Capítulo 3 - Balance de Calor (Presentación)

ATMOSPHERIC DYNAMICS
CHAPTER 3:
HEAT
Atmospheric Dynamics
Chapter 3: Heat Introducción
Energy cannot be created or destroyed.

However, it can change form. Heat is one form.
Energy in the Earth system:

- Enters the atmosphere as short-wave radiation from the sun.
- Change form and drive the weather.
- Leaves as long-wave terrestrial radiation.
First law of thermodynamics

Energy conservation law
Lagragian budget: control volume Eulerian budget: control volume fixed

moves
E.g.: Clouds formation (we follow an air E.g.: Prediction of temperature at a location
parcel as it moves about in the atmosphere) (transport (flux) of energy to and from the
fixed volume)
t2
t1
Chapter 3: Heat
CONTENTS
1. Sensible and latent heat
2. Lagrangian heat budget
3. Potential temperature and thermodynamic diagrams
4. Eulerian heat budget
5. Surface heat budget

Chapter 3: Heat
CONTENTS

Chapter 3: Heat
1. Sensible and latent heats
1. Sensible and latent heats 2 Lagrangian heat budget 3.Tthermodynamic diagrams 4. Eulerian heat budget 5. Surface heat budget
Chapter 3: Heat 1. Sensible and latent heats
Sensible heat
Sensible heat can be sensed by humans. It is associated with temperature
change.
QH
 C p T S.I.: (J/kg) Sensible heat per unit mass of air.
mair
Cp: Specific heat at constant pressure, depends on the material. J/(kg K)
Cpd Dry air 1004.67 J/(kg K)

Cpliq Liquid water 4200 J/(kg K)
Cp Moist air, it depends on relative humidity C p  C pd  1  0.84r 
r = mixing ratio of water vapor, gvapor/gdry air
1. Sensible and latent heats 2 Lagrangian heat budget 3. Potential temperature 4. Eulerian heat budget 5. Surface heat budget
Chapter 3: Heat 1. Sensible and latent heats
Latent heat
Latent heat is a hidden heat, until water phase changes occur.
E.g. Evaporation: cools the air by removing sensible heat and storing it as latent heat.
QE S.I.: (J/kg) Amount of heat per unit mass of phase-changed water.
L
mwater (at constant pressure)
L: latent heat factor
Process Transformation Effect Latent heat
Vaporization/ liquid-vapor(-)/ Cools the air/

𝐿𝑣 = ±2.50 ∙ 106 𝐽 ∙ 𝑘𝑔−1
Condensation vapor-liquid(+) Warms the air
Melting/ ice-liquid(-)/ Cools the air/ 𝐿𝑓 = ±3.34 ∙ 105 𝐽 ∙ 𝑘𝑔−1
Solidification liquid-ice(+) Warms the air
Sublimation/ solid-vapor(-)/ Cools the air/ 𝐿𝑑 = ±2.83 ∙ 106 𝐽 ∙ 𝑘𝑔−1
Deposition vapor-solid(+) Warms the air
In a control volume with moist air, a temperature change is possible without transport across the volume
boundaries, if a phase change occurs.
Chapter 3: Heat
CONTENTS

Chapter 3: Heat

The thermodynamic state of an air parcel as it moves in the
atmosphere.
Unsaturated conditions: water vapor content in the control
volume not suffer phase changes (condensation or
evaporation). Dry processes
Chapter 3: Heat 2. Lagrangian heat budget
First Law of Thermodynamics

The temperature of an air parcel of mass mair changes ∆T (K) when heat (∆QH) is added
and change when work is done on or by the parcel (expansion or contraction due to
pressure changes)
∆𝑄𝐻 ∆𝑃
= 𝐶𝑝 ∙ ∆𝑇 −
𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑟 ρ
Sensible heat Work per unit mass
Pressure of the parcel = pressure of surrounding environment

Using the hydrostatic equation:
P
 . g
𝑔 ∆𝑄𝐻 z
∆𝑇 = − ∙ ∆𝑧 +
𝐶𝑝 𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑟 ∙ 𝐶𝑝
2 1
First Law of Thermodynamics = heat conservation law

The temperature of an air parcel do not change, unless:
- Heat is added or removed. (1)
- The parcel is raised or lowered (2)  implications in atmospheric circulations and
in cloud development.
Adiabatic process
There is no heat transfer to or from the air parcel (∆QH = 0)
Abiabatic lapse rate

