Zripukstd `k ciauobcdcbóo y akhirdabkoti `ke cebad irmdobzdcbiode

Dctbvb`d` Kvdeudtbvd Khk 0

Dutirks
Cdreis Korbquk Nkhdrdoi Adturdod
Wbvbdod Adrcked Wdekocbd Mutbârrkz

Putir(d)
Eb`d Okb`u Aurbeei Airkoi

Gdcuetd` `k Cbkocbds D`abobstrdtbvds, Kcioóabcds y Gbodocbkrds, Guo`dcbóo

[obvkrsbtdrbd `ke Ärkd Do`bod

@bdmoistbci Kaprksdrbde

>:>:
 

Botri`uccbóo

Ke cebad ednirde
ednirde `k eds kaprksds fd sb`i dapebdakotk kstu`bd`i y d pdrtbr `k eis

 pistued`is d`abobstrdtbvis y psbcieómbcis prbocbpde akotk, d obvke d`abobstrdtbvi sk dodebzd

eds bapebcdcbioks quk tbkok ke `ksdrrieei `k eis pricksis kaprksdrbdeks, d obvke

irmdobzdcbiode y ipkrdcbiode ko ke `ksdrrieei `k eis kapekd`is, dsá absai ke obvke

ipkrdcbiode gdctirks ciai ed detd

detd cdrmd ednirdeks, `k pricksis, cukeeis `k nitkeed,
nitkeed, gdetd `k

`kebabtdcbioks `k guocbioks kotrk itrds bocb`ko `brkctdakotk ko eis obvkeks `k kstrâs y eds

cio`bcbioks ednirdeks `k eis kapekd`is,

Ko cioskcukocbd, d ciotboudcbóo sk prkskotd uod pripukstd pdrd eis pricksis `k

ciauobcdcbóo ko ed kaprksd Eimycd quk nuscd dpirtdr ko ke akhirdabkoti `ke cebad

ednirde `k ed kaprksd y ko ke bapdcti quk ksti tbkok ko ke `ksdrrieei `k eds guocbioks y

ipkrdcbioks, aäs døo cudo`i `kpko`k `brkctdakotk `k eis pricksis `k dtkocbóo de cebkotk

botkroi y kxtkroi. ^kdebzdo`i ed pripukstd cirrkctd pdrd adotkokr uo cebad ednirde

draiobisi quk gdcbebtko ke sdoi trdskmdr ko eds ednirks `k eis kapekd`irks y trdndhd`irks ko

ciaøo.
 

>

Áo`bck `k Ciotkob`i

Inhktbvi mkokrde.................................................................................................................0

Cueturd Irmdobzdcbiode......................................................................................................;

Cebad irmdobzdcbiode..........................................................................................................6

Ciauobcdcbóo botkrod........................................................................................................2

Aâti`is............................................................................................................................44

Doäebsbs.............................................................................................................................4>

Dctbvb`d`ks.......................................................................................................................47

Aitbvdcbóo ednirde...........................................................................................................47
Ciauobcdcbóo...................................................................................................................46

Zripukstd..........................................................................................................................>>

Cioceusbioks....................................................................................................................>3

^kgkrkocbds.......................................................................................................................>0

Áo`bck `k tdneds

Pdned 4. Cdrdctkrástbcds `k Cdrdctkrástbcds `k cueturd irmdobzdcbiode................................=

Pdned >. Pbpis `k ciauobcdcbóo botkrod...........................................

botkrod......................................................
...................
.................
...........4:
..4:

Pdned 3. Inhktbvis `k ed ciauobcdcbóo botkrod................................................................44

Pdned 0. Zrksupuksti dctbvb`d` aitbvdcbóo ednirde..........................................................46

Pdned ;. Zrksupuksti ciauobcdcbóo.................................................................................>4

 

Pdned 7. @bdmrdad `k Mdott.............................................................................................>4

Pdned =. Crioimrdad........................................................................................................>>

Áo`bck `k mrdgbcds

Mrdgbcd 4. Cdeb`d` `k vb`d ko ke trdndhi8 trdndhi ko kqubpi.............................................4>

Mrdgbcd >. Aitbvdcbóo Ednirde.........................................................................................43

Mrdgbcd 3. Kvdeudcbóo `k `kskapkôi...............................................................................40

Mrdgbcd 0. Eb`krdzmi.........................................................................................................40

Mrdgbcd ;. Ciauobcdcbóo..................................................................................................4;
 

Inhktbvi mkokrde

Zrivkkr d ed kaprksd eds fkrrdabkotds okcksdrbds pdrd akhirdr ke cebad

irmdobzdcbiode, `k dcukr`i d ed øetbad kvdeudcbóo rkdebzd`d.

Inhktbvis kspkcágbcis

 Skôdedr eds botkrvkocbioks okcksdrbds ko cd`d ärkd pdrd akhirdr ke

cebad irmdobzdcbiode

 @kgbobr sinrk qubko rkcdk ed rkspiosdnbeb`d` `k cd`d botkrvkocbóo

 pripukstd

 Kekvdr ed pio`krdcbóo intkob`d ko eds ärkds quk sk cdebgbcó bogkrbir

(`k dcukr`i) pdrd ed próxbad kvdeudcbóo irmdobzdcbiode.

 

Cueturd Irmdobzdcbiode

Ks ke ciohuoti `k crkkocbds, fänbtis, vdeirks, dctbtu`ks y trd`bcbioks `k eis

abkanris `k uod kaprksd.

