io) Part One: OBLIGATION DEFINITION AND SOURCES Definition: Obligation is the juridical necessity to give to do or not to do." Iris also defined as a juridical relation whereby a person (creditor) may demand from another (debtor) the observance of a determinate conduct, and in case of breach, may obtain satisfaction from the assets of the latter (2] Aissential Elements of Obligation: (3) 1. Juridical tie or _vinculum juris — the efficient cause established by the various sources of obligations (law, contracts, quasi-contracts, delicts and quasi-delicts); 2. Object — the prestation or the particular conduct required to be observed by the debtor (to give, to do or not to do); 3. Active subject (called the obligee or creditor) — the person who can demand the fulfillment of the obligation; and 4. Passive subject (called the obligor or debtor) — the person from whom the obligation is juridically demandable.* NOTE: Every obligation has two aspects From the standpoint of the active subject, the obligation is a right. However, from the standpoint of the passive subject, it is a debt. 2h ay Law Contract Art, 1156, NCC. °Makati Stock Exchange, Inc. v. Campos, G-R. No, 138814, April 16, 2009. *Ang Yu Asuncion v. CA, G-R. No. 109125, December 2, 1994. “Art, 1167, NCC.ceoutaw vet twat iam Gi: feat Dennis ical elation which arias, ‘ens penta aes cage of he Jang of evant of enother's abandoned Erma! bane property without the owner" (642) legs a ctr i alaion ai, the ‘a si ie ae. eae Sag St ee 2) The property ms be feYaten- me neglected oF abas ‘nmberndunenfrcaahie. contact ‘a ura gets ct conven ox contzcaTioN® «CONTRACTS Ys th and tanta a an ag fran ts one pene Galatersinaponion inde? 2 Inte prune ter och hei blgd fo observe the igen of 5 anes sits i hee ae tare eraser ae seems iene eee Syne ce 2) Orda, ol ae fr ny en or Songs te pom ob Sree ae ‘Ziti stuns babe ry =e 1 Update i ae [Xaiea nt (8 re mi rn de lot st ocar — the mas aS eee (53 cen ama Pea PS tlie ert, be edn Bd ih in the potat ho eon ane Oe onmehe ee TRSSEGS ge rei rhe Serpe Be enn te © arf an ye tse fa sum o money Enron had sveaty teen ‘tthe recent may prove tate debvery feos made oo ray er ren ther ast (655) Disingulshed amin msc (55:2) Conap.ofin om ner: A person wo ‘us or mes sno poses of ‘Srveding atthe exponce of another reat stor lal grow has thea Fino to return the same’ ond the Sloe reach recovery cal moe {65.521 Biesents In order that goon in rom {oom may promer the flowing eau ‘ir mast be preset — 4) That the defendant has been em Behe 12) That the plait has weed er |) That the eihment is without [Betor gal eroded 4) That the plaiotiT has no eter no hse on etre, ge SEE BET ncve, e038 He Het Semi mmcaw aE 55s) Dstt 1) Misa in am eosontil element in lio inde which fs not ‘cies in acon in rem verso, oueneiatee — spe ie attra s pos a pg een Tre Sees Sone ieens mut aieoss ilies coeur soe aaa eta one ‘ebnsed an the quasi-ontract of sto Gedo) 8 Se nem 0 Noes was gre by without SS essen ioe » Mes spp = snl nfaad_by the eno i Eels anda hed pron tir tg hen urgently needed, ra pfs he emer uggs the same ton cron tas when te far ‘minor uRjusty refines to Sup- ry Ria nas eet em concations ecoMrRacrs 2 porto falls to give support tote child whe ‘rgenly needed ‘Whe ane are barney third roa, wilt the Tnowledge of th Tlt- ‘tives who wer obliged to give support tothe fsceaed, the former may li reimburse- ‘mantra te tar" (6821 Aesdont andes ‘Whos during fie foo stor, ober alee prope 2 2 1 shed person yo pam the dbl seve fom datroction {anchor pap witout the knw of ‘he owner, helt inbound to pay the ‘mer jos compenation* ‘When tyough an cident er other este ern sifu or becomes aeviualy aod jatreatd or elpd while bee not nding consent a contrat Be sl be abe ir the servis of he ‘Sur other person ing him, uns te ‘Sic has Boe rendered eu pare pee voi ‘hea in» mall community a majority of Ihe mhabans of age dei wpen 8 mes fue fr protection agus lawseess Bo, Soo som any ene hs hye to the pl and relics 1 cst Eee the erpence bu in bnefed by the eset a cass sal Be ile pay Bs ‘oof ald expenses rr a ast owt ‘anes Wibout te ltrs knowles ‘Gare domand romburzoment butoly UPelie fcr law tha “ery pron criminally fr oy ia cal able Underlying the cst vw that rom the tanga ote ace, {rime has dual character: (1) as an ‘Ese Sate anon urban nfs asia th re gomhineliy ectmevalew eae ees See in pags, astempt and others Hi eee parece ‘eis pre pee amage ted ‘theulimatesnalyae preatt injured by the erime.