An air parcel that rises adiabatically with not cloud formation (dry) experiences a
temperature change given by:
𝑔 ∆𝑄𝐻 𝑑𝑇 𝑔
∆𝑇 = − ∙ ∆𝑧 + =−
𝐶𝑝 𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑟𝑒 ∙ 𝐶𝑝 𝑑𝑧 𝐶𝑝
The “dry” adiabatic lapse rate for a rising air parcel is:
“dry” adiabatic process: is also
applied to humid air, but only if
𝑑𝑇
= 9.8 𝐾 ∙ 𝑘𝑚−1
there is no condensation, clouds, or
Γ𝑑 = − precipitation in it (unsaturated air)
𝑑𝑧
*(A different adiabatic lapse rate (“moist” lapse rate) must be used if there is liquid or solid water in the parcel).
Adiabatic process
There is no heat transfer to or from the air parcel (∆QH = 0)
Substituting the ideal gas law into the first law of thermodynamics for an adiabatic
process:
∆𝑄𝐻 ∆𝑃
ρ=Ρ 𝑅𝑑 ∙𝑇 = 𝐶𝑝 ∙ ∆𝑇 − 𝑑𝑃 = ρ ∙ 𝐶𝑝 ∙ 𝑑𝑇
𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑟 ρ
𝑅𝑑 𝑅𝑑
∆𝑇 ∆𝑃 𝐶𝑝 𝑇2 𝑃2 𝐶𝑝
= or =
𝑇 𝑃 𝑇1 𝑃1
𝑅𝑑
where = 0.28571 (dimensionless) for dry air, temperature in K.
𝐶𝑝
Chapter 3: Heat
CONTENTS

Chapter 3: Heat
3. Potential temperature and thermodynamic

diagrams
Chapter 3: Heat 3. Potential temperature
Potential temperature ϴ(z)

Potential temperature is defined to remove the effect of dry adiabatic temperature
changes experienced by air parcels during vertical motion.
Temperature that parcel would potentially have if it where moved adiabatically to the
ground or to a reference pressure, P0=100 kPa.
𝜃 𝑧 = 𝑇 𝑧 + Γ𝑑 ∙ 𝑧 T(z) in K or °C
𝑅𝑑
𝑃0 𝐶𝑝
𝜃=𝑇∙ T(z) in K
𝑃
To include the buoyant effects of water vapor and liquid water in air, a virtual
potential temperature for non-cloudy and cloudy air is defined:
r: mixing ratio of water vapor
𝜃𝑣 = 𝜃 1 + 0.61𝑟 rs: saturation mixing ratio
rL: mixing ratio of liquid water
𝜃𝑣 = 𝜃 1 + 0.61𝑟𝑠 − 𝑟𝐿 (cloud and rain drops).
Chapter 3: Heat 3. Potential temperature
Thermodynamics Diagrams: Temperature – Pressure (“Dry” adiabatic processes)

Relation between thermodynamics variables:
Temperature, Pressure, Moisture
Process: Dry adiabatic, Moist adiabatic

Diagonal lines (dry adiabats or isentropes, constant potential temperature) show
the temperature decrease with height associated with air parcel raising adiabatically
from the surface.
q ( z) = T ( z) + G d × z
Âd C p Âd C p
æ P (z) ö æ P (z) ö
T(z) = T0 (z = 0) × çç ÷÷ = q × çç ÷÷
è P0 ø è P0 ø
æ P(z) ö
0.28571
()
T z = (T0 + 273) ç
è 100
÷
ø
- 273
T(z) in ºC
T0 in ºC, surface temperature (in z = 0)
P0 in kPa, surface pressure in z = 0, or reference pressure Γ𝑑 = 9.8 𝐾 ∙ 𝑘𝑚−1
Chapter 3: Heat
CONTENTS

Chapter 3: Heat

Heat conservation equation on a fixed control
volume
Chapter 3: Heat Review
Review
The flux,  , is the rate of transfer of a quantity (mass, heat, radiation, momentum,
energy) per unit area (perpendicular to the direction) per unit time.
A
Amount   A  t
(x  y z )
Kinematic heat flux, FH

by dividing by both air density , ρair, and the specific heat for air, Cp, which
yields a quantity equal to temperature times wind speed.
H
FH  S.I.: (K·m·s-1)
air  C p
For dry air at sea level
Heat fluxes:
air  C p  1231 W  m2   K  m  s 1  - Radiative fluxes
- Advective fluxes
 12.31mb  K 1  1.231kPa  K 1 - Turbulent fluxes
- Conductive fluxes
Chapter 3: Heat 4. Eulerian heat budget
If the heat flux into one side of a fixed volume is

less than the flux out of the opposite side, then
some amount of heat ΔQ is removed from the
volume.
First law of thermodynamics.
ΔQ  ΔT
Δ𝑭𝒙 + Fx rigth > Fx left  flujo divergente

