 | 4
2 −5 3 | 13 ←−+ 7→ 0 −3 1 | 5 7→ 0 −3 1 | 5 ←
−
−1 −1 1 | 2 ←−−−−− + 0 −2 2 | 6 | : (−2) 0 1 −1 | −3 ←−
1 −1 1 | 4 1 −1 1 | 4
7→ 0 1 −1 | −3 ·3 7→ 0 1 −1 | −3
0 −3 1 | 5 ←−+ 0 0 −2 | −4
Sistem jednačina je sveden na trougaoni. Dobijeni matrični zapis odgovara transformaciji sis-
tema jednačina:
x −y +z = 4 x−y +z = 4
2x −5y+3z= 13 ⇐⇒ y −z = −3
−x−y +z = 2 −2z= −4
Time je završena faza eliminacije. Kako je dobijeni trougaoni sistem saglasan, prelazimo na
fazu zamene.
Faza zamene:
1 −1 1 | 4 1 −1 1 | 4 ←−−− +
0 1 −1 | −3 7→ 0 1 −1 | −3 ← −+
0 0 −2 | −4 | : (−2) 0 0 1 | 2 ·(−1)
1 −1 0 | 2 ←
−+
1 0 0 | 1
7→ 0 1 0 | −1 7→ 0 1 0 | −1
0 0 1 | 2 0 0 1 | 2
15
b) Predstavićemo sistem u matričnom obliku.
2x−y +3z= 9 2 −1 3 x 9
3x−5y+z = −4 ⇐⇒ 3 −5 1 y = −4
4x−7y+z = 5 4 −7 1 z 5
Gausov algoritam
Faza eliminacije:
y
y
2 −1 3 | 9 "z y x 1 3 −5 | −4 ·(−3) ·(−1)
3 −5 1 | −4 7→ 3 2 −1 | 9
#
←
− 7→ 3
2 −1 | 9
←−+
1 3 −5 | −4 ←
−
4 −7 1 | 5 1 4 −7 | 5 1 4 −7 | 5 ←−−−−− +
1 3 −5 | −4 1 3 −5 | −4 1 3 −5 | −4
7→ 0 −7 14 | 21 | : (−7) 7→ 0 1 −2 | −3 ·(−1) 7→ 0 1 −2 | −3
0 1 −2 | 9 0 1 −2 | 9 ←−+ 0 0 0 | 12
Sistem jednačina je sveden na trougaoni. Dobijeni matrični zapis odgovara transformaciji sis-
tema jednačina:
2x−y +3z= 9 z+3y−5x= −4
3x−5y+z = −4 ⇐⇒ y−2x= −3
4x−7y+z = 5 0 = 12
Time je završena faza eliminacije. Kako je dobijeni ekvivalentan sistem nesaglasan, zaključu-
jemo da polazni sistem jednačina nema rešenja. Nesaglasnost sistema možemo da potvrdimo i
poredeći rangove matrice sistema i proširene matrice sistema
1 3 −5 1 3 −5 −4
A = 0 1 −2 , [A | b] = 0 1 −2 −3
0 0 0 0 0 0 12
16
x
2x−5y+3z+t = 5 2 −5 3 1 5
c) 3x−7y+3z−t = −1 ⇐⇒ 3 −7 3 −1 y = −1
z
5x−9y+6z+3t= 7 5 −9 6 3 7
t
Gausov algoritam
y
y
2 −5 3 1 | 5 "z x y t
−5 1 | 5
#
3 −7 3 −1 |
−1 →
7 3 2 ·(−1) ·(−2)
3 3 −7 −1 | −1 ← −+
5 −9 6 3 | 7 6 5 −9 3 | 7 ←−−−−− +
3 2 −5 1 | 5 3 2 −5 1 | 5
7→ 0 1 −2 −2 | −6 7→ 0 1 −2 −2 | −6
·(−1)
0 1 1 1 | −3 ← −+ 0 0 3 3 | 3
0 0 3 3 | 3 | :3 0 0 1 1 | 1 ·2 ·5
3 2 0 6 | 10 ← −+ 3 0 0 6 | 18 | : 3
7→ 0 1 0 0 | −4 ·(−2) 7→ 0 1 0 0 | −4
0 0 1 1 | 1 0 0 1 1 | 1
z x y t
z = 6 − 2t
1 0 0 2 | 6
x = −4
7→ =⇒ rešenja su:
0 1 0 0 | −4
y =1−t
0 0 1 1 | 1 t∈R
17
2x+y +4z+8t= −1 2 1 4 8 x −1
x +3y−6z+2t= 3 1 3 −6 2 y 3
d) ⇐⇒ =
3x−2y+2z−2t= 8 3 −2 2 −2 z 8
2x−y +2z =4 2 −1 2 0 t 4
y
y
2 1 4 8 | −1 ←− 1 3 −6 2 | 3
1 3 −6 2 | 3 ←− 8 | −1
2 1 4
7→
3 −2 2 −2 | 8 −2 2 −2 | 8
3
2 −1 2 0 | 4 2 −1 2 0 | 4
t x y z 2 1 3 −6 | 3
2 1 3 −6 | 3 ·(−4) 0 −2 −11 28 | −13 ←
−
7→ 8 2 1 4 | −1 ← − →
7
+
1 −4 | 11
−2 3 −2 2 | 8 ←−−−−− + 0 4
0 2 −1 2 | 4 0 2 −1 2 | 4 ←−
2 1 3 −6 | 3 2 1 3 −6 | 3
0 2 −1 2 | 4 ·(−2) 0 2 −1 2 | 4
7→ 7→
1 −4 | 11 ← −+ 0 0 3 −8 | 3
0 4 ·4
0 0 0 −2 | 3 ·(−4) ·(−3) | : 3 0 0 0 1 | − 23
2 1 3 0 | −6 ←−−− + 2 1 0 0 | 3
0 2 −1 0 | 7 ←
−+
0 2 0 0 | 4 | : 2
7→ 7→
0 0 1 0 | −3 0 0 1 0 | −3
·(−3)
0 0 0 1 | − 32 0 0 0 1 | − 32
2 1 0 0 | 3 ←−+ 2 0 0 0 | 1 | :2
0 1 0 0 | 2 ·(−1) 0 1 0 0 | 2
7→ 7→
0 0 1 0 | −3 0 0 1 0 | −3
0 0 0 1 | − 23 0 0 0 1 | − 23
t x y z
x=2
1 0 0 0 | 12
y = −3
7→ 0 1 0 0 | 2 ⇐⇒ z = − 3
0 0 1 0 | −3
2
1
0 0 0 1 | − 3 t = 2
.
2
18
x
3x−5y+2z+4t= 2 3 −5 2 4 2
y
e) 7x−4y+z +3t= 5 ⇐⇒ 7 −4 1 3 = 5
z
5x+7y−4z−6t= 3 5 7 −4 −6 3
t
y
y
3 −5 2 4 | 2 " z x y t
−5 4 | 2 ←
#
7 −4 1
3 | 5 ∼
2 3 −
1 7 −4 3 | 5 ← −
5 7 −4 −6 | 3 −4 5 7 −6 | 3
1 7 −4 3 | 5 ·(−2) ·4 1 7 −4 3 | 5
∼ 2 3 −5 4 | 2 ← −+ ∼ 0 −11 3 −2 | −8
·3
−4 5 7 −6 | 3 ←−−−−− + 0 33 −9 6 | 23 ← −+
1 7 −4 3 | 5
∼ 0 −11 3 −2 | −8
0 0 0 0 | −1
=⇒ sistem nije saglasan, tj. nema rešenja.