Ed cueturd irmdobzdcbiode sk kxprksd d trdvâs `k sus kstrdtkmbds, kstructurds y

sbstkad. [od irmdobzdcbóo cio vdeirks y oirads cedrds priaukvk cio`uctds pisbtbvds quk

sk trd`ucko ko uod adyir pri`uctbvb`d` `kotri `k ed kaprksd y ko uod d`kcud`d

 priykccbóo `k ed irmdobzdcbóo gukrd `k keed.

  Kekakotis `k ed cueturd irmdobzdcbiode

K`mdr Sfkbo, `kstdcd`i dutir k bovkstbmd`ir `k ed cueturd kaprksdrbde, guk qubko

 prkskotó pir prbakrd vkz uo ciockpti

cio ckpti cedri y präctbci ko eis dôis icfkotd, y kstdnekcbó quk

ed cueturd irmdobzdcbiode kstä girad`d pir 3 kekakotis kskocbdeks, d eis quk eedaó ―Obvkeks

`k cioicbabkotis‑8 Kstis kekakotis, sio8

4. Drtkgdctis y ciapirtdabkotis

Sk rkgbkrk d eis kekakotis adtkrbdeks y d eis có`bmis giradeks k bogiradeks

rkedcbiod`is cio ke äanbti `k trdndhi8 `kcirdcbóo, ainbebdrbi, uobgiraks, abtis sinrk ke

irbmko i eis `ukôis `k ed kaprksd, cfbstks botkrois, ktc.

>. Supukstis bocioscbkotks

 

Sk rkgbkrk d eds crkkocbds quk sio d`qubrb`ds ko rkedcbóo d ed kaprksd y quk sk

adobgbkstdo `k girad bocioscbkotk ko girad `k ciapirtdabkotis quk sk `do pir skotd`i,

 pirquk sk ciosb`krd quk girado

g irado pdrtk `k ed kskocbd `k ed kaprksd.

Zir khkapei, d`iptdr uod girad `k vkstbr i `k fdnedr ko ke trdndhi pirquk sk dsuak

quk `k ksd girad sk kstäo rkspktdo`i eis có`bmis oi kscrbtis `k ed kaprksd, duoquk oi

kxbstd uod pktbcbóo girade pdrd fdckrei.

3. Wdeirks p
prripukstis

Sk rkgbkrk d eis vdeirks quk b`kotbgbcdo d ed kaprksd `k adokrd kxpeácbtd y girade.

Mkokrdeakotk, kstis vdeirks kstäo `kscrbtis ko ed vbsbóo `k ed kaprksd, ko uo có`bmi `k

cio`uctd i ko cudequbkr tbpi `k akosdhk i sipirtk quk kstä de decdock `k ti`is eis

kapekd`is.

Ed trdospdrkocbd, ed ciogbdozd, ed skmurb`d` sio khkapeis `k eis vdeirks quk puk`k

tkokr uod kaprksd ciai pdrtk `k su cueturd irmdobzdcbiode.

Cdrdctkrástbcds `k cueturd irmdobzdcbiode

Ed cueturd kaprksdrbde tbkok cbkrtds cdrdctkrástbcds quk sio cedvks pdrd eimrdr uo

bapdcti pisbtbvi tdoti ko eds rkedcbioks fuadods ciai ko ed priykccbóo `k ed irmdobzdcbóo.

@kpko`k `k cd`d kaprksd dpebcdreds i dhustdreds skmøo su vbsbóo. Kstds sio demuods

cdrdctkrástbcds kskocbdeks8
 

Pdned 4. Cdrdctkrástbcds `k Cdrdctkrástbcds `k cueturd irmdobzdcbiode

Piekrdocbd de rbksmi Zridctbvb`d` B`kotb`d`
Sk rkgbkrk de mrd`i `k Sk rkgbkrk de mrd`i `k Sk rkgbkrk oi siei d ed

ebnkrtd` quk tbkoko eis bo`kpko`kocbd quk tbkoko badmko `k ed kaprksd

kapekd`is pdrd tiadr
`kcbsbioks drrbksmd`ds.
Cueturd ciapdrtb`d
eis bo`bvb`uis pdrd tiadr
`kcbsbioks pir sá absais
`kotri `k ed irmdobzdcbóo.
Ai`kei ciauobcdcbiode
(b`kotb`d` mrägbcd, eimi,
cieirks `bstbotbvis, ktc),
sboi tdanbâo de mrd`i `k
cifkrkocbd. Abkotrds aäs
cifkrkotk skd ed b`kotb`d`,
skrä aäs pkr`urdnek ko ke
tbkapi.
Ciotrie

Sk rkgbkrk d eis vdeirks, Bapebcd uod hkrdrquád ko [od cdrdctkrástbcd pdrd

crkkocbds y cio`uctds quk cudoti d guocbioks y vdeb`dr ed geub`kz `k eis
sio ciapdrtb`is pir eis  pricksis ko eds  pricksis ko eds
abkanris `k ed ciauobcdcbioks botkrods `k irmdobzdcbioks ks ke mrd`i
irmdobzdcbóo. ed kaprksd. `k supkrvbsbóo `brkctd `k
eis kapekd`is.
Mkokrdeakotk, d adyir
mrd`i i oøakri `k
supkrvbsirks, eis pricksis
sio akois geub`is.
Bockotbvis
Ed cueturd kaprksdrbde `knk ciotkapedr ed kxbstkocbd i oi `k uo sbstkad `k bockotbvis,
dsá ciai tdanbâo eis crbtkrbis cio eis cudeks eis kapekd`is pi`räo `bsgrutdr `k eis
absais8 pri`uctbvb`d`, dotbmõk`d`, ktc.

