Atoms and Molecules INCLUDES Laws of Chemical Combination » Law of Conservation of Mass ‘ncient scientists and philosophers laid the foundation of the > Law of Constant Proportion or Definite concept of atomic theory. The basic idea ofall these philosophers Composition was almost same, ie., matter Is composed of wery minute particles nich can produce large number of substances after combination. 5 Qalton's Atomic Theory ln everyday Iie, we buy things in terms of number or in terms of mass ike Kiogram or dozen, But atoms and molecules are small particles at cannot be seen, consequently tis very tough to meastre their mass and number. Theretore, in order to express audeinite amount of a chemical substance, chemists introduced a new term ‘ole’, Amole can be defined as the ammount ofa substance that contains the same number of particles (atoms, molecules, ion etc.) aS that ae presem «© Molecules in 12 g of carbon-12 isotope © Atoms >» Symbols of Atoms » Atomic Weight or Atomic Mass. “Molecules of Compounds Ikanad Philosophy : An ancient scholar named) Mahaiishi | _pifferences Between Atoms and Molecules Kanad of india in 600 BC pastulated that if we go on dividing matter, we shall get smaller and smaller particles anda time!s _jons ll came when particles obtained cannot be divided further He named these particles Parmanu (atom) » \ Polyatomic tons Pakudha Katyayama, another indian philosopher, said that these particles normally exist in a combined form which gives lus various forms: of matter. Democritus theory : Ancient Greek philosophers Democritus land Leucippus in 400 BC suggested that if we go oridividing.e Chemical Formula matter, a stage will come when particles obtained cannot be divided further. Democritus called these particles ‘atom’ * Molecular Weight or Molecular Mass (meaning indivisible). The word ‘atom’ has. Beéh derived fram the Greek word ‘a-tornio' meaning orrdivisible. Though the thought of these philosophars holds true to the present context of matter, but it was merely based on speculation land did not have any experimentally proven ground, It remained speculative till an English eehoo! teacher, John Dattan propounded the frst definite theory about ators. © Percentage Composition Dalton’s atomic theory was based on chemical laws of combination which came into existence through the ® Quick Recap Jexperiments carried out by French chemists Antoine Lavoisier land Joseph Proust. The two quantitative laws of chemical combination ie. Law of Conservation of Mass and Law of Definite Proportions were given by Antoine Lavolsier and Yoseph Proust respectively # ) Concept of Valency Determination of Valency © Gram Atomic Mass and Gram Molecular Mass © Formula Unit and Formula Unit Mass + Mole Concept © Assignment ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Rogd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Dalhi-110005 Ph.011-47623456 ‘Atoms and Molecules Chemistry - Class IX (Level-N) LAWS OF CHEMICAL COMBINATION Atoms combine together te form molecules and compounds. Thess chemical combinations are based upen| certain laws which are termed as laws of chemical combination, These are 4. Law of conservation of mass 2. Law of constant proportions/constant composition/definite proportions i. Law of Conservation of Mass It was given by French Chemist “Antoine Lavoisier’. It states that "In a chemical reaction, the total mass of the products is equal to the total mass of the reactants taking pari] in the reaction’, or Mass can neither be created nor be destroyed in a chemical reaetion™ For example A+BoOC+D if 4 chemical reaction is represented as. follows. Then, according to the law of consérvation of mass, Mass of A + Mass of 8 = Mass of(€ + Mass of ie., Mass of reactants = Mass of products Verification of the law = 1. Take barium chloride solution in conical flask and sodium sulphate solution, ina Emall test tube. The arrangement should be as shown in the figure so that the two solutions-do.not mix: Now, weigh the| apparatus. Suppose its weight = x g. 2 Now, mix the two solutions by loosening the thread) The reaction ‘occurs and a white precipitate of barium| sulphate is formed. Now, again weigllthe apparatus. Suppose its weight= y g. You will find that, weigh 9 = weight y g Na,SO,(aq) + BaCl,(aq) =~» 2NaCiaq) +) BaSO, Sodan sulphate Boum enor Sau enone’ (white ge. oft SEB Rubber cork ~ Conical Flask Barium sulphate and sodium chioride: ‘Small femmes Barium chloride test tube solution A. Sadium sulphate solution = (a) Before reaction, weight xg (b) After reaction, weight y g Experiment to verify the law of conservation of mass. (x g = 9) Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005 Ph.011-47623456 ‘Chemistry - Class IX (Level-t) ‘Atoms and Molecul Example 1: 15.9 g of copper sulphate and 10.0 g of calcium carbonate were