NON-RECTANGULAR AND

DOUBLY REINFORCED
BEAMS
National Structural Code of the Philippines (NSCP2015)
MacGregor, J. G. & Wight, J. K.,(2012). Reinforced concrete: mechanics and
design (Vol. 6). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
 bf bf bf

National Structural Code of the Philippines (NSCP2015)

Check the adequacy of the given section to support the loads
if f’c=21MPa, fy=415MPa, stirrups diameter=10mm, and
concrete cover=40mm. Flange width is 700mm, web width is
400mm, height is 650mm, and flange thickness is 100mm.
Determine the number of 32mm diameter bars to
adequately support a maximum moment of 650
kN.m. Use f’c=21MPa, fy=415MPa, stirrups
diameter=10mm, and concrete cover=40mm. Flange
width is 650mm, web width is 400mm, height is
600mm, and flange thickness is 100mm.
The beam is to support the given loads as shown. If f’c=21MPa,
fy=415MPa, stirrups diameter=10mm, and concrete cover=40mm,
determine the maximum possible length of the beam.
The triangular beam shown in the figure
is subjected to flexural moment that
results in compression at top of the

750 mm

825 mm
beam. The concrete compressive

900 mm
strength is 35 MPa and the yield
strength is 420 MPa. Calculate the 6-25 mm
design moment of the section.

900 mm
Calculate maximum length of the beam 100 150 100
shown without exceeding the moment
capacity of the given section. The
125
compressive strength of the concrete is 28
MPa and the yield strength of the
reinforcement is 420 MPa.
750

3-36 mm
Determine the number of 20mm diameter bars to adequately
support a maximum moment of 170 kN.m. Use f’c=28MPa,
fy=415MPa, stirrups diameter=10mm, and concrete
cover=40mm. Top width is 300mm, bottom width is 350mm,
and height is 500mm.
The beam is to support the given load as shown. If f’c=28MPa,
fy=276MPa, stirrups diameter=10mm, and concrete cover=40mm,
determine the number of 20 mm bars to ensure adequacy.

600 mm

600 mm
Beam sections reinforced in both tension and compression
b 𝜺𝒄 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟑

d’ As’ 𝜺′𝒔 d’ 𝜀!" 𝑐 − 𝑑′

Cs =
Cc 𝜀# 𝑐
c
d 𝑐 − 𝑑′
Mu 𝜀!"= 0.003
NA 𝑐
As d-c 𝑓′! 𝑐 − 𝑑′
Ts = 0.003
𝜺𝒔 200000 𝑐

Beam Strain 𝑐 − 𝑑′
Section Diagram 𝑓′! = 600
𝑐

A’s = area of compression reinforcement

d’ = distance from the centroid of compression steel to extreme compression fiber
𝜀′! = area of compression reinforcement
𝑓′! = stress in the compression reinforcement
 Due to compression in the concrete
b 𝜺𝒄 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟑 b 0.85f’c

As’ d’ #
$𝑎
d’ 𝜺′𝒔
Cs
a Cc
Equilibrium
Cc c
T1 = C c
d
NA
Mu = M1
d - &' 𝑎 As1fy=0.85𝑓 " 𝑐𝑎𝑏
As d-c #
As1 M1=𝜙0.85𝑓 " 𝑐𝑎𝑏 𝑑 −
Ts 𝜺𝒔 T1 $
#
M1=𝜙As1fy 𝑑 −
$
Beam Strain Due to concrete
Section Diagram compression
Due to compression in the steel
b 𝜺𝒄 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟑 b
d’ As’ 𝜺′𝒔 d’ A’s d’ Equilibrium
Cs Cs
Cc c T2 = C s
d
NA
Mu = M2 d - d’ As2fy=𝐴′𝑠f " 𝑠
As d-c As2 M2=𝜙𝐴" 𝑠𝑓 " 𝑠 𝑑 − 𝑑′
Ts T2
𝜺𝒔
M2=𝜙As2fy 𝑑 − 𝑑′
Beam Strain Due to steel
Section Diagram compression
 Beam sections reinforced in both tension and compression
b 𝜺𝒄 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟑 b 0.85f’c b
d’ As’ d’ # As’ d’
$𝑎
𝜺′𝒔
Cs Cs
Cc a Cc
c
d
NA
Mu = M1 + M2 d - d’