  Pbpis `k cueturd irmdobzdcbiode

Zdrd ke kspkcbdebstd y dutir `k ebnris `k cueturd irmdobzdcbiode, Stkpfko ^innbos,

kxbstko `is tbpis `k cueturd ko eds kaprksds8

 

4. Cueturd iirrmdobzdcbiode ggu

ukrtk

Eds cueturds gukrtks sk cdrdctkrbzdo pirquk sus vdeirks sio gbraks, cifkrkotks y

dckptd`is pir ti`is eis botkmrdotks `k ed absad.

>. Cueturd irmdobzdcbiode `ânbe

Ks uo tbpi `k cueturd prkskotk ko irmdobzdcbioks ko eds cudeks oi kxbstk uod

b`kotbgbcdcbóo cio eis vdeirks kaprksdrbdeks, y ksti puk`k `knkrsk d aøetbpeks gdctirks quk

vdo `ks`k ed gdetd `k bockotbvis prigksbiodeks i aioktdrbis fdstd uo rbmurisi ciotrie pir

 pdrtk `k eis supkrvbsirks quk ebabtd ed dutioiaád `ke kapekd`i.

Ko kstis cdsis sk vukevk auy `bgácbe eimrdr eis inhktbvis kaprksdrbdeks `d`i quk oi

kxbstk uo ciapriabsi mkouboi pir pdrtk `ke pkrsiode, quk d su vkz sk sbkotk abobabzd`i i

 pici tkob`i ko cukotd.

Cebad irmdobzdcbiode

Ks ke oianrk `d`i pir `bvkrsis dutirks, sk ndsd ko ke danbkotk mkokrd`i pir eds

kaicbioks `k eis abkanris `k uo mrupi ko uod `ktkrabod`d irmdobzdcbóo (kaprksd) ke cude

kstä rkedcbiod`i cio ed aitbvdcbóo `k eis kapekd`is sk rkgbkrk tdoti d ed pdrtk gásbcd ciai d

ed kaicbiode y akotde.

Ke cebad irmdobzdcbiode fd sb`i ciockptudebzd`i d obvke bo`bvb`ude y irmdobzdcbiode,

sk ckotrd ko ed pedokdcbóo irmdobzdcbóo y ciotrie ko ke obvke bo`bvb`ude, sk ek cioick

 prbocbpde akotk ciai cebad psbcieómbci. Ko ke obvke irmdobzdcbiode. Pdanbâo sk ek puk`k

eedadr cebad ednirde, pir su pdrtk, ke cebad irmdobzdcbiode sk cioick ciai ke cebad
 

 psbcieómbci, ks `kcbr eds pkrckpcbioks `k

` k eis trdndhd`irks sio ciapdrtb`d pir abkanris `k

ed irmdobzdcbóo y kxbstk uo dcukr`i `k `bcfds pkrckpcbioks. D`bcbiode akotk ke cebad

irmdobzdcbiode tbkok uo dspkcti sbmobgbcdtbvi ko ke ciapirtdabkoti `k eis trdndhd`irks, ko

su `kskapkôi ednirde y ko su rko`babkoti ke cebad psbcieómbci sk rkgbkrk d eds pkrckpcbioks

`k eis trdndhd`irks ko ke danbkotk `io`k sk `kskapkôdo eds cudeks cdpturdo eds

rkprkskotdcbioks psbcieómbcds sbmobgbcdtbvd fkcfd pir eis trdndhd`irks rkgkrkotk d eds

kstructurd pricksi y kvkoti quk suck`ko ko ed irmdobzdcbóo, ke ciockpti sk dsbabed de `k

`boäabcd `k mrupi de dodebzdr ed gukrzd, botkrods quk bocb`ko ko ke danbkotk ednirde ciai

rksbstkocbd de cdanbi, guk ke sicbóeimi lurt Ekwbo qubko `ksdrrieei uo doäebsbs `ke cdapi `k

gukrzd ciai ai`kei ke cude `kscrbnk cude qubkrd `k eis obvke prkskotk `k rko`babkoti .

Demuois dctirks ciosb`krdo ke cebad irmdobzdcbiode ciai ed pkrckpcbóo ciekctbvd k

bo`bvb`udeks quk tbkok eis trdndhd`irks sinrk su irmdobzdcbóo. Bogeukocbd`d pir vdrbdneks

 psbcisicbdeks, ednirdeks y d irmdobzdcbiodeks quk

q uk rkpkrcutko sinrk ke ciapirtdabkoti y ed

 pri`uctbvb`d` kaprksdrbde.

Ciauobcdcbóo botkrod

Ko `bstbotis äanbtis sk fdned `k ciauobcdcbóo botkrod pdrd rkgkrbrsk d eis cdodeks y

akcdobsais `k bogiradcbóo quk kxbstko `kotri `k uod irmdobzdcbóo `ktkrabod`d, y cuyi

`kstboi ks ke absai pkrsiode quk trdndhd ko keed, ko sus `bvkrsis `kpdrtdakotis i

ai`deb`d`ks irmdobzdtbvds. Ko ksi sk `bstbomuk `k ed ciauobcdcbóo kxtkrod, quk ks dqukeed

quk vd `ks`k ed irmdobzdcbóo fdcbd ke auo`i kxtkroi.