2x+5y−8z= 8 2 5 −8 8
x
4x+3y−9z= 9 4 3 −9 9
f) ⇐⇒ y =
2x+3y−5z= 7 2 3 −5 7
z
x +8y−7z= 12 1 8 −7 12
2 5 −8 | 8 ←− 2 3 −5 | 7 ·(−2) ·(−1) ·(−1)
4 3 −9 | 9 4 3 −9 | 9 ←
−+
∼
2 3 −5 | 7 ←− 5 −8 | 8 ←−−−−− +
2
1 8 −7
|
y y 12 | ·2 2 16 −14 | 24 ←−−−−−−−−−− +
2 3 −5 | 7 x z y
0 −3 1 | −5 2 −5 3 | 7
∼ ∼ 0 1 −3 | −5
·3
0 2 −3 | 1 0 −3 2 | 1 ·(−3) ←
−+
0 13 −9 | 17 0 −9 13 | 17 ←
−+
2 −5 3 | 7 2 −5 3 | 7 ←−−− +
0 1 −3 | −5 −3 | −5 ←−+
0 1
∼ ∼
0 0 −7 | −14 | : (−7) | 2
0 0 1 ·3 ·(−3)
0 0 7 | 14 ←
−+ 0 0 0 | 0
x z y
2 −5 0 | 1 ← −+ 2 0 0 | 6 | :2
0 1 0 | 1 ·5
0 1 0 | 1 1 0 0 | 3
∼ ∼ ∼ 0 1 0 | 1
0 0 1 | 0 0 1 | 2
2 0 0 1 |
2
0 0 0 | 0 0 0 0 | 0 0 0 0 | 0
x = 3
=⇒ y = 2
z=1
19
8. U zavisnosti od vrednosti realnog parametra a ∈ R diskutovati i rešiti sistem linearnih
jednačina.
x+ y + z =0 x −y −az = 1
a) ax+(2a − 1)y+ z =a − 2 b) (2020) (a + 1)y+(a − 1)z= 0
x+ y +(a − 1)z=2a − 4 (a + 1)x −(a + 1)z= 1
x +y +az= 1 − a
c) (2020.) ax −y +z = −1
x −ay −z = 0
x + y + z = 0
1 1 1 x 0
Rešenje : a) ax + (2a − 1)y + z = a − 2 ⇐⇒ a 2a − 1 1 y = a − 2
1 1 a−1 z 2a − 4
x + y + (a − 1)z = 2a − 4
1 1 1 | 0 ·(−a) ·(−1) 1 1 1 | 0
a 2a − 1 1 | a−2 ← −+ 7→ 0 a − 1 1 − a | a − 2
1 1 a − 1 | 2a − 4 ←−−−−− + 0 0 a − 2 | 2(a − 2)
Dijagonalni elementi matrice sistema odred̄uju kritične vrednosti parametra a koje utiču na
brojnost skupa rešenja sistema jednačina. Drugim rečima, vrednosti dijagonalnih elemenata
odred̄uju rang matrice sistema.
I slučaj: a 6= 1, 2
1 1 1 | 0 1 1 1 | 0 ←−−− +
a−2
0 a − 1 1 − a | a − 2 | : (a − 1) 6= 0 →7 0 1 −1 | a−1 ← −+
0 0 a − 2 | 2(a − 2) | : (a − 2) 6= 0 0 0 1 | 2 ·(−1)
1 1 0 | −2 ←
−+ 1 0 0 | 6−5a
a−1
6−5a
x = a−1
7→ 0 1 0 | 3a−4 ·(−1) 7→ 0 1 0 | 3a−4 ⇐⇒ y = 3a−4
a−1 a−1 a−1
0 0 1 | 2 0 0 1 | 2 z=2
Na osnovu druge vrste transformisane matrice zaključujemo da sistem sadrži nesaglasnu jed-
načinu
0 · x + 0 · y + 0 · z = −1,
pa je ceo sistem nesaglasan. Isti zaključak možemo dobiti i predeći rangove matrice sistema i
proširene matrice sistema:
20
y
y
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
• matrica sistema A ∼ 0 0 0 ←
− 7→ 0 0 −1 7→ 0 −1 0
0 0 −1 ←− 0 0 0 0 0 0
=⇒ rang(A) = 2
y
y
1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0
• prširena matrica sistema A = [A|b] ∼ 0
e 0 0 −1 ← − 7→ 0 0 −1 −2
0 0 −1 −2 ← − 0 0 0 −1
1 1 0 1
7→ 0 −1 −2
0 =⇒ rang(A)
e =3
0 0 −1 0
21
x −y −az = 1 1 −1 −a x 1
b) (a + 1)y+(a − 1)z= 0 ⇐⇒ 0 a+1 a−1 y = 0
(a + 1)x −(a + 1)z= 1 a+1 0 −(a + 1) z 1
1 −1 −a | 1 ·−(a+1) 1 −1 −a | 1
0 a+1 a−1 | 0 ∼ 0 a + 1 a−1 | 0
a+1 0 −(a + 1) | 1 ← −+ 0 a + 1 a(a + 1) − (a + 1) | 1 − a − 1
1 −1 −a | 1
1 −1 −a | 1
= 0 a + 1 a−1 | 0 ·(−1) ∼ 0 a + 1 a−1 | 0
0 a + 1 (a − 1)(a + 1) | −a ← −+ 0 0 (a − 1)(a + 1) − (a − 1) | −a
1 −1 −a | 1
∼ 0 a+1 a−1 | 0
0 0 a(a − 1) | −a
I slučaj: a 6= 0, ±1
1 −1 −a | 1 1 −1 −a | 1 ←−−−−−−− +
e ∼ 0 a + 1 a − 1 | 0
A
∼ 0
a+1 a−1 | 0 ←
−+
1
0 0 a(a − 1) | −a | : a(a − 1) 0 0 1 | − a−1 ·−(a−1) ·a
a 1
1 −1 0 | − a−1 ←−+
1 −1 0 | 1 − a−1
0 a + 1 0 | 1
∼ 1 | : (a + 1) ∼ 0 1
0 | a+1
1
0 0 1 | − a−1 0 0 1
1 | − a−1
2
x=− 2
a −1
1 1 2
1 0 0 | a+1 − a−1 1 0 0 | − a2 −1
1
1
1
0 1 0 |
∼ = 0 1 0 |
a+1 ⇐⇒ y=
a+1 a+1
1 1
0 0 1 | − a−1 0 0 1 | − a−1
z = − 1
a−1
Za fiksiranu vrednost parametra a 6= 0, ±1 sistem ima jedinstveno rešenje.