* In ‘eda i Gretna is eee to pit mal scsi sey teriyagn af act conucsions a Sonnac: z land proximate eauso thereof. Damage o injary to ‘others evidently the foundation af tha el action” for a person Derpetistor of any actor eminan cannot and ‘an neverb held able fer auc cm. ‘Thare being bo delete fs ot ofthe queton, and the ev ution, if tuys which may Be inatistd rout be basod fn grounds other than tho lic. complained te Ths eth situation contemplated in Rae mn al be deemed. tft ‘Soa ain the ermal acien tha ‘@ NOTE: The sfrequoted extn Section ‘Gasely oc abity funded om Ae Sidr the Revie Pens! Code, whereas the sity forte same rt coiered ast con nya declaration nthe che rar not bees commited 8 TREES Ae rennet iyocox EER seimcone Grel ieee unmet a pte ene Sac cure eee se pects aa oma oe nee o Hyesaaarace Sm See ee LonGieeeacr ss sxcna™ 172 ane dat The aon instance i an ac ‘il neo oeable doubt on the galt mascot ae the guilt of eigen ee et ne wy = NOM he curt iS may asqut the accused ‘Eitfounaasle doubt and, atthe same rate permet fe bility Sateen Etec acim tree op ‘Shopattaleny meus te cust Coot ew mean mendes logis fen etiics tat i itd Secs td many on the pat ofl ‘2° seprte cl eon i 2 rant only where aditiona fects have te eaaal o more eridence must be a= dlsed or where the ermal ease as been {lly erminatod and’ separate complaint trou be jst eencovn or even more ‘Sipedient than timely remand to te tral out wher the eiminal ction was died for farther earings on the ev aspects of Se cue= (79) lostancs_ where acta does nol_extinguish sil Tia: The aula of te accused doesnt antomall- tally prectude aJudement against his on the il aspect tt the case The extinction of tho penal action doesnot any withthe entintion of the a labity where: 1) ‘The equal bse on reasonable doubt only preponderance of evidence i required. 2) Theeourt dectares thatthe bility of the aocased i nly ei, 3) The ui ability ofthe secusod dows nat arse fom ‘Biot based upon the crime of which he aecueed ‘Socqited™ reve aster to evidence fed by the accede granted Se the secede aeglted by the our, dhe acused Fn Ae x adguc evidence onthe cl expect af ae ee ite the court abo declares that the actor BS frm bl hel ibility may ise id not amet bocoue when Ue accused iss demarrer Tr rie he has not yet addured evidence both on the aa Be sender somaconta NEWER se Ls sy tet a le ; 5 ‘When «eriminel action is ingy, siete acon fr the recovery of ci, ‘Bit ex det is ened Tstutnd with he cris eto nya Te atin sn deed iy ta aa een ta a, 1a ision; aces Hs HEN iat i op. {© Inter the ev atin prOr the action ‘> NOMD: Tho cv action which is doomed insted withthe ceiminal action is one “AlLthe ter hich ie bse on Sri acies under feed Civil Code (00) rate ea ied sain appa] fhe sonic the of his, os = cease inst hin- SEL! hit same 2) With nepest to We a seein om te es Si, Pear, — SION enna coareenoxe: . ‘osuicATIONS u CONTRACTS is so eng” The dat of the eed luring the pendency of his apeal extinguished the ‘ii init that was ase exlusiely on the erie {or which the aecaned was eonicted (ee dei) Sms fl jaf cin was 9 1 Were thee aby aren nin or ‘en thet te Ant et a ot aS pine tagerara “nor tnx of the accused Sepeding te saree pon wich the same cd Poul he precoder need Tetra Reig ole thi cparete ‘hi stn by preset, nce Whee ang thu pronto tevin! ston nd prt St Stncten te rstctoded preyed ‘Sour there noc actin Inches, the tau fmt nh ct ail eed ‘Strap rng te pendency a the ni ‘err etomap wih the provisos Arie S18 Site ae ote that Shon herby ved Upped ona ynae pation of hy tres” rT eens 28 SCR 20 Yas = Ck ON aE. 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