As d-c As1 As2

Ts 𝜺𝒔 T1 T2

Beam Strain Due to concrete Due to steel

Section Diagram compression compression

#
Mu = 𝜙 0.85𝑓 " 𝑐𝑎𝑏 𝑑 − + 𝐴" 𝑠𝑓 " 𝑠 𝑑 − 𝑑′
$
#
Mu = 𝜙 As1fy 𝑑 − + As2fy 𝑑 − 𝑑′
$
Check the adequacy of the 350mm by 600mm rectangular
beam to adequately support the maximum negative
moment due to the given load. Use f’c=35MPa, fy=420MPa,
stirrups diameter=10mm, and concrete cover=50mm.
350 mm

250 kN/m
4-32 𝝓
600 mm
A B
2-25 𝝓
4.0 m
 250 kN/m
Maximum negative moment
" "
𝑀$%& = '!)( = (+,-)(/)
)
A B 𝑀$%& = 500𝑘𝑁. 𝑚
4.0 m
Values of d, dt and d’
𝑑 = 𝑑0 = ℎ − 𝑐𝑐 − 𝜙! − 1+#
350 mm 𝑑 = 𝑑0 = 600 − 50 − 10 − 2+
+
𝑑 = 𝑑0 = 524 𝑚𝑚
4-32 𝝓
𝑑" = 𝑐𝑐 + 𝜙! + 1+#
600 mm
d=dt 𝑑" = 50 + 10 + +,
+
2-25 𝝓 𝑑" = 72.5 𝑚𝑚
d’
 350 mm

4-32 𝝓 𝑐 − 72.5
600 mm 45/ +
32 (420) = 0.85(35)(350)(0.80𝑐) + 25/ 25 +
600
𝑐
d=dt=534 𝑐 = 130.710 𝑚𝑚
2-25 𝝓 𝑎 = 𝛽4 𝑐 = 0.80 130.710
a
d’=72.5
𝑎 = 104.568 mm
𝑐 − 𝑑′ 130.710 − 72.5
Assumptions 𝑓!" = 600 = (600)
fs = fy 𝑐 130.710
f’s < fy 𝑓!" = 267.202 MPa < 420MPa OK
Analysis problem 𝑑0 − 𝑐 534 − 130.710
𝜀0 = 0.003 = 0.003
Equilibrium 𝑐 130.710
𝑇! = 𝐶# + 𝐶! 𝜀0 = 0.00903 > 0.005 𝑇𝐶𝑆
𝐴! 𝑓3 = 0.85𝑓 " 𝑐𝐴# + 𝐴"! 𝑓!" 𝜙 = 0.90
𝑐 − 𝑑′
𝑎 = 𝛽4 𝑐 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑓!" = 600
𝑐
 350 mm
Moment Capacity

4-32 𝝓 104.568
0.85(35)(350)(104.568) 524 −
600 mm 𝑀𝑢#%6 = 0.90 2
d=524 + 25/ 25 + 267.202 524 − 72.5

2-25 𝝓 𝑀𝑢#%6 = 568.846 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚 > 𝑀$%& = 500 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚

104.568
d’=72.5
∴ ADEQUATE
Check the adequacy of the given section to support the loads if
f’c=28MPa, fy=415MPa, stirrups diameter=10mm, and concrete
cover=40mm. Flange width is 700mm, web width is 400mm, height is
650mm, and flange thickness is 100mm.