1 −1 −a | 1 1 −1 0 | 1 ←−+
a=0
II slučaj: a = 0 A ∼ 0 a + 1 a − 1 | 0
e 7 → 0 1 −1 | 0
0 0 a(a − 1) | −a 0 0 0 | 0
x = 1 + z
1 0 −1 | 1
∼ 0 1 −1 | 0 ⇐⇒ y = z
0 0 0 | 0
z∈R
22
1 −1 −a | 1 1 −1 −1 | 1
e ∼ 0 a + 1 a − 1 | 0 a →
III slučaj: a = 1 A 7
=1
0 2 0 | 0
0 0 a(a − 1) | −a 0 0 0 | −1
=⇒ sistem nema rešenja
1 −1 −a | 1 1 −1 1 | 1
a = −1
IV slučaj: a = −1 A ∼ 0 a + 1 a − 1
e | 0 7 → 0 0 −2 | 0
0 0 a(a − 1) | −a 0 0 2 | 1 ←−+
1 −1 1 | 1
∼ 0 0
−2 | 0
0 0 0 | 1
x +y +az= 1 − a 1 1 a x 1−a
c) (2020.) ax −y +z = −1 ⇐⇒ a −1 1 y = −1
x −ay −z = 0 1 −a −1 z 0
1 1 a | 1−a ·(−a) ·(−1) 1 1 a | 1−a
a −1 1 | −1 ← −+ ∼ 0 −1 − a 1 − a2 | −1 − a(1 − a)
1 −a −1 | 0 ←−−−−− + 0 −a − 1 −1 − a | a−1
1 1 a | 1−a
= 0 −(a + 1) 1 − a2 | a2 − a − 1
·(−1)
23
I slučaj: a 6= −1, 2
1 1 a | 1−a
e ∼ 0 −(a + 1)
A 1 − a2 | a2 − a − 1
II slučaj: a = 2
1 1 a | 1−a 1 1 2 | −1
a=2
e∼
A 0 −(a + 1) 1 − a2 | a2 − a − 1 7 → 0 −3 −3 | 1 | : (−3)
0 0 (a − 2)(a + 1) | −a(a − 2) 0 0 0 | 0
2
2
x=− −z
1 1 2 | −1 ← −+ 1 0 1 | −3
3
∼ 0 1 1 | − 3
1 1
·(−1) ∼ 0 1 1 | − ⇐⇒
1
3 y =− −z
0 0 0 | 0 0 0 0 | 0
3
z ∈ R
III slučaj: a = −1
1 1 a | 1−a 1 1 −1 | 2
a = −1
Ae ∼ 0 −(a + 1) 1 − a2 | a2 − a − 1 7 → 0 0 0 | 1
0 0 (a − 2)(a + 1) | −a(a − 2) 0 0 0 | −3
=⇒ sistem nema rešenja
24
9. (2018.) U zavisnosti od vrednosti realnih parametara a, b ∈ R diskutovati i rešiti sistem
linearnih jednačina.
x + y + 2z = b
y + z + 2t = 0
z + 3t = −b
2y + 5z + at = 3
x + y + 2z = b
1 1 2 0 x b
y + z + 2t = 0 0 1 1 2 y 0
Rešenje : ⇐⇒ =
z + 3t = −b 0 0 1 3 z −b
0 2 5 a t 3
2y + 5z + at = 3
1 1 2 0 | b 1 1 2 0 | b
0 1 1 2 | 0 ·(−2)
0 1 1 2 | 0
∼
0 0 1 3 | −b | −b
0 0 1 3 ·(−3)
0 2 5 a | 3 ←
−+ 0 0 3 a−4 | 3 ←
−+
1 1 2 0 | b
0 1 1 2 | 0
∼
0 0 1 3 | −b
0 0 0 a − 13 | 3 + 3b
I slučaj: a 6= 13
1 1 2 0 | b
1 1 2 0 | b
0 1 1 2 |
| 0 ←−−−−− +
0 1 1 2 0
e∼
A
∼
| −b 0 0 1 3 | −b ← −+
0 0 1 3
3+3b
0 0 0 a − 13 | 3 + 3b | : (a − 13) 6= 0 0 0 0 1 | a−13 ·(−3) ·(−2)
b + 2 ab−4b+9
1 1 2 0 | b ←−−−−− + 1 1 0 0 | a−13
←−+
0 1 1 0 | b+1
−6 a−13 ←
−+ 0 1 0 0 | −6 a−13
b+1
+ ab−4b+9
a−13
·(−1)
∼
b+1 ∼
0 0 1 0 | −b − 9 a−13 − ab−4b+9
·(−1) ·(−2) 0 0 1 0 |
a−13
b+1
0 0 0 1 | 3 a−13 0 0 0 1 | b+1
3 a−13
1 0 0 0 | 3 ab−7b+6 − ab−10b+3 1 0 0 0 | 2ab−11b+15
a−13 a−13 a−13
ab−10b+3 ab−10b+3
0 1 0 0 | 0 1 0 0 |
a−13 a−13
∼ 0 0 1 0 | ab−4b+9
=
0 0 1 0 | − ab−4b+9
− a−13
a−13
b+1 b+1
0 0 0 1 | 3 a−13 0 0 0 1 | 3 a−13
2ab − 11b + 15
x=
a − 13
ab − 10b + 3
y =
a − 13
⇐⇒ sistem ima jedinstveno rešenje za svaku vrednost parametra a 6= 13.
ab − 4b + 9
z=−
a − 13
b + 1
t = 3
a − 13
25
1 1 2 0 | b 1 1 2 0 | b
e ∼
0 1 1 2 | 0 a = 13 0
1 1 2 | 0
II slučaj: a = 13 A 7 →
0 0 1 3 | −b 0 0 1 3 | −b
0 0 0 a − 13 | 3 + 3b 0 0 0 0 | 3 + 3b
=⇒ za b 6= −3 sistem nema rešenja
II.1 a = 13, b = −3
1 1 2 0 | b 1 1 2 0 | −3 ←−−−−− +
e∼
0 1 1 2 | 0 a = 13, b = −3 0
1 1 2 | 0 ← −+
A 7→
| −b | 3
0 0 1 3 0 0 1 3 ·(−1) ·(−2)
0 0 0 a − 13 | 3 + 3b 0 0 0 0 | 0
1 1 0 −6 | −9 ← −+ 1 0 0 −5 | −6
x = −6 + 5t
0 1 0 −1 | −3 ·(−1) 0 1 0 −1
| −3 y = −3 + t
∼ ∼ ⇐⇒
1 3 | |
0 0 3 0 0 1 3 3
z = 3 − 3t
0 0 0 0 | 0 0 0 0 0 | 0 t∈R
26
10. U zavisnosti od vrednosti realnih parametara a, b, c ∈ R diskutovati i rešiti sistem
linearnih jednačina.
