Pure substance means that the matter in which all the constituent particles are the same in

their chemical nature. For example, gold, oxygen, salt, water etc.
 Elements: Substances that cannot be broken down into simpler substances by chemical
reactions. For example, gold, oxygen, etc.
o Metals: They are good conductors of heat and electricity, malleable (can be
hammered into thin sheets) and sonorous (make a ringing sound when hit). For
example, gold, silver etc.
o Non-metals: They are poor conductors of heat and electricity, non-malleable and
non-sonorous. For example, oxygen, hydrogen etc.
 Compounds: Substances that can be broken into simpler elements by chemical reactions.
For example, water, salt etc.

Mixtures refer to the combination of more than one kind of pure substance. For example, soft
drinks.

Homogeneous mixtures:-
 Mixtures that have a uniform composition throughout are called Homogeneous mixtures.
For example, salt in water, sugar in water etc.
 Homogeneous mixtures are also called solutions in simple language. A solution has two
components namely a solvent and a solute. In a solution of sugar in water, sugar is the
solute and water is the solvent.
 Properties of solution: Particles of a solution cannot be seen by naked eyes. The
solute particles do not settle down when left undisturbed, that is, a solution is stable.
Tyndall effect cannot be observed in a solution. It means path of light is not visible.
 There comes a point when no more solute can be dissolved in a solution. This level is
called solubility. For example, if the solubility of salt in 100gm of water is 36gm then it
means that if we add 40gm of salt in 100gm of water then 4gm will remain undissolved.
If the amount of solute contained in a solution is equal to its solubility, it is called a
saturated solution. If the amount of solute contained in a solution is less than its
solubility, it is called an unsaturated solution.

Heterogeneous mixtures:-
 Mixtures that have a non-uniform composition throughout are called Heterogeneous
mixtures. For example, oil in water.
 Heterogeneous mixtures are also called suspension in simple language.
 Properties of suspension: The particles of a suspension can be seen by the naked eye.
The solute particles settle down when a suspension is left undisturbed, that is, a
suspension is unstable. Tyndall effect can be observed in a suspension. It means path of
light is visible.

A colloidal solution appears to be homogeneous mixture, but actually is a heterogeneous

mixture. For example, milk. Particles of a colloidal solution cannot be seen by naked eyes. The
solute particles do not settle down when left undisturbed, that is, a solution is stable. Tyndall
effect can be observed in a colloid. It means path of light is visible.
Identify that whether the following are physical or chemical changes. Give
reason too.
1. Boiling of water to form steam It is a physical change. Because there is
2. Making a fruit salad with raw fruits change in merely physical state of a substance
3. Cutting of trees
and no new substance is formed.
4. Melting of butter in a pan
4. Rusting of iron It is a chemical change because there is
5. Burning of a candle/paper/wood change in chemical properties of a substance and
6. Cooking/ Digestion of food
we get new substances.
7. Growth of a plant
8. Passing of electric current through
water and the water breaking down
into hydrogen and oxygen gases
9. Dissolving common salt in water

Which separation techniques will you apply for the separation of the
following?
1. Tea leaves from tea ; Fine mud particles suspended in water; Small Filtration
pieces of metal in the engine oil of a car
2. Salt(Sodium chloride) from water Evaporation

3. Oil from water Separating funnel

4. Salt from sublimable components such as ammonium chloride or Sublimation
camphor
5. Kerosene and petrol Distillation

6. Different colours in a dye; Different pigments from an extract of Chromatography

flower petals
7. Wheat grains from husk Winnowing
8. Iron pins from sand Using a magnet
9. Different gases from air Fractional distillation
10 Salt from sea water Crystallisation. Crystallisation is a process that separates a pure solid
in the form of its crystals from a solution.
11 Butter from cream; Centrifugation. Centrifugation is the process in which the denser
butter from curd; particles are forced to the bottom and the lighter particles stay at the
water from clothes in top when spun rapidly.
washing machine

Extra Questions
1. A solution contains 40 g of common salt in 320 g of water. Calculate the concentration in
terms of mass by mass percentage of the solution.
Solution: Mass of solute (salt) = 40 g
Mass of solvent (water) = 320 g
We know,
Mass of solution = Mass of solute + Mass of solvent
= 40 g + 320 g
= 360 g
Concentration of solution =Mass of solute/ Mass of solution × 100
=40/360 × 100
=11.1%
2. Pragya tested the solubility of three different substances at different temperatures and
collected the data as given below (results are given in the following table, as grams of
substance dissolved in 100 grams of water to form a saturated solution).
Substance Temperature in K
Dissolved 283 293 313 333 353
Potassium 21 32 62 106 167
nitrate
Sodium chloride 36 36 36 37 37
Potassium 35 35 40 46 54
chloride
Ammonium 24 37 41 55 66
chloride

a) What mass of potassium nitrate would be needed to produce a saturated solution of

potassium nitrate in 50 grams of water at 313 K?
Solution: =62 × 100/50
=31gm
b) Pragya makes a saturated solution of potassium chloride in water at 353 K and leaves the
solution to cool at room temperature. What would she observe as the solution cools?
Explain.
(As the solution cools, the crystals of potassium chloride will separate from the solution.)
c) Find the solubility of each salt at 293 K. Which salt has the highest solubility at this
temperature?
(Ammonium chloride)
d) What is the effect of change of temperature on the solubility of a salt?
(Solubility of salt is increasing as the temperature increases.)