3-28𝜙
 3-28𝜙

Maximum negative moment Values of d, dt and d’

" "
𝑀$%& = '!+( + 𝑃𝐿 = (,-)(2)
+
+ 150(3) 𝑑 = 𝑑0 = ℎ − 𝑐𝑐 − 𝜙! − 1+#
𝑀$%& = 675 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚 𝑑 = 𝑑0 = 650 − 40 − 10 − 2+
+
𝑑 = 𝑑0 = 584 𝑚𝑚
𝑑" = 𝑐𝑐 + 𝜙! + 1+#
𝑑" = 40 + 10 + +)
+

𝑑" = 64 𝑚𝑚
 𝑐 − 64
55/ 32 + (415) = 0.85(28)(700)(0.85𝑐) + 35/ 28 + 600
𝑐
d=dt=584 𝑐 = 93.279 𝑚𝑚
3-28𝜙
a 𝑎 = 𝛽4 𝑐 = 0.85 93.279
d’=64
𝑎 = 79.287 mm < 100 mm OK
700
𝑐 − 𝑑′ 93.279 − 64
Assumptions 𝑓!" = 600 = (600)
a < 100 mm 𝑐 93.279
f’s < fy 𝑓!" = 188.330 MPa < 415MPa OK
Analysis problem 𝑑0 − 𝑐 584 − 93.279
𝜀0 = 0.003 = 0.003
Equilibrium 𝑐 93.279
𝑇! = 𝐶# + 𝐶! 𝜀0 = 0.01578 > 0.005 𝑇𝐶𝑆
𝐴! 𝑓3 = 0.85𝑓 " 𝑐𝐴# + 𝐴"! 𝑓!" 𝜙 = 0.90
𝑐 − 𝑑′
𝑎 = 𝛽4 𝑐 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑓!" = 600
𝑐
 Moment Capacity
79.287
0.85(28)(700)(79.287) 584 −
d=584 𝑀𝑢#%6 = 0.90 2
5 +
3-28𝜙 + 3 / 28 188.330 584 − 64
79.287
d’=64 𝑀𝑢#%6 = 809.961 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚 > 𝑀$%& = 675 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚
700 ∴ ADEQUATE
A 300mm by 600mm rectangular beam is to be designed to
carry an ultimate uniform load Wu=210 kN/m acting over
the whole span of a 4-m simple beam. Determine the
number of 28 mm diameter bars to adequately support the
maximum moment. Use f’c=21MPa, fy=415MPa, stirrups
diameter=10mm, and concrete cover=40mm.
 300 mm
For RECTANGULAR sections only
𝜌789: ≤ 𝜌$%& 𝑆𝐼𝑁𝐺𝐿𝑌
600 mm d=dt 𝜌789: > 𝜌$%& 𝐷𝑂𝑈𝐵𝐿𝑌
𝑓 "𝑐
As 𝜌$%& 2
= 0.85𝛽4
; 𝑓𝑦
2 21
𝜌$%& = 0.85(0.85)
; 415
Maximum negative moment 𝜌$%& = 0.01567
'! (" (+4-)(/)"
𝑓𝑦
𝑀$%& = = 𝑀𝑢 = ϕ𝜌𝑏𝑑+ 𝑓𝑦 1 − 0.59𝜌 "
) ) 𝑓𝑐
𝑀$%& = 420𝑘𝑁. 𝑚 415
420𝑥10< = 0.90𝜌(300) 536 + (415) 1 − 0.59𝜌
21
Values of d and dt 𝜌789: = 0.01605
𝑑 = 𝑑0 = ℎ − 𝑐𝑐 − 𝜙! − 1+# 𝜌789: > 𝜌$%& 𝐷𝑂𝑈𝐵𝐿𝑌
𝑑 = 𝑑0 = 600 − 40 − 10 − +)
+
𝑑 = 𝑑0 = 536 𝑚𝑚
Compute for As1
300
3 3
𝑐= 𝑑0 = (536)
8 8
𝑎 Cc
𝑐 = 201 𝑚𝑚
M1
536 - &' 𝑎 𝑎 = 𝛽4 𝑐 = 0.85 201

