ARRANGED BY : MUHAMMAD RIFQIFAUZI WIJAYA 15/379065/TK/43007
RADEN NARESWARA WIBINDRYA 15/379069/TK/43011
RADITA AGIL KURNIAWAN 15/379068/TK/43010
SURYO HADIWIBOWO 15/379075/TK/43017
ORBIT PLOT ANALYSIS WHAT IS ORBIT PLOT ANALYSIS? VIBRATION • WHAT IS VIBRATION? Vibration is essentially repetitive, or "cyclical", movement.
• Why do we Measure Vibration?
1. To assess the condition (primarily the bearings) of a machine 2. To diagnose the root causes of any excessive, and therefore destructive, vibration VIBRATION ANALYSIS • Vibration analysis as a part of preventive/predictive maintenance programs. • Vibration analysis permit effective and reliable evaluation of the machinery health, give early warning of impending failures, and allow determination of the cause of malfunctions. • Faults detected early enough can be monitored closely to ensure that significant damage is avoided, and that the machine is operated safely until the maintenance can be scheduled to correct the malfunctions. there is one method of vibration analysis called “ORBIT PLOT ANALYSIS” that will be explained in this presentation WHAT IS ORBIT PLOT ANALYSIS ? • The orbit represents the path of the shaft centerline within the bearing clearance. • Two orthogonal probes are required to observe the complete motion of the shaft within. • The dynamic motion of the shaft can be observed in real time by feeding the output of the two orthogonal probes to the X and Y of a dual channel oscilloscope • If the Keyphasor output is fed to the Z axis, a phase reference mark can be created on the orbit itself • The orbit, with the Keyphasor mark, is probably the most powerful plot for machinery diagnosis CONSTRUCTION OF AN ORBIT • XY transducers observe the vibration of a rotor shaft • A notch in the shaft (at a different axial location) is detected by the Keyphasor transducer. • The vibration transducer signals produce two time base plots (middle) which combine into an orbit plot (right) PROBE ORIENTATION • On the left side, when the probes are mounted at 0o and 90oR, the orbit plot and oscilloscope display show the same view. • On the right, when the probes are mounted at 45oL and 45oR, the orbit plots are automatically rotated • The oscilloscope, however, must be physically rotated 45o CCW to display the correct orbit orientation HOW ORBIT PLOT FORMED ? • Polar plot is made up of a set of vectors at different speeds. • Vector arrow is omitted and the points are connected with a line • Zero degree is aligned with transducer location • Phase lag increases in direction opposite to rotation • 1x uncompensated Polar Plot shows location of rotor high spot relative to transducer • This is true for 1x circular orbits and approximately true for 1x elliptical orbits TYPES OF ORBIT PLOTS • Orbits can be divided into main categories 1. Floating Orbit Floating orbit analyses is one of method to analyse orbits that don’t use keyphasors, hence the orbit direction is floating and starting point differ from another. 2.Absolute Orbit Absolute orbits have fixed starting point due to the use of keyphasors. Nowdays, many modern vibration analysis and monitoring system uses keyphasors. TYPES OF ORBIT PLOTS • Can also can be divided into filtered orbit dan overall orbit: 1.Filtered Orbit The filtered orbit is the method that normally track one order and utilize the keyphasor signal for synchronous filtering as well as reference point. The filtered orbits are useful to track a certain order and neglecting other orders which may cause unclear orbit plot. • Overall Orbit The overall orbit orbit do not use any filter and it is useful to obtain the actual shaft movement. CHARACTERISTIC AND CAUSES • We could analyze failure of operating machine with orbital plot analysis for several causes, such as : 1.Misalignment 2.Unbalance 3.Oil Whirl 4.Rotor Rub 5.Oil Whip MISALIGNMENT • Misalignment is the incorrect arrangement or position of something in relation to something else. That problem can be happen on assembly of shaft, gear, etc. • A bearing preload due to a cocked assembly can also cause the orbit to have lower amplitude in one