 

4:

Ed ciauobcdcbóo botkrod `k uod kaprksd u irmdobzdcbóo kstdnekck váocueis

bogiradtbvis `k `bvkrsd odturdekzd kotrk sus pripbds pdrtks, yd skd `ks`k eds cøpueds

`brkctbvds fdcbd eis trdndhd`irks i vbckvkrsd, i kotrk ciapdôkris `k uo absai

`kpdrtdakoti.

Ed ciauobcdcbóo botkrod sk cedsbgbcd `k dcukr`i de eumdr ko ed hkrdrquád `k ed

irmdobzdcbóo quk tkomdo eis dctirks bovieucrd`is. I skd, `kpko`bko`i `k quâ obvkeks `k ed

irmdobzdcbóo sk ciauobcdo kotrk sá. Dsá, sukek fdnedrsk `k8

Pdned >. Pbpis `k ciauobcdcbóo botkrod

Ciauobcdcbóo Ciauobcdcbóo firbziotde. Ciauobcdcbóo dscko`kotk.

`kscko`kotk. Ks dqukeed quk sk `d kotrk Eómbcdakotk, ks ed quk vd
Dqukeed quk privbkok `k eds  pdrks, ciai kotrk ciekmds `k eis obvkeks ndhis `k ed
cøpueds irmdobzdcbiodeks, i `k uo absai kqubpi, i  hkrdrquád d eis obvkeks detis,
skd, `k eis obvkeks detis `k kotrk ciir`bodcbioks d ed i skd, ciai gkk`ndcl  `k
 `k eis
ed hkrdrquád, y vd `kstbod`d absad deturd, i kotrk hkgks sundetkrois fdcbd eis
d eis obvkeks ndhis. Ko itris `k `bstbotis `kpdrtdakotis. `brkctirks, mkrkotks, hkgks,
târabois, `k hkgks d  Oi fdy uod rkedcbóo ktc. Pdanbâo sbrvk pdrd `dr
sundetkrois, i `k mkrkotks d  hkrärqubcd ko keed, sboi quk b`kds, sumkrkocbds,
trdndhd`irks. Sukek skr uo sk `d kotrk bmudeks,  pripisbcbioks d qubkoks
tbpi `k ciauobcdcbóo mkokrdeakotk pdrd tiako ko ed irmdobzdcbóo
uob`brkccbiode, quk cuapek ciapdrtbr bogiradcbóo, eds `kcbsbioks kstrdtâmbcds,
cio oitbgbcdr, `dr rkspio`kr siebcbtu`ks, ktc i pdrd fdckr siebcbtu`ks
bostruccbioks, pdrtbcbpdr giradeks.
`kcbsbioks.
 

44

Pdned 3. Inhktbvis `k ed ciauobcdcbóo botkrod

Irmdobzdr y akhirdr ke botkrcdanbi `k Zriaivkr ke cioicbabkoti `k ed mkrkocbd

bogiradcbóo kotrk ärkds.
Bapb`bko`i dsá quk eis `kpdrtdakotis i
mkrkocbds ipkrko ciai nurnuhds, dbsed`ds
`ke rksti `k ed irmdobzdcbóo.
y `k eis trdndhd`irks.
Giakotdo`i uo danbkotk `k trdndhi
bogirad`i, ko ke quk eis trdndhd`irks skpdo
qubâo eis `brbmk y cóai, y ed mkrkocbd
 puk`d d su vkz ciokctdrsk cio su
s u kqubpi y
sdnkr `k qubâoks sk trdtd y cuäeks sio sus
girtdekzds, `knbeb`d`ks y dspbrdcbioks.

Mkokrdr uod b`kotb`d` cirpirdtbvd. Zriaivkr ed pdrtbcbpdcbóo botkrod.

Eds ciauobcdcbioks botkrods `knko
giakotdr ed b`kd `k pkrtkokocbd kotrk eis
trdndhd`irks k bapuesdr ke trdndhi ko
kqubpi,, pdrd tkokr uo danbkotk ednirde aäs
kqubpi
cäeb`i y ciapriaktb`i.
Kstdnekckr kspdcbis pdrd ke botkrcdanbi `k
b`kds, pdrd ke ciotdcti sicbde y pdrd ke
`bäeimi y ke `kndtk, pdrd ciapdrtbr âxbtis y
rktis, pdrd nrbo`dr bogiradcbóo bapirtdotk
y pdrd booivdr ko kstis cdapis.

Aâti`is

Kstk kstu`bi kstdrä ciogirad`i pir ;: kapekd`is `k `bgkrkotks ärkds `k ed kaprksd,

ciaprko`b`d kotrk eds k`d`ks `k >; d ;: dôis.

Bostruakoti

Kockstd `k cebad irmdobzdcbiode `bskôd`d ko ndsk d ed prinekaätbcd adobgkstd`d pir 

ed kaprksd, cukotd cio uods `bakosbioks pdrd kvdeudr ke cebad irmdobzdcbiode, cedsbgbcd`is

 pir8

 Cdeb`d` `k vb`d ko ke trdndhi.

 

4>

 Aitbvdcbóo ednirde y sdtbsgdccbóo ednirde.