ax +y +z +t = 1
2
(a + 1)x + y + z = −a − 2a
x +ay +z +t = 1
a) b) x + (a + 1)y + z = −a2 − a
x +y +az +t = 1
x + y + (a + 1)z = a2
x +y +z +at= 1
ax +y +z +t = 1 a 1 1 1 x 1
x +ay +z +t = 1 1 a 1 1 y 1
Rešenje : a) ⇐⇒ =
x +y +az +t = 1 1 1 a 1 z 1
x +y +z +at= 1 1 1 1 a t 1
a 1 1 1 | 1 ←− 1 1 1 a | 1 ·(−1) ·(−1) ·(−a)
1 a 1 1 | 1
1
a 1 1 | 1 ←
−+
∼
| | 1 ←−−−−− +
1 1 a 1 1 1 1 a 1
1 1 1 a | 1 ←− a 1 1 1 | 1 ←−−−−−−−−−− +
1 1 1 a | 1 1 1 1 a | 1
0 a−1 0 1−a | 0 0 a − 1 0 1−a | 0
∼ ∼
a−1 1−a | a−1 1−a |
0 0 0 0 0 0
0 1 − a 1 − a 1 − a2 | 1−a ←−+ ← −+ 0 0 0 3 − 2a − a2 | 1−a
1 1 1 a | 1
0 a−1 0 1−a | 0
=
a−1 1−a |
0 0 0
0 0 0 (a + 3)(1 − a) | 1−a
I slučaj: a 6= 1, −3
1 1 1 a | 1
e∼
0 a−1 0 1−a | | : (a − 1) 6= 0
0
A
a−1 1−a | 0 | : (a − 1) 6= 0
0 0
0 0 0 (a + 3)(1 − a) | 1 − a | : (a + 3)(1 − a) 6= 0
a
1 1 1 a | 1
←−−−−−− + 1 1 1 0 | 1 − a+3 ←
−+ ←
−+
1
0 1 0 −1 | 0 ←−−− + 0 1 0 0 |
·(−1)
a+3
∼ ∼
1
0 0 1 −1 | 0 ← −+ 0 0 1 0 |
·(−1)
a+3
1
0 0 0 1 | a+3 ·(−a) 0 0 0 1 | 1
a+3
1
1 0 0 0 | a+3
1
0 1 0 0 | a+3
⇐⇒ x = y = z = t = 1
∼ 1
0
0 1 0 | a+3 a+3
1
0 0 0 1 | a+3
27
II slučaj: a = −3
1 1 1 a | 1 1 1 1 −3 | 1
0 a − 1 − |
e∼
A
0 1 a 0 a=
7 → 0 −4 0
−3 4 | 0
0 0 a−1 1−a | 0 0 0 −4 4 | 0
0 0 0 (a + 3)(1 − a) | 1−a 0 0 0 0 | 4
III slučaj: a = 1
1 1 1 a | 1 1 1 1 1 | 1
0 a − 1 0 1−a | 0 a = 1 0
0 0 0 | 0
e∼
A 7 →
0 0 a−1 1−a | 0 0 0 0 0 | 0
0 0 0 (a + 3)(1 − a) | 1−a 0 0 0 0 | 0
(
x=1−y−z−t
=⇒
y, z, t ∈ R.
2
(a + 1)x + y + z = −a − 2a
2
a+1 1 1 x −a − 2a
b) x + (a + 1)y + z = −a2 − a ⇐⇒ 1 a+1 1 y = −a2 − a
1 1 a+1 z a2
x + y + (a + 1)z = a2
a+1 1 1 | −a2 − 2a ← −
2
1 a+1 1 | −a − a
1 1 a+1 | a2 ←−
1 1 a+1 | a2 ·(−1) ·−(a+1)
∼ 1 a+1 1 | −a2 − a ← −+
28
I slučaj: a 6= 0, −3
1 1 a+1 | a2
A ∼ 0 a −a | −a(2a + 1) | : a 6= 0
e
II slučaj: a = 0
1 1 a+1 | a2 1 1 1 | 0
(
e ∼ 0 a
A −a | −a(2a + 1)
a
7
=
→
0 0 0 0 | 0 =⇒ x = −y − z
0 0 −a(a + 3) | −a(a + 1)(a + 3) 0 0 0 | 0 y, z ∈ R.
III slučaj: a = −3
1 1 a+1 | a2 1 1 −2 | 9
e ∼ 0 a a = −3
A −a | −a(2a + 1) 7 → 0 −3 3 | −15 | : (−3)
0 0 −a(a + 3) | −a(a + 1)(a + 3) 0 0 0 | 0
1 1 −2 | 9 ←−+ 1 0 −1 | 4 x = z + 4
∼ 0 1 −1 | 5 ·(−1) ∼ 0 1 −1 | 5 ⇐⇒ y =z+5
0 0 0 | 0 0 0 0 | 0 z∈R
29
11. Ako je v rešenje jednačine Ax = b i u rešenje homogene jednačine Ax = θ, pokazati da
je u + v rešenje jednačine Ax = b, takod̄e.
Rešenje : v je rešenje Ax = b ⇐⇒ Av = b
u je rešenje Ax = θ ⇐⇒ Au = θ
=⇒ A(u + v) = Au + Av = θ + b = b ⇐⇒ u + v je rešenje Ax = b.
Rešenje : v je rešenje Ax = b1 ⇐⇒ Av = b1
u je rešenje Ax = b2 ⇐⇒ Au = b2
=⇒ A(αv + βu) = αAv + βAu = αb1 + βb2 ⇐⇒ αv + βu je rešenje Ax = αb1 + βb2 .
13. (2020.) Dokazati da ako sistem jednačina Ax = b ima rešenje, tada je rang matrice
sistema A jednak rangu proširene matrice sistema [A|b].
Tada je
Ax = b ⇐⇒ x1 v1 + x2 v2 + . . . xn vn = b
Vektor b ima predstavljanje preko sistema vektora v1 , v2 , . . . , vn akko
30
Gaus-Jordanov metod
Svaka regularna matrica A elementarnim transformacijama samo vrsta (ili samo kolona)
može se dovesti na jediničnu matricu I. Matrica [A | I] primenom
elementarnih transformacija
A
nad vrstama transformiše se u matricu [I | A−1 ]. Slično, elementarnim transformacijama
I
I
kolona transformiše se u . Slično, matrične jednačine AX = B i XA = B rešavaju se
A−1
elemntarnim transformacijama
vrste A kolone I
AX = B 7→ [A|B] 7→ [I|X], XA = B 7→ 7→
B X
Zadaci
1. Rešiti istovremeno sisteme jednačina koji imaju iste matrice sistema:
x1 +x2 +x3 +x4 +x5 = 2
x1 +x2 +x3 +x4 +x5 = 3
−x1 −x2 +2x3 +2x4 +2x5 = 1 −x1 −x2 +2x3 +2x4 +2x5 = 3
x1 +x2 −2x3 +2x4 +2x5 =−1 , x1 +x2 −2x3 +2x4 +2x5 = 9 .