Δ𝒙
- Fx rigth < Fx left  flujo convergente
First law of thermodynamics.
- Assuming a dry atmosphere (not taken into account

the term associated with latent heat)
- Making a heat balance in the VC (Transport Theorem of

Reynolds )  Heat conservation equation:
A B C D
Kinematic flux (F):
By separating direction and

components

A. Advection (heat transport associated to mean wind speed)
The amount of advective flux of heat increases linearly with mean temperature and
with mean wind speed at each direction:
Fx adv  U  T Flux gradient:
Fy adv  V  T Fx adv U Tright  Tleft  T

 U 
x xright  xleft x
Fz adv  W  T
Fy adv T
V 
y y
Fz adv  T 
W   d 
z  z 
The dry adiabatic lapse rate Γd is added to
compensate the adiabatic temperature change that
normally accompanies vertical motion as parcels
move into regions of different pressure.
Γ𝑑 = 9.8 𝐾 ∙ 𝑘𝑚−1
1. Sensible and latent heats 2.Tthermodynamic diagrams 3. Eulerian heat budget 4. Surface heat budget 5 Lagrangian heat budget

B. Conduction (heat transport by individual molecules bouncing into each other)
- Conduction process works in solids, liquids and gases, and works with or without
turbulent wind.
- It is the primary way heat is transferred from the earth’s surface to the
atmosphere, and also the primary way that the heat is transported down into the
ground.
- It is a diffusive process: T
k: molecular conductivity of the material z cond  k 
For air: k = 2.53·10-2 (W·m-1·K-1)
z
- Temperature gradients in the troposphere are relatively small. Then molecular
conduction is negligible:
Fx cond Fy cond Fz cond
  0
x y z
- But molecular conduction is important at the ground.
(O~1mm).
Difficult to quantify  turbulence and conduction
are often combined into an effective surface
turbulent heat flux, FH.
(Turbulence is zero at the ground, while it is important in
the rest of the lower atmosphere)

C. Turbulence (quasi-random movement of air parcels by small swirls of motion called
eddies).
- The net effect of turbulence is to mix together air parcels from different initial
locations, generating a mixed layer, ML.
- It is more relevant in vertical direction, z.
- The effect of turbulence can be estimated by counting flow at the top and bottom of
this mixed layer.
Fair weather:
Day
Fz turb Fz top  Fz bottom 1.2  FH
  0 < z < zi, fair weather
z zi zi
Fz turb
0 z > zi, fair weather
z
The effect of turbulence is null in the surface (conduction

predominant) and above the troposphere.
Nigth: negligible, except in the first 100 meters

C. Turbulence (quasi-random movement of air parcels by small swirls of motion called
eddies).
Storming weather:
Fz turb zT 1 z 
 
   ps   sa     
z t  2 zT 
∆𝑡 : lifetime of the thunderstorm (order of 1h)

zt: troposphere depth (order of 11 km)
Γ𝑠𝑎 : standard atmospheric lapse rate (-ΔT/Δz=6.5 K/km)
Γ𝑝𝑠 : pre-storm lapse rate (-ΔT/Δz)
Fx turb Fy turb

 0
x y

B-C. Combined effect of conduction-turbulence (“diffusive transport”)
Both effects can be accounted in terms of cinematic sensible heat flux, FH.
- On windy days:
M: mean wind speed at 10 m.
FH  CH  M   sfc  air  CH: bulk heat transfer coefficient. It varies with
FH  CH  M  Tsfc  Tair 
surface conditions and turbulence intensity
(from 2∙10-3 for smooth surface to 2∙10-2
for rough or forested surfaces).
Tair: air temperature at 10 m.
Tsfc: surface temperature.
1-2 km of the troposphere = Atmospheric boundary layer (ABL)

B-C. Combined effect of conduction-turbulence (“diffusive transport”)
- Calm days: with strong solar heating and conduction, warm air ascension occurs. The
ABL is called mixed layer (ML)
FH  bH  wB   sfc  ML 
aH and bH: transport coefficients in the ML
aH = 0.0063; bH = 5·10-4
FH  aH  w   sfc   ML  ϴML: potential temperature of the air at 500 m.
Buoyancy velocity scale Deardorff velocity

12 13
 g zi   g zi 
wB    v sfc  v ML   w    FH 
 v ML   vT 
zi: thickness of ABL.

TV: average virtual temperature in the ABL.
Both gives the effectiveness of thermals in producing vertical heat transport.

Typical vertical velocities are about 0.02·wB.
Typical values of w* are 1 to 2 m·s-1.