 Kvdeudcbóo `k `kskapkôi.

 Eb`krdzmi.

Ciauobcdcbóo.
Ed kscded `k ak`bcbóo `k Eblkrt tko`rä eis sbmubkotks vdeirks

 Kxckekotk

 Nukoi

 ^kmuedr 

 Adei.

Doäebsbs
D ciotboudcbóo, sk prkskotdo eis rksuetd`is intkob`is `k ed kocukstd, eds cude ois

aukstrd ed ipbobóo `k cd`d ciednird`ir grkotk de cebad irmdobzdcbiode.

Mrdgbcd 4. Cdeb`d` `k vb`d ko ke trdndhi8 trdndhi ko kqubpi

kxckekotk 0: 6:%
nukoi 6 47%
rkmuedr > 0%
adei : :%
  4::%
 

43

Cdeb`d` `k vb`d ko ke trdndhi.

Prdndhi ko kqubpi
  0%
47%

6:%

kxcke ko
kotk nukoi rkm ue
ue dr
dr a de
de i

@bdmoóstbci8 ke 6:% `k eis ciednird`irks ciipkrd pdrd eimrdr inhktbvis, ke 47% sio

bobcbdtbvis y nrbo`do dpiyi d eis `kaäs y ke 0% ko icdsbioks oi sk kotbko`ko cio demuois

ciapdôkris. Kstis rksuetd`is rkgekhdo nuko trdndhi ko kqubpi y kspirä`bcdakotk kxbstko

`bgkrkocbds kotrk eis ciednird`irks.

Mrdgbcd >. Aitbvdcbóo Ednirde

kx ck e k otk >; ;:%
nuk oi 6 47%
rk mue dr 4= 30%
ade i : :%
4::%

Aivdcbio Ednirde
^kciapkosds y ^kcioicbabkoti

30%

;:%

47%

kxcke ko
kotk nukoi rkm ue
ue dr
dr a de
de i
 

40

@bdmoóstbci8 

Ke rksuetd`i prkskotd uo obvke `k aitbvdcbóo deti ko dspkctis mkokrdeks cio uo ;:%,

uo 47% sk sbkotk sdtbsgkcfi, pkri sk puk`k kvb`kocbdr quk kxbstk uo 30% quk duo ciosb`krd

quk oi kxbstk sugbcbkotk dspkcti aitbvdcbiodeks ko ke puksti `k trdndhi, ei quk sk kvb`kocbd

quk uod `kgbcbkocbd ko ke sbstkad `k rkciapkosds y rkcioicbabkoti.

Mrdgbcd 3. Kvdeudcbóo `k `kskapkôi.

kxckekotk 30 76%
nukoi 6 47%
rkmuedr 7 4>%
adei > 0%
  4::%

Kvdeudcbóo
Kvdeudcbóo `k `kskapkôi
  0%
4>%
47%

76%

kx
xccke ko
kotk nukoi rkm ue
ue dr
dr a de
de i

@bdmoistbci8

Ed kvdeudcbóo `k `kskapkôi tbkok uo deti obvke ko ed irmdobzdcbóo cio uo 76%, ke

47% ks nukoi, ke 4>% ks rkmuedr y ke 0% adei, ciosb`krdo`i kstis pirckotdhks eis

ciednird`irks tbkoko nuko `kskapkôi ko sus ednirks.

Mrdgbcd 0. Eb`krdzmi
kxckekotk >= ;0%
nukoi 47 3>%
rkmuedr 7 4>%
adei 4 >%
  4::%
 

4;

Eb`krdzmi
4>%   >%

;0%
3>%

k xc
xcke ko
kotk nukoi rkm ue
ue dr
dr a de
de i

@bdmoistbci8

Eis ciednird`irks pbkosdo quk cd`d uoi tbkok dutioiaád pdrd fdckr sus ednirks

sbkaprk y cudo`i eds cuaped pir ksi sk ciosb`krd quk ks kxckekotk cio uo ;0%, demuois

 pbkosdo quk eks gdetd cdpdcb`d` pdrd tiadr `kcbsbioks cio uo 4>% y ke >% sk siaktko d eds

`kcbsbioks `k sus ciapdôkris i hkgks.

Mrdgbcd ;. Ciauobcdcbóo
kxckekotk 42 36%
nukoi 47 3>%
rkmuedr 4> >0%
adei 3 7%
  4::%

Ciauobcdcbóo
7%
>0% 36%

3>%

kxcke ko
kotk nukoi rkm ue
ue dr
dr a de
de i
 

47

@bdmoóstbci8 
Ed kvdeudcbóo `k kstds ärkds b`kotbgbcd quk uo 36% `k eis kapekd`is ciosb`krdo quk

ed kaprksd tbkok nukod ciauobcdcbóo y uo >0% sk aukstrdo ko `ksdcukr`i. Sk kvb`kocbd

quk eds ipbobioks `ke kapekd`i sio kscucfd`ds, pkri sk tbkok ed pkrckpcbóo quk oi sk tbkoko

ko cukotd y kstd `kgbcbkocbd dgkctd ed ciogbdozd y ed dpkrturd d kxprksdr sus ipbobioks.

Dctbvb`d`ks

Cio ke gbo `k duakotdr ke obvke `k ed kaprksd sk vdo d rkdebzdr pripukstds  cio eds

`bakosbioks `k Aitbvdcbóo ednirde y ciauobcdcbóo yd quk gukrio eds `k puotudcbioks aäs

 ndhds.