−x1 +x2 +4x3 =3 −x1 +x2 +4x3 = −3
x1 −x2 −4x3 +5x5 = 2 x1 −x2 −4x3 +5x5 = 13
1 1 1 1 1 | 2 3
·(−1) ·(−1)
−1 −1 2 2 | 1
2 3 ← −+
[A|B] = 1 1 −2 2 2 | −1 9 ←−−− +
−1 1 4 0 0 | 3 −3 ←−−−−−−−− +
1 −1 −4 0 5 | 2 13 ←−−−−−−−−−− +
1 1 1 1 1 | 2 3 1 1 1 1 1 | 2 3
0 0
3 3 3 | 3 6 | :3
0 0 1 1
1 | 1 2 ←
−
∼ 0 0 −3 1 1 | −3 6 ∼ 0 0 −3 1 1 | −3 6
0 2 5 1 1 | 5 0 0 2 5 1 1 | 5 0 ← −
0 −2 −5 −1 4 | 0 10 ← −+ 0 0 0 0 5 | 5 10 | : 5
1 1 1 1 1 | 2 3 ←−−−−− + 1 1 0 0 0 | 1 1
0 2 5 1 1
| 5 0 ←
−+ 0 2
0 −4 −4 | 0 −10 | :2
∼ 0 0 1 1 1 | 1 2 ·(−5) ·(−1) ·3 ∼ 0 0 1 1 1 | 1 2
0 0 −3 1 1 | −3 6 ←−−−−−−−−−− + 0 0 0 4 4 | 0 12 | : 4
0 0 0 0 1 | 1 2 0 0 0 0 1 | 1 2
31
1 1 0 0 0 | 1 1
0
1 0 −2 −2 | 0 −5
←−−−−− +
∼ 0 0 1 1 1 | 1 2 ← −+
0 0 0 1 1 | 0 3 ·(−1) ·2
0 0 0 0 1 | 1 2
1 1 0 0 0 | 1 1 ←
−+ 1 0 0 0 0 | 1 0
0
1 0 0 0 | 0 1 ·(−1) 0
1 0 0 0 | 0 1
∼ 0 0 1 0 0 | 1 −1 ∼ 0 0 1 0 0 | 1 −1
0 0 0 1 1 | 0 3 ←−+ 0 0 0 1 0 | −1 1
0 0 0 0 1 | 1 2 ·(−1) 0 0 0 0 1 | 1 2
x1 +x2 +x3 +x4 +x5 = 2
x1 = 1
x 2 = 0
−x1 −x2 +2x3 +2x4 +2x5 = 1
=⇒ rešenje sistema x1 +x2 −2x3 +2x4 +2x5 =−1 glasi x3 = 1
−x1 +x2 +4x3 =3
x4 = −1
x1 −x2 −4x3 +5x5 = 2
x = 1.
5
x1 +x2 +x3 +x4 +x5 = 3
x1 = 0
x2 = 1
−x1 −x2 +2x3 +2x4 +2x5 = 3
Rešenje sistema x1 +x2 −2x3 +2x4 +2x5 = 9 glasi x3 = −1
−x +x +4x = −3
1 2 3 x4 = 1
x1 −x2 −4x3 +5x5 = 13
x = 2.
5
32
2. Rešiti sledeće matrične jednačine:
1 2 3 5 3 −2 −1 2
a) X= b) X =
3 4 5 9 5 −4 −5 6
1 2 −3 1 −3 0
3 −1 5 6 14 16
c) X = d) 3 2 −4 X = 10 2 7
5 −2 7 8 9 10
2 −1 0 10 7 8
1 2 3 5
Rešenje : a) X=
3 4 5 9
1 2 | 3 5 1 2 | 3 5 ← −+ 1 0 | −1 −1
·(−3)
∼ ∼
3 4 | 5 9 ← −+ 0 −2 | −4 −6 | : (−2) 0 1 | 2 3
−1 −1
=⇒ X =
2 3
1 2 −1 −1 3 5
Provera: = .
3 4 2 3 5 9
3 −2 −1 2
b) X =
5 −4 −5 6
: (−2)
+ ·(−1) + + ·(−1)
y
y
y
3 −2 1 1 1 0 1 0
5 −4 1 2 1 1 0 1
∼ ∼ ∼
−1 2 −1 −2 −2
1 1 3
−5 6 1 −3 1 −4 5 −4
3 −2
=⇒ X =
5 −4
3 −2 3 −2 −1 2
Provera: = .
5 −4 5 −4 −5 6
33
3 −1 5 6 14 16
c) X =
5 −2 7 8 9 10
5 6 3 −1 14 16
Uvedimo oznaku Y = X . Prvo rešavamo matričnu jednačinu Y = .
7 8 5 −2 9 10
3 −1 | 14 16 | · 2 ← −+ 1 0 | 19 22
·(−5)
∼
5 −2 | 9 10 ·(−1) 5 −2 | 9 10 ← −+
1 0 | 19 1 0 | 19 22
22 19 22
∼ ∼ =⇒ Y = .
0 −2 | −86 −100 | : (−2) 0 1 | 43 50 43 50
5 6 19 22
Sada rešavamo jednačinu X =Y = po X.
7 8 43 50
:2 · (−1)
+ ·(−1) ·3 + + ·(−1)
y
y
y
5 6 −1 3 1 0 1 0
7 8 −1 4 1 1 0 1
∼ ∼ ∼
−3
19 22 11 3 2 1 2
43 50 −7 25 7 4 3 4
1 2
=⇒ X = .
3 4
3 −1 1 2 5 6 3 −1 19 22 14 16
Provera: = =
5 −2 3 4 7 8 5 −2 43 50 9 10
1 2 −3 1 −3 0
d) 3 2 −4 X = 10 2 7
2 −1 0 10 7 8
1 2 −3 | 1 −3 0 ·(−3) ·(−2) 1 2 −3 | 1 −3 0
3 2 −4 | 10 2 7 ← −+ ∼ 0 −4 5 | 7 11 7 ← −+
2 −1 0 | 10 7 8 ←−−−−− + 0 −5 6 | 8 13 8 ·(−1)
1 2 −3 | 1 −3 0 ←−−− + 1 0 −1 | 3 1 2 ←−−− +
∼ 0 1 −1 | −1 −2 −1 ·5 ·(−2) ∼ 0 1 −1 | −1 −2 −1 ← −+
0 −5 6 | 8 13 8 ←−+ 0 0 1 | 3 3 3
1 0 0 | 6 4 5
6 4 5
∼ 0 1 0 | 2 1 2 =⇒ X = 2 1 2 .
0 0 1 | 3 3 3 3 3 3
34
3. Odrediti inverznu matricu matrice A
1 2 3 4
a) A = b) A =
3 4 5 7
1 2 2 2 7 3
c) A = 2 1 −2 d) A = 3 9 4
2 −2 1 1 5 3
1 0 1 −1 3
1 1 1 1 1
1 1 −1 −1 1 0 3 0
e) A = f) A = −1 0 0 −1 −2
1 −1 1 −1 .
