INDIAN ART ANDCULTURE

TOPICS COVERED TILL NOW

1. Architecture in Ancient Period
2. Sculpture in Ancient India
3. Harappan Civilization
4. Vedic civilization
5. Jainism
6. TN Class 6 – Art and Culture

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 NEW LEARNING STRATEGIES
• KEYWORDS
•KEYLINES
•WORD MNEMONICS
•VISUAL MNEMONICS
•MIND MAPS
•LOGICAL ASSIMMILATION
•MAGIC NUMBERS
•MEMORY TRAIN
•DIGITAL STORY BUILDING
•READING SKILLS
•ANSWER WRITING SKILLS
•ACRONYMS
OFFICIAL STATUS IN YOUTUBE
OFFICIAL STATUS IN YOUTUBE
Early life of Gautama Buddha:

Original Name – Siddhartha

Birth place – Lumbinivana

Period – 563 BC

Father – Suddhodana > chief of sakya clan > capital – kapilavasthu

Mother – Maya died 7 days after his birth

Mother’s sister > Mahaprajapati Gotami – Step Mother

Wife – Yasodhara

Son – Rahul
 Suddhodhana – Clean
Money

Siddharth Malya
 Age of 29 – wandering ascetic in search of truth, left family and kingdom

Channa - Charioteer Kanthaka - horse

Great Renunciation or Mahabhinishkraman

Idea of renunciation – Seeing 4 persons in 4 different stages – old man, very sick
Alara kalama – man, corpse , ascetic
meditation, Rudrakaramaputta
upanishads@ @ rajgriha
vaishali
6 continuous years – homeless ascetic
Uruvela –
Niranjan river,
49 th day Tathagata –
Reached Gaya – enlightment under pipal tree one who
attained
ruth

Became budda at gaya – “Bodh Gaya” >> Sambodhi, tree – bodhi tree
Mara – king of spirits and demons disturbed in meditation

Sujata – farmer’s daughter > rice milk at Bodh Gaya

Deer park at Sarnath – 1st sermon “Dharmachakra Paravartana”

Asvajit, Upali,
Period of 45 yrs toured eastern India Mogallana, Sariputra,
Ananda - disciples
Preached his gospel to princes and peasants
Before death @ pavapuri – Chanda – bad mushrooms & pork

Age of 80 – “Mahaparinirvana” @ Kushinagara – sal tree 483 BC

Last teaching heard by Subhadra and Ananda

Earliest source – Sutra pitaka in Pali

Acc. To buddhism – existence of a being is like a wheel

of causes and effects

Ignorance gives rise to desire; desire to karma; and

karma leads to the impulse to be born again and again
to satisfy desire which is the source of suffering

If suffering is to be destroyed , Primary cause –

ignorance must be destroyed

Can be achieved by the realization that world is

impermanent
Buddha (the Dhamma Sangha
enlightened) (doctrine) (order)
 There is a path
The worldly
Desire is the for the
The worldy existence can
cause of destruction of
existence is full be ended by
worldly the desire
of misery the destruction
existence (Marga) – This
(Dukha) of desire
(Samudaya) is the Ashtanga
(Nirodh)
Marga
 Right speech
Physical contol Right action
(Sila)
Right means of livelihood

Right exertion
Mental control Right mindedness
(Chitta)
Right meditation
Intellectual Right resolution
development
(Prajna) Right point of view
 It contains 4 practices –
love (Maitr) compassion
There is no place for Practical code of morality
(karuna) joy at the success
personal God (Atman) in is recommended for self –
of other (Mudite) and
the doctrine of Buddha improvement
equanimity towards all
beings (Upeksha)

rejected Vedas and Vedic

sacrifices and challenged
Buddhism is known as
the superiority of Laid stress on ahimsa
Middle path
Brahmanism in caste-
against Brahmanism

Condemned violence to
any living beings
 Ananda and buddha are friends
Ananda – constant companion of Buddha and most devoted disciple

Anurddha – master of right mindfulness

Mahakassapa – president of Buddhist council held at Rajagriha

Moggallana – he had greatest super natural powers

Sariputta – possessed the profound insight into the dhamma

Upali – master of Vinaya

 Ashvagosha – contemporary of kanishka, poet, dramatist,
musician
 Nagarjuna – friend and contemporary of Satavahana kings
 Assanga and Vasubandhu > “Abhidaramakosa”
encyclopedia of buddhism - brothers

Imp teacher of yogachara or vijnanavada school founded by Maitreyanath

•Buddhagosha – pali scholar “Visuddhimaga” > post-

tripitaka literature
•Dinnaga – founder of Buddhist logic
•Dharmakirti – philosophical thinker and dialectician
 First great split in Buddhist church – 4th buddhist
council
Mahayana
Hinayana

