MATHEMATICS

(STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY)

QUARTER 3
Week 2

Capsulized Self-Learning
Empowerment Toolkit

Schools Division Office of Zamboanga City

Region IX, Zamboanga Peninsula
Zamboanga City

“Unido, Junto avanza con el EduKalidad Cree, junto junto puede!”

Ritchie S. Candido
Teacher II
Mercedes National High School
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SUBJECT &
GRADE LEVEL STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY (GRADE 11)
QUARTER FIRST WEEK 2 DAY mm/dd/yyyy

TOPIC Random Variables and Probability Distributions

The learner constructs the probability mass function of a discrete
random variable and its corresponding histogram.
(M11/12SP-IIIa-5)

The learner computes probabilities corresponding to a given

LEARNING random variable. (M11/M12SP – IIIa – 6)
COMPETENCY
The learner illustrates the mean and variance of a discrete random
variable. (M11/12SP-IIIb – 1)

The learner calculates the mean and the variance of a discrete

random variable. (M11/12SP-IIIb-2)

IMPORTANT: Do not write anything on this material. Write your answers on separate
sheets.

UNDERSTAND
Random Variable and Probability Distribution
On the previous lesson, you have learned about random variables, and the
difference between a discrete and continuous random variable. So, in this module you
will be learning about probability mass function and computing probabilities
corresponding to a given random variable. Also, how to calculate the mean and
variance of a discrete random variable.

A Probability
Think of this. A coin has two sides, the Head(H) and the Tail(T).
If we will be considering tossing these two coins, what are the possible
results or outcomes?
The possible outcomes are the following: HH, HT, TH, and TT.
If we will let X to be the number of Heads, the possible number of
H that can be generated are as follows; we can have, O Heads, 1 Head
and 2 Heads.
What are the chances that we can have 0 Head? 1 Head? And a 2 Heads?
When we talk about chances, we are referring to as the probability of each result.
Probability
Probability is the likelihood of an event to occur or to happen. It is
express with the following formula:
𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝐸𝑥𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡
𝑃=
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑠

Ritchie S. Candido, Teacher II, Mercedes National High School

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EXAMPLE:
Based on the tossing of two coins, what are the chances or the probability of
having 0 Heads? 1 Head? And 2 Heads?

SOLUTION:
On the possible outcomes, we can only have, HH, HT, TH, and TT. So, the
probability are as follows:
a. Probability of having 0 head; P(0) = 1⁄4 = 0.25
(We can only have 0 head if we will have the outcome TT, and from the 4 possible outcomes,
TT can only appear once out of 4)

b. Probability of having 1 head; P(1) = 2⁄4 = ½ = 0.5

(We can only have 1 head if we will have the outcome HT or TH, and from the 4 possible
outcomes, it can appear twice out of 4)

c. Probability of having 2 heads; P(2) = 1⁄4 = 0.25

(We can only have 2 head if we will have the outcome HH, and from the 4 possible outcomes,
HH can only appear once out of 4)

Based from the probability of the possible result

SAQ 1: How can we say which of the outcome is the most plausible?
SAQ 2: What do you mean by having the same value of probability?

B Probability Mass Function

The set of all possible values of the random variable X together with their
corresponding associated probabilities form the probability distribution of X. If X is a
discrete random variable, the probability distribution is called a probability mass
function or pmf.

Probability Mass Function

It is the set of all possible values of a discrete random
variable together with their corresponding probabilities. It may be
expressed in tabular form, graphical form or formula form.

Steps in constructing the Probability Mass Function.

1. Construct the sample space.
2. Compute for its probability.
3. Construct the Probability Mass Function
(tabular, formula and graphical)

Ritchie S. Candido, Teacher II, Mercedes National High School

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EXAMPLE

Consider the experiment of tossing 2 coins, and let X be the number of Heads
that turn up. Construct the probability mass function of X.

SOLUTION:
Step 1: Construct the sample space.
Set of all possible Total number of Heads
Outcomes of the experiment that comes out after tossing
HH 2
HT 1
TH 1
TT 0
Step 2: Compute for its probability
1
Probability of having 0 head; P(0) = 4
1
Probability of having 1 head; P(1) = 2
1
Probability of having 2 heads; P(2) = 4

Step 3: Construct the pmf

Tabular Form
X 0 1 2
1 1 1
P(X)
4 2 4

Formula Form
1
, 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 = 0, 2
P(X) = ቐ41
, 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 = 1
2

Graphical Form (Histogram)

• What is the probability of getting at most 2 Heads?

1 1 1
ANSWER: P(x ≤ 1) = 4 + 2 + 4 = 1
• What is the probability of getting 1 or 2 Heads?
1 1 3
ANSWER: P(1≤ x ≤ 2) = 4 + 2 = 4

Ritchie S. Candido, Teacher II, Mercedes National High School

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Let’s Practice! (Write your answer on the separate sheets provided.)

Directions: Answer the following activity. Construct the pmf and compute for the
probabilities.

Consider the experiment of tossing 3 coins, and let X be the number of Tails
that turn up. Construct the probability mass function in terms of its tabular, formula and
graphical form. Also, answer the following questions.
a. What is the probability of getting at most 2 Tails?
b. What is the probability of getting 1 or 3 Tails?
c. What is the probability of getting 0 Tails?

C Mean and Variance of a Discrete Random Variable

Above, you have learned how to compute for the probabilities of a given event
and as well as constructing the probability mass function in terms of tabular, formula
and graphical form. So, here you will learn how to compute for the mean, variance and
standard deviation of the discrete random variable.