made to react with each other. As a resull, 13.6 g copper carbonate and 12.3 g calcium sulphate was obtained. Show that these results are in accordence with the law of conservation of mass. Solution = Copper sulphate + Calcium carbonate —» Calcium sulphate + Copper carbonate Total mags of reactant = Total mass of product Hence, the law of conservation of mass is proved Example 2: Wf 42 g of sodium bicarbonate is added to 30.0 g of ethanoic acid (acetic acid) solution, 41 g of sodium| ethanoate, 9.9 of water and x g of CO, is formed. Calculate the value of x Solution ‘The chemical reaction leading te/praduet ie Sodium bicarbonate + Ethanole acid + Sodilim ethanoate + Carbon dioxide + Water Mass of reactants = Mass of NaHCO, + Mass of CH,COOH = (42 #30) #729 Mass of products = Mass of H,0 + Mass:afCH,COONa + Maas of CO) released =(1+9rxdg =SOgnx ‘According to the law of conservation of mass, Mass of reactants = Mass of products, Example 3: ‘On strong heating of 20.0 g of GaCOy 11.2 g of CaO and x g of CO, were formed. Applying the Jaw off consorvation of mass calculate the mase. ef CO. Solution The chemical reaction can be written as Strong heating Capp, Sa Ga + Now, according to the law of conservation of mass, Mass of reactants = Mass of products. > 20g=112g+x9 x=20g-112g9=88g Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd Office : Askash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi 110005 Ph,011-47623455 _]) [Atoms and Molecules Chemistry - Glass IX (Leveli) Example 4: If 10 g of a compound ‘A’ is added ta 8.4 g af another compound ‘B’, a residue (C) of 12.4 g is formed along] with a gaseous product (O). Find the mass of the gas released by applying appropriate law. Solution : Let the mass of gaseous product (D) formed is x g. The chemical reaction can be represented as A+B — > C+D 10g 84g wag xg According to the law of conservation of mass, Mass of reactants = Mass of products = Wgt84g=124g+x > 184 g=x4 124g x= 184g-1249=609 2. Law of Constant Proportion or Definite Composition Lavoisier aleng with other scientists,,noted thatmany compounds cansistiof two,or more elements and all these| compounds have same elements in the same proportion Irrespective of the source or the method of its| Preparation e.g., water obtained from any source contains hydrogen and oxygen 6lements jin the ratio of 1.8 by mass. This law was given by French Chemist "Joseph Louls Proust’, According to this law, “A pure chemical compound always consists of the-same elements combined together in a fixed| (or definite) proportion by mass.” For example 1. Water obtained from any source (like"river) rain or tap etc)) is always made-up of the same elements, ie., hydrogen (H) and oxygen (0) combined together in|same fixed proportion of 1:6 by mass. 2. CO, can be prepared by any one, of thé following methods (@) By burning of coke +0, C0, (b) By heating lime stone (CaCO,) caco, het, cao +co, (©) By heating sodium bicarbonate 2NaHCo, PE, Na.CO, * H.0 +60, In each case, CO, is fond to'b@ made up of same elements, ie. C and O in a fixed ratio of 12 : 32 oF 3: 8 by mass | Example 5: Hydrogen and oxygen combine in the ratio of 1 : 8 by mass to form water. What mass of oxygen is required to react completely with 4 g of hydrogen? Solution = According to available data, Mass of oxygen combining with 4 g of hydrogen = 6 g Mass of oxygen combining with 4 g of hydrogen = cone 320 Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 6, Pusa Road, New Dethi-110005 Ph.011-47623456 ‘Chemnistry - Class IX (Level) ‘Moms and Molecules IDALTON’S ATOMIC THEORY This theory was given by Dalton in 1808. Its main postulates are 1. Matter is made up of very small particles called atoms which cannot be divided further. 2. Atoms can neither be created nor be destroyed. (law of conservation of mass) 3. All the atoms of a given element are identical in size, mass and chemical properties. 4. Atoms of different elements have different sizes, masses and chemical proparties. 5. Atoms of two or more elements join together in a definite proportion during chemical combinations to form| compounds, e. 6. During chemi . HO, CO,, (law of definite proportion) 1 combinations, atoms of different elements combine in simple numerical ratias, @.9., HO 2:1 CO, 1:2 cost 7. Atoms of two elements ean combine in more than one ratio to produce more than one compounds, eg, HO 3 2:1 HO, > 9 2:21:14 co 5 434 co, + 1:2 NO + 4:1 NO, + 1:2 NO + 2:f Significance of Dalton's atomic theory : Itexplains the formation of compounds by the combination of atoms in a simple whole number and definite] proportion. This is also known as law of constant composition. We will discuss this law in detail later in this| chapter. Drawbacks : It states that atoms are not divisible,,Gut atoms are divisible into ‘sUbatomic particles called electrons, protons| and neutrons. 