Mahayana Buddhism – Acharya Nagarjuna >> further spread of Buddhism

Hinayana or Lesser Vehicle

Original teachings of buddha

Individual salvation – self

discipline and meditation

No idol worship

Religion without god – only

karma

Nirvana – extinction of all

 Oldest school – Sthaviravada (Theravada in Pali)
 Sanskrit – sarvastivada or doctrine which maintains the existence of all things ,
physical as well as mental
 From sarvastivada or vaibhasika branched off another school – Sautantrika >>
more critical in outlook
 Pali – language of masses used by Hinayana Buddhists
 Ashoka patronised Hinayanism
 Heavenliness of Buddha
 Salvation of all through the grace and help of Buddha
and Bodhisatvas
 Idol worship
 Nirvana is not a negative cessation of misery but a
positive state of bliss
 Chief philosophical schools – Madhyamika, Yogachara
 Madhyamika – Nagarjuna >> midway between uncompromising realism of
Hinayanism and idealism of Yogacharya
 Yogacharya – Maitreyanatha >> rejected the realism of Hinaynism and
maintained absolute idealism
 Sanskrit was used by Mahayana Buddhists
 Kanishka patronised Mahayanism later Harsha supported it
 Salvation could be best attained by
acquiring the magical power – “Vajra”

Chief divinities – Taras

Popular in eastern India – Bengal

and Bihar
 Birth – Lotus and Bull

• Great Renunciation - Horse

 Enlightment – Bodhi tree

• First Sermon ( Dharmachakra Paravartana ) - Wheel

Death ( Mahaparinirvana ) - Stupa

 Disciples

Lay
Monks
worshippers
Systematic and
organized >
Monks – powerful role
organized into for spread of
Sangha Buddhism

Membership >
15 yrs of age
First Council – Rajagriha >> teachings collected, classified, adjusted as authoritative
canonical texts : 2 pitakas – Vinaya and Sutta by Upali
Ruler – Ajathasatru Presided by Mahakassapa
Purpose - Maintain purity of buddha teachings

Second Council – Vaishali R –Kalaoka P-sabakami difference of opinion among monks @

vaisali, 100 yrs after Mahaparinirvana >> schism in sangha – sthavaravadins or theravadins
and mahasanghikas
Purpose – End the controversy between monks and their opponents

Third council – Ashoka > 256 yrs after parinirvana – Pataliputra – Chaimanship of
Moggaliputta Tissa >> classifies buddhist texts and added Abhidhamma pitaka –
establishment of sthaviravadins – final compilation of Tripitakas – sending missionaries to
diff parts of world :Purpose – settle the dispute arising out of the rival claim of authority

Fourth council – Kanishka at Kundalavan in Kashmir > presided by vasumithra, assisted

by Ashvagosha – composition of 3 large commentaries > vibhashas – division of Mahayana
and Hinayana – codification of sarvastivadin doctrines as Mahavibhasa – conduct of
deliberation of sanskrit instead of pali – spread of buddhism to other parts of world
 Use of popular language

Principle of equality

Personality of Buddha

Royal Patronage

Missionary activities of the Sangha

University and Buddhist scholars

Absence of serious rival

 Defects in Lack of Royal
Rise of Rajputs
Buddhism Patronage

Assimilative
Foreign Revival of
power of
invasion Hinduism
Hinduism

Lack of
Principles of
powerful
Ahimsa
personalities
 Abhaya Mudra
• Mudra of “No - Fear”
•Protection, peace, beneolence and
dispelling of fear

Theravade

Walking
Thailand Laos
Buddha

Symbol of intentions proposing friendship when appraoching strangers

Bhumiparsha Mudra

 Gesture calls upon the Earth

to witness his enlightenment at
Bodh Gaya
 Dharmachakra Mudra
 Central moment in life of Buddha
When he preached his first sermon at
deer park in sarnath

Save Maitreya as
dispenser of Law

Turning of
wheel of
Buddha
Gesture of meditation - concentration of
Good law and Sangha

Used in representations of Sakyamuni

Buddha and Amitabha Buddha

Meditation Mudra
Varada Mudra

 Offering, welcome, charity,giving,

Compassion and sincerity

Favourable
Mudra
Vajra Mudra

 Gesture of knowledge

Thunder
Mudra
Vitarka Mudra

Gesture of discussion and

Transmission of Buddha
Teaching

Mudra of
Discussion
Gnana Mudra

 Mudra of Knowledge
Karana mudra

 Expels demons and

Removes obstacles such as
Sickness or negative thoughts