∞

f ( x ) = ∑C n ( x − a ) n
x −a <R
n =0 f ( n ) (a ) Cn
Cn = R = lim
n! n →∞ C
n +1

26.2 Power Series

(& where they converge)
Video: https://youtu.be/LKhvdkUdLtE

FOR ALL CALC2 STUDENTS!

blackpenredpen
Nov. 4 th , 2019
∞
1
= ∑x n

1− x n=0
x < 1 R = 1 I = (−1,1)
 x
(Q1.) ! at a = 0
1− 4 x
x4
(Q2.) ! at a = 0
9+ x2
1+ 2 x
(Q3.) ! at a = 0
1− x
1
(Q4.)! 2 at a = 0
x − 5x −6
1
(Q5.) ! at a = 0
(1− x )2
(Q6.) ! ln(1+ x ) at a = 0
(Q7.) ! tan−1 x at a = 0
1
(Q8.) ! at a = 3
1− x
1
(Q9.) ! 2 at a = -2
x
1
(Q10.) ! 2 at a = -3
x + 6 x + 10
(Q11.) ! e x at a = 0
(Q12.) ! sin x at a = 0
(Q13.) ! cos x at a = 0
(Q14.) ! e 3 x at a = 2
(Q15.) ! sin x at a = ! π2
(Q16.) ! sin x at a = ! −π
(Q17.) ! sin2 x at a = 0
(Q18.) ! cos x at a = pi/4
e x − e −x
(Q19.) ! sinh x = at a = 0
2
e x + e −x
(Q20.) ! cosh x = at a = 0
2
1 ⎛ 1+ x ⎞⎟
(Q21.) ! tanh−1 x = ln⎜⎜ ⎟ at a = 0
2 ⎝ 1− x ⎠
(Q22.) ! ln( x ) at a = 2
(Q23.) ! 2 x 3 − 5 x 2 + 1 at a = 1
(Q24.) ! (1+ x )r at a = 0
(Q25.) ! 4 + x at a = 0
(Q26.) ! sin−1 x at a = 0
(Q26.2) ! x 0.2 at a = 26

1
 x ∞
1 ⎛ −1 1 ⎞
(Q1.) ! at a = 0 ! ∑ 4 n x n+1 , ! R = , ! I = ⎜⎜ , ⎟⎟
1− 4 x n =0 4 ⎝ 4 4⎠
x4 ∞
(−1)n 2n+4 ⎛ −1 1 ⎞
(Q2.) ! at a = 0 !∑ x , ! R = 3 , ! I = ⎜⎜ , ⎟⎟
9+ x2 n =0 9
n +1
⎝ 3 3⎠
∞
1+ 2 x
(Q3.) ! at a = 0 ! 1+ ∑ 3 x n , ! R = 1 , ! I = (−1,1)
1− x n =1

1 ∞ ⎛ −1+(−6)n+1 ⎞⎟ n
! ∑ ⎜⎜ x , ! R = 1 , ! I = (−1,1)
⎜ 7 ⋅6n+1 ⎟⎟⎠
(Q4.)! 2 at a = 0
x − 5x −6 n =0 ⎝

∞
1
(Q5.) ! at a = 0 ! ∑ nx n−1 , ! R = 1 , ! I = (−1,1)
(1− x )2 n =1

∞
(−1)n n+1
(Q6.) ! ln(1+ x ) at a = 0 !∑ x , ! R = 1 , ! I = (−1,1]
n =0 n + 1

∞
(−1)n 2n+1
(Q7.) ! tan−1 x at a = 0 !∑ x , ! R = 1 , ! I = [−1,1]
n =0 2n + 1

1 ∞
(−1)n+1
(Q8.) ! at a = 3 !∑ n +1
( x −3)n , ! R = 2 , ! I = (1,5)
1− x n =0 2

1 ∞
n ∞
n+1
(Q9.) ! at a = -2 !∑ n +1
( x + 2)n−1 or ∑ +2
( x + 2)n , ! R = 2 , ! I = (−4,0)
x2 n =1 2 n 2n
=0

∞
1
(Q10.) ! at a = -3 ! ∑ (−1)n ( x + 3)2n , ! R = 1 , ! I = (−4,−2)
x + 6 x + 10
2
n =0

∞
1 n
(Q11.) ! e x at a = 0 !∑ x , ! R = ∞ , ! I = (−∞,∞)
n =0 n !