Aitbvdcbóo ednirde

Inhktbvi8 

adotkokr uo obvke kekvd`i `k aitbvdcbóo bo`bvb`ude quk sk ciotdmbk ko ke danbkotk

ednirde `k girad meinde y pisbtbvdakotk. [o kapekd`i aitbvd`i kstä `bspuksti d `dr aäs

`k sá absai `kotri `k su puksti `k trdndhi, puks sb sk sbkotk cóai`i ko ed rkcbpricb`d` `k

`dr y rkcbnbr.

Botkrvkocbóo8

 akhirdr ke pedo `k rkciapkosds y rkcioicbabkotis dapebdo`i ed

badmko `k ed bostbtucbóo dotks sus pripbis ciednird`irks ciosb`krdo`i eis eimris

bo`bvb`udeks y `k kqubpi y rkdebzdr dctbvb`d`ks kxtrdcurrbcuedrks pir ak`bi `ke

 primrdad (ke kapekd`i `ke aks) i punebcdo`i eis âxbtis ko eds cdrtkekrds botkrod i

ko ke pkrbó`bci botkroi.
 

4=

 Kscucfdr d eis kapekd`is, keeis puk`ko privkkr b`kds crkdtbvds quk

duti aitbvdo su pdrtbcbpdcbóo y `kskapkôi `bdrbi.

 Ciotdctdr uod ciosuetirád `k rkcursis fuadois quk privkd `k uo

kstu`bi `k suke`is y sdedrbis, pdrd ciapdrdrei cio ke akrcd`i sdedrbde `k ed kaprksd

ko mkokrde.

Zkrsiode inhktbvi8

Pi`i ke pkrsiode quk ednird dctudeakotk ko ed kaprksd, skccbiod`i `k dcukr`i d

cd`d uob`d` y `kpdrtdakoti quk ciogirado ed ciapdôád.

^kcursis8

Bogrdkstructurd8 sdeds `kstbod`ds ciai ärkd `k trdndhi.

Adtkrbde y kqubpis8 

cdrtkekrds `k circfi pdrd cd`d ärkd `k cbrcuedcbóo bapirtdotk `kotri `k eds

bostdedcbioks `k ed kaprksd, tdcfukeds, adtkrbde `k `kskcfi pdrd punebcdcbioks botkrod.

Zkrsiode d cdrmi

Ke `kpdrtdakoti `k rkcursis fuadois `knk fdckrsk prkskotk ko ed botkrvkocbóo

rkedcbiod`ds d prkstdcbioks, nkokgbcbis, kscded sdedrbde y d`abobstrdcbóo `k eds cdrtkekrds `k

circfi
Pbkapi kstbad`i8 

Ke pedo `k prkstdcbioks y nkokgbcbisi `knkrä tkokr ed akhird cd`d 4> i 46 aksks. Ke

korbqukcbabkoti `k eis pukstis `k trdndhi pi`rä rkdebzdrsk `k girad kvkotude, `k dcukr`i d

eds okcksb`d`ks prkskotd`ds.

Zrksupuksti8  
 

46

@knkrä boceubrsk ko ke prksupuksti doude `ke `kpdrtdakoti ke cisti `k ed d`qubsbcbóo

`k ed kocukstd sdedrbde doude, `knko ciosb`krdrsk deakoi 3 cdrtkekrds `k circfi o quk

`knkräo d`qubrbrsk y cieicdrsk ko eds ärkds `k aäs cbrcuedcbóo pkrsiode

Pdned 0. Zrksupuksti dctbvb`d` aitbvdcbóo ednirde

^[N^I CISPI BO@BWB@[DE PIPDE
Cdrtkekrd `k circfi $ ;.02: 47.0=:/ øobci `kskaniesi
Kocukstd sdedrbde $ 4.:::.::: 4.:::.:::/ cisti doude
Nkokgbcbi 4. ^kmei pir $ ;:.::: 7:.:::/ cisti
odcbabkoti `k fbhis dprixbad`dakotk doude
Nkokgbcbi >. ^kmdei pir $ 4::.::: 7::.:::/cisti
adtrbaiobi dprixbad`dakotk doude
Nkokgbcbi 3 nioi $ 4::.::: ;.:::.::: ciosb`krdo`i ke
vdcdcbiode cisti bo`bvb`ude pir eis ;:
kapekd`is

^kspiosdnek8 

ke `kpdrtdakoti `k rkcursis fuadois gbmurd ciai prbocbpde khkcutir ko ke ärkd `k

aitbvdcbóo, pir ed bogiradcbóo quk adokhd y ed ciogb`kocbdeb`d` `k demuois `dtis. @k bmude

girad `knk botkmrdrsk d eis eá`krks `k eis `kpdrtdakotis

Ciauobcdcbóo

Inhktbvi8

Adotkokr `k girad óptbad eis cdodeks kstrdtâmbcis `k ciauobcdcbóo, d gbo `k quk ke

kapekd`i kstk kotkrd`i `k eds dctbvb`d`ks quk ed kaprksd kstä rkdebzdo`i. De adotkokr

bogirad`i de kapekd`i `k eis cdanbis, akhirds y priykctis `k ed irmdobzdcbóo, giakotdrd

su pdrtbcbpdcbóo y kvbtdrd quk girako rksbstkocbd kotrk eis cdanbis, `k bmude girad puk`k

eimrdrsk uo dprko`bzdhk d trdvâs `k ed kxpkrbkocbd `k itris ciednird`irks.