Mean/Expected Value of a Discrete Random Variable

If X is a discrete random variable associated with an
experiment, the expected value of X is defined as:

Variance of a Discrete Random Variable

The variance of X is defined as:

The positive square root of the variance of X is the Standard

Deviation of X and is denoted by:

Ritchie S. Candido, Teacher II, Mercedes National High School

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EXAMPLE
Consider the experiment of tossing three coins and let X be the number
of heads that turn up. Then X is a discrete random variable whose probability
mass function is shown in tabular form below. Compute for the mean, variance
and standard deviation of the given discrete random variable.
SOLUTION:
Tabular Form
X 0 1 2 3
1 3 3 1
P(X)
8 8 8 8
• MEAN
In computing for the mean, we will be using the formula given above:

We can compute the expected value or the mean of Y as:

1 3 3 1 3 6 3
E(X) = 0ቀ8ቁ + 1ቀ8ቁ + 2ቀ8ቁ + 3ቀ8ቁ = 0 + 8 + 8 + 8
12 3
E(X) = = 2 ≈ 1.5
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• VARIANCE
For the Variance, we will be using the formula given above.

For us to compute for the variance, we will be computing first for the E[X 2].
Base from the tabular form, we will have,
1 3 3 1
E[X2] = 02ቀ8ቁ + 12ቀ8ቁ + 22ቀ8ቁ + 32ቀ8ቁ
1 3 3 1
= 0ቀ8ቁ + 1ቀ8ቁ + 4ቀ8ቁ + 9ቀ8ቁ
3 12 9
= 0 + ቀ8ቁ +ቀ 8 ቁ + ቀ8ቁ
24
= ቀ8ቁ
2
E[X ] = 3

Then, (E(X))2 is computed based on the previous computation of the mean.

In which, we simply squared the computed mean.
(E(X))2 = (1.5)2 = 2.25

So, in computing for the variance, we simply substitute.

𝜎 2 𝑥 = E[X]2 – (E(X))2
= 3 – 2.25 = 0.75

For the standard deviation, we simply extract root the variance.

𝜎𝑥 = ξ0.75 = 0.87

Let’s Practice! (Write your answer on the separate sheets .)

Directions: Answer the following activity. Compute for the Mean, Variance and
Standard Deviation.

Suppose a random variable X has the following probability mass function:

X 2 3 5 7
P(X) 0.2 0.1 0.3 0.4
Compute for the Mean, Variance and Standard Deviation

Ritchie S. Candido, Teacher II, Mercedes National High School

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REMEMBER
Key Points
⚫ The probability of an event is a number between 0 and 1, where 0 indicates
impossibility and 1 indicates certainty.
⚫ In computing for the probability based on the pmf, when the probability aims to
have the “most” of the event, you simply add all the probabilities from 0
probabilities up to the specified most probability.
⚫ While, when the probability aims to have a probability between two given points,
by having the term “or” of the the two events, you will simply add the probability
from that certain event up to the given event.
⚫ The graphical form of the probability mass function is also called as the histogram.
⚫ In constructing the pmf, always take note what is the assumption of the experiment
and what variable does it represent.

TRY
Let’s see how much have you learned today!

General Directions: Study the following assessments carefully and write your answers
on the Learner’s Assessment Sheet.

Assessment 1.
Directions: Answer the following scenario. Provide the probabilities needed for each.

1. What is the probability of getting number 3 when you roll a single die?
2. What is the probability of getting a King in a deck of a card?
3. What is the chance of picking a hearts suit in a deck of cards?
4. What is the chance of having a black suit in a deck of cards?
5. What is the probability of having a sum of 7 when you tossed a pair of dice?

Assessment 2.
Directions: Construct the probability mass function of the given situation. Provide its
tabular, formula and graphical form. Then answer the questions that follow.

Consider the experiment of rolling a pair of dice. Let X be the random

variable representing the absolute value of the difference of the numbers that
come up.
A. Construct the probability mass function (Tabular, Formula and Graphical Form)
B. Answer the following questions;
1. What is the probability of getting at most the difference of 3?
2. What is the probability of getting the difference of 1 or 2?
3. What is the probability of getting a difference of 0?

Assessment 3.
Directions: From the given tabular form of the probability mass function in assessment
2, compute for the following:
a. Mean
b. Variance
c. Standard Deviation

Ritchie S. Candido, Teacher II, Mercedes National High School

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REFERENCE/S

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The use of which has not been specifically authorized by the copyright
owner. We are developing this CapSLET in our efforts to provide printed
and e-copy learning resources available for our learners in reference to
DISCLAIMER
the learning continuity plan of this division in this time of pandemic.
This CapSLET is not intended for uploading nor for commercial use.
This will be utilized for educational purposes only by DepEd, Zamboanga
City Division.

LEARNING RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT TEAM

RITCHIE S. CANDIDO
WRITER
Mercedes National High School
LAYOUT ARTIST Abdurauf J. Baldomero

LEARNING TEAM / Dr. Dickenson L. Canizares Dr. Deborah E. Bandahala

EVALUATORS Mercelita M. Medallo Enrico P. Miniao
MANAGEMENT AND Dr. Roy C. Tuballa, CESO VI Dr. Norma T. Francisco, CESE
SPECIALIST Dr. Jay S. Montealto, CESO VI Dr. Vilma A. Brown

“No hay cosa imposible. Cree, junto junto puede!”

Ritchie S. Candido, Teacher II, Mercedes National High School