As1
𝑎 = 170.85 𝑚𝑚
T1
𝑑" = 𝑐𝑐 + 𝜙! + 1+#
𝑑" = 40 + 10 + +)
+
Compute c based on 𝜀% = 0.005
𝑑" = 64 𝑚𝑚
𝑑0 − 𝑐 "
𝑐 − 𝑑′ 201 − 64
0.005 = 0.003 𝑓! = 600 = (600)
𝑐 𝑐 201
0.005𝑐 = 0.003𝑑0 − 0.003𝑐 𝑓!" = 408.955 MPa < 415MPa
3
𝑐 = 𝑑0
8
 Compute for As1
300 Equilibrium
𝑇4 = 𝐶#
170.85 Cc 𝐴!4 𝑓3 = 0.85𝑓 " 𝑐𝐴#

M1 𝐴!4 (415) = 0.85(21)(170.85)(300)

&
536 - 𝑎
'
𝐴!4 = 2204.583 𝑚𝑚+
As1
T1
Moment
𝑎
𝑀4 = 𝜙0.85𝑓 " 𝑐𝑎𝑏 𝑑 −
2
170.85
𝑀4 = 0.90 0.85 (21)(170.85)(300) 536 −
2
𝑀4 = 371.009 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚
𝑀+ = 𝑀$%& − 𝑀4
𝑀+ = 420 − 371.009
𝑀+ = 48.991 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚
Compute for As2 Equilibrium
300 𝑇+ = 𝐶!
A’s d’= 64
Cs 𝐴!+ 𝑓3 = 𝐴′! 𝑓′!
(277.897)(415) = 𝐴" ! (408.955)
M2 d - d’
𝐴′! = 282.005 𝑚𝑚+
As2 Number of bars
T2
𝐴! = 𝐴!4 + 𝐴!+
𝐴! = 2204.583 + 277.897
Moment 𝐴! = 2482.48 𝑚𝑚+
𝑀4 = 𝜙𝐴!+ 𝑓3 𝑑 − 𝑑′ 𝑛+) = 4.032 𝑠𝑎𝑦 5 − 28 𝑚𝑚 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠
48.991𝑥10< = 0.90𝐴!+ (415)(536 − 64)
𝐴′! = 282.005 𝑚𝑚+
𝐴!+ = 277.897 𝑚𝑚+
𝑛+) = 0.458 𝑠𝑎𝑦 2 − 28 𝑚𝑚 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠
 300 mm Checking the adequacy
d’ Assumption
f’s < fy
2-28 𝝓
600 mm d dt Equilibrium
𝑇! = 𝐶# + 𝐶!
5-28 𝝓
𝐴! 𝑓3 = 0.85𝑓 " 𝑐𝐴# + 𝐴"! 𝑓!"
m 𝑐 − 𝑑′
𝑎 = 𝛽4 𝑐 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑓!"
= 600
𝑐
𝑐 − 64
55/ 28 + (415) = 0.85(21)(300)(0.85𝑐) + 25/ 28 + 600
Values of d, dt and d’ 𝑐
𝑐 = 177.049 𝑚𝑚
5𝑚 = 3 40 + 10 + +)
+
+2(40 + 10 + 28 + 25 + +) 𝑎 = 𝛽4 𝑐 = 0.85 177.049 = 150.492 mm
+)
𝑚 = 85.2 𝑚𝑚 𝑐 − 𝑑′
𝑓!" = 600 = 383.111 MPa < 415MPa OK
𝑑 = ℎ − 𝑚 = 600 − 85.2 𝑐
𝑑0 − 𝑐 536 − 177.049
𝑑 = 514.8 𝑚𝑚 𝜀0 = 0.003 = 0.003
𝑐 177.049
𝑑0 = 536 𝑚𝑚 𝜀0 = 0.00608 > 0.005 𝑇𝐶𝑆
𝑑" = 64 𝑚𝑚
𝜀0 = 0.90
 300 mm
64
Moment Capacity
2-28 𝝓
514.8 150.492
600 mm 0.85(21)(300)(150.492) 514.8 −
𝑀𝑢#%6 = 0.90 2
5-28 𝝓 5
+ 2 / 28 + 383.111 514.8 − 64