0 −2 3 −9 5
1 −1 −1 1
−1 1 −4 11 −11
1 2
Rešenje : a) A =
3 4
" #
1 2 | 1 0 1 2 | 1 0 ← −+ 1 0 | −2 1
·(−3)
∼ ∼
3 4 | 0 1 ← −+ 0 −2 | −3 1 | : (−2) 0 1 | 32 − 12
−2 1
=⇒ A−1 = 3 1
−
2 2
Provera: AA−1 = I
"−2 1 #
1 2 1 0
3 1 =
3 4 − 0 1
2 2
3 4
b) A =
5 7
3 4 | | ·2 ←
−+ 1 1 | 2 −1 1 1 | 2 −1
1 0 ·(−5)
∼ ∼
5 7 | 0 1 ·(−1) 5 7 | 0 1 ← −+ 0 2 | −10 6 | : 2
| 2 −1 ← −+ | 7 −4
1 1 1 0
∼ ∼
0 1 | −5 3 ·(−1) 0 1 | −5 3
7 −4
=⇒ A−1 =
−5 3
Provera: AA−1 = I
3 4 7 −4 1 0
=
5 7 −5 3 0 1
35
1 2 2
c) A = 2 1 −2
2 −2 1
1 2 2 | 1 0 0 ·(−2) 1 2 2 | 1 0 0
2 1 −2 | 0 1 0 ·(−1) ←−+ ∼ 0 −3 −6 | −2 1 0 ·(−1) | : (−3)
2 −2 1 | 0 0 1 ← −+ 0 −3 3 | 0 −1 1 ← −+
1 2 2 | 1 0 0 ← −+ 1 0 −2 | − 31 23 0 ←−−−−− +
2 1
∼ 0 1 2 | 3 − 3 0 ·(−2) ∼ 0 1 2 | 32 − 13 0 ← −+
0 0 9 | 2 −2 1 | : 9 0 0 1 | 92 − 29 91 ·(−2) ·2
1 2 2
1 2 2
1 0 0 | 9 9 9
9 9 9 1 2 2
2 1
2
1
∼ 0 1 0 | 2 1
0 =⇒ A−1 = − = 2 1 −2
9 9 9 9 9 9
0 0 1 | 2
− 92 1 2 2 −2 1
9 9 2 1
−
9 9 9
Provera: AA−1 = I
1 2 2 1 2 2 1 0 0
1
2 1 −2 2 1 −2 = 0 1 0
9
2 −2 1 2 −2 1 0 0 1
2 7 3
d) A = 3 9 4
1 5 3
2 7 3 | 1 0 0 | ·2 ← −+ 1 5 2 | 2 −1 0 ·(−3) ·−1
3 9 4 | 0 1 0 ·(−1) ∼ 3 9 4 | 0 1 0 ←−+
1 5 3 | 0 0 1 1 5 3 | 0 0 1 ←−−−−− +
1 5 2 | 2 −1 0 ←−−− + 1 5 0 | 6 −3 −2
∼ 0 −6 −2 | −6 4 0 ← − ∼ 0 −6 0 | −10 6 2 | : (−6)
+
0 0 1 | −2 1 1 ·2 ·(−2) 0 0 1 | −2 1 1
1 5 0 | 6 −3 −2 ← −+ 1 5 0 | − 37 2 − 13
∼ 0 1 0 | 53 −1 − 31 ·(−5) ∼ 0 1 0 | 5
−1 − 13
3
0 0 1 | −2 1 1 0 0 1 | −2 1 1
7
− 3 2 − 13
−7 6 −1
1
=⇒ A−1 = 53 −1 − 13 = 5 −3 −1
3
−2 1 1 −6 3 3
Provera: AA−1 = I
2 7 3 −7 6 −1 1 0 0
1
3 9 4 5 −3 −1 = 0 1 0
3
1 5 3 −6 3 3 0 0 1
36
1 1 1 1
1 1 −1 −1
e) A =
1 −1 1 −1
1 −1 −1 1
1 1 1 1 | 1 0 0 0 ·(−1) ·(−1)
1 1 −1 −1 | 0 1 0 0 ←
−+
1 −1 1 −1 | 0 0 1 0 ·(−1) ← −+
1 −1 −1 1 | 0 0 0 1 ← −+
1 1 1 1 | 1 0 0 0
0 0 −2 −2 | −1 1 0 0 | : (−2) ← −
∼
0 −2 0 −2 | −1 0 1 0 | : (−2) ← −
0 0 −2 2 | 0 0 −1 1 | : (−2)
1 1 1 1 | 1 0 ←−−−−− +
0 0
0 1 0 1 | 1 0 − 1 0
2 2
∼
1 1
0 0 1 1 | 2 − 2 0 0
·(−1) ·(−1)
1
0 0 1 −1 | 0 0 2
− 12 ← −+
1 1 0 0 | 12 1
2
0 0
0 1 0 1 | 1 0 −2 0 1
2
∼
1 1
0 0 1 1 | 2 − 2 0
0
0 0 0 −2 | − 21 21 1
2
− 12 | : (−2)
1 1 0 0 | 12 21
0 0
0 1 0 1 | 1 0 − 1 0 ←−−−−− +
2 2
∼
1 1
0 0 1 1 | 2 − 2 0 0 ← −+
0 0 0 1 | 41 − 14 − 41 14 ·(−1) ·(−1)
1 1 0 0 | 12 21
0 0 ←−+
0 1 0 1 | 1 1 − 1 − 1 ·(−1)
4 4 4 4
∼
0 0 1 0 | 14 − 14 41 − 14
0 0 0 1 | 14 − 14 − 41 14
1 0 0 0 | 14 41 1 1
4 4
0 1 0 0 | 1 1 − 1 − 1
4 4 4 4
∼
1 1 1 1
0 0 1 0 | 4 − 4 4 − 4
0 0 0 1 | 14 − 14 − 41 14
1 1 1 1
1 1 1 −1 −1
=⇒ A−1 =
4 1 −1 1 −1
1 −1 −1 1
Provera: AA−1 = I
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0
1 1 1 −1 −1 1 1 −1 −1 0
1 0 0
=
4 1 −1 1 −1 1 −1 1 −1 0 0 1 0
1 −1 −1 1 1 −1 −1 1 0 0 0 1
37
1 0 1 −1 3
1 1 0 3 0
f) A =
−1 0 0 −1 −2
.