1. Aand B react in ratio of 3: 8 by mass. What weight of A should be used to react completely with 24 9B? () 109 @ 59 @) 9g (4) 7g 2. Term ‘atom’ was coined by (1) Boyle (2) Democritus (8) Dation (4) Lavoisier 3. Law of constant proportions is same as law of (1) Conservation of mass. (2) Chemical combination (8) Multiple proportion (4) Definite composition Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Office = Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005 Ph.01147622456 {]) [Atoms and Molecules (Chemistry - Class IX (Level!) 4. Law of definite proportions was given by (1) John Dalton (2) Joseph Proust (8) Antoine Lavoisier (4) Maharishi Kanad 5. A chemical equation is balanced in accordance with the law of (1) Constant proportion (2) Multiple proportion (8) Reciprocal proportion (4) Conservation of mass (pls (ae “(rie “(zz “e)- suv) ‘TOMS: An atom is the smallest particle of an element (generally without independent existence) which can take part in a chemical reaction. Characteristics : 1. All atoms of a given element are similar but they differ from atoms of other elements 2. Each atom of an element shows all the properties of that element. 3. Atoms are extremely tiny partioles with radius about 1 = 10°" m. 4. Atoms may or may not exist in free. state, Symbols of Atoms A symbol is an abbreviation used to represent an element. Significance of symbol : The symbol of an element indicates the following 1. It represents a particular element. 2. It represents single atom of the element Dalton gave pictorial representation for éléments. In the beginning, the names of the elements were derived from the name of the place where they were found| for the first time. For example, the name copper was taken from Gyprus. Californium from California, Gallium] from France (Galium, the Latin Gallia means “Gaul” essentially modem France). etc. Some names were: taken] from colours like Gold was taken fram the English word for Yellow. Various other names were taken from| ‘Greek words like Hydrogen meaning Water forming, Le., Hydro+genes, Hellum from Greek word ‘hellos’ meaning Sun, etc. Some symbols. have been taken from Latin or Greek names of elements. ©.g., symbol cof iran (Fe) from its Latin name ferrum, symbol of sodium (Na) from its Latin name natrium, symbol of potassium (K) from its Latin name Kalium ete. Now-a-days, the IUPAC (International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry) approves names of elements. ‘Symbols of elements are often the first letter or the first two letters of their names. However, the representation] as laid down by the IUPAC requires the first letter to be written as a capital letter (uppercase) and the second| letter (if any) as a small letter (lowercase), Aakash Edueational Services Limited - Regd. Office : Aakash Tawer, 8, Pusa Read, New Delhi-110005 Ph.011-47623456 (Chemistry - Class Dc (Level) ‘Atoms and Molecules! For example. @) Hydrogen is written as H (i) Uranium is written as U (i) Aluminium as Al and not AL () Silicon as Si and not SI ‘Symbols of some elements are formed from the first letter of the element's name and a latter appearing later| in the name, such as Chlorine (Cl) and Gadmium (Cd). For some elements, the symbols have been derived from their Latin/Greek/German names such as Iron (Fe),| Gold (Au), Sodium (Na). Lead (Pb) etc. A crucial requirement is that every element should have a unique symbol. tomic Weight or Atomic Mass The atomic mass or the mass of an atom is actually very small because of Its extremely small size. Today, we have sophisticated techniques like mass spectrometry fordetermining the atomic masses quite| accurately. But, in the nineteenth century, sclentists could determine mass of one atom relative to another] 1 iv took 75th of the mass of an atom of naturally occurring oxygen] by experimental means. Scientists ini as the unit due to two reasons, 1. It reacts with a lange number of elements to form compounds. 2. This atomic mass unit gave masses of many elements\as whole numbers. The present system of atomic masses is based on Carbon-12 as the standard and has been agreed upon| in 1961. In this system, 'C is assigned a mass Of @xactly 12 atomic mass unit (amu) and masses of all other atoms are given relative toithis standard, One atomic mass unit is defined as the mass exactly equal] to one-twellth the mass of one earbon-12 Atom. 1 amu = 1.66056 10-%g Mass of an atom of hydrogen = 1.6736 = 10-2 g 1.673610 g Thi 7 sn atom = us, In terms of amu, the mass of hydrogen atom = 7 Soca agg = 1,0078 amu 1.0080 amu Similarly, the mass of exygen-16 (160) atom would bs 15.995 amu. Today, ‘amu" has been replaced by ‘u! which is known as unified mass Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Puss Road, Naw Dalhi-110005 Ph.011-47623456