𝑀𝑢#%6 = 510.227 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚 > 𝑀$%& = 420 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚

∴ ADEQUATE
Use 5-28 mm diameter BOTTOM bars
2-28 mm diameter TOP bars
A cantilever beam 2m in length is loaded with distributed loads
Wdl=10kN/m and Wll=9kN/m over the whole span and
concentrated loads Pdl=20kN and Pll=24kN at the free end. If
f’c=35MPa, fy=415MPa, stirrups diameter=10mm, and concrete
cover=40mm, determine the number of 25mm diameter bars to
ensure adequacy.
Pu = 62.4 kN
300 mm
Wu = 26.4 kN/m

350 mm

2.0 m

250 mm
 300 mm For ALL sections
25
𝜀0 ≥ 0.004 𝑆𝐼𝑁𝐺𝐿𝑌
As 𝜀0 < 0.004 𝐷𝑂𝑈𝐵𝐿𝑌
350 mm x Moment
250 x d=dt
a 𝑥 25 𝑎
= →𝑥=
𝑎 350 14
250 mm 𝑎
0.85 35 𝑎 250 287.5 −
2
177.6𝑥10< = 0.90 1 𝑎 2
Maximum negative moment +2(0.85) (𝑎) 287.5 − 𝑎
" "
2 14 3
𝑀$%& = '!+( =>! ( = (+<./)(+)
+ =<+./(+)
𝑎 = 111.153 𝑚𝑚
𝑀$%& = 177.6 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚 𝑎 111.153
𝑐= = = 138.941 𝑚𝑚
Values of d and dt 𝛽4 0.80
𝑑0 − 𝑐 287.5 − 138.941
𝑑 = 𝑑0 = ℎ − 𝑐𝑐 − 𝜙! − 1+# 𝜀0 = 0.003 = 0.003
𝑐 138.941
𝑑 = 𝑑0 = 350 − 40 − 10 − +,
+ 𝜀0 = 0.00321 < 0.004 ∴ 𝐷𝑂𝑈𝐵𝐿𝑌
𝑑 = 𝑑0 = 287.5 𝑚𝑚
 Compute for As1

300 mm 3 3
25 𝑐= 𝑑0 = (287.5)
8 8
AS1
𝑐 = 107.813 𝑚𝑚
350 mm x
250 x d=dt=287.5 𝑎 = 𝛽4 𝑐 = 0.80 107.813
a 𝑎 = 86.25 𝑚𝑚
𝑑" = 𝑐𝑐 + 𝜙! + 1+#
250 mm
𝑑" = 40 + 10 + +,
+
Compute c based on 𝜀% = 0.005
𝑑" = 62.5 𝑚𝑚
𝑑0 − 𝑐 "
𝑐 − 𝑑′ 107.813 − 62.5
0.005 = 0.003 𝑓! = 600 = (600)
𝑐 𝑐 187.813
0.005𝑐 = 0.003𝑑0 − 0.003𝑐 𝑓!" = 252.176 MPa < 415MPa
3
𝑐 = 𝑑0
8
 Compute for As1
Equilibrium
𝑇4 = 𝐶#
300 mm
25 𝐴!4 𝑓3 = 0.85𝑓 " 𝑐𝐴#
1 86.25
AS1 𝐴!4 (415) = 0.85(35) 250 86.25 + (2) (86.25)
2 14
x 250 x 287.5 𝐴!4 = 1583.837 𝑚𝑚+
86.25 Moment
86.25
0.85 (35)(86.25)(250) 287.5 −
250 mm 2
𝑀4 = 0.90
1 86.25 2
+2 (0.85)(35) (86.25) 287.5 − (86.25)
𝑎 2 14 3
𝑥=
14 𝑀4 = 144.359 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚
𝑀+ = 𝑀$%& − 𝑀4
𝑀+ = 177.6 − 144.359
𝑀+ = 33.241 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚
 Compute for As2 Equilibrium
𝑇+ = 𝐶!
300 mm
𝐴!+ 𝑓3 = 𝐴′! 𝑓′!