0 −2 3 −9 5
−1 1 −4 11 −11
1 0 1 −1 3 |
1 0 0 0 0
·(−1)
1
1 0 3 0 |
0 1 0 0 0 ← −+
−1 0 0 −1 −2 |
0 0 1 0 0 ←−−−−− +
0 −2 3 −9 5 |
0 0 0 1 0
−1 1 −4 11 −11 |
0 0 0 0 1 ←−−−−−−−− +
1 0 1 −1 3 |1 0 0 0 0
0
1 −1 4 −3 |
−1 1 0 0 0 ·2 ·(−1)
∼ 0 0 1 −2 1 |1 0 1 0 0
0 −2 3 −9 5 |0 0 0 1 0 ← −+
0 1 −3 10 −8 |1 0 0 0 1 ←−−− +
1 0 1 −1 3 | 1 0 0 0 0 ←−−−−−−−−−−− +
0
1 −1 4 −3 | −1 1 0 0 0 ←−−−−−−−− +
∼ 0 0 1 −2 1 | 1 0 1 0 0
·(−1) ·2 ·(−1)
0 0 1 −1 −1 | −2 2 0 1 0 ← −+
0 0 −2 6 −5 | 2 −1 0 0 1 ←−−−−− +
1 0 0 1 2 | 0 0 −1 0 0 ←−−−−−−−−−−−−− +
0
1 0 2 −2 | 0 1 1 0 0 ←−−−−−−−− +
∼ 0 0 1 −2 1 | 1 0 1 0 0 ←−−−−− +
0 0 0 1 −2 | −3 2 −1 1 0 ·(−2) ·2 ·(−2) ·(−1)
0 0 0 2 −3 | 4 −1 0 1 ←
2 −+
1 0 0 0 4 | 3 −2 0 −1 0 ←−−−−−−−−−−− +
0
1 0 0 2 | 6 −3 3 −2 0 ←−−−−−− +
∼ 0 0 1 0 −3 | −5 4 −1 2 0 ←−−− +
0 0 0 1 −2 | −3 2 −1 1 0 ← −+
0 0 0 0 1 | 10 −5 4 −2 1 ·2 ·3 ·(−2) ·(−4)
1 0 0 0 0 | −37 18 −16 7 −4
0
1 0 0 0 | −14 7 −5 2 −2
∼ 0 0 1 0 0 | 25 −11 11 −4 3
0 0 0 1 0 | 17 −8 7 −3 2
0 0 0 0 1 | 10 −5 4 −2 1
Provera: AA−1 = I
1 0 1 −1 3 −37 18 −16 7 −4 1 0 0 0 0
1 1 0 3 0 −14 7 −5 2 −2 0 1 0 0 0
−1 0 −1 −2
0 25 −11 11 −4 3 = 0 0 1 0 0
0 −2 3 −9 5 17 −8 7 −3 2 0 0 0 1 0
−1 1 −4 11 −11 10 −5 4 −2 1 0 0 0 0 1
38
a 0 a
4. Neka je A = 0 a 0 , a 6= 0. Odrediti (A + AT )−1 .
0 0 a
a 0 a
Rešenje : A = 0 a 0 , a 6= 0.
0 0 a
a 0 a a 0 0 2a 0 a
A + AT = 0 a 0 + 0 a 0 = 0 2a 0 ,
0 0 a a 0 a a 0 2a
2a 0 a | 1 0 0 ← − a 0 2a | 0 0 1 ·(−2)
0 2a 0 | 0 1 0 ∼ 0 2a 0 | 0 1 0
a 0 2a | 0 0 1 ← − 2a 0 a | 1 0 0 ←−+
1
a 0 2a | 0 0 1 | :a 1 0 2 | 0 0 a
←
−+
1
∼ 0 2a 0 | 0 1 0 | : 2a ∼ 0 1 0 | 0 0
2a
1 2
0 0 −3a | 1 0 −2 | : (−3a) 0 0 1 | − 3a 0 3a
·(−2)
2 1
1 0 0 | 3a 0 − 3a
1
∼ 0 1 0 | 0 0
2a
1 2
0 0 1 | − 3a 0 3a
2 1
0 −
3a 3a
4 0 −2
T −1
1 1
=⇒ (A + A ) = 0 0 =
0 3 0 .
2a 6a −2 0 4
1 2
− 0
3a 3a
Provera: (A + AT )(A + AT )−1 = I
2a 0 a 4 0 −2 1 0 0
1
(A + AT )(A + AT )−1 = 0 2a 0 0 3 0 = 0 1 0 .
6a
a 0 2a −2 0 4 0 0 1
39
5. (2020.) Rešiti matričnu jednačinu 3XB T + XA = B, za
−2 1 24 1 2 −1
A = −6 −2 9 ,
B= 0
1 −1 .
4 4 4 −8 −3 −1
−8 −3 −1 −8 5 −1 −7 5 −1
Provera: 3XB T + XA = B
2 1 −1 1 0 −8 2 1 −1 −2 1 24
3XB T + XA = 3 1 1 −1 2 1 −3 + 1 1 −1 −6 −2 9
−7 5 −1 −1 −1 −1 −7 5 −1 4 4 4
5 2 −18 −14 −4 53
= 3 4 2 −10 + −12 −5 29
4 6 42 −20 −21 −127
15 6 −54 −14 −4 53
= 12 6 −30 + −12 −5 29
12 18 126 −20 −21 −127
1 2 −1
= 0
1 −1 = B.
−8 −3 −1
40
6. (2020.) a) Dokazati da za regularne matrice A i B važi (AB)−1 = B −1 A−1 .
b) Rešiti matričnu jednačinu AX = X +I, gde je I jedinična matrica odgovarajuće dimenzije
i
1 −1 1
A = 1 3 −2 .
3 1 −1
M · M −1 = M −1 · M = I.
b) AX = X + I ⇐⇒ AX − X = I ⇐⇒ (A − I)X = I ⇐⇒ X = (A − I)−1
1 −1 1 1 0 0 0 −1 1
A − I = 1 3 −2 − 0 1 0 = 1 2 −2 ,
3 1 −1 0 0 1 3 1 −2
0 −1 1 | 1 0 0 ← − 1 2 −2 | 0 1 0 ·(−3)
1 2 −2 | 0 1 0 ← − ∼ 0 −1 1 | 1 0 0
3 1 −2 | 0 0 1 3 1 −2 | 0 0 1 ← −+
1 2 −2 | 0 1 0 ← −+ 1 0 0 | 2 1 0
∼ 0 −1 1 | 1 0 0 ·2 ·(−5) ∼ 0 −1 1 | 1 0 0 ←−+
0 −5 4 | 0 −3 1 ←−−− + 0 0 −1 | −5 −3 1 | · (−1)
1 0 0 | 2 1 0 1 0 0 | 2 1 0
∼ 0 −1 0 | −4 −3 1 | · (−1) ∼ 0 1 0 | 4 3 −1
0 0 1 | 5 3 −1 0 0 1 | 5 3 −1
2 1 0
=⇒ X = 4 3 −1
5 3 −1
Provera: AX − X = I
1 −1 1 2 1 0 2 1 0
AX − X = 1 3 −2 4 3 −1 − 4 3 −1
3 1 −1 5 3 −1 5 3 −1
3 1 0 2 1 0 1 0 0
= 4 4 −1 − 4 3 −1 = 0 1 0 = I.
5 3 0 5 3 −1 0 0 1
41
Linearni operatori
Oznake:
RA = A(X), NA = ker A = {u | Au = θ, u ∈ X},
dim RA = rang A = rA (rang), dim NA = def A = nA (defekt).
Matrica linearnog operatora u konačno dimenzionalnim prostorima:
42
Zadaci
1. (2018.) Dat je operator A : R3 → R3
A(a, b, c) = (a + b, 0, b − c).
Pokazati da je A linearan operator. Odrediti matricu operatora A u prirodnoj bazi
(e) : (1, 0, 0), (0, 1, 0), (0, 0, 1),
njegov rang i defekt.
0 1 −1 0 0 −1
=⇒ def (A) = def (A(e) ) = 3 − 2 = 1.