 

42

Botkrvkocbóo

Mkrkocbd mkokrde `knk kstdnekckr ed pieátbcd `k ed bogiradcbóo quk dpiydrä ke ärkd

`k ciauobcdcbóo, ko `io`k rkcursis fuadois skrä ke ak`bi `k koedck kotrk trdndhd`irks y

kaprksd. Dctudebzdr ciostdotkakotk ed bogiradcbóo punebcd`d ko eds cdrtkekrds

bogiradtbvds.

Zripiokr dctbvb`d`ks `k kabsbóo `k ipbobóo

Nuzóo `k sumkrkocbd< uo pirtdgiebi `k ciakotdrbis ritdtbvi pdrd kstdr kotkrd`i eds

ipbobioks `ke pkrsiode. Kabtbr uo ak`bi ceáobci `k ciauobcdcbóo botkrod (pkrbó`bci i

 niektáo botkroi) ko ke quk sk bogirak eis dspkctis ciai

ci ai cuapekdôis, oukvis bomrksis,

 ni`ds, odcbabkoti, dsá ciai eds dctbvb`d`ks quk ed kaprksd kstk pedobgbcdo`i i rkdebzdo`i

kotrk itris.

K`ucdr d eis eá`krks `k uob`d` ko rkedcbóo d ed inhktbvb`d` quk `knk adotkokr pdrd ed

rkckpcbóo `k eis ciakotdrbis y sumkrkocbds quk tko`räo pir pdrtk `k su pkrsiode, y quk, `k

bmude girad, ed dctbvb`d` oi skd siedakotk kscucfdreis sb oi giradr `kndtks ko `io`k sk

intkomd uo rksuetd`i d`kcud`i y próspkri pdrd ed kaprksd piobko`i ko adrcfd eds akhirks
b`kds.

Zkrsiode inhktbvi8

Pi`i ke pkrsiode quk ednird dctude akotk ko ed kaprksd skekccbiod`i d cd`d uob`d`

i `kpdrtdakoti `k pri`uccbóo.

^kcursis8

Botkrokt, wkn `k ed kaprksd.

Bogrdkstructurd8  
 

>:

 Obomuod d`bcbiode d ed kstructurd dctude `k ed kaprksd. Adtkrbde i kqubpis

k qubpis `k

ciauobcdcbóo i `k cóaputis

Adtkrbdeks y kqubpis8 

Cdrtkekrds `k circfi pdrd cd`d ärkd `k cbrcuedcbóo bapirtdotk `kotri `k eds

bostdedcbioks `k ed kaprksd, eds tdcfukeds, adtkrbde `k `kskcfis pdrd punebcdcbioks botkrods

d`bcbiodeakotk de nuzóo `k sumkrkocbds i ritd giebi `k pdpke pkrbó`bci.

Zkrsiode8

Zdrd kstd dctbvb`d` ks okcksdrbi ke dpiyi `k ed mkrkocbd `k rkcursis fuadois pdrd

 privkkr ed bogiradcbóo d punebcdr ko ke niektáo

ni ektáo bogiradtbvi.

Pbkapi kstbad`i8 

Ed punebcdcbóo `ke niektáo skrä primrdad`d de akois uod vkz de aks. Ed

dctudebzdcbóo `k ed cdrtkekrd `knkrä rkdebzdrsk d akois uod vkz d ed skadod, ed rkvbsbóo `ke

 nuzóo `k sumkrkocbd `knkrä fdckrsk de akois cd`d qubock `áds.

Zrksupuksti8

Ko kstk dspkcti `knk ciosb`krdrsk ed bovkrsbóo ko eis adtkrbdeks y kqubpis

`ktdeed`is dotkrbirakotk< dsá ciai ke cisti `k ed punebcdcbóo `ke niektáo akosude.

Pdned ;. Zrksupuksti ciauobcdcbóo

^[N^I CISPI BO@BWB@[DE CISPI PIPDE
DZ^IVBAD@I
Cdrtkekrd `k circfi $ ;.02: 47.0=: cdecued`i pdrd 3
cdrtkekrds
Baprksbóo `k niektáo $ >.::: 0::.::: cdecued`i pir >::
akosude cipbds akosudeks

^kspiosdnek8 
 

>4

Ke hkgk `k cd`d uob`d` quk gbmurd ciai eá`kr `k kqubpi tbkok ed rkspiosdnbeb`d` `k

fdckr skotbr d su kqubpi quk kstä sbko`i kscucfd`i< ke `kpdrtdakoti `k rkcursis fuadoi

ckrd ke rkspiosdnek quk `ke privkomd pdrd skr punebcd`ds ko eis ak`bis `k ciauobcdcbóo

botkrois, y cio ed douocbdcbóo `k ed mkrkocbd mkokrde `k dqukeed bogiradcbóo rkedcbiod`d

cio eis pedoks `k ed kaprksd.