AS2 (395.55)(415) = 𝐴" ! (252.176)

𝐴′! = 650.947 𝑚𝑚+
287.5
A’S
Number of bars
62.5
𝐴! = 𝐴!4 + 𝐴!+
250 mm
𝐴! = 1583.837 + 395.550
𝑓!" = 252.176 MPa
𝐴! = 1979.387 𝑚𝑚+
𝑀+ = 33.241 kN. m
𝑛+) = 4.032 𝑠𝑎𝑦 5 − 25 𝑚𝑚 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠
Moment
𝐴′! = 650.947 𝑚𝑚+
𝑀+ = 𝜙𝐴!+ 𝑓3 𝑑 − 𝑑′
𝑛+) = 1.326 𝑠𝑎𝑦 2 − 25 𝑚𝑚 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠
33.241𝑥10< = 0.90𝐴!+ (415)(287.5 − 62.5)
𝐴!+ = 395.550 𝑚𝑚+
 Checking the adequacy
300 mm Assumption
25 f’s < fy

Equilibrium
x x 𝑇! = 𝐶# + 𝐶!
250 d dt
a 𝐴! 𝑓3 = 0.85𝑓 " 𝑐𝐴# + 𝐴"! 𝑓!"
𝑐 − 𝑑′
250 mm 𝑎 = 𝛽4 𝑐 𝑎𝑛𝑑 =𝑓!" 600
𝑐
1 0.80𝑐
55/ 25 + 415 = 0.85 35 250 0.80𝑐 + 2 0.80𝑐
2 14
Values of d, dt and d’ 𝑐 − 62.5
5 +
+2 / 25 600
5𝑚 = 3 40 + 10 + +, 𝑐
+ 𝑐 = 120.309 𝑚𝑚
+2(40 + 10 + 25 + 25 + +,
+)
𝑎 = 𝛽4 𝑐 = 0.80 120.309 = 96.247 mm
𝑚 = 82.5 𝑚𝑚
𝑐 − 𝑑′
𝑑 = ℎ − 𝑚 = 350 − 82.5 𝑓!" = 600 = 288.303 MPa < 415MPa OK
𝑐
𝑑 = 267.5 𝑚𝑚 𝑑0 − 𝑐 287.5 − 120.309
𝜀0 = 0.003 = 0.003
𝑑0 = 287.5 𝑚𝑚 𝑐 120.309
𝑑" = 62.5 𝑚𝑚 𝜀0 = 0.00417 < 0.004 𝑇𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
 𝜀0 = 0.00417
𝜀03 = 0.00208
300 mm
0.00417 − 0.00208
𝜙 = 0.65 + 0.25
0.005 − 0.00208
𝜙 = 0.829
x x
250
267.5 Moment Capacity
96.247 96.247
0.85 (35)(96.247)(250) 267.5 −
250 mm
2
𝑀@#%6 = 0.829 1 96.247 2
𝑎 +2 (0.85)(35) (96.247) 267.5 − (96.247)
2 14 3
𝑥= 5 +
14 + 2 / 25 288.303 267.5 − 62.5
𝑓!" = 288.303 MPa
𝑀𝑢#%6 = 181.604 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚 > 𝑀$%& = 177.6 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚
∴ ADEQUATE
Use 5-25 mm diameter TOP bars
2-25 mm diameter BOTTOM bars