43
2. Neka je a = (1, 2, −1) ∈ R3 i · realni skalarni proizvod prostora R3 . Dokazati da je
Av = (v · a)a linearan operator. Odrediti matricu A ovog operatora u prirodnoj bazi prostora
R3 . Odrediti rang i defekt operatora A. Zatim naći (A + I)n , n ∈ N
S obzirom da je matrica A = A(e) ranga 1, ima linearno zavisne vrste, i može se predstaviti
u obliku proizvoda
1
A = 2 1 2 −1 .
−1
Tada je
1 1 1
2
A =A·A= 2 1 2 −1 2 1 2 −1 = 6 2 1 2 −1 = 6A,
−1 −1 −1
| {z }
=6
indukcijom n n−1
=⇒ A = 6 A, n ≥ 1
44
Kako sve matrice komutiraju sa jediničnom matricom I, važiće binomna formula
n
n n n n 2 n n−1 n n X n k
(A + I) = I+ A+ A ··· + A + A = A
0 1 2 n−1 n k=0
k
Zbog toga je
n n n
n
X n k
X n k X n k−1
(A + I) = A =I+ A =I +A 6
k=0
k k=1
k k=1
k
n
! n
!
1 X n k 1 X n k
=I+ A 6 +1−1 =I + A 6 −1
6 k=1
k 6 k=0
k
1 7n − 1
=I+ ((1 + 6)n − 1) A = I + A
6 6
1 0 0 n 1 2 −1
7 −1
= 0 1 0 + 2 4 −2 .
6
0 0 1 −1 −2 1
45
3. Neka je A : R3 → M2×2 operator definisan sa
a a+b
A(a, b, c) = .
a−b+c b−c
u = (a1 , b1 , c1 ), v = (a2 , b2 , c2 ).
Tada je
a1 a1 + b 1
Au = A(a1 , b1 , c1 ) = ,
a1 − b 1 + c 1 b 1 − c 1
a2 a2 + b 2
Av = A(a2 , b2 , c2 ) = ,
a2 − b 2 + c 2 b 2 − c 2
A(αu + βv) = A α(a1 , b1 , c1 ) + β(a2 , b2 , c2 ) = A(αa1 + βa2 , αb1 + βb2 , αc1 + βc2 )
| {z } | {z } | {z }
a b c
αa1 + βa2 αa1 + βa2 + αb1 + βb2
| {z } | {z } | {z }
a a b
=αa1 + βa2 − αb1 + βb2 + αc1 + βc2 αb1 + βb2 − αc1 + βc2
| {z } | {z } | {z } | {z } | {z }
a b c b c
a1 a1 + b1 a2 a2 + b 2
=α +β
a1 − b 1 + c 1 b 1 − c 1 a2 − b 2 + c 2 b 2 − c 2
= αAu + βAv.
Potražimo matricu linearnog operatora A. U te svrhe uvodimo oznake prirodnih baza pros-
tora R3 i M2×2 sa:
46
Odredimo slike baznih vektora prostora R3 :
1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0
Ae1 = A(1, 0, 0) = = + +
1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0
T
= 1 · E11 + 1 · E12 + 1 · E21 + 0 · E22 = 1 1 1 0 (E) ,
0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0
Ae2 = A(0, 1, 0) = = − +
−1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1
T
= 0 · E11 + 1 · E12 − 1 · E21 + 1 · E22 = 0 1 −1 1 (E) ,
0 0 0 0 0 0
Ae3 = A(0, 0, 1) = = −
1 −1 1 0 0 1
T
= 0 · E11 + 0 · E12 + 1 · E21 − 1 · E22 = 0 0 1 −1 (E) .
0 1 −1
Za odred̄ivanje ranga i defekta operatora A koristimo dobijenu matricu. Kako je ona već u
(donje) trougaonoj formi, zaključujemo da je
47
4. Neka je operator A : R3 → P2 [x] definisan sa
a + 2b − c 2
A(a, b, c) = x + cx + (b + c).
2
a) Dokazati da je A linearan operator.
d) Ako je moguće, odrediti matricu inverznog operatora A−1 u istim bazama (b) i (p).
u = (a1 , b1 , c1 ), v = (a2 , b2 , c2 ).
Tada je
a1 + 2b1 − c1 2
Au = A(a1 , b1 , c1 ) = x + c1 x + (b1 + c1 ),
2
a2 + 2b2 − c2 2
Av = A(a2 , b2 , c2 ) = x + c2 x + (b2 + c2 ),
2
A(αu + βv) = A α(a1 , b1 , c1 ) + β(a2 , b2 , c2 ) = A(αa1 + βa2 , αb1 + βb2 , αc1 + βc2 )
| {z } | {z } | {z }
a b c
αa1 + βa2 +2 αb1 + βb2 − αc1 + βc2
| {z } | {z } | {z }
a b c
= x2 + αc1 + βc2 x + (αb1 + βb2 + αc1 + βc2 )
2 | {z } | {z } | {z }
c b c
a1 + 2b1 − c1 2 a2 + 2b2 − c2 2
=α x + c1 x + (b1 + c1 ) + β x + c2 x + (b2 + c2 )
2 2
= αAu + βAv.
48
0
Ab2 = A(1, 0, 1) = x + 1 = p2 =⇒ Ab2 = 1
0 (p)
Ab3 = A(−1, 1, 1) = x + 2 = α(x2 − 1) + β(x + 1) + γx = αx2 + (β + γ)x − α + β
α = 0, α = 0,
0
=⇒ β + γ = 1, ⇐⇒ β = 2, =⇒ Ab3 = 2
−1 (p)
β − α = 2, γ = −1,
−2 0 −1 | 0 0 1 ←−−−−− + 0 0 −1 | 2 0 1 ·2 | · (−1)
1 0 0 | 1 0 0
1 0 0
∼ 0 1 0 | 2 1 2 =⇒ ∃A−1 = 2 1 2
0 0 1 | 2 0 1 2 0 1
Zbog reguularnosti matrice A zaključujemo da je rang(A) = rang(A) = 3 i def (A) = def (A) =
0.
Matrica linearnog operatora A−1 u bazama (p) i (b) je matrica A−1 .
49
5. Neka je operator A : P2 [x] → P1 [x] definisan sa
{x2 + x + 1, x + 1, 1} i {x + 1, x − 1}.
odakle je ( (
λ + µ = 3, λ = 2, 2 2
⇐⇒ =⇒ A(x + x + 1) = .
λ−µ=1 µ=1 1
Slično,
1
A(x + 1) = (0 + 1 + 1)x + (0 − 1 + 1) = 2x = (x + 1) + (x − 1) = .
1
Konačno,
1
A(1) = (0 + 0 + 1)x + (0 − 0 + 1) = x + 1 = 1(x + 1) + 0(x − 1) = .
0
50
6. Neka je u prostoru V zadata baza (b) : b1 , b2 , b3 , u kojoj operator A : V → V ima
matricu
1 0 3
A = 2 −1 2 .
1 7 5
Odrediti matricu operatora A2 u bazi {b1 , b1 + b2 , b1 + b2 + b3 }.
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Tada, matrica operatora A2 je A2f , gde je
−1 0 1 −1 0 1 2 8 12
A2f = 1 −7 −10 · 1 −7 −10 = −18 −31 −59 .
1 8 13 1 8 13 20 48 90
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