Pdned 7. @bdmrdad `k Mdott

 OIAN^K @K ED PD^KD GKCFD @K GKCFD @[^DCBÓO
BOBCBI GBODE @ÁDS
AA/@@/DD AA/@@/DD
cfdreds 4/47/>:>: 4/>4/>:>: ;
Cdpdcbtdcbóo ciauobcdcbóo dskrtbvd 4/>>/>:>: 4/>3/>:>: 4
Bovkstbmdcbóo obvke `k ciauobcdcbóo 4/>0/>:>: 4/>6/>:>: 0
Dhustks skmøo fdeedzmi 4/3:/>:>: >/:4/>:>: >
Bovkstbmdcbóo obvke `k cebad Irm. >/3/>:>: >/4:/>:>: =
Bapekakotdcbóo dctbvb`d`ks `k >/4>/>:>: >/4=/>:>: ;
ciovbvkocbd
Dhustk skmøo fdeedzmi >/46/>:>: >/>7/>:>: 6
Bovkstbmdcbóo obvke `k ciovbvkocbd >/>2/>:>: 3/:>/>:>: >
Cdpdcbtdcbóo âtbcd irmdobzdcbiode 3/:0/>:>: 3/:=/>:>: 3
Cfdreds `k prbocbpbi `k ed irmdobzdcbóo 3/2/>:>: 3/4>/>:>: 3
Dhustk skmøo fdeedzmi 3/43/>:>: 3/4;/>:>: >

Pdned =. Crioimrdad
 

>>

Zripukstd

 Bapekakotdr eis cdanbis k botkrvkocbioks pripukstds ko ke primrdad

 pdrd akhirdr ke cebad irmdobzdcbiode, prkskotd`i ko ke kstu`bi.

 Ciosb`krdr ed bapekakotdcbóo `k primrdads detkrois de prkskotk, pdrd

eis cudeks skräo okcksdrbi uo kstu`bi kspkcágbci `ke tkad d trdtdr cio ke gbo `k

akhirdr ed sdtbsgdccbóo ednirde.

 Ciosb`krdr uo primrdad `k cdpdcbtdcbóo pkrbó`bcd pdrd eis

kapekd`is, ko `io`k sk eks suabobstrk cioicbabkotis `k skmurb`d` bo`ustrbde, sdeu`

ko ke trdndhi y tkads d`bcbiode `k mrdo bapirtdocbd quk su puksti okcksbtd.

 ^kdebzdr ak`bcbioks `k cebad irmdobzdcbiode ko ke guturi `k girad

 pkrbó`bcd cio ke gbo `k adotkokr uo danbkotk sdoi.

 

>3

Cioceusbioks

Ko kstk kstu`bi, eis rksuetd`is intkob`is dtrkvks `ke bostruakoti dpebcd`i ko

kstd bovkstbmdcbóo, sk kvb`kocbd quk kxbstko `ktkrabod`ds ärkds quk rkqubkrko adyir

dtkocbóo quk itrds, oi instdotk, ti`ds aukstrdo demuod `knbeb`d`, rdzóo quk hustbgbcd

ed pripukstd `k dccbóo cirrkctbvd.

Ed kvdeudcbóo `k eds `bakosbioks `k ciauobcdcbóo kvb`kocbd quk eis

ciednird`irks pkrcbnko dpkrturd ko eis cdodeks `k ciauobcdcbóo, duoquk ciosb`krd

quk kstds oi sio tkob`ds ko cukotd, cio rkmuedrb`d`, `bskôdo`i kstrdtkmbds `k

ciauobcdcbóo dskrtbvd kotrk eis `bgkrkotks obvkeks `k ed irmdobzdcbóo ks guo`dakotde

 pdrd akhirdr ke cebad irmdobzdcbiode. pir ei tdoti, sk fdck okcksdrbi pripircbiodr

kspdcbis `k ciauobcdcbóo sbko`i kstd uod ipcbóo pdrd sieucbiodr pisbneks

`bgbcuetd`ks kotrk eis ciednird`irks y eis eá`krks `k ed irmdobzdcbóo

 

>0

^kgkrkocbds

ciokxbioksdo. (= `k adyi `k >:46). Kstrdtkmbds pdrd intkokr uo nuko cebad

ednirde . Intkob`i `k fttps8//www.ksdo.k`u.pk/dpuotks-

kaprksdrbdeks/>:46/:;/kstrdtkmbds-pdrd-intkokr-uo-nuko-cebad-ednirde/

Sbmobgbcd`is. (>: `k :3 `k >:>:). Sbmobgbcd`i `k Cueturd Irmdobzdcbiode .

Intkob`i `k fttps8//www.sbmobgbcd`is.cia/cueturd-irmdobzdcbiode/#8~8tkxt1Tu

%C3%D2%>:ks%>:ed%>:Cueturd%>:Irmdobzdcbiode,sus%>:kstrdtkmbds%>C

%>:kstructurds%>:y%>:sbstkad.

]blbpk`bd. (s.g.). Cebad irmdobzdcbiode . Intkob`i `k fttps<//ks.

]blbpk`bd/cebad-irmdobzdcbiode

fttps8//www.miimek.cia/skdrcf9

q1`kgbobcbio+cebad+irmdobzdcbiode&iq1`kgbobcbio+`k+cebad+irmdobzdcbiode&dqs1cfira

k...72 ¡;=.=2=0hih=&siurckb`1cfirak

fttps8//c`bmbtde.uv.ax/nbtstrkda/fdo`ek/4>30;7=62/3:::7/OkesyACirtksHbakokz.p`

g8hskssbiob`1:>CN4G4N=C7@KGC62N2>3CDG3;C07:D7629SKT[KOCK14