D. Radiación
- Horizontal radiation gradients are negligible. Vertical flux can be considered constant:
Fx rad Fy rad Fz rad

 0   0.1 a  0.2  K h 
x y z
• NET HEAT BUDGET (Eulerian Formulation)
We can get the net balance by substituting each flows in the initial equation.
Assuming:
- Negligible vertical advection
- Negligible horizontal turbulent transport
- Negligible conduction
T  T T  K 1.2  FH
  U  V    0.1 
t x, y , z  x y  h zi
radiation
advection turbulence
Until now it had only taken into account the part referring to sensible heat. If we
introduce latent heat, we should add to the balance:
1 S0 Lv mcond
 
C p t C p maire  t
where S0 includes to all internal energy consumption (phase changes, exothermic

chemical reactions...)
Net balance equation is:
T  T T  K 1.2  FH Lv mcond
  U  V    0.1   
t x, y, z  x y  h zi C p maire  t
radiation
advection turbulence latent heat
Chapter 3: Heat
CONTENTS

Chapter 3: Heat
Chapter 3: Heat 5. Surface heat budget
Surface heat budget  zero thickness  all fluxes must sum to zero.
During daytime, the net radiative flux over the

surface is:
This flux is balanced by three ouput fluxes from

the surface:
Into the air:

- Turbulent sensible heat transport
(sensible heat flux, FH)
- Turbulent latent heat transport
(latent heat flux, FE)
Into the ground:
- Molecular conduction, FG
  H  E  G
At night, the directions (signs) of the fluxes are
reversed.
A. Molecular conduction
This flow is proportional to the net radiation on the surface:
G  X   Day X = 0.1
Night X = 0.5
B. Turbulent sensible heat flux – latent heat
Both flows are related by Bowen rate:
on the sea 0.1

H FH irrigated crop 0.2
B  grass 0.5
E FE semiarid soil 5.0
desert 10.0
This rate can be expressed as:
γ = Cp/Lv = 0.4 (gwater vapor/kgair)·K-1


B   ∆θ = T2 - T1 + (0.0098 K·m-1)·(z2-z1),
r ∆r = r2 – r1
Substituting in the equation of heat balance, sensible and latent fluxes are:
( X  1)   ( X  1)  
H  E 
r   
1 1
   r
Sensible Latent

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ATMOSPHERIC DYNAMICS

Chapter 3: Heat Introducción

Energy cannot be created or destroyed.

Energy in the Earth system:

First law of thermodynamics

Lagragian budget: control volume Eulerian budget: control volume fixed

1. Sensible and latent heat

2. Lagrangian heat budget

3. Potential temperature and thermodynamic diagrams

4. Eulerian heat budget

5. Surface heat budget

1. Sensible and latent heat

2. Lagrangian heat budget

3. Potential temperature and thermodynamic diagrams

4. Eulerian heat budget

5. Surface heat budget

1. Sensible and latent heats

Chapter 3: Heat 1. Sensible and latent heats

Cp: Specific heat at constant pressure, depends on the material. J/(kg K)

Cpd Dry air 1004.67 J/(kg K)

Chapter 3: Heat 1. Sensible and latent heats

Process Transformation Effect Latent heat

Vaporization/ liquid-vapor(-)/ Cools the air/

1. Sensible and latent heat

2. Lagrangian heat budget

3. Potential temperature and thermodynamic diagrams

4. Eulerian heat budget

5. Surface heat budget

2. Lagrangian heat budget

Chapter 3: Heat 2. Lagrangian heat budget

First Law of Thermodynamics

Pressure of the parcel = pressure of surrounding environment

First Law of Thermodynamics = heat conservation law

Chapter 3: Heat 2. Lagrangian heat budget

Abiabatic lapse rate

Chapter 3: Heat 2. Lagrangian heat budget

1. Sensible and latent heat

2. Lagrangian heat budget

3. Potential temperature and thermodynamic diagrams

4. Eulerian heat budget

5. Surface heat budget

3. Potential temperature and thermodynamic

Chapter 3: Heat 3. Potential temperature

Potential temperature ϴ(z)

Chapter 3: Heat 3. Potential temperature

Thermodynamics Diagrams: Temperature – Pressure (“Dry” adiabatic processes)

Process: Dry adiabatic, Moist adiabatic

1. Sensible and latent heat

2. Lagrangian heat budget

3. Potential temperature and thermodynamic diagrams

4. Eulerian heat budget

5. Surface heat budget

4. Eulerian heat budget

Chapter 3: Heat Review

Kinematic heat flux, FH

Chapter 3: Heat 4. Eulerian heat budget

If the heat flux into one side of a fixed volume is

First law of thermodynamics.

Δ𝑭𝒙 + Fx rigth > Fx left  flujo divergente

Chapter 3: Heat 4. Eulerian heat budget

First law of thermodynamics.

- Assuming a dry atmosphere (not taken into account

- Making a heat balance in the VC (Transport Theorem of