∞
(−1)n 2n+1
(Q12.) ! sin x at a = 0 !∑ x , ! R = ∞ , ! I = (−∞,∞)
n =0 (2n + 1)!

∞
(−1)n 2n
(Q13.) ! cos x at a = 0 !∑ x , ! R = ∞ , ! I = (−∞,∞)
n =0 (2n )!

∞
e 6 3n
(Q14.) ! e 3 x at a = 2 !∑ ( x −2)n , ! R = ∞ , ! I = (−∞,∞)
n =0 n !

∞
(−1)n
!∑ ( x − π2 ) , ! R = ∞ , ! I = (−∞,∞)
π 2n
(Q15.) ! sin x at a = ! 2
n =0 (2n )!

∞
(−1)n+1
!∑
2n +1
(Q16.) ! sin x at a = ! −π ( x + π) , ! R = ∞ , ! I = (−∞,∞)
n =0 (2n + 1)!

∞
(−1)n+1 22n−1 2n
2
(Q17.) ! sin x at a = 0 !∑ x , ! R = ∞ , ! I = (−∞,∞)
n =1 (2n )!

2
 ∞
cos( π4 + π2 n )
(Q18.) ! cos x at a = ! π4 !∑ ( x − π4 ) , ! R = ∞ , ! I = (−∞,∞)
n

n =1 n!
e x − e −x ∞
1
(Q19.) ! sinh x = at a = 0 !∑ x 2n+1 , ! R = ∞ , ! I = (−∞,∞)
2 n =0 (2n + 1)!

e x + e −x ∞
1 2n
(Q20.) ! cosh x = at a = 0 !∑ x , ! R = ∞ , ! I = (−∞,∞)
2 n =0 (2n )!

1 ⎛ 1+ x ⎞⎟ ∞
1
(Q21.) ! tanh−1 x = ln⎜⎜ ⎟ at a = 0 ! ∑ x 2n+1 , ! R = 1 , ! I = (−1,1)
2 ⎝ 1− x ⎠ n =0 2n + 1

∞
(−1)n
(Q22.) ! ln( x ) at a = 2 ! ln(2)+ ∑ n +1
( x −2)n+1 , ! R = 2 , ! I = (0, 4]
n =0 (n + 1)2

(Q23.) ! 2 x 3 − 5 x 2 + 1 at a = 1 ! −2− 4( x − 1)+( x − 1)2 + 2( x − 1)3 , ! R = ∞ , ! I = (−∞,∞)

∞ ⎛r ⎞
(Q24.) ! (1+ x )r at a = 0 ! ∑ ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟⎟ x n , ! R = 1 , ! I = −1,1
⎜ ⎟
n =0 ⎝n ⎠

⎛r ⎞ r (r − 1)(r −2)⋅⋅⋅(r − n + 1) ⎛r ⎞
For any real number r ! ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟⎟ = , ! ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟⎟ = 1
⎜⎝n ⎟⎠ n! ⎜⎝0⎟⎠
If ! r ≤−1 then ! I = (−1,1) . If ! −1< r < 0 , then ! I = (−1,1] . If If ! r ≥ 0 , then ! I = [−1,1]
∞
1 ⎛⎜ 2 ⎞⎟ n
1

(Q25.) ! 4 + x at a = 0 ! ∑ 2n−1 ⎜ ⎟⎟ x , ! R = 4 , ! I = [−4, 4]

n =0 2
⎜⎝n ⎟⎠

(−1)n ⎛⎜ 2 ⎞⎟ 2n+1
∞ −1
−1
(Q26.) ! sin x at a = 0 !∑ ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟⎟ x , ! R = 1 , ! I = [−1,1]
n =0 2n + 1 ⎝n ⎠

(−1)n ⎛⎜ 2 ⎞⎟ 2n+1 ∞ (2n − 1)!! 2n+1 ∞ 1⋅3⋅5⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅(2n − 1) 2n+1

∞ −1

!∑ ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟⎟ x =∑ x =∑ x
n =0 2n + 1 ⎝n ⎠ n =0 (2n + 1)(2n )!! n =0 2n (2n + 1)n !
(2n ) !
! (2n )!!= 2n n ! , ! (2n − 1)!!= , ! 0!!= 1 , ! (−1)!!= 1
2n n !
∞ ⎛ 51 ⎞⎟
1
(Q26.2) ! x 0.2
at a = 26 ! ∑ n−0.2 ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟( x −26)n , ! R = 26 , ! I = [0,52]
n =0 26
⎜⎝n ⎟⎠
,