axis that makes the ellipse look thinner. And suddenly, if the preloading increases further, it will result in the orbit’s shape to resemble a number 8 character. But If the trajectory of our imaginary point on the trace of the orbit is continued, one can visualize that precessions keep changing continuously. UNBALANCE • Unbalance condition is happen because the weight of the rotating part isn’t perfectly same or balance. So that can causes unbalanced spin and make vibration to the system. Unbalance will generally produce 1xRPM vibration with 90° phase shift between the horizontal and vertical directions. This will result is ellipse-shaped. OIL WHIRL • Oil whirl is present bearing clearances are excessive. can occur when clearances become excessive. An oil wedge is formed that is held in place by the rotation of the shaft. • The friction of the shaft against the wedge then pushes the shaft around the housing. Fortunately (for the analyst), it occurs in a very precise sub-synchronous frequency range. ROTOR RUB • Rotor rub can be happen if the rotor of motor is have a contact with. Orbit analysis is a good tool to identify rubs. • As mentioned earlier, partial or complete rubs can occur when a rotating shaft comes in contact with stationary parts like seals or in abnormal cases of bearing (and/or instrumentation) failures. The rub causes the orbit to take on different random shapes. OIL WHIP • The oil whip phenomenon occurs when the rotor is passing through its critical speed. Oil whip is a destructive bearing defect. • The precession of vibration is in the forward direction in this case, but some reverse 1× and sub-synchronous components are present due to anisotropy (changes in response when operating conditions change) of the bearing pedestal stiffness. HOW IS A "SPECTRUM" PLOT CREATED? • The vibration is sampled (collected) over a pre-determined period of time • sometimes a relatively simple sine wave, it will far more often be a complex signal with a number of different frequency components • The complex signal shown below is made up of a 1x rpm component and a 5x rpm component being generated by the machine • There can be, and usually are, far more influences - misalignment, bearing problems, soft foot, looseness, frequency modulation, amplitude modulation, and so forth STEP OF CREATE SPECTRUM PLOT 1. Waveform and its half spectrum
2. Waveform and its half spectrum
3. Combined orbit and its full spectrum
CIRCULAR ORBITS AND THEIR FULL SPECTRA Forward Precessi on Spectrum on Forward Precession, forward side of Spectrum on forward plot side of plot Direction of rotation – CW Reverse Precession, Spectrum on reverse side of plot Direction of rotation – CCW Reverse Precession, Spectrum on reverse side of plotDirection of rotation - CW FULL SPECTRUM OF ELLIPTICAL ORBIT • Orbit is generated by two counter rotating vectors • Forward spectrum length is twice the length of forward rotating vector • Reverse spectrum length is twice the length of reverse rotating vector • Major axis of ellipse = a +b • Minor axis of ellipse = a - b • Original orbit cannot be reconstructed from full spectrum because there is no phase information. 3 possible orbits are shown CIRCULAR & ELLIPTICAL 1X ORBITS • Direction of precession is indicated by dominant line of “Forward” and “Reverse” components.
• Flatness of ellipse is determined by the relative size of
forward and reverse components • When orbit is circular there is only one spectrum line
• When orbit is a line the spectrum components are
equal.
• Therefore, the smaller the difference between
components, the more elliptical the orbit. REFERENCE • Arka Sen, dkk., Polar and Orbit Plot Analysis for Unbalance Identification in A Rotating System, Department Of Mechanical Engineering, National Institute Of Technology Durgapur, West Bengal, India • Agnes Muszynska, Vibrational Diagnostics of Rotating Machinery Malfunctions, Senior Research Scientist & Research Manager, Bently Rotor Dynamics Research Corporation, Minden, Nevada, U.S.A. • http://freevibrationanalysis.blogspot.co.id/ • https://www.vibrationanalysis.co.uk TERIMA KASIH